Coordinate Natural Area Restoration Program

NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND
DEVELOPMENT
NTQF Level IV
Based on October 2018, Version 3 Occupational standard
Module Title: - Coordinate Natural Area Restoration

Program
LG Code: AGR NRC4 M05 0921 LO (1-4) LG (20-23)
TTLM Code: AGR NRC4 TTLM 1021v1
October, 2021
Assosa, Ethiopia
Table of content
Page 1 of 129 BGRS TVET Agency TVET Program Title- Natural Resources
Version 1
Author/Copyright Conservation and Development Level IV
September 2021
LO #1- Inspect and assess site conditions............................................5
Instruction sheet........................................................................................................5
Information Sheet 1. Preparing checklist/format for vegetation assessment.........7
Self-check 1......................................................................................................10
Information Sheet 2- Identifying & describing plant species & community
recognition......................................................................................................11
Self-Check – 2..................................................................................................15
Information Sheet 3-Identifying site conditions, level of degradation and potential
for natural area restoration.............................................................................16
Self-Check – 3..................................................................................................16
Information Sheet 4- Assessing threats to existing ecosystem, flora, fauna and
property from natural area restoration............................................................17
Self-Check – 4..................................................................................................17
Information Sheet 5- Assessing range of likely operating conditions, hazards &
difficult/sensitive environments for impact on natural area restoration works19
Self-Check – 4..................................................................................................25
Information Sheet 6- Preparing a vegetation assessment report in standard format
........................................................................................................................26
Self-Check – 4..................................................................................................26
Operation Sheet 1–.................................................................................................27
Operation Sheet 2–.................................................................................................28
Operation Sheet 3–.................................................................................................29
LAP TEST.........................................................................................................30
LO #2- Plan natural area restoration program.....................................31

Instruction sheet......................................................................................................31
Information Sheet 1- Preparing plans and specifications for natural area
restoration works............................................................................................33
Self-Check – 1..................................................................................................37
Information Sheet 2- Ecological restoration theory and techniques.......................38
Self-Check – 2..................................................................................................38
Information Sheet 3- Selecting natural area restoration techniques to meet
management plans.........................................................................................40
Self-Check – 3..................................................................................................53
Information Sheet 4- Identify factors affecting the timing and method of plant
establishment..................................................................................................54
Self-Check – 4..................................................................................................57
Information Sheet 5- Following Steps of strategy for works that are outlined......58
Self-Check – 4..................................................................................................63
Information Sheet 6- Planning protective structures to ensure compliance with
OHS and relevant legislation..........................................................................64
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Self-Check – 4..................................................................................................68
Information Sheet 7- Selecting and transporting appropriate personnel to natural
area restoration sites......................................................................................70
Self-Check – 4..................................................................................................70
Information Sheet 9 - Obtaining appropriate permits/ licenses & authorizations.. .71
Self-Check – 4..................................................................................................71
Information Sheet 10- Sourcing equipment & materials required for natural area
restoration work..............................................................................................72
Self-Check – 4..................................................................................................73
LO #3- Monitor natural area restoration works....................................74

Instruction sheet......................................................................................................75
Information Sheet 1- Making observations according to natural area restoration
plans...............................................................................................................77
Self-Check – 1..................................................................................................77
Information Sheet 2 Making a checks to a prepared site.......................................79
Self-Check – 2..................................................................................................82
Information Sheet 3- Checking plant materials, machinery & equipment to ensure
natural area restoration plan..........................................................................84
Ways of organizing tools.........................................................................88

Self-Check – 3..................................................................................................90
Information Sheet 4- Undertaking/ performing natural area restoration works......91
Self-Check –4...................................................................................................99
Information Sheet 5- Monitoring natural area restoration works to ensure remedial
action............................................................................................................100
Self-Check –5.................................................................................................100
Information Sheet 6- Conforming OHS management to legislative requirements
......................................................................................................................102
Self-check 1....................................................................................................107
Self-Check –6.................................................................................................108
Operation Sheet 1– Select species for rehabilitation...........................................109
Operation Sheet 2– Conduct Area closure...........................................................109
Operation Sheet 3– Enrichment plant...................................................................109
Operation Sheet 4–Construct bund......................................................................110
LAP TEST.......................................................................................................111
LO #4- Review natural area restoration program................................112

Instruction sheet....................................................................................................112
Information Sheet 1- Monitoring site to ensure maintenance program plans....113
Self-Check – 1................................................................................................116
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Information Sheet 2- Assessing site to determine whether natural area restoration
works addressing factors and issues consistent with management plans.. 117
Self-Check – 2................................................................................................117
Information Sheet 3- Reporting changes to natural area restoration techniques.119
Self-Check – 3................................................................................................123
Operation Sheet 1–...............................................................................................124
LAP TEST.......................................................................................................124
Reference Materials.......................................................................................125
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LG #20 LO #1- Inspect and assess site conditions
Instruction sheet
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Preparing checklist/format for vegetation assessment.
 Identifying and describing plant species and community recognition
 Identifying site conditions, level of degradation and potential for natural area
restoration.
 Assessing threats to existing ecosystem, flora, fauna and property from natural
area restoration.
 Assessing range of likely operating conditions, hazards and difficult/sensitive
environments for impact on natural area restoration works.
 Preparing a vegetation assessment report in standard format.
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Prepare checklist/format for vegetation assessment.
 Identify and describe plant species and community recognition
 Identify site conditions, level of degradation and potential for natural area
restoration.
 Assess threats to existing ecosystem, flora, fauna and property from natural area
restoration.
 Assess range of likely operating conditions, hazards and difficult/sensitive
environments for impact on natural area restoration works.
 Prepare a vegetation assessment report in standard format .
Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described below.
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask your trainer for assistance if you have hard time understanding
them.
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4. Accomplish the “Self-checks” which are placed following all information sheets.
5. Ask from your trainer the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your
trainer to correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished
answering the Self-checks).
6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation sheets
7. Perform “the Learning activity performance test” which is placed following
“Operation sheets” ,
8. If your performance is satisfactory proceed to the next learning guide,
9. If your performance is unsatisfactory, see your trainer for further instructions or go
back to “Operation sheets”.
Information Sheet 1. Preparing checklist/format for

vegetation assessment
1.1. Introduction
The vegetation survey was therefore carried out according to a specific methodology
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Designed for the purpose, and especially to :
 collect information on the structure of the vegetation (proportion of shrubs and

trees in the cover) in order to define structural vegetation classes (woodlands,
open woodlands, wooded grasslands, shrub lands, etc...) from which the
accessibility of the leaves to the herbivores will depend;
 make an inventory of the main species present, herbaceous and woody, in order
to identify the main vegetation types and to characterize each of them from the
forage value point of view
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Figure 1: blank vegetation survey field form
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Figure 2: example of filled vegetation survey field form
Self-check 1 Written test
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Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Examples may be necessary to aid
some explanations/answers.
Test I Short Answer Questions

1. List some of obvious indicators for monitoring and evaluation (2pts)
2. Distinguish the differences between Monitoring and evaluation (2pts)
3. Write the 10 Steps used to develop land use planning process (2pts)
Test II Write true if the statement is correct and false if statement is incorrect
1. Monitoring is gathering data on the progress and impact of the development
activities (2pts)
2. Evaluation is the process of assessing the impact of activities carried out with a
view to possible measures for improvement. (2pts)
Note: Satisfactory rating - 10 points Unsatisfactory - below 10 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________
3.__________________________________________________
Test II
1.__________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________
Information Sheet 2- Identifying & describing plant species

