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DANG I ~ PHUONG TRINH CHUA MOT DAU GIA TRI TUYET DOL...onnenesense svnennnee 13S DANG 2 ~~ PHUONG TRINH CHUA NHIEU DAU GIA TRI TUYET DOL vo 138 Biii Die Phuong 3CHUONG I - PHEP NHAN VA PHEP CHIA CAC DA THUC. CHU DE 1- PHEP NHAN DA THUC. A. NOL DUNG LY THUYET. + Quy tac nhan mét s6 vai mot tang: A.(B+C)=AB+AC + Quy tic nhan hai luy thira cla cing co sé: x".2" + Quy tée nhan don thite v6i da thite: Muén nhan mt dom thite véi mat da thie, ta nhin don thie véi timg hang tir cia da thire Iai véi nhau. céng cde + Quy tie nhan da thite v6i da thire: Mudn nhan mot da thite véi mgt da thire, ta nhdn timg hang tie eta da thive nay véi ting hang tt cia da thiee kia réi cing ede tich lai véi nhau. B. CAC DANG BAL TAP QUAN TRONG DANG 1 - NHAN DON THUC VOI DA THUG, PHUONG PHAP GIAT Quy tée nhdin don thite v6i da thie: Muén nhdn mt don thire v6i mt da thite, ta nhan dom théte véi timg hang tir cia da thite roi cng céc tich lai véi nhau. xx 2x =xx2x = 2x’ Cr x x (2x +3) = 2x’ + 3x ~~ 7 xx3 =x x3 =3x Céw 1. Thye hign phép tinh Biii Die Phuong 41) x(2x43) 2) x*y(5—x) 3) (x 45442)(-ay) 4) (-dessmsaceyet)(-to) Huéng din gi 1) x(2x+3)=2x" 43x. 2) v'y(S-x)=5x7y-¥y. 3) (x8 45442)(-ay) =—x'y—Se'y—2ay. 4)(-384sns204yet](-L9) Rey Sey aaty eo Cau 2. Tinh gid tri biéu thite: —3x)(2x-5)—(2—6)(~2x)+(-2x)(+1)-Sx(I~x) tai x=2 3) C==y(x-2)-(2x=1)(—3x)+ y(0+3)4(-x)(y=1) tai x=1 & y=2 _by+4 4D ~2x-+7(1+ y)+2(3-x) tai x= Huéng din gi 1) Tai x=2 tac6 A=(-3x)(2x 5) (x 6-2) + (204 Sxl) = 2?-4,2=-12. Vay vi x=2 ta cd 2) Tai x=1 ta cd fig 11 ed +o.P ess 60 6015 Vay véi x=1 tac6 B= 2 A Vay A c6 gi tri khdng phy thuge gi tri ia bidn 2) B=S(2—x) +x? (2x—3)+2(x-1)43(x° +x) 42x(2-27) 4x ‘Vay B cé gid tri khong phy thude gid tri ciia bién. 3) Cau (x-1)-207 +5x(3—x) +587 “12-14 (x7 -2)-x(I-x) @C Vay C c6 gid tri khong phu thude gid tri cia bién 4) D=~13x—10+2x(x° +8)—2x(1-x)+x(2x—3)+2(x—1)-24°(x+2) 2 D=-12 Vay D cé gid tri khong phy thudc gid tr} cia bién, Ciu 4. Timx 1) (0+ 2)(-x)+2(x-3) +7 +4(+3)=0 2) 23x +1)-3(x+2 4) 3(2x-3)-9x=2(7x+10)+5 6) 3x? +$2=3x(x-1) +8 Huéng din giai: Biii Die Phuong1) (x+2)(-x)+2(x-5)+7 +.4(x43)=0 4-1 Vay x 2) 2(3x+1)-3(x+2)=5x-Beox=2 Vay x=2. Vay x= 4) 3(2x-3)-9x=2(7x+10)+5 x=! Vay x=1 3(x-11) _3(x+1)_2(2x-5) sy ect) 34) 208°5) oy 4 3 10 Vay x=1 6) 30° 42=3x(x-1)48 > x=4 Vay x=1. DANG 2- NHAN DA THUC VOI DA THUC. PHUONG PHAP GI Quy tic nhan da thie voi da thire: Mudn nhin m6t da thite véi mdt da thire, ta nbiin timg hang tir cua da thite nay véi timg hang tir cua da thire kia r5i cOng cde téch lai v6i nhau. (Cau 5. Thue hign phép tinh: 1D (x-N(2x-1). 2) (x? +y)(15—2x). 3) (x°-2)(-x+y)- 4) (x+1)(y+1)(e+ y). 1) (x-1)(2x-1) =2x° -3x41 Biii Die Phuong 72) (x7 + y)(IS-2x) =-2x° +15x? -2ay +15 y 3) (x? -2)(-x4 y)=-x + x?y+2x-2y 4) (xtI)(yt (xt y)=rytattay? ty tat yt ty (Cu 6. Thue hign phép tinh: 1) (3—x)(2x1)-(x-1)(5-2x)+(x41)(3-52). 2) (3y-1)(x-2)-(3x—4)(1-3y)+ (49 +1)(x+1)+3—2)(7¥-3) 3) (x7 +1)(1-x) +2x(x-3)-(2—2)(27 +4) +(x-1)(3-) atl el eel 4) ot ele ae CaUO SNe Huéng din giai: 1) (3=x)(2x+1)-(x-1)(5—2x)+(x+1)(3-Sx) =-Sx* 4411 2) (3y-1)(x-2)-(3x—4)(1-3y)+(4y +1)(x 41) + (3-x)(7y-3) =9xy + Ty-2 3) (2° #1)(1-a)+2x(2-5) (2-2) 44) #(x-1)(3-2) = 3x10 ol aa _ Wxy-8x—8y +4 yet ante fy Zt : Oe eae Ot Cau 7. Tinh gid trj bieu thuc: 1) A=(2=52) (2045) =13-(3x=1) (1-28) +(x41)(2-54) tah x= 2 2) B=(1-2x)(3x-+1)+(x-1)(7—x)+(x+1)(2- x) tai x= 3) C=(3=y)(4=1)=(2y+5)(x44)+(3-a)(y—Itai x= I va y=2 4) D=(x-y)(x+ y)-(2y+x)(2x+y)+ (By-x)(y—3) tai x=3 va y=1. Huéng din giai: 1) A=(2-5x)(2x+5)=13-(3x=1)(1-2x) +(x 41)(2-5x) tai x=-2 Tacé A=-9x°=29x Biii Die PhuongVoi x=2= A=-9(-2)' -29.(-2)=22. 2) B=(1-2x)(3e41) +(x=1)(7=2)4 (x4 1)(2—a) tai x= —1 Tacé B=-8x° +10x—4 Voi x=-1= B=-8(-1)° +10.(-1)-4=-22 3) C=(3-y)(x-1)-(27+5)(x+4)+(3—x)(y-Itai x= 1 va y=2 Tacé C=—tay—x—4y-26 =2=3C=-43 Voi x=1:) 4) D=(x~y)(x+ y)-(2y+3)(2+ y)+By—x)(y—x) tai x=3 va y=] Tacé D=—9xy Véi x=3,;y=1=> D=-27 Cau 8. Tinh gid tri bidu thie: 1) (v41)(3—x)+(2—a)(x-5)+(2x-1)(x43)=0 2) (2x+5)(1-x)+(3-a)(2x-1) + (2x4 1)(x41)+(2x-7)(x+3)=0. 3) (2r+1)(3—x) +(2—x)(2x-5)-(19x 64) +(28+7)(x-1)=0 A) (327 )(2x—3)+2x(x-1)(x4 1) =(Bx-1)(2+x)- Huéng din giai: 1) (841)(3=2)+(2-)(4x-5)+ (24-043) <0 x3 2) (2x-+5)(1=x) +(3-x)(2x=1) +(2x41)(x41)+(2x-7)(x43)=0 eo x=3 3) (2x+1)(3—x) +(2—)(2x—5)-(19x—64) +(2x+7)(x-1) =0 4.x =—5 hove x=5 A) (3-27 )(2x-3)+2x(x-1)(x41) =(3x-1)(2+ x) ex=—7 Cau 9. Chimg minh ede bigu thite sau ¢6 gi tri Khong phy thude gid tr cha bin 1) A=(2~3x)(x41)-(5—x)(x—3)+(7—2)(x=2)+3(x=1)(04+1) Biii Die Phuong2) B=(5—x)(I-x)-3x? + (4—x)(2x-3)+(2+5x)(x-1)+(I-x)(3+2) 3) C=(5x—12x)(3x=1) 14x 192° + (3x41)(x-1)-(-¥44)(5-2). Huréng diin gidi: 1) A=(2-3x)(x+1)-(S—x)(x—3)+ (7) (x2) +3(x-1)(x +1) A= 2) B=(5—x)(1-a)—30? +(4—1)(2x-3)+(245x)(x-1)+(I-4)(3+4) < B=-6 3) C= (5x—12x)(3x—1) 1404 192" + (3x+1)(x-1)-(-x +4)(5- x) C= 21 (Cu 10, Reit gon ede biéu thite sau, 1) (4-3x)(2x-1)-2(3x-1)(1-2x)+(3x-4+1)(4-5x) 2) (3y-2)(Sx—1)—(7x—1)(1-2y) +(y+1)(x +1) +(1-2)(y-3) 3) (2x7 +5)(1—2x) (14+ 2x)(x-1)—(3—x)(x? +1) +(x-2)(2—x) 4) (1-2y)(2x—1)-(y+1)(e+1)+ (S—a)(y-1) 5) (5=y)(¥=1)=2(y +3)(443)+(1-2)(y=2) Cau 11. Tinh gid trj biéu thite. 1) A=(1-2x)(2x-+1)—(143x) —(2x-1)(3-28) tai x= 1 2) B=(1-x)(x+1)(x-2)+(5—x)(x+3)(1-x) tai x=-3 3) C=(I-y)(x41)-(3—x)(2y +1)(e42)+(I-x)(v 4) tai x= y= 4) D=(x-y)( tay ty’) +(xt y)(xt y)(ety)-20 tal x3 va y=? 5) E=(x-y~2)(x-y-z)+ (xt yz) -2(x ty? + Cfu 12. Tim x. 1) (2x+1)(5—x)+(3—x) (+1) +(x-2)(e+2)+(2x-3) (x43) = 25 Biii Bie Phuong 10yy BED B=s) HVE) , (1419/21) (2 5)(045)_ z 2 4 6 4) (4-1) 3x=2)(2—x) + (20-1)(x-2)(34-x) =" (142) 5) (3x-2)(3x-1) (1x) +7x' +(2x+4)(x-3)(3+x)-227 +5=0 Cau 13. Chimg minh cée biéu thite sau c6 gid tri khéng phu thude gid tri ca bién. 1) A=(1-Sx)(x+6)+2x(x-+16)—(7—x)(x-2) +(74x)(8-1) 43° 1 2) B=(5—x)(I-3x) 6x" + (5 x)(2x-1) +(1+5x)(x-3) +19 3) C=(x-1)(3x-1) +74 (38-44) 04) —(-x43)(2—4) 5° 4) D=(x~3)(3x~2)-6x-+(6x44)(x=1)-(-2043)(2-Sx) ex 5) E=(1S~x)(3—x)-4x(x—3)+(6~x)(2x-1) + (3+5x)(x-2) Cau 14. Thue hign phép tinh, 1) x(x -2x41) 2) -x(3x*- 2x44) 3) 2x°(x' 3x41) 4) 3x°(" +3x-5) 5) -2xy(3x2=2ay4y?) 6) day(ay?-Sxy+y") (Cau 15. Thy hign phép tinh. 1) 2x(x-3)-2° 2) -x(3x? 244) 3) 4x¢y—x8y(2y +4) 4) 2x*-2x7(x-5) 5) Sxy-3ay(x°-2x41) 6) 2x?(x41)-2x(x?