SL Physics Unit 6: Fields and Forces 1) Newton s Law of Universal Gravitation - Universal Gravitation is a theory that states that

every mass in the universe attracts every other mass in the universe.

The attraction between two point masses is given by the equation:

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G is the Universal Gravitational Constant: r is the distance from the center of the first mass to the center of the second in meters. The gravitational forces between two masses are the same, even if the masses are different. A.K.A. one mass has the same gravitational force on another mass that that mass, has on it, no matter the masses. The gravitational forces are present with very single mass in the universe, but is only felt from massive masses (like the sun). Symbol: g Caused by: masses Affects: other masses One Type of: mass Simple force rule: All masses attract Gravitational field is the force per unit mass  The unit is Newtons per kilogram . Another equation that can be used is The gravitational field strength at the surface of a planet must be the same as the acceleration due to gravity on the surface ex. On earth it is  Ex. 1: at what point (X) between the earth and the moon, is the gravitational field strength 0? o
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2) Gravitational Field Strength

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3) Conservation of Charge:
There are two types of charge, positive (+) and negative (-). These two charges cancel each other out to create a neutral charge. Electrostatic force is the force that exists between charges. It makes like charges repel and opposite charges attract. Charge is always conserved, it is not created or destroyed, but transferred.

4) Conductors and insulators: - An object that allows charge to flow through it is a conducter (ex. Metals). - An object that does not allow charge to flow through it is an insulator (ex. Rubber).

5) Coulomb Law:
This is the coulomb law. The k is the coulomb constant of Another way to write this equation is Vector addition can be used to work out the overall force if there is more than two charges that are affecting each other. A charge or combination of charges produces and electric field. A test charge placed at different points in an electric field will feel different forces. is the equation used for electric field. This can also be represented with the equation: Done using field lines. The direction of a field is represented by the direction of the field lines closest to that point. The magnitude of the field is represented by the number of field lines passing near that point. The electrical field strength can be represented with If two charges are alike, their forces are away from each other and they repel. If they are opposite charges, their forces are towards each other and they attract. Each charge seems the same force as the other charge feels. Experimentallu, the force is proportional to the size of the charges, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.

6) Electric Fields:
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7) Representation of Electric Fields: