CONTENTS Great Writing Foundations Unit 6

Adjectives
Grammar for Writing
74
76
What Is an Adjective? 76
Descriptive Adjectives 76
Unit 1 Sentences 2
Possessive Adjectives 78
Grammar for Writing 4
Demonstrative Adjectives 82
What Is a Sentence? 4
Nouns Working as Adjectives 82
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 9
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 84
Words with the Sound of a in Cat 9
Words with the Sound of a in Cake 84
Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 12
Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 88
Writing 14
Writing 91
Unit 2 The Simple Present of Be 16
Grammar for Writing 18 Unit 7 The Conjunction And 92
Grammar for Writing 94
The Verb Be: Affirmative 18
The Conjunction And 94
The Verb Be: Negative 19
Using And in a List 95
Sentence Patterns with Be 20
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 100
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 22
Words with the Sound of e in Eat 100
Words with the Sound of e in Bed 22
Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 104
Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 26
Writing 106
Writing 29

Unit 3 The Simple Present 30 Unit 8 Articles 108

Grammar for Writing 110
Grammar for Writing 32
What Is an Article? 110
The Simple Present Affirmative 32
Articles with Count and Non-Count Nouns 110
Spelling the -s Form 35
Using A and An 112
Irregular Verbs in the Simple Present 37
Using The 114
The Simple Present Negative 39
Using The or Ø with Places 115
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 40
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 118
Words with the Sound of i in Fish 40
Words with the Sound of i in Rice 118
Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 44
Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 122
Writing 47
Writing 124
Unit 4 Nouns 48
Grammar for Writing 50 Unit 9 Prepositions 126
Grammar for Writing 128
What Is a Noun? 50
What Is a Preposition? 128
Singular and Plural Nouns 51
Prepositional Phrases of Time 129
Proper Nouns 52
Prepositional Phrases of Place 131
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 54
Using Prepositional Phrases of Place and Time Together 133
Words with the Sound of o in Hot 54
Beginning a Sentence with a Prepositional Phrase 133
Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 58
Preposition Combinations after Verbs and Adjectives 135
Writing 60
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 136
Unit 5 Pronouns 62 Words with the Sound of o in Hello 136
Grammar for Writing 64 Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 140
What Is a Pronoun? 64 Writing 142
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 67
Words with the Sound of u in Cup 67
Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 71
Writing 73

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 Great Writing Foundations
Unit 10 Simple and Compound Sentences 144
Grammar for Writing 146
Simple and Compound Sentences 146
Using Commas with And 147
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 151
Words with the Sound of oo in School 151
Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 155
Writing 158
Unit 14 The Present Progressive 212
Grammar for Writing 214
The Present Progressive 214
Spelling the -ing Form 216
Present Time Phrases 217
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 219
Words with the Sound of oy in Boy 219
Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 222
Writing 224

Unit 11 The Simple Past 160 Writer’s Handbook 226

Grammar for Writing 162 Index 242
The Simple Past Affirmative 162
Past Time Phrases 163
Irregular Simple Past Verbs 165
The Simple Past Negative 167
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 169
Words with the Sound of aw in Straw 169
Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 173
Writing 176

Unit 12 Complex Sentences 178

Grammar for Writing 180
Complex Sentences 180
Word Order in Complex Sentences 181
Using Because for Reason 182
Using After, Before, and When for Time 184
Using If for Condition 185
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 188
Words with the Sound of u in Wood 188
Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 192
Writing 194

Unit 13 Adverbs 196

Grammar for Writing 198
What Is an Adverb? 198
Adverbs of Place and Time 199
Adverbs of Manner 200
Adverbs of Frequency 201
Adverbs of Degree 202
Building Better Vocabulary and Spelling 204
Words with the Sound of ow in Flower 204
Building Better Sentences with Vocabulary 208
Writing 210