-5) Cau 16. Tinh va nit gon, 1) (2x+5)(x-6) 2) (-3442)(-24+4) 3) (x-4)(5x—3) 4) (x7 =22)(x-2) 5) (2x-1)(x7=4x43) 6) (x=3)(-x7 +x-1) 1) (2x43)(x-5)—4x 8) 3x-(x+2)(x-4) 9) x? -2x-(x-7)(x+2) 10) 3x7 1-(x-41)(2—x) Cau 17, Tim x, biét: Biii Die Phuong un1) et )-x=1 4) x(x) = 20° 41 Cau 18, Tim x, bide: 1 (x-5)(x-3)=(x41)(4-2) 3) 4x(x-1)-(x+2)(4x-1) =5 5) (x-5)(x-4)-(x-1)(x+2)=7 1) (2x-1)(x-2)-(a4+1)(2x-3)=3 2) 2Gx+1)-3=5-2x 5) xGx+2)-3x =2 3) x(r4 = =1 6) Sx(x—3)— 27° =30+ 40° 2) 3x(x—2) =(3x-1)(x—1)-5 4) (3x—4)(a—2)=3u(x-9)-3 6) 6(x-1)(x—2) 6x (x +3) 8) 3(x-7)(x+3)—30° +2=13 Cau 19. Chimg minh cdc biéu thite sau 6 gid tri khong phy thugc gid tri cia bién. 1) 2x(x+1)—2x7 -2x 3) (&-Dar-5)—x" + 6x-5 5) Bx=2)(a=1)-3x7 +5x=4 2) 3x(x—-2)—Ha? — 2x) +4 4) Qxt1(x-1-20" +25 6) 2x(x4 = x(r43)— a HHS Cau 20. Chimg minh cdc biéu thite sau c6 gid tri khong phy thugc gid tri ca bién. 1) 5x? =(2x-+1)(x-2)-4(3x43) 3) (5x—2)(x+1)—(x—3)(Sx41)—172 5) (6x-5)(x+8)—(3x-1)(2x+3)-36x Cau 21, Chimg minh cdc dang thite: 1) (a-b)(a+b)= 3) (a+b) a+ 2ab+b 5) (ab) + 3ab* —b* 2) -3(x-4)(x-2)+x(3x-18) Tx 4) (3x-1)(2+3)-6 6) (8x=1)(x+7) 8x7 -55x 2) (a-b) 2ab+b* 4) (a+b) (a? -ab+b?)= a5 +b 6) (a+by =a’ +3a°b+ 3ab* +b ‘Cfu 22. 1) Cho ba sé 1é lign tip, Tich cia hai s6 sau lon hon tich ciia hai s6 dau 1a 180. Tim ba sd. 2) Tim bon s6 ty nhién lién tiép biét tich ciia hai sO sau lon hon tich cita hai s6 dau la 34. Ci 23. Chimg minh ring v6i moi 96 nguyén m thi Biii Bie Phuong R1) (n° +3n-1)(0+2)-n! +2 chia hét cho 5. 2) n(n+5)-(n—3)(0+2) chia hét cho 6 3) (n=1)(n+1)—(n=7)(n—5) chia hét cho 12. Cau 24, 1) $6 a 06 38 chit s6 1, 6 b 06 31 chit s6 1. Chimg minh ab —2 chia hét cho 3, 2) a, b lihai s6 ty nhién, a chia cho 5 dur 1, b chia cho 5 dur2. Chimg minh ab chia 5 dur 2 Cau 28. Cho a+b+c=2p. Ching minh: 2be+b* +c p(p-a) CHU DE 2- HANG DANG THUC DANG NHO. A. NQLDUNG LY THUYET. HANG DANG THUC DANG NHO 1, (A+B) =A? +2AB 4B 2. (A-By 2AB+B =(A-B)(A+B) 4, (A+B) =A’ +347B4+3AB? +B 5, (A~B) = A°-34°B +341 7, A’-B* =(A-B)(A°+AB4+B") 8. (A+B4C) =A" +B? 40? +2AB42AC+2BC 9, (A-B+C) =A? +B? +C?-2AB+2AC-2BC 10, (A+B-C)’ =A? +B? +C? +2AB-2AC -2BC 11, (A-B-C)’ =A? +B? +C?-2AB-2AC +2BC B. CHUNG MINH CAC HANG BANG THUC DANG NHO (Atay 2AB+B? Chimg minh bang phwong phap dai si Tacs (A+B) + AB+ AB +B" =A? +2AB+B". A+B)(A+B)= ‘Chimg minh bing phuong phip hinh hge: Biii Die PhuongSs = Seanne + Seam + Swati + Schum | oF G+yK+y)= xx +tyy + XY + XY x ee . | 4 ee f (xtyPex ty +2xye7 (A+B) =A°434°B 4348+ Chimg minh bing phuong phip dai sé: Tacé (A+B)' =(A+B)(A+B)(A+B)=[(A+B)(A+B)](A+B) = (A? +2AB+B")(A+B)=(A" +2AB+B")(A+B) =(A¢+2A%B+ AB?) +(42B +248 +B )= A 3B SAB BP hong php hinh hoc: a + 3ab + Bab + Bb = (at+by C. CAC DANG BAL TAP QUAN TRONG. DANG 1- VAN DUNG HANG DANG THUC DANG NHO PHUONG PHAP GIAL ‘Van dung cdc hang dang thie dang nhé dé lam bai Céiu 26. Khéng sir dung may tinh, hay tinh: Biii Die Phuong 41) A=100P 2) B=9999" 3) C=96.104 4) D=98.102 5) E=98,(102"-200) Huéng dan gi: 1) A=1001 = (1000+1) 1000" + 2.1000.1+1? = 10° +2000-+1=1002001 2) B =9999° =(10000-1)' = 10000" —2.1000.1 +1? = 10° -2000 +1 = 99980001 3) C= 96,104 =(100—4)(100+4) =10 =10'-16= 9984 10*-4=9996 4) D=98.102 = (100~2)(100+2)=100° 5) E=98,(102* 200) = (100~2)[(100++2)' -100.2] =(100-2)[100" + 100.2.2+ 2* -100.2] = (100-2)(100" + 100.2 +27) = 100° - 2° =10'-8=999992 Cfiu 27. Khai tin, 2) (8x-y)'=27x -27x7y + 9xy7 —) a(S») Leaayty? A) (x42 12x+8 Cau 28. Rut gon. 1) (1-x)(2x+1)—¥? (x-2)-(3-x) +(x 41)(3-5x) +(x 42)? 2) (3x=1)(¥—2)—(x+2)' +(40-+1)(3-x)' + (3-a)(1-a)(24+1) 3) (x +1)(x41)-(3-x)' -(2-3)(? +1) +(1-2)(2x+1) Biii Die Phuong 154) (042)! -(04 13-2) -(2-a(I-x)(2+1)~ 5) (xt yt) -(x—y tl) +(x yl) -(x-y-1)) Hudéng dan giai: 1) (1-x)(2x41)— 2° (x-2)- (3-2) +(x 41)(3-Sx) +(04 2) = 1743 2) (3x-1)(x—2)-(x + 2)' + (4x+1)(3—2)' +(3—x)(1-x)(2e +1) = 5x5 —33x7 +13 +6 3) (2 +1)(x+1)-(3-x)' -(2-2)(x7 +1) +(1- 2) (2x41) = 20-4? 492-9 4) (x42) -(x41)(3—x)° -(2—x)(1-x) (24 +1)-(3—x)’ 20) +1507 14x12 5) (xt y+) —(x—y4l) + (2+ yl) (ey) = Bry Cau 29. Tinh gi tr biéu thite-hj 1) A= (x4)! -(x-1)' (41) (1) tai x =-1 2) Ba(x4+1) —(x4+1)(2—x)° (x42) +207 (x41) i x=-2 3) C=(x8=2r41)(x-1)-(2? +2x41)(x41) ai xt 4 D=(x-I)(x°-2e41)-(x41)(v' +3024 3x41) ta x= 5) E=(x+ y+) -(x-y4l) tai x=by=16 Huéng din giai 1) A= (x41) (x1) -(x41) (x1) tai x= Rat gon ta duge A=—x* +8741 Voi x=-1= A=3-11(-1)=8. 2) B= (x41) -(x41)(2—2) (x42) 420° (x41) tai x=-2 Rit gon ta duge B=—10x-11 Voi x=-2 B=9) 3) C=(x°—2x41)(x-1)-(x° +2e+1)(x+1) tai x=1 Riit gon ta duge C =-6x°-2 Voi x=1C=-8 Biii Bie Phuong 164) D=(x-1)(x? = 2x4 1)-(x 41) (x? +3x°43x 41) th v1 Rit gon ta duge D=—x* —3x° 9x7 —x-2 Voi x=1=9C=-16 5) (xt yl) -(x-y4l) +(xt yl) -(x- yl) = 829 1) Rait gon ta due E=4xy+4y Voi x=1y=16= C=128 Cau 30. Tim x. 1) (3-2) +(2x41) -(2-x) -(2x41)° =0 2) (1-2x)' -3(x xt) -(1-x)'-(x-17 =0 4) (ett) (12x)? 1428)" ae 5) (34x) —3x? (x44) (x42) =(1-x)'-8 Huéng din giai: » (=a) +(2x41)' 2-2) -2r41)' =0e2.x=3 2 (1-24) =3(0-1) 4(41) (=a) (1) 029.208 oy (2e2V. (1428)" 2 4 8 0 4(x42)° +2(14 2x) -(1-2x)° -8(14 2) =0 3 exe-3 4 ay EAM (ie 2a (0425) 2 3 4 6 Biii Die Phuong :6(x+1) —4(1-2x)' +3(14 2x)’ -2(5—x = 2 © 6(x+1) —4(1-2x)° +3(142x)’ -2(5—x) 5) (34 x)° —3x? (x44) +(x42)° =(1-x) -B > x=-1 DANG 2-TIM GIA TR] LON NHAT - GIA TR] NHO NHAT - CHUNG MINH BIEU THUC LUON AM-LUON DUONG. PHUONG PHAP GIAI Cae burée 4é ching minh biéu thite lndn ludn duong +Nh6m cdc hang tir cua bigu thire dé dura biéu thite F(x) vé dang A.H(x? + B véi A, B > Ova H(x) > 0 voi moi x hay F(x) = B voi moi x + Khi d6 Fx) 2 0 véi moi x. ‘Twong ty déi véi ching minh biéu thite luén am. Cae burée dé tim gid trj nh nhat +Nh6m céc hang tir cua bigu thire dé dua biéu thite F(x) vé dang A.H(x? + B véi A, B > Ova H(x) > 0-v6i moi x hay F(x) B voi moi x. + Bidu thite F(x) nhén gid tri nho mhét 1a B va dat duge khi H(x) = 0, ta tim duge x chinh la gid trj ma tai d6 biéu thire F(x) nhan gid tri nhé nhat. ‘Twong ty déi véi tim gia trj lon nhat DANG 2A: CHUNG MINH BIEU THUC LUON AM — LUON DUONG. Cau 31. Chimg minh, l A= 2x+2>0 voi moi x 6x+11>0 véi moi x 3c x +4x-+2>0 voi moi x 6x-11<0 voi moi x 5) B=-4v +4x-2<0 voi moix Luu ¥: Biii Die Phuong Is+ Déi véi hoc sinh lép 8 ta str dung “véi moi”, KHONG sir dung “V”. 1) A=x° 420425 (x41) +1>0 voi moix 2) B=x° +6x+11=(x43) +2>0 voi moi x 3) C=4x? 44x42= (2x41) +1>0 voi moi x x+3)'-2<0 véi moix 5) E=-4x" +4x-2=—(2x-1)°-1<0 voi moi x DANG 2B: TIM GIA TR] LON NHAT - GIA TR] NHO NH. Cfiu 32, Tim GTNN cita cée da thite, 1) Ase 44x47 2) Body? +4x+6 3) Cav +xt1 4) D=20°-6x din 1) Asx? +4x+7=(x42) +323 voi moix Suy ra GTNN cia A la 3, dat duge khi: (x +2)’ =0¢>x+2=0 x=-2 Vay GTNN cia A la 3, dat duge khi 2) B=4x° +4x+6=(2x4+1) +525 voi moix Suy ra GTN ciia B la 5, dat duge khi: (2+ Vay GTNN cia B 1a 5, dat duge khi x ( Suy ra GTNN ciia C la $ dat due his (+4) =0ex 3) Ca txt] == v6i mgix a 9 4 Vay GTNN ca Cla Saat duge khi 4) D=2x* 6x =2(x°-3x Biii Die Phuong 19Suy ra GTNN cia DA (3) aacauve khi: +-3) -0>(x-3) a0e2— adore? 2 2 2 2 2 Vay GINN cia D la (-3): dat duge khi x= Cau 33. Tim GTLN cia ede da thite. 1) Asa 44-2 2) Ba +10x-24 3) C2 -x-1 4) D=-3?