a= Module Pa = — Se rey “i data — to. tig iat Yo 2. Tae ~ abenb Oe eB Reactn = = rs «alg Gani. absorb ov oe Reactive pasoon_ depending “ren the eLéitation — = sheng y quer _ do over ove exited ~—! Generah ig ler than_ the ——) a pet — “a _ Find the _ generator ot Curent __} —_ ~ injected at the bus ein tay _ tthe , een sale — _ ae An oreretsted iq feat Fadia | Power = Bieri. % An under — excited ope absos sweachive. — Power. —9. overhead Hine o a Burge impedone. of on ‘ovehead. Mine. 1a que ft 4 — wz fk c: where han “the Inductance acl The Sines 2c th Copasitan of th Ji Nee ; te nobiral Load] oF Gage imped oad (STL) given : a StL = Ve WO. Ze ms oe Vt the wed oblage of ne J Note :- x» At Josdo below SIL, dbvshead Une gree Reactive power. : ¥ M doado Obove SIL, Overhead Lines absobe Reactive _ pouxr.ae geumderqromd cables go “The underground able have high Burge impedance. oad (STL) _ tnd 2 Mae Moods ere 2 abivary below STL _ Bo. min ree Beactive pon "4: Asanshermers _ Oo ____ al hn ou asl eatin fae ___isrsspedive _ TS Ah ondos Zs Compensating, cdicg’= js a pos ef Com, pervading “Apiea_0 One “added either | te absab or fren" Reactive _ a } { = ei wat[ . ns a behocen i lage pouoer and: weacive | a pawe tab | a tnpde tt +. the lage No at mode. ie 7 a, — dv = Bv pe avg 23. 8 op 3g aad 4] Amd Wing —_—_ _ oe a : OP.Ov=1 2. 2 sOvie4. | Ov Op vy OQ Cqustion (4) Can be Unitten as. ee! dv> 3 dP + gg >, (ar/av) (aq fav). | > Teton be Sen Prem €9.(2) That the change in wage a “al ‘rc el by _-two ~AWantities-_ - besos2) cand (3 ov]: ‘ov “As an exomnple Comider | OW Bine with eno | impel ome (Rajx) ond hero Shunt admittance. Shum fn’ igure below - Figure (ay uivolent Giwit dine 8 pyin aba fay. Oem —- ‘t i te (vy, -V) v= PR- XQ-=0: 28) - Where VY, ig the Sending _ alfage Jo Constord > . md Vois the nang end sah pds oN pand O- Fron “q 2)_—BelaN 29 O/B arte ce eg ve pede CQ Ver QV. — a ates tonstant_v and AV, co ar a Xd =O) ——and_d 2 = ={Rbade, Stach et held be Small bo Potent i Nema ‘wlta thay. giving. the. Beit a — athe, cn a is mode. he the ye : ey — wwe Kd Chong. hw on Ben that fer a - —Seoneding rout i. en fan xX aes1 x1. oe za loith__the System —m__ no- Load: 7 th Lp ste heap ef 20)av in —eqund te the Bhort tt dunent es [ ——— with Serna) tperadion , Vis sithin “pos pocot of Vc deel hen ht value of —_ 3a] av_ak "Ve Vy gives Useful informacion — 5% ing Reactive _power. | wo! Chnacterishhe a ar excursions pron a nominal voltage. lito trelatinship is epecielly spl Oy the Shot Ghreuit. Cubrresit” oe y be known at, aU, Gulgtation | ! jaa) av Vey amd.Ce) tnjecim of Beadle Poe Remsen pla th 3078 bal Voltage. Con be_tonitootled| bythe injection. | 08" absorption. Ht Reachyt___powser. | An. general, ue erated of. injecting readin | ho powder" Orre. available... rvolving Ube of, | |___ 1+ Stadio Shunt capnitos: Lk Read | 8 Static. Bete Opa 8: Byndhvonous tormenoton_ —4: EI Vne Compematns and Smtr <1: Bhuat cpacioa 2° Bedist + huh! Cito on. ud ta opal Jaacing Powe: -factow oodles it a horas wads Orme Wed | on Oouits te, Genet. teactive power. et “utc che" etear, ic, +o Supply att abeorl t then hunt deve | _Teactive power f +o. maintain the rmognitude ofthe atCapacitor fal od ca xo with Bighh._nehwortt Boao] then the ee is hit he __copaciter fp Ate _ Od voltage tendo ts | : “econ Bed ip ih © 2. Bie at wade’ ail [nfo 1 Laity nn *,fpadtmst fan be tanned i E goa “with Orerhead_Dinen to teduce — tthe _indudive —weadlonce —_bfus Supply paint ____ > Bath