& community recognition
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There are some requirements and tips for the identification of plant species in the
specific site. For example check the available floristic information as books, thesis,
inventories, etc. and count with a local expert to join you in the field. Collect the best
specimen, take notes and photographs of each part of the plant, better if you found
reproductive material (flowers and fruits). Upon completion of the fieldwork, it’s
necessary to press and mount all samples collected. The presses must remain in the
driest place possible. Each herbarium has clear instructions on how to dry and set up
samples. To start the identification process, is recommended to have a stereo
microscope and the help of literature and the herbarium collection. The importance of a
good plant identification remains in the quality of information for the forest inventories. In
carbon inventories, species play an important role for their data on wood density,
carbon content, etc. This is why it is an essential priority that species recorded in forest
inventories are properly identified.
Field Work
Minimum Equipment to consider
Before embarking on a field trip for identifying plant species, it is advisable to make a
quick literature review of the study area. For instance, find information on:
 Floristic composition
 Classification of the living area, ecosystem, or plant association
 Floristic or forest inventories, etc.
It is recommended to have this type of literature available for comparing common
names or clarifying doubts on the matter, such as species and their distribution.
Once on site, it is always suggested to have the support of a local expert or park ranger
that recognizes the main species; even better if this person is sufficiently observant, and
that may support their observations on data about flowering and fruiting (phenology,
color, size, smell, etc.). These observations will be crucial in the process of identification
of species. So it is also important to give the right recognition to local researchers.
When the work on identification of tree species in the field is done, it is essential to take
a field book and pencil to record all necessary data for the species of interest. The first
step is to write in the book the general information of the site:
 Date
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 Other participants of the field trip
 Location (with geographic details such as volcanoes, floodplains, rivers, etc.)
 GPS coordinates
 Altitude
 Topography
 Associated species or forest type
As a next step, it is necessary to list the trees or plants that are under study and record
all visible features for each.
For instance, you can start with the following:
 GPS coordinates
 Number of photographs
 Habit: tree, vine/climber, liana, epiphytes, ferns, shrubs, grass
 Shape and texture of the trunk and bark
 Leaves and their arrangement
 Presence and color of latex
 Translucent dots
 Type of aerial roots if present
 Pubescence (presence of fine hairs)
 If it is possible to record the dimensions of leaves, flowers, and fruits
 Colors, sizes, shapes, smell, and all those features that may not be visible in
the samples, or that may change over time, or be forgotten
Other, very useful, important information is the additional information that can be
provided by the local expert, for instance:
 Local uses of the plant
 Common names
 Phenology data (time of flowering and/or fruiting)
 Other observations deemed relevant.
In addition to the fieldbook, it is always recommended to have:
 A magnifying glass to examine in detail the presence of pubescence, nectaries,
translucent dots or lines, etc.
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 Flexible measuring tape, such as tailor’s measuring tape, it is used to measure long
leaves; the size of flowers or fruits, and petioles; the diameter of trees, among
others.
 Binoculars, to check for flowers or fruits, the morphology and position of the leaves
and any other details in the canopy.
 Machete or knife to dissect flowers or fruit, bark cuts, etc.
 Shears for cutting branches.
 Extensible scissors to cut branches or twigs of taller trees (Fig. 4).
 Slingshots, some botanists use them to bring down fruit or flowers that cannot be
otherwise reached.
 Camera, it is recommended for taking macro and high resolution shots, to make sure
no details are missed. You need to try to photograph all parts of the plant or tree as
the base of the trunk, bark, leaves, and twigs, as well as flowers and fruits when the
plant has them.
 Another recommendation is to place an object of standard or known size next to the
specimen to be photographed, to have a visual reference of its actual size (Fig. 1).
The file name of all photographs that correspond to each species should be written
down on the fieldbook.
Figure 3: Correct way to take a picture, with size reference (Magnolia guatemalensis) (Credit:
Michelle Szejner)
 It is important to always take leather or canvas gloves, hat, compass and insect
repellent.
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Self-Check – 2 Written test
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
Test I: Short Answer Questions
1. What is Relevance?(2pts)
2. List the five aspects of evaluation (2pts)
3. Distinguish the differences effectiveness and efficiency (2pts)
4. Impact is the extent has the LUP contributed towards its longer term goals (2pts)
Score = ___________
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers. Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________
Test II
1._________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________
Information Sheet 3-Identifying site conditions, level of

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degradation and potential for natural area
restoration
Site conditions may include, but not limited to:- plant and animal community health,
soil (types, moisture content, ph levels, salinity, texture, compaction); aspect, pollutants,
toxicity; climate; buildings, road works and shade.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
1. Define primary data. (2pts)
2. List the two data source used for monitoring and evaluation. (2pts)
3. Distinguish the differences between primary and secondary data (2pts)
Score = ___________
Page 16 of 129 BGRS TVET Agency Version 1
TVET Program Title- Natural Resources Rating:
Author/Copyright
____________
Conservation and Development Level IV
September 2021
Answer sheet
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________
Test II
1._________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________
Information Sheet 4- Assessing threats to existing

ecosystem, flora, fauna and property from
natural area restoration
4.1.
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Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
1. List the stakeholders of monitoring and evaluation of land use plan (3pts)
2. Distinguish the differences between Conventional and participatory monitoring and

evaluation (2pts)
3. Write the steps in participatory monitoring and evaluation (PME). (3pts)
Note: Satisfactory rating - 8 points Unsatisfactory - below 8points
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
Test II
1._________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________
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Information Sheet 5- Assessing range of likely operating
conditions, hazards & difficult/sensitive
environments for impact on natural area
restoration works
5.1. Reporting problems or difficulties or hazards information

The most common workplace hazards include safety hazards like slip-and-falls or
electrical hazards. But there are also ergonomic workplace hazards, environmental,
chemical and others.
Biological Hazards
• Blood and other body fluids.
• Fungi/mold.
• Bacteria and viruses.
• Plants.
• Insect bites.
• Animal and bird droppings.
Hazard identification is part of the process used to evaluate if any particular situation,
item, thing, etc. may have the potential to cause harm. The term often used to describe
the full process is risk assessment: Identify hazards and risk factors that have the
potential to cause harm (hazard identification).
One of the most common challenges in communicating risk data is not having a
standardized and effective process in place. When a claim or incident occurs,
employees are not sure about the best way to submit relevant information to the risk
team.
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In this scenario, they will likely turn to the method that is most convenient in the
moment, regardless of how this impacts risk managers. Even worse, an employee may
be unable to submit information or willingly decide not to if the process is too difficult.
On a high-level, risk data can create communication challenges across the organization.
Employees know that it is important to analyze data about claims, losses, and trends,
but who should be responsible for owning and acting on this data? The lack of a
standardized process creates two key issues that will be discussed in the following
sections: time-consuming processes and redundant tasks that frustrate employees.
Use technology to create a defined process
Technology-based communication processes are easy to standardize. When something
goes wrong in the organization, an employee will know exactly what is required to report
the incident to the risk team. The process may go something like this:
• The employee accesses a data submission web portal from their computer,
tablet, or cellphone.
• The employee fills in all relevant details including the names and contact
information of all parties, a description of what happened, and any relevant images or
documentation. Mandatory fields and drop-down menus will prompt the employee and
ensure nothing is missed.
• The employee submits the form and data is instantly sent to the risk team and
uploaded into the risk system for further action.
• From the system, the risk team can quickly share data and reports with
executives or other team members as necessary.
With this process, there is no more confusion among employees on what to do when an
incident occurs.
5.2. Recording and documenting all rehabilitation and restoration activities