-3x-3 Huéng dan gi 1) Asax? —4x—-2 5-08 44x42) =(x +2) — 2] =A(x+2)° +(2)] Tab: [(x+2) +(-2)]2—2 véi moi x Suy ra -[(x+2)°+(-2)] <2 voi moi x Suy ra GTLN cia A 18 2, dat duge khi: (x+2)° =Oe> x+2=0e x=-2 Vay GTLN ciia A la 2, dat duige khi 2) B==x° +1024 (#-10r+24 [e-37 +0] Ta o6: [(x-5)' +(-1) 2-1 vedi moi.x Suy ra -[(x-5)* +(-1) st v6i moi.x Suy ra GTLN cia B la 1, dat durge khi: (x-5) Vay GTLN cia B la 1, dat durge khi_ 2 1\ P+ x41)=—|| x4+— fe) { 4) Tacé: (+4) +3 {236i moix 2) *a\4 sim (4) 3] 3 véi moi x Suy ra GTLN cua C la (-$) ast ane ( Biii Dic Phuong 2»Vay GTLN cia (-3) sdat due kh x=—5 4) D=-3x° -3x-3 +3) <2 vai moix 4|° 4 Suy ra GTLN cia Dla (-2) axe duoe ui (+4) Ooo 4 2 2 2 Vay GTLN ciia Dla (-2). dat durge khi x 2 ‘Cau 34. Khai trién céc hing dang thie: 1 (x45) 2) (x-4) 3) (x-8) 4) (2x4, 5) (x=) 6) (2x-y) 7) (2x+5)° 8) (3x-4)° 9) x7 =2x-(x-7)(x4+2) 10) 29)" w(s-}y) 12)(2x-39) Cau 35. Dua cic biéu thire sau vé dang binh phurong m6t ting hoge binh phuomg ciia mot higu: 1) 42x41 3) 4x? +12x49 4) Ay? -20y 425 6) 166° +4b+1 na +5022 8) B49-12b 9) 944x712 10) -20y? +4y* +25 11) 1+144a? -24a 12) 16b* +146" Biii Dic Phuong aCéu 36. Khai trién hing ding thite: 1) (x+5)(x-5) 2) (x-3)(043) 3) (2x+1)(2x-1) 4) (22° +1)(2x7-1) 5) (3x-y")(3x+y") 6) (41° -y)(4x° +y) 7) (2-x)(2+x)(4427) 8) (2x-3)(2x+3)(4x° +9) otebfesene) ml-seotle Biii Die Phuong 2‘Cau 37. Bién déi céc biéu thite sau thanh dang tich hai biéu thére: Dxw-l 2) y?-4 3) 4-9 ay 4a te 4) ax*y? -25 5) 5-16 6) ab’ -16 n aa 3 8) 9b* ~166* 9) 941217 10) -25y* +4y* 1) -1+144a* 12) 16-4a°b* ‘Cfiu 38. Dién vao chd tring dé duge hing ding thire binh phuong mét tng hodc binh phuong cia mot higu: 1) xP 42et +1) 3) set 12X49 = (sane 3)P 5) da? +2a+..= (20+...) 7) ot 24x $36 =(..4.. 9) 64x? +16x+ eae TD) PAB oe = (oe 3) ‘Cau 39. Dién vao ché tring dé duge hing ding thire higu hai binh phuong: (3) Cau 40, ‘inh roi rat gon: 1) (2x-+1)(2x-5)-(2x-3)" 2) (2x41)? -(2x=1)° Biii Bie Phuong 2B3) (2x+3y) -(2x-3y)? Ciu 41. Tim x: 1) (e429 3) (oF)? x)= 0 5) x°-25=0 7) 0 vei moi x. Biii Die Phuong 4) 16(x+1)(x=1)-(Se#1)° 6) (2x+1)(2x=1)-(2x-1)° 8) (a+b-c) -(a+b)(b-c) 2) (2x-1)°-4x =0 4) (243x797 0 6) 4x° -121=0 8) oa? -6x=0 4 2) (3x+5)'-(3x-2) =0 4) (x-6)' -(x-5)(445)=0 6) (2x-3)'-(4x~5)(x+2)=7 8) 244x?-6x=0 4 3) (2x-3)' +12 6) 4x? - 4x43 3) -(x-3) +2 6) —x 4x43 2) -x°+4x-5<0 voi moi x. m43) 2x*—4x+6>0 véi moi x. 4) 2x +8x-9<0 vai moi x. CHU DE 3- PHAN TICH DA THUC THANH NHAN TU. A. NQI DUNG LY THUYET. 1. Dinh nghia: + Phan tich da thite thanh nhan tir (hay thita s6) a bién d6i da thite dé thank m@t tich cua nhiing da thé 2. Ce phwrong phap phan tich da thire thin nhdn tir: 1) D&t nhan tr chung. 2) Ding hing ding thie. 3). Nhém hang tt 4) Phdi hop nhidu phuong phap. 5) Phuong phap thém, bét, tich hang ti. B. CAC DANG BAI TAP QUAN TRONG PHUONG PHAP 1 - PHUONG PHAP DAT NHAN TU CHUD Cu 46, Phan tich cde da thie sau thanh nhan tr bing phuong phap d3t nhan tir chung: 1) 10x-25y+5z 2) L6xy-18zy+4y" 3) 3x’ y-18xy2 +279" 4) 2x" (x-y)+y(x-y)-xt+y 5) °y(x—y)-3x(y—x)+24-2y 6) (x-1) $x(x?-2e4 1) wing din gi 1) 10x-25y+52=5(2x-Sy+z)s 2) loxy—18zy+4y? = y(I6x—182-+4y) 3) 3x7 y-18ay2 42°y? = ay (3x-18c + ay) 2° (x—y)+ v(x y)-(x-y) =(8— y)(287 + y=) 4) 28 (x-y)+ y(x-y)-xty = 5) a°y(x—y)—3x(y—x)+2e-2y =? yey) Bay) +204 y) = (x= (y= 3x42) x(x-1)'-(x-1) 6) 2x1) +a(e -2x41)—x41 Biii Bie Phuongx-1)[2(x-1)+x(x-1)-1] x-1)(e+x-3) Cau 47. Khong sir dung mdy tinh, tinh gid tri bidu thie: 1) A=25,5.45+25,5.55 2) B=0,125.5+0,125.15+0,125.25+0,125.35 3) C=5+10415+20+...+995 4) D=(x-1)+2(x=1)+3(x-1)+4(x-1) +... 1000(x-1) voi v= 2. 5) E=(x+2x+3x+4x+...41000x) +(1424344+...+1000) voi x= Hudng dn gidi; 1) A=25,5.45425,5.5: 25,5(45+55)=25,5 .100 = 2500 2) B=0,125.5+0,125.15 +0,125.25+0,125, =0,125(5+15+25+35)=0,125.80=10 3) CH=SHO+1S+20+...4995 — =5.145.245.345.44...45.199 =5(1+2+3444...4199)=5 1191 5509 =2 4) D=(x-1)+2(x-1)+3(x-1)+4 (2-1) +... 1000(x=1) voi (1+1000)1000 = (2-1) (1424344-+..41000) = (x1) AE (x=1).500500 Véi x=2= D=(2-1).500500=500500. 5) E=(x+ 2430-4 4x-+...+1000x)+(14243+4+...+1000) véi x=1 = (I+ x)+(2+28)+(3+3x) + (44x) +... + (1000410008) 41) +2(x41)+3(x41)44(+1)+...+1000(+1) aeI)(L4243-+44...+1000) (1+1000)1000 2 w+) Biii Dic Phuong 262+1).500500 Voi =1= E=(1+1).500500 = 1001000 Cau 48. Phin tich ede da thie sau than nhan ti 1) 2x +6x 3) 9x2 (x#1)-3x(041) 5) 2x° +6ay 7) 124y(y-1)-3y"(y=1) 9) 15a* —6ab 11) #y'(Sx~3)-42y(5x-3) 13) 1Sab¥e+ 2labe* 15) Sa°b(a~2b) -2a(2b~a) 17) ¥ (a~b)+2(b-a) 19) 50x* (xy) -8y*( y-a) 2) x(x—2)+ y(x-2) 4) 27 (x= y)+2y(y-x) 6) 4x(x+ y)-3y(x+y) 8) 125ab* (ab) +25a°b(b—a) 10) 2a*b' (2a 3b) + 4ab(3b-2a) 12) 9xy(-x+2y)+2ay(x-2y) 14) 31° (3x—2)-Sy?(3x—2) 16) 4x°y(x—y) +99 y-a) 18) 10x° (a= 2b)" =(x° +2)(2b-a)" 20) 15a""* (b-a)-45a"(a—b) Cfiu 49. Phin tich cdc da thite sau thanh nhan tir: 1) Sa—10ax—15a 3) Bax—6ay+2la 5) 3x (x-3y) -6x(. -3y) 7) 4x(2x- y)+2y(2x- y) Cau 50. Tinh nhanh: 1) 37.34434.36 Cau 51. Tim x: 1) 2x(x+2)-3(x+2)=0 Biii Dic Phuong 2) -2a°b—4ab? —6ab 4) 2x(x+2y)-3y(x+2y) 6) 2x(x-2)' -(x-2)° 8) 9x7 (x-3y)+6x(3y— x) 2) 2530,242,5.8 3) 31.19,8-310.0,98 a+ 1)-10x(x+1)=0 74) x(x-2)-3(2-x)=0 5) 3x" (2x-3)-9x(3-2x)=0 6) 2(x- (2-x)=0 Cau 52. Tim.x: 1) 5x(x-3)+15(3-x)=0 2) 2x(x-17)—x417=0 3) 2lx(x-2)-(3x-6)=0 4) 2x(2x-10)-x+5=0 5) x(2x-5)-(6x~30)=0 6) -2x-2+7x(x+1)=0 PHUONG PHAP 2 ~ PHUONG PHAP DUNG HANG DANG THUC Cau 53. Phan tich cde da thie sau thanh nhan tr bing phuong phip ding hing ding thi: D (ety) (ety) 2 (x+y) #(x-3)° 3) 8x° +6037 +150x+125, 4) 21x -S4x° +368 5) x 44x+d—y" +2yc 6 vty -2-P +22 Hudng din gidi: 1) (x+y) -(a+y) 4+3xy? + y*) (x -3x7y+ Bay = 6x"y+2y' =2y(3x"+y") 2) (x+y) ¥(x— 1 43x7y+3xy" + y") +(x 3x? y+ 3x) = 2x" + Oxy? = 2x(x? +3y’). 3) 8x5 +60x7 4150x4125 =(2x)' +3(2x)°.54+3.(2x).5°+5° =(2x45) Cich i Bx +6017 4150x4125 =(8x' +125) + (60:7 +150x)=[(28)' +5" ]+30x(24+5) = (2845)[ (2x) ~245+5? J+ 30x(2445)= Ox +S)l4? —10x425+30x) = (2x+5)[4x° -202425] = (2x+5)(2x+5) 2x+5)' Biii Die Phuong 84) 27x° —Sdx? + 36x—8 = (3x)' ~3(3x)’.243.(3x).2? -2° =(3x-2)' Cich kh: 21x! 54x +36r-8 = (272-8) -(54x* -36.) =[ (3x)' -2°]-18x(3x-2) = (31=2)[ (Bx) +3n24-2*]-18x(34x—2)=(3x-2)[9x7 +6x4-4-18x] 3x-2)° = (3x-2)[9x? -12x44]=(3x-2)(3x-2)° 5) x 44x 44—y? 4 2y: (1429 -(y- 24rd) =[(e+2)+(y-2)][(2+2)-(o-2)]=(«4 y-2+2)(s-y +242). + 2xy-2et +2ay+ o+2ate)=(x+y) -(c+1) =[(x+y)+(c+0)][(xr y) (ere) =(rtytetn(xty-2-2) (Cu $4, Tinh nhanh gid tri mdi biéu thite tai cde gid ti sau: ?—b?-2b-1 wi a =93, 1) A= kasd wi a=49,75 2B 2 16 Tai a=49,75 tac (2.7044) 2500. 4 2) B= -B-1 tai a 6 Baa’ —b?-2b-1=a? ~(b+2b+1)=a"-(b +1) (a+b+1)(a—b-1) Tai a=93, b=6 tacé B=(93+6+1)(93~6-1) = 100.86 = 8600 (Cfiu $5. Phin tich ede da thire sau thanh nhdn tir: Biii Die Phuong »1) xv +6x+9 4) 44x? +day 7) Aa +12ab-9b" 9) 16a* +9b* ~36ab 2) 16-8y+y" I2ay+ y* 2dab?