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CONTENTS Great Writing 1
Unit 1 Sentence Basics 2
Elements of Great Writing 4
What Is a Sentence? 4
Avoiding Fragments 6
Sentences with the Verb Be 7
Grammar: Expressing Place and Time 10
Grammar: There Is/There Are + Prepositional Phrase 12
Mechanics: Beginning and Ending a Sentence 17
Mechanics: Using Capital Letters with Proper Nouns 18
Building Better Vocabulary 19
Building Better Sentences 21
Writing 24
Editing 25
Peer Editing 25
Additional Topics for Writing 27
Test Prep 27

Unit 2 Paragraph Basics 28

Elements of Great Writing 30
What Is a Paragraph? 30
Mechanics: The Title of a Paragraph 32
Parts of a Paragraph: The Topic Sentence 34
Parts of a Paragraph: Supporting Sentences 37
Grammar: Adjective + Noun 39
Grammar: Linking Verb + Adjective 41
Sequence Words and Phrases 43
Grammar: Subject and Object Pronouns 44
Grammar: Possessive Adjectives 47
Parts of a Paragraph: The Concluding Sentence 48
Building Better Vocabulary 52
Building Better Sentences 54
Writing 56
Editing 56
Additional Topics for Writing 57
Test Prep 57

Unit 3 Writing about the Present 58

Elements of Great Writing 60
Using the Simple Present 60
Grammar: The Simple Present Affirmative 61
Grammar: The Simple Present Negative 67
Grammar: Simple and Compound Sentences 69
Grammar: Using A and An or Ø 73
Grammar: Using The 74
Building Better Vocabulary 76
Building Better Sentences 78
Writing 80
Editing 80
Additional Topics for Writing 81
Test Prep 81

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 Great Writing 1
Unit 4 Writing about the Past 82
Elements of Great Writing 84
Using the Simple Past 84
Grammar: The Simple Past Affirmative 85
Grammar: Past Time Words and Phrases 88
Grammar: The Simple Past Negative 89
Grammar: Adverbs of Manner 93
Grammar: Complex Sentences with Time Clauses 95
Building Better Vocabulary 98
Building Better Sentences 100
Writing 102
Editing 102
Additional Topics for Writing 103
Test Prep 103
Unit 5 Writing about the Future 104
Elements of Great Writing 106
Using Be Going to and Will 106
Grammar: Be going to 106
Grammar: Will 110
Grammar: Future Time Expressions 112
Grammar: Complex Sentences about the Future 113
Grammar: If Clauses 116
Grammar: Reason Clauses 117
Building Better Vocabulary 122
Building Better Sentences 124
Writing 126
Editing 127
Additional Topics for Writing 127
Test Prep 127
Unit 7 Reader Response 148
Elements of Great Writing 150
Listing 150
Responding to Ideas 152
Grammar: Opinion Verbs + That Clauses 154
Building Better Vocabulary 158
Building Better Sentences 160
Writing 162
Editing 163
Additional Topics for Writing 163
Test Prep 163
Unit 8 Putting It Together 164
Elements of Great Writing 166
Reviewing Paragraph Basics 166
Building Better Vocabulary 173
Building Better Sentences 175
Writing 176
Editing 177
Additional Topics for Writing 177
Test Prep 177
Writer’s Handbook 178
Vocabulary Index 202
Index 204
Credits 206

Unit 6 Sentence Variety 128

Elements of Great Writing 130
The Importance of Sentence Variety 130
Grammar: Adjective Clauses 131
Grammar: Subject Adjective Clauses 132
Grammar: Object Adjective Clauses 133
Grammar: Using Modals to Add Meaning 138
Building Better Vocabulary 142
Building Better Sentences 144
Writing 146
Editing 146
Additional Topics for Writing 147
Test Prep 147

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CONTENTS Great Writing 2
Unit 1 Paragraphs 2
Elements of Great Writing 4
Grammar: Simple Present for General Facts 6
Four Features of a Good Paragraph 8
Mechanics: Capitalization and End Punctuation 12
Grammar: Subject-Verb Agreement in the Simple Present 14
Building Better Vocabulary 17
Building Better Sentences 19
Writing 21
Test Prep 23