Goals. Restoration projects differ in their objectives and their methods of achieving
those goals. Many restoration projects aim to establish ecosystems composed of a
native species; other projects attempt to restore, improve, or create particular
ecosystem functions, such as pollination or erosion control.
Restoration ecology is the scientific study supporting the practice of ecological
restoration, which is the practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or
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destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human intervention
and action
It is important to document all steps taken during any recovery, no matter the size or
extent of damage. This documentation will help later to reevaluate your Vital Records
Plan or to verify which records were beyond recovery and were immediately destroyed.
Water damage to records starts within the first 8 hours after a disaster. After 24 hours,
records will start to stick to each other, and within 48 hours paper will begin to
chemically breakdown and to show the initial stages of fungal growth. With photographic
and magnetic/electronic media, the breakdown will begin sooner and can be more
devastating.
The concept of record is variously defined. The ISO 15489-1:2016 defines records as
"information created, received, and maintained as evidence and as an asset by an
organization or person, in pursuit of legal obligations or in the transaction of business".
[2] While there are many purposes of and benefits to records management, as both
these definitions highlight, a key feature of records is their ability to serve as evidence of
an event. Proper records management can help preserve this feature of records.
The format and media of records is generally irrelevant for the purposes of records
management from the perspective that records must be identified and managed,
regardless of their form.
What Types of Documents

As the world’s leader in property restoration and disaster recovery, our specialists are
also trained and experienced in document recovery and document restoration. Thanks
to advances in technology and equipment, we can restore almost any type of document
including (but not limited to):
• Books, Files, Magazines, Manuscripts
• Archives, Special Collections, Library Materials
• Audio Tapes, Video Tapes
• Blueprints, Drawings, Maps, Plans
• Compact Discs, Diskettes, Laser Discs, Magnetic Media
• Data Files, Vital Records
• Film, Negatives, Photographs, Slides
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• Microfiche, Microfilm
• Parchment
• Vellum
• Whiteprints
• X-rays
The main data to be collected deal with:
(a) Demography: population in the zone in question, agricultural population, number of
working people, trends;
(b) Farming: type of farming (family, industrial, etc.), areas farmed, production (type,
yield, costs), agricultural income;
(c) Soil utilization: agriculture, animal breeding, and forest, industrial or urban zones;
(d) Animal breeding;
(e) Agricultural policy, development plans, current legislative measures.
Data analysis
An over-all review should be made of agricultural activity and soil utilization in order to
specify all sectors which might be affected by soil degradation.
Items which may be damaged or disrupted may be classified under three headings:
- Permanent assets such as land, agricultural infrastructure (buildings, irrigation
networks), the infrastructure of economic activity (roads, etc.);
- Seasonal assets such as crops which may be damaged to different degrees
depending on the intensity and period of occurrence of the phenomenon (flooding, crop
destruction, etc.);
- economic activity which may be perturbed, due for example to the destruction of
communication routes, water run-off or by wind-borne materials which may make
cultivated land sterile or seriously compromise a region’s industry.
Probable economic growth rates should be estimated in order to determine the growth
trend in the value of these assets over coming years
It means that the data have to be understandable for another reader.
 Recording data with its unit help us :
 To have definite and accurate reading
 To make data handling simple
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 To document data for along time
 To make it understandable
Different types of soil erosion by water can be identified: loss of topsoil, gulley erosion,
riverbank erosion, etc. Soil chemical deterioration Refers to the negative change of the
chemical properties of soil. Fertility decline in agriculture productive areas is the most
common type of chemical degradation.
Report includes data on the total area affected by soil degradation, Data is collected
using questionnaires.
5.3. Documenting and reporting work outcomes

Documenting is an official paper or book that gives information about something, or that
can be used as evidence or proof of something. In this case, documenting the
information means, recording in an official paper about accurate information
Therefore, documenting of information is process of writing and retaining record of
every step of ex-situ conservation and its recommended action. Finally reporting to
responsible bodies
Report - is a statement of the results of an investigation or of any matter on which
definite information is required. The following stages are involved in writing a report:
 clarifying your terms of reference
 planning your work
 collecting your information
 organizing and structuring your information
 writing the first draft
 Checking and re-drafting
Outline of a Report format
• Title page
• Acknowledgements
• Contents
• Abstract or summary
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Results or findings
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• Discussion
• Conclusion and recommendations
• References
• Appendices
Introduction, which:
• gives the background
• explains the purpose, scope and methods used
• outlines the terms of reference
It should be a brief, accurate background for the body of the report
 The body, which covers the work done and what you found. It’s divided into
topics which are arranged in a logical order with headings and sub-headings
Methodology – methods or procedure used
Result and discussion – out puts of findings
Conclusion covers the writer’s judgment based on information in the body of the report.
Recommendations:
 gives solutions to the problems
 suggests possible courses of action as a result of the conclusions,
e.g. Who should take action?
What should be done?
When and how it should be done?
Appendices- contain evidence which supports the report but is not essential because it’s
either too long or too technical for the audience.
Bibliography -includes all sources of information used in the report and often those used
for background reading as well.
Glossary- is an alphabetical list of special words, phrases and terms used in the report,
accompanied by a short explanation of each.
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Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
next page:
1. What is the Biological Hazards?(3 pts)

2. Discuss outline of reporting (10 pts)
3. What type of document you use in restoration degraded area(3 pts)
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1. ___________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________
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Information Sheet 6- Preparing a vegetation assessment
report in standard format
4.2.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
4. List the stakeholders of monitoring and evaluation of land use plan (3pts)
5. Distinguish the differences between Conventional and participatory monitoring and

evaluation (2pts)
6. Write the steps in participatory monitoring and evaluation (PME). (3pts)
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
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1.__________________________________________________
Test II
1._________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________
Operation Sheet 1–
Objective: To prepare performace evalution plan for implentaion of land use plan
Tools and Equipment :
 Paper
 Map
 GPS
 GIS software
 Tapmeter
Procedures:
 Identify the situation to improve or the logic of the intervention implentaion of land
use plan (Relevance)
 Compare the results that planned and achieved (Effectiveness)
 Determine the resource use way or compare input and result (cost-benefit)
(Efficiency)
 The extent of land use plan contributed towards its longer term goals or
unanticipated positive or negative consequences (Impact).
 The continuing of positive impacts of land (Sustainability)
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Objective: To prepare checklists and materials to collect information for implentaion of land
use plan
 Paper
 Map
 GPS
 GIS software
 Tapmeter
Procedures:
 What was planned? What is achieved?
 What was the reason for deviations against the plan, if any?
 Are the necessary inputs in place to implement the activities? Are the resources
being used efficiently?
 How is the quality of bio-physical measures against the standards/work norms?
 How is the participation of the community (men, women, youth, etc…?)
 Are the existing structures (development teams, working teams, CWT & KWT)
functional and capable of coordinating the task?
 What are the major issues and constraints?
 What lessons are learned and how the lessons could be used for future?
 What type of support is required from KWT, kebele administration, WWT, woreda
administration and others?
 What are the plans for next step?
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Objective: To prepare monitoring and evaluation report for implentaion of land use plan
 Paper
 Map
 GPS
 GIS software
 Tapmeter
Procedures:
 Define your goals and baselines for success of land use plan
 Collect all necessary data
 Write an introduction and background for your report of land use plan to provide
the context of your evaluation to donors and readers outside the organization.
 Describe the methodology — what you are aiming to measure and how you are
measuring it.
 Discuss your findings and their impact. Describe if your land use planning
achieved its goals, what level of success you achieved and who benefited.
 Develop conclusions and recommendations for your evaluation report of land use
plan.
 Reviewing evaluation report
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LAP TEST Performance Test
Name…………………………… ID…………………Date………………
Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to
perform the following tasks within 6 hour. The project is expected from
each student to do it.
Task 1: prepare checklists and materials to collect information for implentaion of land
use plan
Task 2: Prepare monitoring and evaluation report
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LG #21 LO #2- Plan natural area restoration program
Instruction sheet
 Preparing plans and specifications for natural area restoration works