-+b* 5) 144a 6B -b4 4 4 8) -25x°y? -20xy* —4y* 10) ~49x° -36y* +84xy ‘Cau 56, Phin tich céc da thife sau thanh nhan ti: 1) a? +2a+t 4) -a? +6a-9 2) 4a? —4ab +b? 3) 4x*-16x°y' + 16y* 5) -9x" +127 4x" 6) (x1) =2(x? -1)+(x-1y° (Cfiu $7. Phin tich ede da thie sau thanh nhan tir: 1) x +6x'y+12ay? +87" y 3) 64x" 48x y + 12xy" 5) x" +18x‘y+108x' y?+216y" 7) Or y+ 12a? + +8y" 9) 343463040 -217 2) 21x" +54x"y +3649" +8)" 4) 27a° -135a*b + 22Sab* +125b* 6) a’ —21a*b +14 lab? —3436° 8) -125b" —15a°b? +75a°b* +a” 10) 64x° -48x°y* ~ y* + 12ay* (Cfiu $8. Phin tich cde da thie sau than nhan ti: ast 2) a’ +6a° +12a+8 3) 8a" +124 +6a+1 4) 27a°=1 5) x° 128 +48x—64 6) 27a" —S4a* +36a-8 (Cfiu 59. Phin tich céc da thie sau than nhan ti: 1) 47-9 2) 64-25y" 3) 498 +1 4) -14-256x°y? 5) 2x? -18y? 6) 3a° ~12b* 7) -16+a" 8) 81-2" 9) ~a? +366* 10) -729+64x° ‘C4u 60, Phan tich ede da thite sau thanh nhan ti 1) a? —46° 2) 16a —b* 3) da —815* 4) (a- 5) (a-2b) 6) 64a° - 276" Biii Bie Phuong 307) 0,125a° +125b° 8) (a+b) 9) 125+(a—b)' Cau 61, Tima: 1) °-16=0 2) 1-36x7 =0. 3) 36-x 4) x +10x+25=0 5) Posed 6) 25-10x+x" =0 7) x -3x=0 8) xP -9x=0 9) (x -4x7)-(x-4)=0 10) (4x* -25)° -9(2x-: 11) (48-28 -9(2x-5) PHUONG PHAP 3 — PHUONG PHAP NHOM HANG TU. ‘Cfiu 62. Phan tich cdc da thie sau thanh nhan tir bing phuong phap nhom hang tir: 1) Quy +6y+3z +22 2) 3x’ y-Sy-3xy" +5x 3) ax+by+ay+bx 4) x? -2x-3x +6 5) x7 -8x412 6) 3x" —16x+5 7) 6x? 417x412 Huéng dan gi: 1) ays Oy +3c +.xz=(2ay + 6y)+ (324.22) =2y(x+3)+2(34 x)= (x43)(2y+2) 2) 3x*y-5, (3x*y—3ay*) +(Sx-Sy) 3xy(x-y)+5(x-»)=(x-y) (B+) 3) axtby+ay-+by Nhém theo a va b. =artay +bx+by=a(x+y)+b(x+y)=(x+y)(a+b) Hoae axtby+ay+be Nhém theo x vay. = ax+bx-tay +by =4(a+b)+ y(a+b)=(a+b)(x+ y) 4) x -24-3x+6= (x—2)—3(x—2)=(x—2)(4-3) 2)-3(x-2)=("-2)(x-3) Biii Bie Phuong 31Do d6, ching ta cdn luu ¥ céich tich —Sx ‘Cfiu 63. Phin tich cdc da thire sau thanh nhan tit: 1) x(x-2y)-x42y 4) x -x8y—de ty 7) 2a* —3b—6a-+ab 10) ~25y* ~6x+10 y+ 9x7 Cfiu 64. Phin tich da thite thanh nhan tir 2) ab+atb+h 8) da? +b? —2a°b-+-ab* 3) ay-x-y+l 5) 4x°-12ay+3x-9y 6) a?x—Ghy—3a*y + Ibe 1) 16-47 +4ny 2) xP -y742x41 3) 4x 4—9y" 4) a’ —4ab+4b*-2a+4b 5) x’y'—x" +6xy-9y" 6) 20xy +4943" —25y* 1) -a‘-6a+a° +9 8) 9x"y?+2xy-x"-y" 9) 4x? +4x+1-25y" 10) 14a? +6? -2b (Cau 65. Phin tich cdc da thite sau thanh nhan tit: » y- 9x? +6xy— 3) x°-4x4+4—x' y+ 2ay 5) x° -12xy-+36y? -2x412y 7) 2a—4a° +12ab—9b? —3b 9) -x+2yty 41 Cau 66. Tim x: 1) 3x(x-7)+x-7=0 3) x°-44+6x4+9=0 5) 1Sx-5+6x7-2x=0 7) 2x0? -8 +x -4x=0 9) (412-25) -9(2x-5) =0 Biii Dic Phuong =x +6xy-9)" 4) dx? —4x+142bx—b 6) 2x-Sy—4x° + 20xy—25y? 8) 9x 3x4 y? Gay ty 10) 4a? —4ab+b* +6* —ab* 2) 3x(x43)-s° +9=0 4) 2x(x-3)—x43=0 6) 4x —4x-+14+2bx-b=0 ) 10) Ctx tea +ax4l=0 — 4x? 482-4 8) (xv -< 32PHUONG PHAP 4— PHUONG PHAP PHOI HOP NHIEU PHUONG PHAP. (Céiu 67. Phan tich ca da thie sau thanh nhan tie bing each ph6i hop nhigu phurong php: 1) x? -2xy-94y? 2) 2x'y-2ay’ —4xy? -2xy 3) x +x y+ Bay—Ox Huéng din gi: 1) ax’ = 2xy-94+y" 2ayty")-9 --- phuong phap nhém hang ti =(x-y)-3? ~~» phuong phap ding hing ding thire =(x-y+3)(x-y-3) --~ phuong phap ding hang dang thire 2) 2x*y—2xy" Any? —2xy = (2x°y—2ay")-(4ay? + 2ay) = 2ay(x? -y*)-2y(2y+1) = 2xy( 2y-1)=2y[e +2y41)] = 2ay[a-(y HY’ ]=2ay(x4 y4I)(x- y-1) 3) 4x y+3ay-9x = 2 (x+y)+3x(y-3)= x[x(x4 y)+3(y-3)]=x[ 0? +49 43y-9] Néu lim theo phuong phap nay = khé bién déi tiép CACH KHAC: x +7 y-43xy-9x=(x' 9x) +(x?y +3xy) = (17 9) + ay(x+3) = x(0-3)(x43) tay (x43) (x+3)[(x-3)+y]=x(x+3)[2+ y-3] 4) 2x-2y—x +2ay-y* y)-(x°-2ay+ y*)=2(x-y)-(x-y Biii Bie Phuong 33=(-9)[2-(- 9] =(- 9) y42] (Cfu 68. Phin tich cdc da thite sau thanh nhan tit: 1) 2x? -By* 2) 2x?y? -By?z? 3) +2? yt ay? 4) Sab* —10abe +Sac* 5) (Sx-1)' -(4x-7)° 6) 3(3x+4)' -127 DT xt -208-¥ 8) x*2-162 Ciu 69, Phin tich cdc da thie sau thanh nhan tir: 1) a? +2ab +b? 9 2) 36-427 + 4ary 3) a=5. Cau 89. Thyc hign phép chia: b (2key=18ys3y)say (4°) 3) (4x°-8x'y? +15x°y’):(-4x°) 2) (Sx‘ +3x° - 22"): Cau 90. Thye hign phép chia 1) (x? -Sx+4):(x-1) 3) (x1 46x" +1Lx+6):(x7 +32 +2) 5) (6x' ~ 7x" —x+2):(241) Cau 91. Tim phin dur trong phép chia 1) (x2 +5x+6):(x-4) Cau 92. Tim gia tri a sao cho 1) 2x’ +ax+1 chia cho x-3 dud. 3) ax’ +3ax* —6x—2a chia hét cho x+1 Cau 93. Thye hign phép chia 1) 4x*:(2°) Biii Die Phuong 2) (0° + 3x7 43x41):(x41) 4) (x) 43x" —x—3):(x° +2x-3) O(a — #47 438):(? 2443) 2) ax’ +4x'—9 chia hét cho x-1. 4) x°+3x7—Sx+m chia hét cho x-2. 3) (-2):(4") 504) 3x" (2x) 5) (-3x)" :(-6x)' 6) ~4x" :(-2x)° 7) 6x°y*:(8x'y) 9) (18x"y'z):(ISxy") Cau 94. Thye hign phép chia ):2x) 2) (x*-20¢y+409°) (3) 1) (2x° +4x* 3: 3) 315(3x-2y)' :(9x—-6y) 4) -12x*(y-1)':[2x"°(y-1)'| 5) (3x°y? +6x7y? -18xy):(a9 6) [3(x-2)" +22)" ]:(2=x)° Cau 95. Thue hign phép chia: 1) (15x'y' -20x4y*-252'y'):(-Sx'y? 2) (x45) 2(x+5)"" (voi 022) 3) a[3(a-b)' +4(b-a)' -5(b-a)]:5(a-b) 4) (9x* -16+15x" -20x):(34° 4) 5) (19x? ~5x -13x-6x* +5):(5-2x—3x) 6) (9x-1Le -2+4x!):(14+2x° -3) 7) (x*-9-10x*):(x? -3-2x) Céu 96, Ding hing dang thite, phan tich thanh nhan tir hog chia thong thurémg dé lam tinh chia 1) (4x* = 12x7y? + 9y*): (20? 3") 2) (8Lx* ~64y"):(8y-92") 3) (27° =1):(97 +3x+1) 4) (x =x -5x-3):(x41) 5) (x'-7x+6):(x-2) 6) (x +ay*-2y"):(x-y) Cau 97. Sap xép cde da thie sau theo lily thira giam dan cita bién roi thye hign phép tinh: 1) (xx? x43):(e41) 6x° -9x+14):(x-7) 3) (I2x'+4x° +9243): (3x2) 4) (2x) +5x—4x" +4):(2x—1) Cau 98. Tim x 1) (12x* 6x" 9x" 3x*)-(2-3x)(24+3x) =-(3x +1) Biii Die Phuong 512) (6x" —x° ~26x+21):(2x-3)-3(x-2)(x+2)= Cau 99, Cho cée da thite sau F( 90H 21 baa g(x)=x?-x42 h(x)=a) +b +ex-5 K (x)= 4x41 Tim a, b,c dé: 1) F(x)ig (x): vx 2) h(x)ik(x)s¥x CAu 100. Cho f (x)=2x7 4x75 g(x <2; h(x) =10x? -7-5; k(x) =2x-3 Tim xeZ dé 1) Gi tri cua f (x) chia hét cho gid tri g(x). 2) Gid ti cha (x) el hét cho gid tri cua k(x) Biii Die Phuong 2(CHUONG 2~ PHAN THUC DAI SO. CHU DE 1- KHALI NIEM VA TINH CHAT CO BAN CUA PHAN THUC DAISO. A. NOI DUNG LY THUYET. 