Unit 2 Developing Ideas for Writing 24

Elements of Great Writing 26
What Is Brainstorming? 26
Brainstorming Ideas with Others 27
How Brainstorming Works 28
Grammar: Descriptive Adjectives 29
Adjectives with More Exact Meanings 31
Grammar: Simple vs. Compound Sentences 34
Titles 37
Building Better Vocabulary 38
Building Better Sentences 40
Writing 42
Test Prep 43

Unit 3 Topic Sentences 44

Elements of Great Writing 46
What Is a Topic Sentence? 46
Features of a Topic Sentence 48
Grammar: Complex Sentences 52
Mechanics: Comma 54
Building Better Vocabulary 56
Building Better Sentences 58
Writing 60
Test Prep 61

Unit 4 Supporting and Concluding Sentences 62

Elements of Great Writing 64
What Are Supporting Sentences? 64
What do Supporting Sentences Do? 67
Avoiding Unrelated Information 69
Using Pronouns in Place of Key Nouns 72
Grammar: Avoiding Fragments 73
Grammar: Avoiding Run-Ons and Comma Splices 74
What Is a Concluding Sentence? 75
Building Better Vocabulary 78
Building Better Sentences 80
Writing 82
Test Prep 83

i
 Great Writing 2
Unit 5 Paragraph Review 84
Elements of Great Writing 86
Four Features of a Good Paragraph: Review 86
Mechanics: Review 89
Maintaining Paragraph Unity 91
Grammar: Articles 94
Building Better Vocabulary 95
Building Better Sentences 98
Writing 100
Test Prep 101
Unit 6 Definition Paragraphs 102
Elements of Great Writing 104
What Is a Definition Paragraph? 104
Citing Exact Words from a Source 107
Grammar: Adjective Clauses 108
Grammar: Sentence Variety 112
Building Better Vocabulary 114
Building Better Sentences 116
Writing 118
Test Prep 119
Unit 7 Process Paragraphs 120
Elements of Great Writing 122
What Is a Process Paragraph? 122
Sequencing and Chronological Order 125
Grammar: The Imperative 129
Building Better Vocabulary 130
Building Better Sentences 132
Writing 134
Test Prep 135
Unit 8 Opinion Paragraphs 136
Elements of Great Writing 138
What Is an Opinion Paragraph? 138
Fact and Opinion 143
Topic Sentences for Opinion Paragraphs 144
Grammar: Common Suffixes 146
Developing Ideas for an Opinion Paragraph 149
Building Better Vocabulary 150
Building Better Sentences 152
Writing 154
Test Prep 155
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Unit 9 Narrative Paragraphs 156
Elements of Great Writing 158
What Is a Narrative Paragraph? 158
Parts of a Narrative Paragraph 159
Using Descriptive Language to Improve a Narrative 163
Grammar: Simple Past and Past Progressive 164
Building Better Vocabulary 166
Building Better Sentences 169
Writing 170
Test Prep 171
Unit 10 From Paragraphs to Essays 172
Elements of Great Writing 174
What Is an Essay? 174
An Essay Outline 176
The Introduction Paragraph 177
Body Paragraphs 178
The Concluding Paragraph 179
Different Kinds of Essay Organization 182
Using a Hook to Improve Your Essay 186
Building Better Vocabulary 186
Building Better Sentences 189
Writing 191
Test Prep 191
Writer’s Handbook 192
Vocabulary Index 224
Index 226
Credits 228
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 CONTENTS Great Writing 3 Unit 5 Cause-Effect Essays 
Elements of Great Writing
108
110
What Is a Cause-Effect Essay? 110
Organizing a Cause Effect Essay 111
Unit 1 Paragraphs 2
Grammar: Common Cause-Effect Structures 118
Elements of Great Writing 4
Grammar: Ways of Expressing Past Events 119
Paragraphs and Topic Sentences 4
Noun and Preposition Combinations 121
Titles 12
Building Better Vocabulary 126
Brainstorming 12
Building Better Sentences 128
Supporting Sentences 13
Writing 129
Grammar: Sentences vs. Fragments 17
Test Prep 131
Grammar: Count and Non-Count Nouns 18
Supporting Details 19
Concluding Sentences 20
Three Features of a Well-Written Paragraph 22
Unit 6 Comparison Essays  132
Elements of Great Writing 134
Building Better Vocabulary 25
What Is a Comparison Essay? 134
Building Better Sentences 27
Organizing a Comparison Essay 134
Writing 29
Connectors and Transitions 142
Test Prep 31
Grammar: The Comparative and Superlative 143
Grammar: Parallel Structure 144
Unit 2 Features of Good Writing  32
Building Better Vocabulary 149
Elements of Great Writing 34
Building Better Sentences 152
Five Features of Good Writing 34
Writing 154
Grammar: Clear Pronoun Reference 42
Test Prep 155
Grammar: Consistent Pronoun Reference 44
Building Better Vocabulary 51
Building Better Sentences 54
Writing 56
Unit 7 Problem-Solution Essays  156
Elements of Great Writing 158
Five Proofreading Strategies 56
What Is a Problem-Solution Essay? 158
Test Prep 57
Grammar: Adverb Clauses 160
Organizing a Problem-Solution Essay 164
Unit 3 Types of Paragraphs  58
Grammar: Sentence Types 166
Elements of Great Writing 59
Sentence Variety 168
Common Paragraph Types 59
Building Better Vocabulary 172
Grammar: Subject-Verb Agreement in the Simple Present 67
Building Better Sentences 174
Grammar: Word Forms 69
Writing 176
Building Better Vocabulary 73
Test Prep 177
Suffixes 74
Building Better Sentences 76
Writing 79 Writer’s Handbook 178
Test Prep 81 Vocabulary Index 208