Shunt. and S&riw _Gpacitors Need fp be applied to ead _sesonanee with the inductive. —taclona—9j tape KanCo Fc a 2 jo. se lBhuaetl —_Caiball © Ope ted tn ae ae ue St ctusovk tp Gmbot the fe hg eee aah De of Serie‘ Caypacitos et Voltage ep rs DGaae 4 Tp. The bod 7 tide. ae 2 Baas ho wed ye Use Ot @erien Capacity in nehook the reduction in Dine current ig Small. —t tT} 4ptal Tot %eaclante do high > chen ~ Geri _Capactios Ore : tve_t3 i or “tompouats ce i aa Sammie Rag teithoth. ck mecharad apo on the “Value _ Lexitaion on ered Beadtive, power , z : Bs. The losten are Conaiderabte. 4 Compared _ with Static Capacitors the. power packer is aot Joa Shen used _ with a voltage Bequlatir othe Ciena Con duttomati um omtendiad —t__ime._of high oad avid _nderencited_at - ae OLD ~ tempera, ld a athed —toith_“voth = Many bp chai Shoe m above. * Magan it415 V supply Earthing transformer To AVR cT Synchronous compensator Figure 5.7 Typical installation with synchronous compensator connected to tertiary (delta) winding of main transformer. A neutral point is provided by the earthing trans- former shown. The Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) on the compensator is con- trolled by a combination of the voltage on the 275kV system and the current output; this gives a droop to the voltage-VAr output curve which may be varied as required| 5% Droop Voltage p.u. -20 0 +40 ~— Absorb QMVAr Generate——»> Figure 5.8 Voltage-reactive power output of a typical 40MVAr synchronous compensatorBhd Whe tempts ses Bh Connected” _ weld amd: “Cayacitns.Conbatled by eg ; Tayristois at Sith! 9 The tnnetive omer is -movided "by the aha lan aap are i ns ~Crnd Conbotled — ~by- ays ows — (hy. “Sthrcamt a A _ Brera. fi Sto C_lempersosre) ty yale 0. power _elechonic devia “ta = _prrvrids_"eadbive au sept but ib ne Pa ithe beans: + A SirTom comets i 7 - Bounce: cmv Connected] to thd ike trough a ta Seaton ce Ch. © the \bllage Gure Omvertor Use very, chansistos ren Con be tuned | me a Synthesize 9 Voliage gine wave. a ~—tnagnitudk.. 4. _phave 2 o —- + Vernon is arn Gn Noave kept in phase tsith Newmingl =pte mage ude —t Mstncom_—_L Ig a a estan —Maerminal "wel ve LW — AS _ a — Sic fame 1 ry te eee eee hilo! imagnitude ot Vo je tow than aa o mapas hn ——Treacti—prweris._absmbed. by the crmercom. _ Strom, — Con be Conbolied very ast —and have a Smalier physical —equipmellt= int than Svcs. - _ Figure S210 operation a Sto. _ : dhe princi leo peradion_ ic _thoet_ the __cteactive power da_pm 40 _by the __interactim the two Vol magnitudes aero the Neca = mani ee the be copaelter 2s _orly used _ _ _ Operade. the povoer__ Clechmil> ne tobe! - Te mre _turrent 2Veerminat Istatcom (GeneratingQ i A Istatcom V Vsratcom STA oe OOOO [— Ve, Vierminal vscl ‘STATCOM.1 ' 'statcom (Absorbing) Q ——— Voc (a) {b) Figure 5.10 Operation of a STAICOM—e——> Medal $$ i . ,teanstor “rigth—of_—valagetenkel_usg. tan thenslng he = the Juaasfarmabion satio, the —vottoga ae] in a heogt is si ee de ahs civeutt, —— rane ai 0. fe ee et eda js obtained. To __dishibuBon network 0: cans foxnns | u \ pattage Conte eof topathanging tronsfenmurs da _Conkcol wattage _ io__disdtbubvon stem = ey a ™ 1 eV tyanst \3 ¥. to raaintain ans at uy eV bu han hy (32 = Active power Ines axe lonoved & it ic assumed f thot xeathonrs of vancfoyener is net influuenred _b Changs jn__shurns waa. : tH S64 [ t—> noxminal _vacsfayeankea yee Re Chon ty, c of ho va pe eg ev fe Va vatiohins ft ot ay => _unden _heowy load