1. Phan thire dai sé. + Phan thite dai sé fa mot bigu thite e6 dang z, trong d6 A, B la nhiing da thire va B khie da thite 0. A goi 12 tirthte, B goi A mau thie + Méi da thite duge coi 1a mét phan thite véi mau thite bang 1. + MOi sé thye a bit ky cing lé mét phi thire. + Hai phan thite a 3. Tinh chit eo bin. + Néu nhan ca tir va mau cua mot phan thie voi cing mét da thire khac 0 thi duge mét phan thac bang phan A_AM thite di cho: = ——— (véi M 1a mét da thite khée 0) BBM + Néu chia cd tir va mau ciia mt phiin thie cho mgt nhin tit chung cia ching thi duge mot phan thire bing phan thite da cho: 4 (véi N 1a mét nbn tir chung cua tir va mau) 4. Quy tie déi déu. iu ca tir va mau ciia mét phan thitc thi duge phan thie bang phan thire da cho. Biii Die Phuong 53B. CAC DANG BAI TAP CO BAN. DANG 1 - BAI TAP XET TINH BANG NHAU CUA CAC PHAN THUC. PHUONG PHAP G + Ding dinh nghia hai phan thie bang nhau. : we * va A i + Voi hai phan thie * va £, wes: A=£ néu AD=BC BED BD (CAu 1. Dizng dinh nghia hai phan thite bing nhau chimg t6 ring: 4x(x43) 4x yy 84824 S)(o4 6) are) eS #25 P= 2x7 +3x46 4) c D Theo din nghia hai phan thire bing nhau ta cin kiém tra dang thie A.D = B.C; tic la cin kiém tra ding tite 4x(x+3).5=4(x43).5x. Ta c6: dx(x+3).5=20x7 +60 va S(x+3).4x = 20x" +60 Suy ra dx(x+3).5=5(x+3).4x 46 _(x45)(x46) 2 eos Tuong ty nhu giai 1), ta cn kiém tra dang thitc: («+6)(x° -25) =(x~5)(x+6)(x+5) Biii Dic Phuong 54Ta cd (x+6)(x° 25) =(+6)(x+5)(x-5)=(x-5)(x+6)(x+5) x46 _(x45)(x+6) a gy Sotbe30_ ote x-6 Hl Twong ty nhur gidi 1), ta cn kiém tra ding thite: 1 1x+30).(x+1) x= 6)(x°-4x-5) 10x? +1943. Ta 06: (x°-11x+30).(x +1) =x 11a? 430x427 -1Le +30 * 10x? 419x430. 2x? +3x+6), =2x7 +3x+6. 2-3x+6)(x+1) =x -2x7 +3246. Cau 2. Ba phan tite sau 66 bing nhau khong Huéng din gidi: Biii Dic Phuong 55: : ae Ta chi cdn xét xem hai ding thite ASt** 6 ding hay khong? Tuong np niurcéch gidi ctu 1,tac6: (x 44-12) x= a! 4a? 12s. Pere 3x) (x44) = x9 44x? 3x7 -12 Suy ra (2° 4x-12)x=(1?-3x)(0+4) Baxn12_xt4 va S voseas S457 44x Xét ding thite thithaitacé (x+4)(x7+x)=.x° +40 tx +4 = 5x0 tax (0? +5e44)x= Sri). Suy ra (x44)(x +4) =( Vay 2t4 Seed vex wtx-12_ xed -3r x Két luan ‘Céch 1. Theo dinh nghia hai phan thie bing nhau, ta phai cé: 25x (--)(x+5)= (2? -25) hay (..)(x+5) ng cia biéu thie (..)(x+5) 6 vé trai, ta duge Ciich 1. Lan lugt dién ba da thire da cho vao e! 25x = 0° +1027 +25, (22 +5x)(x45)= 2 452452 ~Sx)(x+5)=2° ~Sx7 +527 25x =27 25x. (x7 45)(x45)=2° +52? +5425 Biii Die Phuong 56So sanh véi vé phai, ta phai dién da thite x* —5x vao ché tréng trong ding thite da cho. (Cfich 2. Goi A 1 da thite cn chon, ta phai e6: A(x+5)=.x(x* -25). Phan tich x*—25 thanh nhan ti, ta 6; A(x45)=x(x? =25)=2(x4+5)(x-5) Vay da thite phai chon It x(x-5)=x"—Sx. Cau 4, Dang djnh nghia phan thite bing nhau, chimg to ring: x-3_x°-2x-3 gy StSeH2_ sh -3uo10 x46 x5) 1) z x45 46x45 Tac6 (x=3)(x° +6x+5)=(x-3)(x+1)(x+5) va (x+5)(x? -2x-3)=(x+5)(x+1)(x-3) Tacs (x-5)(x° +8x+12)=(-5)(x+2)(x+6) va (x+6)(x —3x-10)=(x+6)(x-5)(x+2) Vay 228x412 x+6 x5 (Cau 5. Hai phan thie sau 6 bing nhau khong ? xt4 | x 42x-8 2 vi Nea" Pa 5e46 Ta cd (x ~4x)(x+4)=x(x-4) (x44). Biii Dic Phuong 37x-A)(x+4). Mat khiéc x(x? -16) Vay hai phan thite dé bang nhau. Tach (x+4)(x" +5x+6)=(x+4)(x+2)(0+3) Nhung (x+2)(x°+2x-8)=(x+2)(x-2)(x+4). Vay hai phan thite trén khdng bing nhau. 6. Ding dinh nghia hai phan thite bing nhau chimg minh céc dang thite sau: (x-3)(2y-x)_ 3-x » (B=) =4x+16) x3 ‘Cau 7. Chimg minh ede ding thie sau: 9) — 2a 1256" 18a" +30a°? +50ab" a actbxtbetar _ xtc a= Mx+ 12 _ 2x- 3) fetbetbe tar et 4) Hat 12 2 ay+2bxtby+2ax Ix+y +60 o B+3e=15x-75 x5 Ww —4ay+3y" xy Cau 8, Ding tinh chat co ban cita phan thite, hiy tim cae da thite A, B,C, D, E, F trong mdi ding thite sau: 20x +10 2 =2ay-3xz Biii Die Phuong 58Cau 9. Bién déi mdi phan thie sau thinh mét phan thite bang n6 va cé tir thite [a da thite A cho truéc: cxtyte ty SEE va Asda + wtyte x*=13x7 +36 Cau 11, Chimg minh ring: 1) x +1 chia hét cho x-+1 Cau 12. Chimg minh ede ding thie sau Cau 13, 1) Chimg t6 ring véi moi sé nguyén n, ta ludn 66 (n* —n):3 2) Ap dung: Chimg 16 ring véi moi sé nguyén a, b ta ludn 66 (a°b—ab*):6. Ciiu 14. Chimg t6 ring v6i moi sé nguyén n, ta lun 66 (n° ~n)!5 Biii Die Phuong 9CHU DE 2- RUT GON PHAN THUC DAISO A. NOLDUNG LY THUYET. Muén nit gon mot phan thie ta e6 thé kim nhur sau: + Phan tich tir va mau ctia phan thite thanh nhiin tir (néu 6 thé) dé tim nhan tir chung + Ap dung tinh chit co ban, chia ci tir va miu cho nhan tir chung, B. CAC DANG BAI TAP CO BAN. PHUONG PHAP Gi ‘Sir dung tinh chat eo ban ca phan thitc, quy tic déi dau dé thye hign cdc phép toan rit gon phan thitc. Cau 15. Dién da thie thich hgp vao mdi ché tréng trong cdc ding thite sau: Huéng din gi: aesatsx *{rta}ers cnet) (a4) Chia ea tir va mu cho (: + 4) sta duge 1)Ta 06 fey ‘Vay da thite can dién vao ché tréng Ia 2x” +2x 2) Phan tich tir ca phan thite 6 vé phai ta duge 3(4x*-9y*) =3(2x+3y)(2x-3y). 3(2x~3y)_3(2x+3y)(2x~3y) Do do ding thite da cho 06 thé viét 1a a Dé tir sé ta 3(2x+3y)(28—3y) pha nan c@ tr va mau eta phan thie 6 vé ti wi (2x-+3y)ta dupe 3(2x-3y)(2x+3y) 4(2x+3y) Biii Die Phuong ooVay da thite phai dién vao ché tréng Ia 4(2x+3y). Cau 16. Rut gon cde phin thie sau: » 35ey 2») 68 (x11) Sxy Huéng din gi Tacs: 2) ta cg: SEY! _(x-1n) 6 (11) _ (1 12x (x-11) 2x6x7(x—11) 2 OE +9x-12_3(x°+9x~12) _3(x44)(x=1) 3(x44) 8x 8x 8x(x=1) 8x(x-1) 8x 39(25- + x)(5-0 4) Ta cé: ( e2ee)G=y) * BEe-4)(@-5) (4) (5) Cf 17. Ret gon cde phan thire sau: 45(4—. 18x5y : 8xy"(x-2)° avy" 2A’ y(x—2)° TdT 9(x-2) (2x+4) 1 2) Ta 6: —————]| 2ax y(x-2)° 3) Taco; 2 —O8*t Tx2-Tx 45(4-x°) 5(2-x)(2+x) 9(x-2) (2x44) 9(x=2).2(x+2) 18(x-2) 4) Ta c6: Cau 18, Ching 16 m6i efp phan thite sau bing nha: Biii Dic Phuong 63x46 2x +x-6 x4 voxel Cau 19. Rut gon cde phin thie sau: a 49x + 6ax 3) 4 4 +10x-4 Cau 21. Riit gon ede phin thire: 70-907 Pry -aty 3) 5) z+3rt2 #+7x410 7x46 2x+2 oy Seeded so) C2 e+AI (es) (vs) ax $89 — x. 41x41) (x -2N39+3x*)+(x? -2V3x+3) i aTx~6 ee are eee | 1) = = : 2-3 a x) +4(x-3) Cau 22. Ret gon Bui Dire Phuong, o tinh gid trj cua phan thitc thu gon:tai x=500I; y=5002; z=5003 228 =A0y HO 53y + 24y-Bx-3xy 4) ‘Cu 23. Chimg minh cdc phan thite sau khong phy thudc vao bién x 2, Biii Die Phuong 8CHU DE 3- QUY DONG MAU THUC HAI PHAN THUC DAI SO. A. NOLDUNG LY THUYET. 1. Quy déng miu thie nhiéu phan thite. + Muén quy ding mau cua nhiéu phan thitc, ta c6 thé Lim cai Bue 1: Riit gon phan thite (néu 66 thé), Bude 2: Tim miu thite chung (MTC) theo cée burée sau: + Phin tfch cde mau thinh nbn ti +MTC cin tim 18 m6t tfch ma ede nhan tir duge chon nhur sau: + Nhan tir bing sé 1a tich cde nhain tir bing s6 cée mau (néu cde nhin tir nay [a cde s6 nguyén duong thi s6 d6 la BCNN cua ching). + Voi mdi co sé ca lay thira c6 mat trong cdc mu thite ta lay ly thita véi sé mai cao nh. Bue 3: Quy dong miu: +Tim nhdn tir phy cha mi mil (ta chia MTC cho my ea phan thite 46). +Nhan tir va miu cia mi phan thite véi nhiin tir phu twong ing. B. CAC DANG BAI TAP CO BAN. CAu 24. Quy déng miu thite ede phan thie sau: | ry” Ory Io xy" Gxy® MTC=6x'y" Nha tr phy cia md thire thir nhét la: 6x Nha tir phy cia mau thire thi hai Quy ding mau thie: A _ 6x __66x_ 3 Sy __ Sy — . wy’ xy’6x 6x°y"" bx'y® 6x'y*y 6x°y’ Biii Dic Phuong 643 5 Bx8y*" 12a%y? MTC =24x"y* Nhdin ti phy clia mau thir nhat la: 3x han tir phy cla mau thir hai la: 2y* Quy ding miu thie: 2, =—33%___9x_, os 52). loy Bry" Bx y'3x 2aa*y yay? Cau 28. Quy ddng miu thie ede phn thie sau .7 2 8) 1+; == = 2 + 7x15? XP 43x-10 =v 43x-2' FP 4Sx-6 ‘Cau 29. Quy dong mau thite céc phan thite sau: 2x. 15xz*” 9yFz ie 3 244" 2x4" W=4 5) 2; ath, 22 PH Pex! Poxdl xl 1 8 xP 42r4+4" 2-2 Biii Die Phuong osCHU DE 4- CONG, TRU CAC PHAN THUC. A. NOLDUNG LY THUYET. 