Unit 4 Classification Essays: Moving from Paragraph to Essay  82 Index 210

Elements of Great Writing 84
Comparing Paragraphs and Essays 84
The Introductory Paragraph in an Essay 86
Classification Essays 89
Grammar: Subject Adjective Clauses 92
The Five Paragraph Essay 96
Understanding the Writing Process 97
Building Better Vocabulary 100
Building Better Sentences 102
Writing 104
Test Prep 107

i ii
 CONTENTS Great Writing 4
Unit 1 Exploring the Essay 2
Elements of Great Writing 4
What Is an Essay 4
Writing the Introduction 18
Writing the Body: Outlining 27
Writing the Conclusion 31
Building Better Vocabulary 32
Building Better Sentences 34
Writing 36
Test Prep 37
Unit 2 Cause-Effect Essays 38
Elements of Great Writing 40
What Is a Cause-Effect Essay? 40
Developing a Cause-Effect Essay 46
Grammar: Connectors for Cause-Effect Essays 51
Grammar: Noun Clauses 54
Wordiness 55
Redundancy 56
Building Better Vocabulary 58
Building Better Sentences 60
Writing 62
Test Prep 67
Unit 3 Comparison Essays 68
Elements of Great Writing 70
What Is a Comparison Essay? 70
Developing a Comparison Essay: Supporting Information 77
Grammar: Connectors for Comparison Essays 79
Grammar: Subject Adjective Clauses 81
Building Better Vocabulary 83
Building Better Sentences 86
Writing 88
Test Prep 95
Unit 5 Problem-Solution Essays
Elements of Great Writing
124
126
What Is a Problem-Solution Essay? 126
Developing a Problem-Solution Essay 131
Grammar: Adverb Clauses 133
Building Better Vocabulary 138
Building Better Sentences 140
Writing 143
Test Prep 147
Unit 6 Reaction Essays and Exam Questions 148
Elements of Great Writing 150
What Is a Reaction Essay? 150
Developing a Reaction Essay 155
Writing 156
Elements of Great Writing
Understanding Short-Answer Questions 159
Grammar: Adjective Clause Reductions 163
Building Better Vocabulary 164
Building Better Sentences 168
Test Prep 169
Writer’s Handbook 170
Vocabulary Index 195
Index 197

