Dynamic Force Analysis + In all types of machinery, forces are transmitted from one component to the other ‘such as from a belt to a pulley, from a gear to shaft ete. + In design of machine elements it is necessary to know the magnitudes as well as the directions of the forces to decide the proper element. + If the components of a machine accelerate, inertia forces are produced due to their masses. However, of the magnitudes of these forces are small compared to external forces, they can be neglected. Such analysis is called static force analysis, e.g. in lifting cranes. + If the inertia effect due to these masses is also considered, it is called dynamic force analysis > Dynamic forces are associated with accelerating masses > In situation where dynamic forces are dominant or comparable with magnitudes of external forces and operating speeds are high, dynamic force analysis has to be carried out D’Alembert’s Principle ¥ The inertia forces and the external forces on a body together give dynamical equilibrisam ¥ Inertia is a property by virtue of which a body resists any change in velocity 3 chase Fema=0 Y (ma) is known as inertia force Ue Y Negative sign indicates that the force acts in the opposite direction to that of accelerationAnalytical method of finding acceleration of a piston Let OC = the crank PC= the connecting rod ‘= angular velocity of crank (meds od Cale ‘= angle turned by crank from the inner dead centre x= the displacement of a reciprocating body P from IDC after ¢ seconds 1 sngth of the connecting rod ‘r= radius of erank ‘$= inclination of connecting rod with line of stroke neti Displacement of the piston: Osrak, mks O99. ip. = X =plp = oplop Glee) _ (> gage > M+) “Laeen ee) = ML yD eel oe) 0~ Ye, x x [G- eo) + Lever ef L.> SUH) + NU-Gs) —O hae Aen 4. CQ= LSing= vSind a a Cixp 3 Sing = S08 Dp ngs ed cay - _esieg) 2 1-t Stet ' 1 ' ' L z ylk “ Lem= Sine > wets PSM &) coe EE sion et 8) Velocity of the pistor day! x= irl con 8] Velocity of P relative to O or velocity of the piston P, ( rmi=> re) dx _ de d_ di a d® dt d8 OL arden eh ore. Differentiating equation (A) with respect to 0, Vp = Yp vi) Acceleration of the piston: Acceleration is rate of change of velocity. Acceleration of the piston P, dsp _ dvp on a ) ar [ome 4 60828 |Acceleration of piston vey: wry keg oe Fee om pinins mt (ero CP) ‘Gee wt AS mre nh ‘Angular Velocity and Acceleration of the Connecting Rod Bist powwdzd, fog vt ape SH Angular Velocity of the connecting rod: CB= Rap - 5 S108 § .Gn® yp gg s Sind me Tg 9 SE BR. 4°© wrtO 4 a C48. do Denn AR 1, 2 Con ovdd ot tar 2 =) now, Cep TES 4) = QQ stg = (W Site Ye yt: w ues ” “# @ Tag . Tone << >eed ss ic (o) = eG Las seh ouaey © ‘Angular Acceleration of the connecting rod: roe we (a) op wend = Oe = Mr. dew a0 Pe | \ d Wye oud wd Tas | “Te ~ del {regs = [ema ls)- Coase en) (re Site) d(@pc) _ -@sin 0 (n? -1) lace ao (n? = sin? 0)? Using the value of (dope! €8), = 1p) (K‘The negative sign shows that the sense of the acceleration of the connecting, rod is such that it tends to reduce the angle @.. Since sin°0 is small as compared to n°, therefore it may be neglected, Thus the expressions for wpe and dye are reduced to Jone al . ine * @cosé n Thrust onthe sides ofthe cinder walls Ese ac excretion on thei bas P= Crakin tfor F) and Trt oncrank sat earns Crank efor o Turning Moment or Torque onthe crankshaft:Piston Effort (Fp): ¥ It is the net force acting on the piston or crosshead pin, along the line of stroke. Let ‘m= Mass of the reciprocating parts, e.g. piston, = crosshead pin or gudgeon pin ete, in kg (Crosshead pin or Gudgeon pin connects piston to connecting rod) W,= Weight of the reciprocating parts Inertia force of the reciprocating parts, 20 F, = mg..dg = mp. oF (cos O+ n ee > The inertia force due to the acceleration of, the reciprocating parts, opposes the force on the piston due to the difference of pressures in the cylinder on the two sides of the piston. > On the other hand, the inertia force due to retardation of the reciprocating parts, helps the force on the piston, Piston Effort, F, = Net load on the Piston | Inertia ean FTF —Fy considering frictional resistanceNet load fn te Pisin nt ae EFF =F, 35, -F, considering frictional resistance (The ~ve sign is used when the piston is accelerated, and +ve sign is used when the piston is retarded.) (Due to gas pressure) Y Net load on the piston (F,) Rpt =p) =x D* (M1 Pz Fi, = Pressure x Area ue Y Incase of a vertical engine, the weight of the reciprocating parts (IV) assists the piston effort during the downward stroke (ie. when the piston moves from top dead centre to bottom dead centre) and opposes during the upward stroke of the piston (ie. when the piston moves from bottom dead centre to top dead centre), 26 A piston rod at Avs # gas yee 40-18) fus bA-s be hh CO Fp =F, -F, +Mg -Fr Force acting along the connecting rod (Fa) Rade hp Pathe [sin'® OZ oOf ee ee Gab =I. > Crank-pin effort (F,) and Thrust on crank shaft bearings (F,): Fp Thrust on the sides of the cylinder walls Fg Sep - ¢ \ or normal reaction on the guide bars (F,) : 8, hs . pin effort) ¥ The component of Fy along the crank produces a thrust (F,) on the erank shaft bearings. cos (8 + 0) = gos +e) cos —— we Crank effort or Turning Moment or Torque (T) ‘on the crank shaft : Y- The product of the erank-pin effort (F;) and the erank radius (r) is, known as crank effort or turning moment or torque (7) on the erank aun * ¥ Frsin +9) T=Fyxr = xr 08 @ veForces on the Reciprocating Parts of an Engine (Weight of connecting rod is neglected) ¥ Piston Effort (F,): Fy=F=By— Rg -nForhoreontl engines F=f, +m 6, Fig Forvertia engines k Y Force acting long the connecting rod (Fh: Fo eg Ne ¥ Thrust on the sides of the cylinder walls or f ‘normal reaction on the guide bars (Fy): Fw txsin6 ¥ Crankcpin effort (F) Fe = Fy sin @.2 9) = 2 sin +9) ¥ Thrust on crank shaft bearings(F): Fy = Fa cos (0+9)=—P x cos (0+9) Oe 56 Y Crank effort or Turning Moment or Torque (7) on the crankshaft: 7 = Fx \V/Aecelerating torque= Turning moment - resisting torque (Stored in (Produced) (utilized)