Vig > SURV 1 by) V+ 120 KV 0:40 pu : — > BT MVAr, 0 3485 pu >. ae Scanned uith CamScannen[Ba Bes tn 0B 9 eo py ae | 6-404, ee se = AV 1 era = pie tis (yoy) ogn4 eos oe Ve ! i => under light Londing vasiations voz ew, | po 2 AGS KV tt pu Q 2 2: Mvax , 0-063 Pu Ave By X 2 0-053 y 91g + or ork PU Ns vl vt 2 (y= av) + + y,- av) Vy—orvoe , (ode Ny \ a {eosd Pe&h __1Pewobe den loading vf anc Permen Yoad pt of Nake, at _destved_vtg Coa) ood dare bus Vi ot al heavy Irading, 32. o9 Joo ey wk light Landing. by o° 85 \ye kv WK A “bo 8ial_disteibatiom —Crualtcoth coe top-= Changing — sbronsformer is _Shosso inequivalent 4 citrate Scanned with ComSeainerRajx 1 Ia [=® or (P + jQ) Load (a) (b) Xp Pp 4/-_==_= > % t OQ A R+)X & ———_— ves f tv © Figure 5.12 (a) Coordination of two tap-changing transformers in a radial transmis- sion link (6) and (c) Equivalent circuits for dealing with off-nominal tap ratio, (b) Single transformer, (c) Two transformers Scanned with ComSeannerae Page —$<—_———————— sv, => nahin bitages ot the ends 4, & tv, > ortual wv Y ot piedid to Companiote Ca doy the vast If Gore _ovdex 8, that the _minitorio Lestnaing in the. dicop ts the line She —prodack t,t, wil be sade Xange ot tor on hath —trransforcaexe Ie used - the line —itapedente becomes CRait? , v2 ut os dhe ienpedeate. has been transfered v, = vit 4+ ‘the Mnput votlags ta dhe load _civutt heeeines yb /by- | Axiheraotic voltage dxop = ae pp + Xa | te | shin tps Yt Eywoyls (Qe aval feCee = : —epakh vise of. Aap = thengieg trancfexmeas Lo Suds’ vies in 9 txaascaission __Systein : ———Sta__tnoaseeission —achoris Vins sony be —Alepatched ly — odiuctment of “lap _seMinge an ty cnskaxroets _Cocneetiog buchare - Seota fy Sag(d) vy, 4 Vy, axe Constant. - i io_fig_srinth) 4 ic off =mamina) Aap telling f sileios taadgeia | er ES frente L (vv - vie} = 6 x Toiegns den gt SAg A(i2 bv". 8) hte vey sV y, | 24, Bic negation, a fins of vase aut of vy 9,2 th=4)s _ ioe R$ > Shorkcictsit level ~ Ye Te by Sale ad Jjustinent of she —Anp_—seHiog | + |_on op propriate in 1 : x ection —of _peathive. pone ie cblaingder dl orc use __ of dap = Changing tuansfexeness to dich vies in o—Aynnssni sian Sy stein lls | Ta Ayansnmiscton _actwoxks Vt #KS__VO.15_1nay be dig Ladiuctonent of ‘top scting. on—_tyaast oxrnex Connteting | buchars + io_fig s-yh) 4 i off—nasina) dap telfieg f ! sesicloot fc _gera. { Nesthage —dvop bio huchave ic given by ! Av = (Vp) — ys X . 8 ce? toy | 7 frente ~ I (vv = wel > 8. : Scammed with CamScanneri as Infinite busbars (a) xi Hes vy a { % Vit (o) Figure 5.14 (a) Two power systems connected via a tap-change transformer, (6) Equivalent circuit with impedance transferred to receiver side Scammed with CamScanner—— u A(y-d)y* 6) hen vay : x 4 it +248 te positive that ic flew of yars ict N, E te4 8 is tg 4 fiow of of v, p= th-s< sthus by Suitable adjustwest of dhe tap _settion on oporapiiate infection of yeathive —penne js chtained Scammed with CamScanner| Axanctovener ic __Connettad ds 1 Stay Cnonechinn and aay line NAY Comptnsato ss mop dente fees Scammed with CamScanner- ee - " Xp VU Xs 2 Yo eet {$Y V3 Xr Compensator C P,=0/T, (a) . t 3 Q; V3 ic Figure 5.16 (a) Schematic diagram with combined tap-changing and synchronous compensation, (b) Equivalent network Scammed with CamScannera Vif voibage” PA. f 28, ade —_raol Seachiva pouch | is en 08 gee Baie. vn Nine Voltage Scammed with CamScanneri Considex a _civenit Shon in ba, serile. For fixed 4 | i i 2: bo i fig erat) i¢ iim io | ii t t(@) Tot weather —tNolmal,_, Cold weathel rallig =) ating |" Tating . 