 Ecological restoration theory and techniques
 Selecting natural area restoration techniques to meet management plans
 Identifying factors affecting the timing and method of plant establishment
 Following Steps of strategy for works that are outlined
 Planning protective structures to ensure compliance with OHS and relevant
legislation.
 Selecting and transporting appropriate personnel to natural area restoration sites
 Obtaining appropriate permits/licenses and authorizations
 Sourcing equipment and materials required for natural area restoration work
 Prepare plans and specifications for natural area restoration works

 Understand the ecological restoration theory and techniques
 Select natural area restoration techniques to meet management plans
 Identify factors affecting the timing and method of plant establishment
 Follow Steps of strategy for works that are outlined
 Plann protective structures to ensure compliance with OHS and relevant
legislation.
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 Select and transport appropriate personnel to natural area restoration sites
 Obtain appropriate permits/licenses and authorizations
 Source equipment and materials required for natural area restoration work
being discussed. Ask your trainer for assistance if you have hard time understanding
them.
7. Perform “the Learning activity performance test” which is placed following “Operation
sheets” ,
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Information Sheet 1- Preparing plans and specifications for
natural area restoration works
Preparing and planning’ phase

This phase is likely to involve a series of discussions and meetings to help prepare and
plan the assessment, culminating in a national inception workshop to share the plan and
seek high-level endorsement of the assessment.
Defining the problem and restoration objectives
In initiating an assessment, the best way to start is to identify a problem statement or
specific challenges and a set of higher-order, national or sub-national objectives to
which restoration can make a significant and tangible contribution (see some examples
of these in Box 3 overleaf). You may find that the problems have been defined already
in policy documents, study reports, etc. They would include any major land-use
challenges in your country that result from land degradation, erosion, deforestation,
declining soil productivity and significant climatic events such as flooding or drought.
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Table 8 shows a summary of the main tasks involved in preparing for an assessment.
Table 8.Summary of parameters and questions to consider in planning an assessment
Key parameters Some questions to consider

 Define the problem and  What are the major land-use challenges?
objectives for  How can Restoration help address these challenges?
Restoration in the  How can Restoration contribute to national policies on, for
assessment area example, rural development, food security, natural
resource management, conservation?
 Engage with key partners  Which institution(s) would be most suitable for leading
the assessment?
 Which other institutions should be closely involved?
 What knowledge & skills are needed on the assessment
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team?
 Which in-country individuals can be brought onto the
team?
 Define the specific out-  What are the desired outcomes from the assessment?
puts of the assessment  What can the assessment realistically deliver, given time
and resource constraints?
 Define the geographical  At what scale will the assessment be done (national
scope of the assessment or sub-national)?

 Is this feasible, given the resources available?
 Stratify the assessment  What are the main distinguishing features (in terms of
area restoration-relevant characteristics) between different
parts of the assessment area?
 What are the factors (physical, social, economic)
behind this heterogeneity?
 Can we base the stratification on the area’s agro
ecological zones?
 Identify a preliminary list  What kinds of restoration interventions do we know exist

of potential or are feasible in the area?
 Restoration  Which other kinds of restoration might be possible?
Interventions
 Identify the criteria and  What ecological and socio-economic restoration-

indicators of relevance to relevant factors are we interested in?
the assessment  What spatial data are available on these factors?
 Are other data available that we could use as
proxy indicators?
 Identify a preliminary list  Given the criteria & indicators that have been identified,
of the data required to what data is needed to assess the potential for
conduct the assessment Restoration, & prioritize potential Restoration areas (if
and compile an inventory this is a desired output)?
of all available data  What data is available and where is it?
relevant to the exercise
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 What is its quality and scale? Is the scale appropriate
for the scope of the assessment?
 What major data gaps exist?

 Identify capacity within the  Who has knowledge about the subjects or of specific
assessment team & degraded areas that could assist the assessment team?
potential resource
persons outside the core
team
 Identify which stakeholder  Who has a stake in restoration?
need to be involved, how, When and how to engage them?
and when  Who do we want to keep informed about the progress
and findings of the assessment?
 What is the best way to inform them (individual meetings,
in a workshop setting, via email, in writing, etc.)?
 Inception workshop  What do we want out of this workshop?
 Who should we invite to achieve this?
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
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1. List some of natural hazards and limitations (3pts)

2. List some of symptoms of land-use problems (3pts)
3. List some of social problems in land use (3pts)
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
Test II
1._________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________
Information Sheet 2- Ecological restoration theory and

techniques
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Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
1. List at least four Institutions that involve in communicated for backstopping (4pts)
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Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
Test II
1._________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________
Information Sheet 3- Selecting natural area restoration