1. Phép eng eée phfin thife. a) COng nhiéu phan thie cing mau. + COng cdc te thite va gitt nguyén miu thie. + Rait gon cdc phan thite vita tim durge. A.C, D_A+C+D ©, D_AHCH (vi A, B,C, D la da thite) BBB B b) Cong nhiéu phan thite khéc miu. + Quy déng mau thire + Céng cdc phan thie cing miu vira tim duge (nhur trén) + Két qua cia phép cng cde phan thic goi Ia ting eta ede phan thite &6 2. Phép trir ede phan this a) Phan thite di Hai phan thite duge goi la déi nhau néu téng cia ching bing 0. -4 duge goi la phan thite déi cia 4 b) Quy tie déi dau thir hai. ©) Trit hai phan thite. + Muén trirphan thir ~ cho phan thite ©, ta cng vai phan thite d6i cia © B D B D Ay B p78 ‘TD : fo ht Kt quicia php wir va© goitaniucta 4 va & auiicia phép wr A va © soit igueia A va © Biii Die Phuong oBiii Bie Phuong 0B. CAC DANG BAI TAP CO BAN. DANG 1- CONG TRU CAC PHAN THUC CUNG MAU, PHUONG PHA? Gi ‘Céng nhiéu phan thire cing mau, + COng cae tir thite va gidt nguyén mau thite. + Rait gon cée phan thite vita tim duge. CB _AFC#P gia B.c,D ida thie) Cees) A B Cau 30. Thue hign cée phép tinh sau: Lxty+7y | 13x; Stee 2x 2x 3) Lx y+7y+ xy Te 3x-2_2x-14 $3x-2-20+14 247 2Qx+7 2x47 2x47 2x47 2x47 5) Tacs SEY =)", Tey +8y? _ Sty’ my eTaty 48y" _10ey 2 Say Sx°y Sx°y Sey xy Biii Bie Phuong 13x-2 DANG 2- CONG TRU CAC PHAN THUC KHAC MAU. PHUONG PHAP GIAI C$ng nhiéu phan thire khée mau. + Quy déng miu thie + Céng cae phan thite ciing mau vira tim durge (nhur trén) + Két qua cita phép cOng cdc phan thite goi 1a tong ciia cde phan thite 46. Cau 31. Thue hign cde phép tinh sau: =2ay Chi § 4p dung quy tie d6i du khi tim MTC. 2x? -ay=4(2x-y) y? -2ay = y(y-2x)=-y(2x-y) Suy ra MTC = xy(2x- y). Biii Die Phuong nTim MTC: 3° =(x-2)(x+2), (x? +4x4+4)(x-2)=(x-2)(x42). MTC =(x=2)(+2)', ‘Thy hign phép tinh, ta c6: L x+2 x4 xol4 (8 +4x44)(2-2) (x-2)(a42) | 3(x42) (8 ¥40+4)(e-2) " ( F4re4)(e 2)" OP 4er4)(e—2) 2)(x+2)43(x42)ta-14 a4 4y-12 (eFaer4)(e—2) (F+4e+4)(-2) (xr6)(e-2) x6 (C¥ax+a)(e-2) (Hara) ‘Cfu 32, Thue hign cae phép tinh sau: xt 2x3 + 3 2) 2546 x(a43) d 3x45 25-4 PSK 25-5x 4x? —3x417 2x-1 6 ee Sie ae6 Dee Deter Biii Die Phuong Baxel | 2x43 2x46 x(x43) 2 #546 x7 +2043046 2x(x+3) 2x(x+3) _x(x$2)+3(x+2) _(x+2)(0+3) “9x(x+3) 2x(x+3) Wax _ 3x45 W-x x5) 5(x-5) _5.(3x+5)—x(25—x) _ x —10x+25 = Sx(x-5) ‘Sx(x—5) y Avin3etlT, 2nd 5 rs =P exe? Biii Die Phuong ™4x? —3x 417+ (x-1)(2x—1)-6(x" + x+1) (e-D(e te41) 2( Noe exel 1 10x-4 -2(5x-2) 2 3 __x-6 2x46 2x +6x ice ee ee 2x46 2x +6x 2Ax+3) 2x(x+3) Qx(x¥3) Qx(x43) thi bai todn sé rit don gin. v(x =1)-2(" i Peal Biii Dic Phuong 15x-1, 2x41 +a 2 3s Gx » dy? = my 4) xt] 3x43 Cau 35. Rut gon rdi tinh gid tri cia biéu thite: Biii Die Phuong 164x42 Qat+x 2a-x Sa Net sore 2Qe-y_ax-Sy 6) Véi 10x? +5ay— vay six Broy ery ‘Cau 36, Chimg t6 ring mdi higu sau day bang mét phan th v= 1Ly+30 Cau 38. 2) Xe dinh a, b dé: Céu 39. Xée din a, be dé ta c6: Biii Dic Phuong nCHU DE 5 -NHAN, CHIA CAC PHAN THUC. A. NOLDUNG LY THUYET. 1. Nhan, chia eée phan thite. miu thite voi nhau: + Muén nan hai phan thite dai s6, ta nhiin ede tir thite v6i nha AC_AC BD BD + Gia sir phn thie feo, phan thire nghjch dao cia phan thite & 1a phan thite 3 Muon chia phin tite 4 cho phan thie gs 0. ta nhin phan thie 4 -v6i phin thc nghich dio cia phan thie é. B. CAC DANG BAI TAP CO BAN PHUONG PHAP GIAL Lamu y. + Ta cé thé nit gon cde phan thite cho nhau truée rdi méi thye hign phép nhiin. Cau 40. Thue hign cde phép tinh sau: eu8 vitae 3) SE#10 2x4 4) 8236 5x20 42044 “B= 4x x42 2x+10 6-x 43x7y* Mey 227 (x=2)(P 42x44) (xed) _ x(x-2) 5x4 20°F +2444 S(e+4) a 42re4 Tacd Biii Bie Phuong BS(x+2) 2(x-2)_ 5 w4(x=2) 4422 4 x2-36 6 ee 2410 6—x 2xe10°x-6 (2x+10)(x-6) — 2x+10 (x—6)(x+6)(-3)_3(x+6) a Tac Cau 41. Thue hign cde phép tinh sau: Ax+12_3(x+3) (sap xt4 Ste 3x43 4) Sx -10x+5°5x-5 Ax+12_3(x+3) 2 xed taco Set}2 3(2+3)_4rvt2 ced _ 4(e43)(0e4) 4 (re4y red (xe ay 3(r+3) (x44) 3(r+3) 3(a +4) 3) (4°25): 2220 Taos (225): EHO _ 2-25, 20410 _ (6-908). 30-7 3x-7 eae, 2(x4+5) (x-5)(x+5).(3x-7) _(x-5)(3x-7) 12(a+5) 2 ata Sx? =10x+5° 54-5 Biii Bie Phuong »atl) 2x+1) 5(x-l) vex Sx 10x45 5x Tacé _ x(t) S(x=1) _ x(r41)5(x-1) +25 ta tim duge biéu thite A. x ~3x > cho ta tim duge biéu thite B. a4 =I x43)(=3) (x-4)(x44) _ Gay xe3) 3) 3049 Tacd Biii Die Phuong 80Nén ta thue hign phép chia 2%! cho ta tim duge biéu thire C. ae 49 2x? 10x x5 _ 2x(x—5) 3(x°+3) : =6x 243 349 43 7 x5 Tirdo C= 2x" -14, av ho = ta tim duge biéu thie 2 2x44 Sx+3 3x-1) 6) (x +4xe4): Cau 44, Tim biéu thie A, biét ring: 2axy. ay? Biii Dic Phuong 813x7 =3y? 15x¢y Say “2y-2x 8) 0) 5k25,_ 27-9 4x4 42x41 1) 241228 _60+6b 3a+3 (CA 46. Thye hign phép tinh: Dy? Bay 6) RASea1 Te 412 Ferd F+6x45 gy FD Ne) wal 10-107 10) 2249" (2494) Tex xy 2xty Cau 47. Thye hign phép tinh: py CAD (4 =12049) axe 843 py 981281, 38° -6VBe49 ated 6(2x-2) +6 16x" —40x-+28 8r-8° 48x44 3x a1 a1 eat (41x24) (s*=1)(x¢+1) OU ee erg a renee 4) Sa STP ESL el Biii Die Phuong 82Biii Die Phuong 83CHU DE 6 - BIEN DOI CAC BIEU THUC HOU Ti. GIA TRI CUA PHAN THUC. A. NOLDUNG LY THUYET. + Tim diéu kign cua bién dé gid tri cla phan thie duge xdc dinh 1a tim cdc gid tri cia bién dé miu thite khdc 0. + Muda bién déi mot biéu thitc hitu ti thanh mot phan thite ta thyc hign cdc bude: + Tim diéu kign cia bién dé gid trj cua phan thire duge xac dinh, + Thue hign edie phép tinh trong biéu thi. B. CAC DANG BAL TAP CO BAN DANG 1 - BIEN BOI CAC BIEU THUC HUU Ti. TIM DIEU KIEN CUA BIEN DE GIA TRI CUA PHAN THUC DUQC XAC DINH ‘Cau 49. Bién déi mdi biéu thite sau thanh phan thite nit gon: ty, x » voi xy #0; x+y 40 vyray Biii Die Phuong 84~ v6i ay 40, xt y40 (ety )+9(x+y) (err) (8 +y")+y(s+y) Biii Die Phuong 85oa-(4-4) (4- pa £2) voi x0 xe x20 yl x) G2 _ xe (x=). (x+1)(x-1)-(x4+2)(x-2) Sa 1 = “x(e=1) (@=2)(0=1) 1 (x=2)(x-1) “0-3 5) AS (4. thay s}(x-4) voi x42; 12h x20 xT sal _ (41) =(e- 1) + 4x(x41)(e-1) a? =1 (+DG-1) x 6) A= aie | voi cet w-1 x 4x4] I-x 2 i. x 1 ).a-t 7 tat Paxel) wat] I-x) 2 Biii Bie Phuong j 862 424a(x-I-(e etl) x xe +xa1) (x= 1(2 4x41) x1 $x41 Cau 50. Tim diéu kign ciia bién dé gid eee A= ae » Pa x-140 Bigu thie A xi dinh khi va chi khi {.x+120 vleo feel x4l207 [eed (x-1)(x+1)20 241 2) B= : : x-3 3-9 : 340 _ [x-340 . Bigu thie B xe dinh khi va chi khi "> 97" o> x30 J, [x43 7-920 |(x-3)(x43)20> [x4320° [x23 7 Biii Die Phuongxel x-140 Bigu thie C xée dinh khi va chi khi 42x-1#0< 4.44 3x4120 xeo5 3 Qx-120 [2x-140 oe be ica ca i 2x-140 3 Biéu