Dalit Shaft voltage I Shait voltage according to the IEC-34-17 definition ‘According to the IEC-34-17, the shaft voltage on a motor which complies with the IEC-34-12 may not exceed 500 mV. IEC-34.17 is a guide Ine and should not be seen as ‘Shaft voltage on an asynchronous motor is. influenced by various factors such as: 1) The design of the motor. 2) The capacity between stator windings and tho rotor and belween the rotor and the metal frame (stator 3) The configuration of the mains supply 4) Potential on the motor shat. 5) Voltage transients on the motor terminals 6} The amount of vector leaps of the zero vector in tho frequency convertors PWM pattern. 40. 1) IF the motor design is asymmetric, a circulating ‘current can be generated between the rotor and the stator. This prenomenon increases when the {See IEEE Transactions on industry application. Vol. 20 No. 2. March/April 1983} Ad. 2) Both the rotor and stator in the motor are made of conductive material, therefore in theory capacity ‘should be possible between the stator windings and the rotor and between the rotor and the stator ‘An example can be seen in igure C1, C2 and C3 ilustate the capacity between the Stator winding and the rotor. The typical values aro 10-20 pF (2.2 KW motor, C4 Hustrates the capacity between the rotor and the stator. The typical values are 600-1000 pF Zi, 22 and 23 ilustrate the cable impedance bbotweon the stator colls and the supaly to the motor, U;, Uz and Us ilustrate the 3 phase voltage supply to the motor. is means that a simplified formula forthe bearing voltage could be: Vinan = (Us + Ue + Us x (Cr (Cy + Ca) WO) =6,= 04 A large C. compared with Cs, » and ©, might increase the shaft voltage. IU, = U; = Us with an internal angle diference of 120°, the shaft voltage Is 0. og vg ge a Equivalent diagram for parastic capacities in a an asynchronous motor NOM LT ipa rgistored Danfoss vadomarkShaft voltage Main supply aes | AT =Dalit Shaft voltage Ifthe mains configuration is IT mains or “grounded log" the conditions of symmatric voltage compared wih earth (PE) cannot be fullled. In practice the shatt voltage in a “grounded leg’ mains can easily reach 20-40 Fre 8 ok ; | Tose ao Equivalent diagram for shaft volage in “Grounded leg Mains" Una400 x VE x (0 + cos @ + cos (@ + 1207) =10V “Worst case for @ 3 KW motor on 400 V mains (aroundes og) TEC-34-17 racommends that the mators should be designed for max. 0.5 V shafl voltage, the pessimistic conclusion fs that the motor only fulls the demand for 0.5 V at symmetric mains voltage and is not suitable for asyrmetic mains such as IT and grounded leg installations. Ad. 4) In some motor applications, electrostatic voltages fon the load driven by the motor may arise, which ‘can be the reason for high shat voltage. Howover, the rotor and stator must not be short-circuited by {an external load. & water pump can for instance be an effective short circuit between rotor shaft and stator Ad. 5) IF the voltage transient is generated on the motor lines (Us, Us and Us) then the voltage symmetry is. broken and the result is a transient over-vottage on the shaft vakage, is means for instance that the commutaling voltage peaks from a thyristor control can cause transiont shaft voltage. he cable length and the cable impedance can contribute to inereaso the transiont amplitude as Z1 22 and ymbination of Inductance, resistance and capacity with the result that the transient amplitude can be ampified with a factor 19. Ad. 6) The connection of a motor to a PWM converter can result in a combination of factors 3) and 5) mentioned on page 1 ‘A PWM frequency converter modulates a fixed recited DC bus ber voltage to a three phase AC votage by means of electronic switches, IGBTs. The voltage will be a square wave voltage. he rectified DC bus bar voltage in the frequer converter with mains commutating inductor can be calculated 28 Unwamis X 1.35: IF the supply mains is symmetric (TN mains) the voltage compared to earth (PE) is us mite X 1.98) / 2 = Una 0.67. NOM LT isa rgisored DantossDalit Shaft voltage Figure 4 ‘Smpified model of shaft vollage generation on an PWM inverter on balanced mains It can be seen that the voltage takes the following levels when implemented in the formula for Us FKC MC +C)= 15V) 141K IG 4 C) = 5 vi THI KG +0)=-5V) 1)xG,/ (Gy + Cy => Unica X 0.67 Une X 0.87 Une X 0.87 Uren X 0.87 16" for a3 KW motor on 400 V mains It can be seen that the volage can take 4 levels, Figure LT 5004 ( Phase and rotor voltage 3 meter cable ) A mesurements ae made with expect 0 sttor * 5 ea i Fv * sitll andl wf 200 + . t yy TT | TH nog Hs RUE EM IE Tt ib Hike fli ge tye yt |! fault o 3 ot + — + +t 3 : A TW TT Pee ar ar, # to i i Li a Lt Tar ii nn wr 200 fart i et t it 00 pene | es ila if os iw he ou age sos = ase Pinay ooo Phase Pema) Psa Panag) US ema Motor terminal voltage and shaft vollage on a 8 KW motor connected io a VLT $004 in SEAVM modus 4 MN.60.A1.02 -VLTisa registred Danfoss tracomarkDalit Figure 5 shows that in the period from -1000 to 300 11 sc, the shaft voltage takes four loves in ‘approx. -300 4. see. then the insulation consisting of the shaft oil fm in the bearing between the rotor land the stator wil break down, The four levels mentioned above cannot be seen clearly as the cable impedance and the impedance in the motor Zi, 22 and 23 and C1, C2 and C3) is also inductive (On the 3 KW motor mentioned above the possibilty Cf predicting the time of a break down was tested ‘As expected the break down Una When Us = Uz = U = 1 oF +1 in the formula mentioned above. We compared a VLT 5004 in 'SFAVM mode (moduling the output voltage according to the PWM principle) with a VLT 3004 without motor coils using the WC principle moduling rs at maximum Shaft voltage output voltages after a 60° PWM principle to investigate If diferences occured in the number of break downs. It is characteristic for the 60° PWM principle that, 1 In 60° and then Us = 1 In 60 ete. which is diferent from the common PWM principle where all the invertor switches are active at the same time, U,, Uz and Us jumps batwoon + and - U.for each commutation of the inverter. Fe 6 VLT 3004 (Phase and rotor voltage 3 meter cable) Al mesurrent are made wth respect stator, Motor r20Hz, Without tore 500 ‘s 2 00 i E E w 8 = 300 a ie 200 4-4 5 100 4 1 t | moi Ty 2 ot eee z ei i z S ., in H | I $ > 100 f a 4 5 7 i ne ay “200 % y tH q i -300 ite =10 400 + a8 -500 Break an volage 600 t -20 -1000 500 0 500 1000 Micro Seconds Phase (Pimary) = = = Phase? (Primary) ------Phase 3 (Primary) U Stator (Seconda Motor terminal voltage and shaft voltage on a & KW motor connected to a VLT 3004 with PWM modulation x motor coils in 60° MN.90.47.02 -VLT isa registered DaniossDalit Shaft voltage Figure 6 indicates where the break down occurs for ‘every 60° when using 60° PWM principle. The break down occurs for every 60* PM in a cycle unlike the traditional PWM principle where it occurs for ‘every commutation of the inverse rectifier. Comparing the two traditional PWM princiotes on a motor with 50 Hz and switch frequency 4000 Hz, the number of times where the voltage potential shifts potential on all the phases: 60° PWM= — 50x6 = 300 times /s0 PWM = 4000 Market experience World wide Danfoss Drives estimate to have 1 mil \VLT3000 and VLT 2000 series frequency converters ‘operating according to the 60° PWM principe. Until now we have no specific cases that could prove that the bearing volage has caused ball Dearing failures due to the PWM 60° operation, Conclusion In motor applications where the connected machine does not short cicult the rotor and the stator, the 50° PWM modulation should be chosen, For the time being this is possible in the VLT 2000 series (factory sel), the VLT S000 series (factory set), the VET 8500 series (factory set), the VLT 5000 sores (can be selected) and the VLT 6000 (factory set. Furthermoro itis important that the mains votage is symmetric compared to the earth potential 6 MIN.SO.A\ VT isa registred Dantoss radomark