7 ee 1 500) 1000 1500 2000 Power (MW) () Figure 5.21 (a) Equivalent circuit of a line supplying a load P + jQ. (b) Relation between load voltages and received power at constant power factor for a 400kV, 2x 260mm? conductor line, 160km in length. Thermal ratings of the line are indicated Scanned with ComSeanner|. —> g ing 0 Halse shawn, for loads of lagging pe there i 0 hil: frat change in load Conse toroe i Change _£_velkage tale May Ou. — Ge. thie. Condition the _arkon p= mak Ba cevstoxrors Ue use fu,» Th Te a 4 | Hoe yecieving end -brans formey joglead of vt | t | because it - wedutes the —_Curcent thas ste Vol steph —| devo p+ ibivi ou vi tage dep theyefove Sf nh by i te Be jection ee adic “tapetlecs a Aipthta tu | vx tnjection by ne —| compensabnrs thse +e Scanned with ComSeannerInfinite busbar Load Za Gq Figure 5.22 Line diagram of three long lines in parallel - effect of the loss of one line. G, = local generators Scanned with ComSeannerpen do ox aoe —_lines__to___patatleli Ln fg ow, if one of de _line ie ested because ot fount theo the Sy shun oxtes Keachonte | Seon Mado Xun Ihe Capacitance { decreases earn _3¢ Lo 2, is sthus the —_Ovevalt vollage- ete fotveated toss o£ Lore _Intsates georcakon of vay. Lucxensa| | : és . al i of _vottage Dackalility. = | y Bresce eat he: dn tad xobton Saale : ate at the end of tine, Dt thic genevabien _t¢ i 2 | atte. te Vathoge colt cutkasnall calles Intxeate | Antal fis generation cabich te Lukitinb tn —oreid _lovge Vathage dieaps fa Long lines 4 gtasdchov. Nfre_oukpul: — 2 Spiced “valu “nd Counpensabion aqyived foe oo ete oy Fon BV. ebay eg ates Peok tood * 9:2 Kv fir fais egidakh Light tead_= 0-25 kvfls| Hew Seid ae Scammed with CamScannerPhase Shift Txanstox ner Ne 4 —_—-— f Ye ts vip A « ——. A aaa 1 Figure 5.19 (0) Connections for one phase of a phase shi transformer. Similar con- 2 i nections to other two phases. (6) Corresponding phasor diagram — : " —eegie difference betwern dura nodes of the bet steno ‘ Con figuiabion of tne Shunt ood conte aasfowrnsy unit induces dhe f hase Gt te Simple , vobuct aad _aeliatte technela a = Ea ae ood Curabive — tonto! medicare — ea. oted — do Joy powers 0 Cont th i —~|___Shidt —attowe —vedittthubag of pousey flowe of tine outages, g _wclicves niehorotte Stresses __ta_dhy me tvind 4 Scanned with CamSeannen—> Th _Cuvabive mode Sroatt (Seoackisaes zero) but th ts dre flow ood +t. avoid I> the nslive vedirestion of pone’ Frans Wows eyploiting lines Charex tn thei Ahexsood _tiratts Scammed with CamScannert Main Regulating Transformer 1 Banster Transfes = # | =F Rp Booster Transformer id ili transformer T —?_Booster__dvancfoxeary ts the pine whith fe often used do towards the end of 9 pees =p Wine__4o__vodse the _vattage tn the —decixecl Nolue. a : Auadty of a print 4s“ asuay rete the. — ‘the _Serondaty of {hs _banster trans fevioes || ts Connected —_in_ i : j +p extes with dhe tine Se tts -2f dhs _veguiating “thee out putt —tutindiong —of thy — rae tnex__ts__$0 Connected cin dhe pricy — of the —beosber—tranifermer thatthe _vatlage— | injected tothe foe _v, it in phase sith ——— te Supply Ye —— — |e the -tnagnitude of __y, bf chacgad— ir _ By —thonging — aps Sth waking —transfoxson — oe Anu Sedex —vatlage —v, fon he _xegutated — i anova Scanned with CamSeannenSere Yat 02: fatluved> tack dhyvow the latter out of (ead leva ¥ _pextentogy ® to Scammed with CamScanner