techniques to meet management plans
Techniques for rehabilitation

The choice of tools for rehabilitating specific degraded areas depends first on the
priorities and management objectives of stakeholders followed by the costs and benefits
associated with available rehabilitation techniques and the economic, social, and
environmental values of the land resources in their current and desired future states.
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This section reviews rehabilitation techniques which are being used in the agricultural
and forest sectors. These techniques are:
 Natural Regeneration
Natural regeneration involves deliberately protecting degraded land to enhance and
accelerate the natural processes of forest succession in order to re-establish a healthy
and resilient productive – generally a forest – ecosystem. Where land is suited to direct
human use and has not been stripped of topsoil, substantial recovery may be achieved
in as few as 3 to 5 years but more typically may take 20 years. For example in
Shinyanga, Tanzania, a sub-humid area, recovery of an Acacia nilotica ecosystem took
less than 10 years whilst in the more diverse humid ecosystems of West Africa, it takes
between 15 to 20 years depending on the intensity of degradation and the tree species
used. This technique is simple and cheap, though it may be difficult to implement
because of pressure from other land uses especially in highly populated areas.
Uncontrolled grazing can have a major influence. When land has been degraded for a
long period, natural processes are often disturbed and barriers are formed which block
the natural pathways of forest succession. These barriers include: low availability of
native seeds and other propagules on-site, seed and seedling predation, seasonal
drought, root competition, and poor soil conditions. These factors need to be
ameliorated before successful restoration can be attempted. Natural regeneration can
be used in all ecological zones. However, as earlier mentioned, the degree of success
depends on the ecological characteristics of each specific site.
 Assisted Natural Regeneration
An alternative approach to the restoration of degraded lands is to accelerate
regeneration by assisting the natural processes of succession. Assisted natural
regeneration (ANR) involves: cutting or pressing down the weeds around existing
naturally established seedlings, protecting the area from fire and inter planting with
desired species if necessary. ANR differs from 'natural regeneration', as it allows some
human intervention but generally precludes tree planting. For example, in the Maradi
region of central Niger, the Maradi Integrated Development Project has been
encouraging farmers to deliberately protect regenerating bushes and shrubs in their
millet fields whilst in Wukro Woreda, in north eastern Ethiopia, enclosures have been
used as a tool for rehabilitating degraded lands.
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As with natural regeneration, ANR is also simple and cheap to implement. However, it is
important to know what specific factors limit the rate of regeneration of trees in
deforested areas, so that minimum input strategies may be devised to overcome them.
 Enrichment Planting
Enrichment planting is defined as the introduction of valuable species to degraded
forests without the elimination of valuable individuals already present. The technique
includes: line-, strip-, gap- and under- planting. Enrichment planting practice is
intermediate in intensity between natural regeneration and plantations. This technique
has been suggested for restoration of over-exploited primary and secondary forests as it
can increase total tree volume and the economic value of forests. In addition, there are
biological, environmental and economic arguments in favour of enrichment planting.
When compared to other artificial regeneration systems, enrichment planting has the
advantages of mimicking natural gap dynamics and protecting the soil by maintaining
vegetative cover on site. Although enrichment planting is mainly used in the humid zone
for production of timber, it has potential for application in other ecological zones.
The main constraints for the application of this technique include: difficulty in selection
of appropriate species and/or a lack of adherence to sound planting and tending
practices. Others include: insufficient over storey opening prior to planting, insufficient
follow-up tending, pest attacks, labour demand and high costs of establishment and
maintenance of planting in the initial years.
 Plantations
This technique involves planting trees and/or shrubs as single or mixed species on
degraded lands. The main benefit of plantations is to catalyze forest succession in the
under stories, particularly where silvicultural management has been neglected, on sites
where persistent ecological barriers to succession would otherwise preclude
recolonization by native forest species. The catalytic effect of plantations is due to
changes in understory microclimatic conditions, increased vegetation structural
complexity, and development of litter and humus layers that occur during the early years
of plantation growth. These changes lead to increased seed inputs from neighboring
native forests (and sometimes also from nearby exotic or weedy species) by seed
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dispersing agents, suppression of grasses or other light-demanding species that
normally prevent tree seed germination or seedling survival, and improved light,
temperature and moisture conditions for seedling growth.
There is increasing evidence that mixed-species plantations are more effective for
rehabilitation than the use of single-species plantations due to their high potential for
biomass production and attraction to animal seed dispersers as well as increased soil
fertility and soil microbiological activity (Vanclay 1994, Parotta 1999). The inclusion of
promising indigenous tree species along with exotic species would further improve the
ecological stability and sustainability of forest plantations (Yirdaw 2002). Mixed forest
plantations, therefore, should be given serious consideration in the planning and
establishment of rehabilitation programmes.
Major considerations in the use of plantations for rehabilitation include:
• Careful and accurate species/site matching.
• Choice of complementary species in case of mixed species plantations.
• Critical timing of forest management interventions.
• Provision of adequate protection against fire and grazing especially in the savannah
and dry lands.
 Land Rehabilitation Using Agroforestry
Reclamation agroforestry involves two stages. In the first stage, tree and/or shrub
species are introduced on to degraded forestland together with any necessary
mycorrhizal or rhizobial symbionts, with the objective of checking erosion and restoring
soil organic matter and fertility status.
In the second stage, the cover may be selectively removed and agricultural production
introduced. However, time is needed to build-up the enlarged plant-litter-soil nutrient
cycle, a period during which exploitation of the vegetative biomass should be kept low
with necessary protection from grazing etc. The initial tree removal can be along
contour aligned strips, with belts of trees remaining in between, leading by stages
towards hedgerow intercropping (Young, 1989, 1995). Other options include fodder
incorporation along strips or multistory systems (Young, 1989, 1995). Agroforestry
can be practiced in any of the ecological zones. It can be a way to reduce deforestation
or land clearing and to increase crop yields (of food, fodder, fibers etc.) and the diversity
of products grown, but an additional benefit is the creation of a C sink that removes
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CO2 from the atmosphere, or the maintenance of C in existing vegetation and,
therefore, has implications for climatic change . Agroforestry, being one of several
approaches for improving land use, is also frequently invoked as an answer to
shortages of fuelwood, cash income, animal fodder and building materials.
Rehabilitation agroforestry being a new technique for land rehabilitation, constraints are
now gradually emerging and they may be site specific.
 Soil and Water Conservation
Soil and water conservation techniques entail creating structures which improve the
retention of water for plant growth. The structures are generally micro-catchments of
different types including: square, V-shape, W-shape, line barriers and tie-ridging. These
techniques are more suitable for the dry sub-humid and dry land areas, which
experience severe moisture deficits. The techniques are, however, generally labor-
intensive.
 Prescribed burns
Prescribed or controlled burns are important management tools in natural area
restoration. Lightning-caused fire was a regular natural feature in woods, savannas, and
prairies even before the land was settled by humans. Early in the 20th century
intentionally set fires became discouraged by foresters and government agencies, and
by the 1950s were no longer carried out. As a result, natural areas became overrun with
invasive shrubs, to their great detriment.