thite D xac dinh khi va chi khi }2v-+140 <9 {2x4120 Veteo® at 4x°-140 [(2x-1)(2x+1) #0 ae DANG 2- TINH GIA TR] CUA PHAN THUC Cau $1. Rut gon rdi tinh gid tri cia biéu thite: x-140 : x-14#0 xal Biéu thite A xc dinh khi va chi khi 4 .x+140. e120 [2- (x-1)(x+1)20 x+l x-l 2x Nore) G=N(erl) (=I!) xtltx-1-2x x4” (x11) Biii Dic Phuong 88x-340 [x-340 fe ie xt320 ofx4320 © : x4320 |xe-3 920 |(x-3)(x43)40 x#3 vai [173 es 20-3 (= 3)E#3) ___224+6 (43)0-3) ce ‘ 2 Do dé, vi x=4 tacé B= 3 ac tai x=5 x-240 [x-240 > : xe Biéu thite C xe dinh khi va chi khi }x+240 = {x+240 { #2 oo e420 |(x-2)(x42)20 Biii Die Phuong 9x2 Do dé, voi x=5 tac6 C ax 4) D=—>. x2 ¥ x-240 x-220 320 . x24 Biéu thite D xc dinh khi va chi khi 4x+240 <4 x+240 ° ° , x+220 -420 |(x-2)(x42)40 #2 x) 4x ox xe-2 x42 4 x-2 x42" (@-2)(a42) 3-2 x(x-2) x x(x+2) (x= 2+2) (X= 2(HHZ CH= 2XHD) = 2xt4x4x? +24 (= 2)(0+2) Do dé, voi x=-1 tas D=2C1) Cau 52. Tim gid trj cua x dé: + 06 gid tri bing i ae 6 gid trj bing -t. Biii Bie Phuong xed xe-2 90x-1*0 [x-120 Biéu thite A xéc dinh khi va chi khi jx+120 <>)x+140 o ¥-120 [(x-1)(x41)40 xl e axtle0” [xed x-l x4] (e141) __(x#1) (xf 4 CGH) G-DGs Ges) _ (+1) -(e-1)' +4 (DG) 4x4 =I) __ 4x41) © G=D0+1 x=13 (TMDK) Do d6, véi x=13 tacd Biii Bie Phuong 12x40 [2x-140 AG Biéu thite B xdc dinh khi va chi khi }2x+140 <9 42x+140 cS leaeee, " ; 2x+140 4-140 [(2x-1(2xst)e Bel 2esl Ox 2x(2x+1) Qr-D@xH) * 2x-N(2e+1) * Qx-N(2x+1) 2x(2Qx+1)4+20-142 (2x-1)(2x+1) (2x41), (De) 2x41 2x-1 idee a 2x1 2x41 etl 6 gid tri bing -t hay B= 2x-1 4 Qe+t_ 1 2x1 4(2e41 Hay B= Do dé, véi x= 3 100s B= Biii Die Phuong 92DANG 3- TINH GIA TR] LON NHAT, GIA TRI NHO NHAT CUA BIEU THUC (Cau 53, Tim gis tri lon nbit cia A = 25242449 | P= 6x412 Huéng dan giai: 4x?—24x449_ 4(x°-6x+12)+1 1 AP 9 nd na = 6x4 12 a 6x+12 (0-3) +3 Tacd A Nén A xiie dinh véi mgi x. A dat gid tri lén nhat khi va chi khi dat gid trj 16m nhdt hay (x—3)' +3 dat gid tri nho nha, Suy ra gid trj lim nhdt cia A 1A aie dat duge khi (x-3)' +3=3 hay x=3 Vay gid tri lon nhdt ca A 1 8 dat duge khi x =3, 2+ 4x49 Cau 54, Tim gid trj nhé nhit cia B 4x49 _2(x°+2x+6)-3 42x46 + 2x+6 (xt) +5 (x+1) +5 Tacd Nén B xéc dinh voi moi x. B dat gi trj nho nhat khi va chi khi ms dat gi tri Lon nhdt hay (x+1)? +5 dat gi tri nho nd. aI) Ma (x+1)' +525 véi moi x. Suy ra gid tri nhé nhdt ca Ba 2-3. dat duge khi (x+1)' +5=5 hay x= Zz 3 Vay gid tri nho nhit cia BI i dat duge khi x= Biii Bic Phuong 93DANG 4~— TIM CAC GIA TRI NGUYEN CUA X DE CAC BIEU THUC CO GIA TRI NGUYEN 3x-7 Cau 55. Tim ede gid tri nguyén cla x dé biéu thie A = ‘han gid tri nguyén. + (Xie dinh véi_x#3) x3 nnhgn gid tri nguyén hay x—3 la uée cua 2 Khi d6 ta c6: sloxsdeZ l>x=2e% x-3=-2=x=1eZ =2=>x=SeZ Vay voi x € {4;2:1;5} thi A nhan gid tri nguyén. thie B=—*S phan gid wi nguyen Cau 56. Tim cac gid tri nguyén cla x dé Huéng din giai S -2(2x-1)+3 Tag B= tS 22H) +3 2e-1 2-1 Dé B nhan gid tri nguyén thi aa Cae ude ca 3 53:3 Khi dé ta eé: 2x-lsl=xaleZ 2x-1s-1>x=0eZ% 2x-l=3>x=-1eZ 2x-1=3-9x=20, Biii Die Phuong 94Vay voi xe {1:0;-1;2} thi A nhén gid tr) nguyén. (C4u $7. Bién déi mdi biéu thie sau thanh phain thie (rt gon): ne y ves) (S42 y :) » x+2. 2-3x x'-4 x-2 xty) \z-y ety. 2x-4 dx x-2 2x gy (AE #2e dex) (142e 1-2, Ina ded? J (-2e 1422, of ry ype: 2 | vty ay} | x a Cx ex (xt3 x (2 —- 228), 28 3-x 2x43 2-36 x 46x) x +6 6-4 Cau 58. Tim diéu kign cia bién dé gid tri ca phan thire duge xac dinh: x43 59. Cho A ( ) = xa1 xt) 5x-5 a) Tim diéu kign cita bién dé gid trj cua A xac dinh, b) Rit gon A. ¢) Tinh gid tr ciia A voi x=—3, x=1. ) Voi gid tri mdo cia xthi A=2; Cfiu 60. Cho B= 24 +4 Biii Bie Phuong 95a) Tim digu kign cita bién dé gid trj cha B xéc dinh b) Rat gon B. c) Cé gid tri ndo ctia x dé gid tri cua B bing 0 khong? ‘Cafu 61. Rut gon rdi tinh gid tr cia biéu thite: 6x+1 6x va-( 2 a-( vt of) noms ve-| = liter i) — ay ») ) khi x+y =ay=6 x 2x(a+5) 6 gid tr bing ; Biii Bie Phuong 963) Hai phan thite ‘Cau 64, Tim cac gid tri nguyén cua x dé cae biéu thite sau nhin gid tri nguyén. ax+5 14x 3x47 4x x41 2x-3 4) » CAu 68, Tim gi trj1on nbdt cia A == Cau 66. Tim gid tr nh ‘CHUONG 4— PHUONG TRINH BAC NHAT MQT AN CHU DE 1- MG DAU VE PHUONG TRINH. PHUONG TRINH BAC NHAT MQT AN A. NQI DUNG LY THUYET. 1, Phurong trinh mgt dn + Phuong trinh an x c6 dang A(x) = B(x) (1), trong d6 A(x), B(x) Ia céc biéu thite cua ciing bien x. ‘Vi dy 1. 3(x—1)+5=2x la phuong trinh an x ¢+51=2¢ 1a phuong trinh dnt 2x-+2 bi phuong trinh dn x +Néu véi x= xp tae ACx) = B(x) thi x= xy I nghigm ca da thie A(x) = B(x) (ta con néi_x, thoa man hay nghigm dung phyong trinh da cho). + Mét phurong trinh cé thé c6 mét, hai, ba,... nghiém hogc khng c6 nghiém nao, hoge cé v6 s6 nghigm. + Phuong trinh khing ¢6 nghigm goi la phuong trinh v6 nghiém. h i phurong + Giii phuong trinh la tim tap nghigm cia phuong trinh 6 + Tap hop céc nghigm ca phuong trinh duge goi 1A tap nghigm cia phuong trinh 46, ky higu lS. Vi dy 2. Phucmg trinh x=2 c6 tap nghigm $= {2} Phuong trinh 3 6 tap nghigm S=B Biii Dic Phuong 7Phuong trinh x* +1=1+27 6 tip nghiém $= 3. Phuong trinh twong dong + Hai phuong trinh trong durong la hai phuong trinh e6 cing tap ng! + Ding ki higu "<>" dé chi hai phwong trinh tuong dong Vidya =0ax=2 Bx42= x-lepx-3=0 4. Dinh nghia phuong trinh bie nhat mot din + Phuong trinh bac nhét mét dn 1a phuong trinh 6 dang ax+b=0, trong dé a, b Wi hai hing sé Vi dy 4, 2x+1=0 1a phurong trinh bac nhat mét dn c6: @ = 2; §. Hai quy tac bién d6i phwong trinh + Quy tic chuyén vé: Trong mét phuong trinh ta cé thé chuyén mdt hang tir tir vé nay sang vé kia va déi dau hang tir do, + Quy tic nhan mét s6: Trong mét phuong trinh ta o6 thé nhin (hoc chia) hai vé voi cing mét s6 khéc 0 6. Cach gidi phwong trinh bac nhAt mot an + Ding quy tic chuyén vé hay quy tic nhan véi mét sé, + Téng quét phuong tinh ax-+b=0 (a #0) duge gidi nhw sau: NhAn xét: Phuong trinh ax+b=0 (a #0) luén c6 mét nghiém duy nhdt x = ‘Vi dy 5. Giai phuomg trinh 3x—-1=0 Ta e6 3x-| Biii Bie Phuong 98woah B. CAC DANG BAL TAP QUAN TRONG DANG 1 - GIAI PHUONG TRINH BAC NHAT. Phuong trinh ax+b=0 (a0) duge gidi nhursau: ax+b=0 (a40) <> ar=—b > ; =b Vay: S=)—| a Cau 1. Gidi céc phong trinh sau 1) 12-6x=0 2)2x+x+120=0 3) x-Sa3—x 4)7-3x=9-x 6) (x+1)=3+2e Huéng din gidi: 1) 12-6x=0 2)2x+x+120=0 3) x-S=3-x 4)7-3x=9-x 6) 2(x+1)=3+2x DANG 2- TIM M DE PHUONG TRINH DA CHO CO NGHIEM Xo ua phuong trinh ve dang: av-+b=0 (a0) (1) Thay nghiém =x, vao (1) ta drge phuong trinh fn m suy ra gid tri cua m Cau 2, Tim m sao cho phuong trinh Biii Die Phuong 91) 2x—3m=2+9 nhan x =—$ 1 nghigm 2) dx-+m? =22 nbn x=5 1a nghigm Huéng din g 1) 2x—3m=x+9 nbn x=—5 la nghigm Dap sé:: m 2) 4+ =22 nhén x=5 la nghigm Dap sé: m= Cau 3. Tim gid tr k sao cho phuong trinh c6 nghiém x9 duge chi ra: 1) Qetk=x-1; 2) (2x41) 9x+2K)—S(X+2)=405 X= 3) 22+ +IS=Hx+HQw+K; Mo 4) S(ke+ 3x) I) 41420) =805 9 Biii Bie Phuong 100DANG 3 - CHUNG MINH HAI PHUONG TRINH TUONG DUONG. 