Unit 4 Argument Essays 96

Elements of Great Writing 98
What Is an Argument Essay? 98
Developing an Argument Essay 102
Grammar: Controlling Tone with Modals 107
Counterargument and Refutation 110
Avoiding Faulty Logic 112
Grammar: Using the If  Clause 114
Building Better Vocabulary 116
Building Better Sentences 118
Writing 120
Test Prep 123

i ii
CONTENTS Great Writing 5
Unit 1 Reviewing the Essay 2
Elements of Great Writing 4
What Is an Essay 4
The Introduction Paragraph 8
Body Paragraphs 13
The Conclusion Paragraph 16
Grammar: Modifying Nouns 19
Building Better Vocabulary 20
Building Better Sentences 22
Writing 25
Test Prep 25

Unit 2 The Writing Process  26

Elements of Great Writing 34
What Is the Writing Process 28
Grammar: Subject-Agreement 40
Building Better Vocabulary 42
Building Better Sentences 44
Writing 46
Test Prep 47

Unit 3 Using Original Sources  48

Elements of Great Writing 50
Using Information from Sources 50
Using Direct Quotation and Paraphrasing 51
Methods of Citing Sources 55
Introducing a Direct Quotation or a Paraphrase 57
Summarizing 59
Synthesizing 62
Building Better Vocabulary 64
Building Better Sentences 67
Writing 69
Test Prep 71

Unit 4 Cause-Effect Essays  72

Elements of Great Writing 74
What Is a Cause-Effect Essay 74
Organizing a Cause-Effect Essay 74
Topics for Cause-Effect Essays 75
Supporting Details for Cause-Effect Essays 76
Thesis Statements for Cause-Effect Essays 82
Transitions and Connectors in Cause-Effect Essays 83
Grammar: Consistent Verb Tense Usage 86
Grammar: Sentence Fragments 87
Building Better Vocabulary 88
Building Better Sentences 90
Writing 94
Test Prep 95

iii
 Great Writing 5
Unit 5 Comparison Essays  96
Elements of Great Writing 98
What Is a Comparison Essay? 98
Organizing a Comparison Essay 98
Topics for Comparison Essays 100
Thesis Statements for Comparison Essays 107
Transitions and Connectors in Comparison Essays 108
Grammar: as … as; not as … as 111
Grammar: Parallel Structure 112
Building Better Vocabulary 113
Building Better Sentences 115
Writing 117
Test Prep 119

Unit 6 Reaction Essays  120

Elements of Great Writing 122
What Is a Reaction Essay? 122
Topics for Reaction Essays 122
Organizing a Reaction Essay 123
Thesis Statements for Reaction Essays 129
Transitions in Reaction Essays 130
Grammar: Adverb Clause 130
Building Better Vocabulary 133
Building Better Sentences 135
Writing 139
Test Prep 141

Unit 7 Argument Essays  142

Elements of Great Writing 144
What Is an Argument Essay 144
Organizing an Argument Essay 144
Topics for Argument Essays 146
Thesis Statements for Argument Essays 152
Adding Counterargument and Refutation 154
Grammar: Modals 158
Grammar: Adverbs of Degree with Adjectives 160
Building Better Vocabulary 162
Building Better Sentences 165
Writing 168
Test Prep 169

Unit 8 The Research Paper  170

Elements of Great Writing 172
What Is a Research Paper 172
Preparing to Write a Research Paper 172
Grammar: Passive Voice 185
Building Better Vocabulary 188
Writing 190

Writer’s Handbook 194–221

Vocabulary Index 222–223
Index 224–225
Credits 226
iv