The demonstration of fire’s utility led to a gradual increase in the use of prescribed
burns throughout the region. In Wisconsin, prescribed fire is now a critical management
tool for organizations such as The Nature Conservancy. Many private landowners also
use fire on a regular basis.
What is a prescribed burn? The term “prescribed burn” refers to a fire that has been
determined to be critical for the management of a specific natural area. All fire is
potentially dangerous, and those conducting a prescribed burn have the responsibility
for insuring that the fire is under control at all times.
The burn is done according to a written and approved plan, the prescription. The plan
describes the objectives of the burn and the expected results. The burn plan specifies,
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either in words or by a map, the parcel of land to be burned, the landowner(s), and
owners of adjacent land not included in the burn. Any considerations of smoke
management will be identified. The burn plan specifies the required governmental
permits, and lists those who must be notified on the day the burn is to take place. The
locations and characteristics of all fire breaks are given, as well as strategies for
containment of fire within the burn unit. Any preparations of the burn unit needed before
the burn can take place should be indicated, including a list of fire sensitive elements
within or near the burn unit that must be protected. The burn plan should state the
personnel needed, as well as their qualifications and duties. The burn plan also lists the
equipment needed to conduct the burn. Smoke management is another factor that must
be clearly spelled out in the written burn plan. The expected progress of the burn should
be stated, and a contingency plan identified for a burn not proceeding as expected.
Requirements for containment of the site after the burn is completed (mop-up) should
be listed. After the burn is completed, a written evaluation of the burn should be made
and included as part of the final documentation for each prescribed burn.
Equipment for prescribed burns: A reliable supply of water is essential, with proper
equipment for spraying water on fires. The simplest equipment is the backpack sprayer
with hand pump, which can be used to spray water directly on a fire. Rakes, shovels,
and flappers can also be used to put out small fires. Even a foot can be used to stamp
out a tiny fire, but for a fire of any significant size, water is essential.
High-pressure spraying equipment mounted on four-wheel drive pickup trucks or all-
terrain vehicles is usually used when large areas are being burned. These spray units
are equipped with high-pressure pumps.
Conducting the burn; before the burn is started, a weather check is made to determine
wind speed and direction, temperature, and relative humidity. Assuming conditions are
favorable, a small test fire is first done to determine how the fuel burns. Lighting is done
with a drip torch. This is a hand-held device consisting of a fuel reservoir, a burner arm,
and an igniter, and is used for dripping burning liquid fuel onto materials to be burned.
Each fire line has at least one drip torch. The fire is always started at a good fire break
on the downwind side of the burn unit.
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Caution although the prescribed burn is one of the most useful tools in ecological
restoration, it must be carried out by trained personnel, and based on a precisely written
burn plan. Fire should not be used casually or without proper thought and direction.
Area demarcation activity (area closure)
As part of their fight against land degradation, communities have started establishing
enclosures, with the hope of preventing further degradation and promoting their re-
vegetation. The main objective of establishing such enclosures is to improve the overall
ecological conditions of degraded areas so that they can provide better socio-economic
benefits and environmental services to the local communities. In this regard, it has
become a common phenomenon to observe increase of plant as well as animal
biodiversity with time after the establishment of enclosures. In areas where they have
been established, particularly in the northern parts of the country, enclosures are among
the green spots with considerable species diversity.
Establishing enclosures is considered advantageous since it is a cheap and lenient
method for the rehabilitation of degraded lands .Despite the fact that enclosure have
proved instrumental in the re-vegetation and rehabilitation of degraded lands,
knowledge on the diversity, sources of propagules and status of regeneration of the
developing flora as well as the actual and potential socioeconomic benefits that can be
derived from such enclosures is lacking. Hence before a nationwide action plan use of
enclosures as a tool of rehabilitation of dry areas was adopted, investigation on their
viabilities and potential was urged.
The difference between the enclosure and open area in terms of their number of
species and ground cover could be attributed to the high level of interference both by
humans and animals in the open area. The open area is used to collect wood and non-
wood products for household consumption, to dig out stone for construction and for
grazing by domestic animals. There was a higher proportion of shrubs in the enclosure
than in the open area, which was rather dominated by trees, suggesting that there is
also an active succession taking place in the enclosure, i.e., high woody plant
recruitment.
Identification and delineation of areas for establishing enclosures together with their
subsequent management, conservation and sustainable utilization; formulation,
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development and implementation of bylaws should be undertaken in close consultation
and active participation of the communities concerned.
Implement rehabilitation and restoration
Analyzing sample soil
The first consideration for any information involving environmental analytical data is
whether the samples adequately represent the site being investigated. The purpose of
environmental sampling and analysis is to obtain a small but informative portion of the
sampling site media being investigated. Seldom is the entire site collected for analysis.
There are almost infinite soil samples that could be taken in most situations. Therefore,
soil samples that are intended to be “representative” of a site are analyzed and
conclusions about that entire site are made based on the data obtained from them. It is
now clear that most of the important and large costs involving decisions are based on
the sampling data, making it essential that these data accurately characterize the
conditions of the actual site.
The primary aim of representative soil sampling is to get accurate data about the soil
quality of a specific site but the ultimate objective is to know the soil characteristics of
the area and implement rehabilitation and restoration.
Soil and existing vegetation in the demarcated area
Develop techniques for the restoration of degraded woodlands, soils and soil moisture
regime;
Soil fertility is improved based on the principle of organic farming (tree/crop residues,
farm yard manure or promotion of short term fallows). Soils at the site must also remain
reasonably intact. If severe erosion has taken place or if fertility has been depleted the
soils may no longer be suitable for the original species and a new community, possibly
exotic species able to tolerate the changed environment, may take over.
Natural vegetation was originally woodland and bush land. However, due to severe
deforestation, many areas turned treeless except for a few species.
Due to over-exploitation of woodlands and especially overgrazing, charcoal production
and firewood collection, recovery of vegetation becomes difficult and slow. Monitoring of
recovery of woodlands was possible after an area had been excluded from grazing for a
period of as short as one to two years. Seedlings of Commiphora, Terminalia and
Acacia species regenerate immediately an area is excluded from animal grazing and
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since these are not browsed, the open areas are fast covered. The success of
vegetation recovery after grazing exclusion is an initially quick re-establishment by a
dense shrubby layer.
The root system of plants used in this strategy provides the protective function to the
soil. For erosion control, the choice of vegetation is relatively wide. Generally, all plants
are capable of providing some degree of protection, whether they are trees, shrubs or
herbs: Shrubs and herbs, grasses and creepers are plant forms for immediate cover
while trees provide the best long-term protection against soil erosion and landslide. A
variety of perennial species are being utilized as hedgerows to stabilize slopes and
prevent soil for further transport downhill.
Indigenous or other selected species is used in the demarcated area to rehabilitate
degraded woodlands and provide alternative sources of fuel wood and income for the
communities.
Selection of species to restore the degraded area
Biological intervention refers to the use of versatile plant species (Single/combination of