'Bé chiimg minh hai phuong trinh tuong duong, ta e6 thé sir dung mot trong ede cach sau: + Chimg minh hai phuong trinh c6 + Sir dung cdc phép bién d4i twong duong dé bién d4i phurong trinh nay thanh phuong trinh kia, ng tp nghigm, + Hai qui tic bién d6i phuong trinh: + Qui téc chuydn vé: Trong mot phuong trinh, ta cd thé chuydn mgt hang ti ti vé nay sang vé kia va déi dau bang tir dé, + Qui tic nhan: Trong mét phuong trinh, ta co thé nhan cd hai vé voi cling mt s6 khdc 0. (Cau 4. Chimg minh hai phuong trinh sau la tong duwong x =—3 va : Cau 5, Xét xem hai phirong trinh sau ¢6 tuong durong khong? 2) (x-3)(x" +1) =2x-5 va x=2 1) x -2x=.4 +3x-1 vax (Cfiu 6, Xét xem cdc phuromg trinh sau c6 tuong dong hay khong? 1) 3x=3 va x-1=0 2) x43=0 va 3x+9=0 3) x-2=0 va (x-200+3)=0 4) 2x-6=0 va x(x-3)=0 (Cau 7. Xét xem céc phurong trinh sau c6 tuong duong hay khéng? 1) x7 +220 va x07 +2 2) xtl=x va P4150 P+xr=0 =0 aye 3) x+2=0 va xt 5) [x-]=2 va (r+ D(r—3)=0 6) x+5=0 va (x+5)(a7 + =0. DANG 4- CHUNG MINH MOT SO LA NGHIEM CUA PHUONG TRINH. Phuong phdp giai: Dang ménh dé sau: Xp a nghigm cia phuong trinh A(x) = B(x) © A(%) = Bap) 1% khOng 1a nghigm cia phuong trink A(x) = B(x) <> A(x) # Bx) Biii Bie Phuong orCu 8. Xét xem Xp 66 18 nghiém cua phuong trinh hay khong? 1 32-2 414-265 2)Sx-2=3x41; MH 3) Br-S=5x-1s 4) 2044) = 5)7-3r=x-5; y=4 6) 2(x-1) 43x =8; 7) Sx-@-D=7; y=-1 8) 3x-2=2041; Cau 9. Xét xem Xp c6 1a nghiém cua phuong trinh hay khéng? 2) x*-3x-10=0; 1) x*-3x+7=14205 X= 3) 7 -3x+4= 20-1) jay =2 4) CH DR-2X-5 1 6) 4x7 -3x=2x 5) 2x7+3x+1=0; % DANG 5 - SO NGHIEM CUA MQT PHUONG TRINH. Néu phuong trinh sau bién d6i twong dong: +C6 dang 0.x=0 suy ra phuong trinh 66 v6 s6 nghiém.[ f(x) =k <0 +C6 dang [ f(x)] =k <0 hoae | f(x)]=k <0 suy ra phurong trinh vO nghiém. FO)=Vk FO) SO)=k f(a)= + C6 dang [ f(x)] suy ra nghiém cia phuong trinh. >0 suy ra phurong trinh [ + C6 dang | f (x)|=k > 0 suy ra phurong trinh [ suy ra nghiém ctia phwrong trinh, b + C6 dang a.x=b (a #0) suy ra phuong trinh c6 nghigm duy nhit x =— a Cau 10. Ching t6 cée phurong trinh sau v6 nghiém: 1) 2e45=4(x-1)-2(x-3) 2) 2x: x3) 3) be- 4) P-4x46=0 Biii Bie Phuong 102(Cau 11. Ching t6 ring cic phuong trinh sau 06 v6 s6 nghigm: 2) 4x=3) +16 =40 +4) 3) 24-1 =2x-2 2 6x=9 5) (x+2) 4Ax+4 6) B-, ‘C4u 12. Chimg t6 ring cic phuong trinh sau c6 nhiéu hon mot nghiém: 1) x?-4=0 2) (x-DUx-2)=0 2) (&-2-Or+3)=0 4) 7 -3x=0 4) lx-=3 6) [2x—11=1 iG 6 - TIM M DE PHUONG TRINH F(X) = 0 CO NGHIEM, VO NGHIEM, HOAC VO SO NGHIEM. Bién déi tuong duong dua phuong trinh vé dang: a.x=b +Néu a=0 va b=0 thi pt v6 sé nghiém. +Néu a=Ova b #0 thi pt v6 nghiém. +Néu 20 suy raphurong trinh o6 nghigm day nat (Cau 13. Tim m 48 phuong trinh sau: (m—1).x= 1) v6 nghigm 2) V6 sé ng 3) c6 nghiém duy nha. Céiu 14, Tim m 48 phurong trinh sau: 2(—1)~me=3. 1) v6 nghigm 2) 6 nghiém duy nhat. Biii Bie Phuong 103CHU DE 2 - PHUONG TRINH DU'A DUQC VE DANG ax +b =0 A/KIEN THUC CAN NHO. 1/ Cac phwong trinh ma hai vé dia ching 1a hai biéu thire hitu ti ci phép bién déi trong duong ching ta sé dua duge vé dang phuong trinh bac nhat mot an, n, khong chita An 6 mau thi 6 thé bing: 2/ Céch thu gon phuong trinh vé dang ax = b. + Quy déng mau thie hai v 6 dang phan thirc). + Nhan hai vé cho mau thite dé khir mau thie. + Chuyén hang tir chita an sang mat vé, ede hing s6 sang vé kia, + Thu gon va gia phuong trinh, B/ CAC DANG BAL TAP VAN DUNG. DANG 1 - PHUONG TRINH CHUA DAU NGOAC, TONG CUA CAC HANG TU CO CHUA BIEN BAC NHAT. Phuong php + Thy hign bé dau ng + Thy hién phép tinh & hai vé va chuyén vé dua phuong trinh vé dang av=c (Cau 1. Giai cée phwong trinh sau: 1) 4x-10=0 2) 7-3x=9-x 3) 2x-G—Sx) =4(x+3) 4) 5-6 =43-2n) 5) Aw 3) =—TeH1T 6) S(x-3)-4= 2x +7 7) S(x-3)—4=2Ax-1) +78) 4Gx-2)—Hx—4)=7x+20 Dap so: 5 Dxsd Qe 3) x=5 x= @x=8 — Nx=B 8) a=8 Cau 2. Giai cdc phuong trinh sau: 1) -4(43)=2(S—x) 2) 2(3x-+ 1) =4x—9 3) 3- (442)= 23-2) Biii Bie Phuong 1044) 3Gx—2)-22x+1)=0 5) 3(e+1 Axtl)+4 6) S(x-3)—4=2Ax-) +6 Dap sé: Ixs-l x= 2 Céiu 3. Gidi cée phurong trinh sau Dx= DANG 2 - PHUONG TRINH CO CHUA TICH CUA CAC DA THUC BAC NHAT (Mx +N) + Thyc hign nhan cdc da thitc, khai trién hing dang thite. + Thy hign phép tinh & hai vé va chuyén vé sao cho trigt tiéu duge cdc bién Iiy thira bac 2 tré lén. + Ba phuong tinh vé dang ax=c ri im x Cau 4. Gidi cde phurong trinh sau: 1) 2x(x-3) x(a) 2) (x43)(e-D=ale-4)—3)(6x4+2)(4-2) = 2xBx-5) 4) (x41)(x49)=(x43)(x45) 5) (+2) =(e—3)+2) 6) (+3) — (v3)? =O 418, Dap sé: I) x=0 3yxeB 4) x=3 Sx 6) x=3 Cau 5. Gidi cde phurong trinh sau: 1) Gx-DEe+3)= 2-15-30) 2) (x+5)2x-D=2x-3\e +) 3) CF DO+9) = (e+ 3)045) 4) Bx+5)Qx+1)=(6x-2(x-3) 5) (842)? +244) = (2-4)(x=2) 6) (x+1)2x-3)-3(e=2) = 200-1? Biii Bie Phuong 105Dap sé: 3 pxeB 3)x=3 19 Z 1 2x=t aay Cau 6. Gidi céc phurong trinh sau: 1) Gxt x2) = 5x +38, 3) (x43)? -(x-3)? = 6x +18 5) ANG? =x 41) = 205 x(e= D+) 5)x=l 6) v6 nghiém 2) Hax-2)? +900) = x-3) 4) (x — a(x +)? = Sx(2—a) (0 +2) 6) (x-2)° +Gx-DGBx+1)=(r+ Dap so: 1 x=2 2 3) x=3 10 4x 5) x=1 6) x=2 px: i) x )) x 7 Cau 7. Giai cdc phuong trinh sau px -4=0 2) (x43) -4¥ =0 3) Pexeiao 4) (x-2)' -2(x? -4) +(x +2) 5) 4+7x412=0 6) 2° -7x+10=0 S)x={4-3} 6) x= {2:5} Cau 8. Giai cdc phurong trinh sau 1)9(4x+3)° =(7x+2)° 2) x +x-6=0 3) x°=x-6=0 4) -5x-14=0 5) 2x +5x43=0 6) T° +13x-2=0 Biii Bie Phuong 3) x= {2:3} 6 af 1 2 7 106DANG 3 - PHUONG TRINH CO MAU LA CAC HANG SO + Phuong phip 1: ~ Thye hign quy déng mau 6 hai vé réi khir mau, dua phuong trinh vé dang 1. = Thye hign céch giai nhur dang I hoc dang 2. + Phuong phip 2: ~ Thém vao (bét di) & hai vé cia phuong trinh (hoe & méi hang tir) cing mot sd. Cau 9. Gidi céc phuong trinh sau: xa 2 x=0 3)x 4) x=11 33 5) x=6 6 x= ) ) x= 75 Cau 10. Gidi cée phuong trinh sau x48 3x-1_9-x 42243 _ 146 3x41 xd _4-3x pas 2 T= = ya Go Ss ae 2 : a yt el danl_Sx42_ 415 Cf 11. Gidi cée phurong trinh sau: Biii Bie Phuong 1072x5), x+12_S(x-2)_x 3) ae = 2 6 a 5) x-3) 5_13x+4 7 2 Dap sé: 1) v6 sé nghigm 2) v so nghigm 3) v6 sé nghigm 4) vé nghiém 5) vé nghigm 6) vo nghiém Cfiu 12. Giai cae phuong trinh sau: 1) SEDEH1O) (AIO) _ = 2)+4) 2 G22" sara =254 2D 3 12 4 8 8 3) (2x-3(2x+3) (x-4P G2 4) Te -14x-5 (2x4? (x1? : 8 3 5) Cet Dea-2) 2-2? Nand) 10 4 2 Dx=8 2) syxat : 5 Cau 13. Gidi céc phuong trinh sau: atl x43 _ x45 x47 eee ae 95s a3 le 220) NNO HB x6 ed x2 _ 2002 | x= 2000 | x= 1998 | r= 1996 | x-1994 + = + + + + 2) + sect 2s 1994 "1996 1998” 2000" 20022 4 6 8 10 x-1991 | x-1993 | x-1995 x-1997 | x-1999_x-9 x-7 x-S_ x-3 x1 + + + + =e. > = + 9 7 3 3 T1991” 1993" 1995” 1997 * 1999 acl 4x-27 15s 2 Biii Bie Phuong 108