species) such that it can overcome many if not most of the problems confronting the
restoration of degraded areas. The species must have the following characteristics:
(a) Ability to survive, adapt and grow normally under harsh condition;
(b) Ability to grow at extremely low/high pH levels;
(c) Potential to grow fast/ increase its biomass;
(d) Tolerate drought and fire;
(e) nitrogen-fixing and/or mycorrhizal associations (bioremediation potential);
(f) Resistance to pests and diseases;
(g) Potential to reproduce even under adverse environment;
(h) Ability to phytoremediation (remove toxic heavy metals from the mine waste areas).
The species should also possess other environmental functions. The so-called bio-
engineering strategy combines vegetative and engineering schemes i.e. planting of
certain species or mix of different plant forms in a methodical manner to provide
structural cover for erosion control, slope stabilization and enhanced drainage system.
Vegetative measures are first choice because they are rather cheap materials, i.e.
more or less four times cheaper engineering structures.
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The basic considerations in the selection of tree species as bio-engineering measure
against soil erosion and landslides are as follows:
a. Plants must grow quickly to establish ground cover, have dense rooting systems and
canopies.
b. Roots and aboveground parts should grow rapidly in order to provide the required
protection as soon as possible (rapid lateral growth of stems, leaves and roots for
erosion control)
c. Plant should possess deep and wide root system for good anchorage in the subsoil.
A dense shallow root system can also be used because of the Matting effect
d. Rapid and dense growth of roots vertically for shallow-seated slope stabilization
e. High root tensile strength and surface roughness for soil reinforcement
f. Plant should produce a large volume of litter to improve the site. Legumes, in
particular, can add considerable amount of nitrogen to the soil through symbiosis with
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
g. Prevent or minimize further transport of eroding materials
h. Plant should form dense and wide spreading crowns or interlocking canopy as early
as possible.
i. Ability to be propagated vegetatively/asexually as large section cuttings as used in
brush layering and as large diameter live poles.
When using a species as live poles for slope stabilization, they must also have the
following features:
• Ability to resist impacts imparted by driving
• Ability to grow long straight branches needed for ease in installation
• Ability to withstand burial and impact by moving slope debris
• Ability to propagate from large section hardwood cutting
• Ability to grow rapidly and well when thickly or closely planted
• Ability to root at depth;
• Ability to grow in water logged condition
• Has relative tolerance to insects & diseases
• Grows into a tree it left unattended
Potential key plant species for restoration or rehabilitation and their Purposes
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• Native species - to enhance biodiversity
• Species attractive to frugivores - to encourage seed dispersal
• Species forming mutualistic - to foster wildlife populations relationships with animals
• Poorly dispersed species - to facilitate their colonization (e.g. large fruit)
• Rare or threatened species - to increase their populations
• Fast-growing species - to occupy site and exclude weeds
• Species tolerant of poor soils - to facilitate rehabilitation
• Nitrogen-fixing species - to improve soil fertility
• Economically or socially - to provide economic “goods” beneficial plants
• Fire tolerant trees - to use in fire-prone landscapes, create new forests or form buffers
around a restored forests
Some situations might require a two-stage approach, with stage one using tolerant,
exotic species to modify the site, facilitating the re colonization of native species in
stage two. For example, the site fertility might be enhanced using a short-lived, exotic,
nitrogen fixer that eventually enables native species to be re-introduced.
Or a saline water table might be lowered using a salt-tolerant exotic species able to
transpire large amounts of water. Once the adverse site conditions were ameliorated,
native species could be replanted. These more complex approaches invariably require
more physical and financial resources as well as a detailed understanding of the
ecological processes involved.
Community participation to implement the rehabilitation
• Participation is given highest priority at all levels and involving all stakeholders in
planning, implementation and benefit-sharing of rehabilitation. Forest rehabilitation
projects should be participatory designed, with the involvement of all relevant
stakeholders and experienced experts in degraded land rehabilitation.
• Participatory planning is essential to successful project implementation. Participatory
processes should be adopted in project planning and implementation to ensure
increased local support and project sustainability;
• Community participation and empowerment through training and awareness creation
in adoption of sound land use practices and capacity building.
The communities formulate local rules and regulations based on traditional norms and
values to manage the demarcated areas. The rules and regulations encompassed
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access to land, rights and responsibilities, bushfire management, harvesting of trees,
species protection and unauthorized encroachment and as a result the vegetation in the
forest has increased.
• Empowerment of local communities for effective participation in rehabilitation requires
the fulfilment of several conditions, including:
a. a functional institutional framework at village level to oversee planning,
implementation and monitoring;
b. Capacity building of communities to enable them implement projects; and
c. Equitable sharing of costs and benefits within communities and between them and
government to give the communities a sense of ownership
Rehabilitation activities of degraded areas
Rehabilitation activities are preceded by stakeholder consultation to enhance
awareness of the causes and consequences of land degradation and of the available
techniques for rehabilitation and their benefits.
Rehabilitation efforts must be preceded by the collection of baseline data on
biophysical and socioeconomic conditions, followed by monitoring of these aspects
during the rehabilitation process.
The Environmental Rehabilitation process should form an integral part of site and
construction activities. The Rehabilitation Specialist should therefore be appointed, and
on-site at the project construction inception. The Rehabilitation Specialist would form an
integral part of the project team, attending regular project site meetings, receiving
Project Meeting Minutes and being kept fully updated regarding the Construction
Programme timeframes and Construction Works sites.
The following descriptions outline the various stages and processes of the
Rehabilitation Programme:
1. Identification and Protection of Environmentally Sensitive Areas;
Areas that have been highlighted as environmentally sensitive in the Biodiversity
Assessment must be identified and the necessary fencing and protection of these areas
initiated.
2. Comprehensive Photographic Record
In order for practical and attainable rehabilitation goals to be defined, it is recommended
that a comprehensive photographic record of the entire pipeline length be created.
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Video footage may also be useful in compiling this pre-construction record. This pre-
construction photographic information would provide an accurate representation of the
entire existing site and it would become a very valuable tool for the Rehabilitation
Works, as it would serve as the basis for rehabilitation requirements, informing
decisions on drainage, soil shaping, levels, plant choices and rehabilitation in general.
3. Search and Rescue Activities
Search and Rescue activities would be initiated as the first stage in the Rehabilitation
process. In line with the project Construction Works Programme, the Rehabilitation
Specialist would identify areas for Search and Rescue activities for viable transplantable
plant material.
Plant material that is to be “rescued” must be potted up into bags utilizing local soil.
Adequate root systems per plant material type must be carefully excavated and retained
in order for plant material to remain viable. Search and Rescue activities would include
the removal of grass clumps, smaller transplantable shrubs and trees, truncheons and
cuttings for larger plant material and seed harvesting.
This process would include subsurface plant material such as bulbs, tubers, root
systems etc. Search and Rescue material must eventually be re-planted as close to the
area of source as possible.
4. Cleared Indigenous Plant Material
This refers to the necessary clearing for construction activities to commence in a
specific area. The indigenous plant material from the construction footprint area could
be collected and bagged to be used as mulch during rehabilitation.
5. Nursery Facilities
The nursery facilities will need to facilitate the effective maintenance of recovered
material for the duration of the contract. Standard horticultural practice would include
among others, fertilization, irrigation and pest control.
One of these nurseries would require a shade close structure for propagation purposes.
In the event that nursery set up were not possible, then an existing nursery or
horticultural facility in close proximity to the study area could be utilized for space rental,
plant maintenance and the temporary storage of the plant material, until such a time as
the plant material is required to be taken back to the source area (Study Area) for re-
planting.
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6. Irrigation of Plant Material
The temporary nurseries would require one water point each, and the Rehabilitation
Works as a whole would also require regular watering. This might necessitate the use of
water carts, or another option might be the extraction of water from streams in the area.
7. Topsoil and Stockpiles
The manner in which topsoil and stockpile are created and maintained is important with
regards to the implementation of a successful rehabilitation process. Depending on the
depth of the topsoil, a recommendation is made to remove between 100 and 200 mm of
topsoil and stockpile it in small mounds. Stockpiling should occur for the shortest
possible time in order to minimize propagule death.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
Test I: Answer the following questions accordingly

Answer the following questions?
1. Define and explain the techniques of rehabilitating? (2 point)
2. What is the objective of area closure? (2 point)
3. Give at list five tree characteristics that are needed for restoring degraded land.
(2 point)
4. What are the conditions required that must be fulfilled for empowerment of local
communities for effective participation in rehabilitation (2 point)
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Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. ._________________________ ________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
Information Sheet 4- Identify factors affecting the timing

and method of plant establishment
Methods of Plantation Establishment

Types of Plantation Establishment
A. Sowing
1. Direct Sowing
Direct sowing to the plantation site is a standard practice with certain species in many
temperate countries. The main advantage is it is cheap and eliminates nursery costs
and all the trouble of raising and planting seedlings. It is however, much less reliable
than planting, and only practiced in conditions where,
 Seeds are plentiful and cheap
 Seeds are not destroyed by birds or insects on planting site
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 Germination under field condition is satisfactory
 The seedlings readily send down a deep taproot and are able to withstand harsh
weather conditions in the weeks and months after germination.
 the growth rate of seedlings from planting is fast enough so that the period of
weeding does not get too long otherwise the economic advantage of direct sawing is
lost.
2. Pit Method
Holes of 30cmx30cm are dug at a spacing of 4meter interval. Holes are refilled with soil
after sowing 3-5 pre-treated seeds in to the furrow.
3. Furrow Method
Furrows are ploughed at 4m intervals 3-5 pre-treated seeds are sown in the furrow at
4m intervals. Careful weeding and protection from browsing are needed after wards.
B. Planting
Time of Planting
Ideally, planting should be done when the soil is sufficiently moist, well below the rooting
depth of the plants. It is safe to start after the rainy season has begun properly. It best to
plant on full cloudy weather, or during the cool hours of the day. Dry, sunny windy days
should be avoided.
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In large parts of Ethiopia rains are erratic and unpredictable. The period and intensity of
rains varies considerably from year to year. Bearing in mind that plants need 1.5 to 2
months of rainy season to develop a root system deep enough to withstand the rigorous
of the dry season, one should always aim at planting as early as reasonably safe. In
humid highlands with long rainy seasons, planting should be so timed that than last
plant is put into the ground two months before the end of the wet season. If planting is
started too late, not only may be difficult to complete a large planting programme in
time, but the plants will lose the maximum benefit of the rains after planting and will not
get properly established by the onset dry season. In drier localities, there is always an
element of gambling in the time of planting; nevertheless, it may be less risky to plant
too early than too late. If the seedlings planted out too early failed, it is possible to
replace them when more rains eventually come.
The importance of early plant cannot be over-emphasized, because in Ethiopia one of
the most common planting mistake is too late planting. The earliest planting date is
commonly determined by digging holes in the planting site and checking how deep the
soil is moistened. 25-30cm deep moisture is regarded as safe for starting of planting,
provided that more rains are expected in a near future.
In some dry areas, planting is commenced after two heavy showers. Both the above
methods depend on the judgment of individuals and, even if the methods can be
reasonably safe with experienced foresters they can be end to errors with inexperienced
ones.
Types of Seedlings
1. Potted Seedlings
If the soil has not been thoroughly cultivated, it is advisable to dig a large hole, 30cm x
30cm, which is then filled after the plant was put in. This would in fact, mean a limited
soil cultivation which helps the plant to seen the roots down in to the surrounding soil.
On site where the soil has been cultivated, it is sufficient to dig a hole a little bigger than
the soil cylinder. In dry areas where termites are not problem, deep planting has been
practiced with some tree species. The planting hole is dug about 25-30 cm deep and
the plant is placed in to it so that 10- 15 cm of the stem above the root collar is covered.
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This helps the plant to get moisture from deeper layers of the ground. It has been
practiced with Eucalyptus. It has also given good results with Pinus patula in Kenya
highlands.
2. Bare Rooted Seedlings
It is recommended that holes are dug in advance for barefooted seedlings, as this
speeds up the actual planting, thus reducing the risk of drying when handled at the time
of planting. The wholes must be deep enough, so that plant roots can be stretched
straight. Under no circumstances can the roots be bent to the “J” shape, as this will
cause the death of plant in some years’ time.
Planting Techniques
The success or failure of plantation depends to great extent on the skill of the planters.
If skilled workers are not available for this work it is advisable to provide training before
planning begins. Proper attention to detail is necessary, for this reason planting is never
given on piecework basis. Planning must be carefully supervised, because careless
work may cause great loss, some of which may become apparent many years later.
There are two main techniques of planting notch and pit planting.
A. Notching
Notching is used only with bare rooted seedlings. In its simplest form it consists of
cutting a slit in the ground with a spade or conical planning hoe. Opening the slit wide
enough to insert the roots of the plant, finally closing the slit by pressing with foot.
This is common technique with small bare rooted seedlings in temperate zones. It could
be applied in planting of bare rooted Eucalyptus on cultivated sites. The important point
is to make the slit deep enough so that roots are stretched straight.
B. Pit Planting
This is the actual planting method both with bare rooted and potted seedlings all over
Africa. Nowadays, in most cases the planting hole is dug slightly larger than the soil
cylinder of the potted plant.
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Bare-rooted seedlings are put into the hole so that their roots are spread in a natural
position. None of the roots should turn upwards; a most common planting mistake is to
squeeze roots in to a tool; small hole. This practice inevitably leads to death, which may
come after some years. Too long roots can be pruned back, but they must never be
squeezed in to abnormal positions in the planting hole.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

1. What are the two types of Seedlings? (2 points)
2. What are the factors affecting the timing of plant establishment? (2 points)
3. What are the factors affecting the method of plant establishment? (2 points)
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1. __________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
Information Sheet 5- Following Steps of strategy for

works that are outlined
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5.1. Analyzing sample soil for Seed bank
The first consideration for any information involving environmental analytical data is
whether the samples adequately represent the site being investigated. The purpose of
environmental sampling and analysis is to obtain a small but informative portion of the
sampling site media being investigated. Seldom is the entire site collected for analysis.
There are almost infinite soil samples that could be taken in most situations. Therefore,
soil samples that are intended to be “representative” of a site are analyzed and
conclusions about that entire site are made based on the data obtained from them. It is
now clear that most of the important and large costs involving decisions are based on
the sampling data, making it essential that these data accurately characterize the
conditions of the actual site.
The primary aim of representative soil sampling is to get accurate data about the soil
quality of a specific site but the ultimate objective is to know the soil characteristics of
the area and implement rehabilitation and restoration.
5.2. Identifying existing species to restore degraded area
Biological intervention refers to the use of versatile plant species (Single/combination of
species) such that it can overcome many if not most of the problems confronting the
restoration of degraded areas. The species must have the following characteristics:
 Ability to survive, adapt and grow normally under harsh condition;
 Ability to grow at extremely low/high pH levels;
 Potential to grow fast/ increase its biomass;
 Tolerate drought and fire;
 nitrogen-fixing and/or mycorrhizal associations (bioremediation potential);
 Resistance to pests and diseases;
 Potential to reproduce even under adverse environment;
 Ability to phytoremediation (remove toxic heavy metals from the mine waste areas).
The species should also possess other environmental functions. The so-called bio-
engineering strategy combines vegetative and engineering schemes i.e. planting of
certain species or mix of different plant forms in a methodical manner to provide
structural cover for erosion control, slope stabilization and enhanced drainage system.
5.3. Soil seed bank test mechanisms
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Soil seed banks of orchids are presumed to be present at population sites (Curtis,
1943;) High a symbiotic germination is another way to “test” for seed viability form the
foundation of rational and integrated methods of weed management. Species of the soil
seed bank showed greater compositional similarity density, we wanted to test these
hypotheses proposed for seed bank characteristics under Methods for seedling
emergence followed van der Valk and Davis (1978). Risk assessments of gene flow are
usually very limited in time and space. Large-scale studies of genetically modified crop
plants, for example, are seldom studied epidemiologically. That is, they are not studied
at the same temporal or spatial scales as they are actually grown (often greenhouse or
test plot scales). This greatly limits their usefulness in application, since the processes
at work may miss important synergistic, antagonistic, and chaotic outcomes, which can
occur in agricultural and other ecosystems. For example, experiments do not allow
much certainty in how genetic material may integrate, persist, and be dispersed.
5.4. Species Selecting potential species
Indigenous or other selected species is used in the demarcated area to rehabilitate

degraded woodlands and provide alternative sources of fuel wood and income for the
communities. Vegetative measures are first choice because they are rather cheap
materials, i.e. more or less four times cheaper engineering structures.
The basic considerations in the selection of tree species as bio-engineering measure
against soil erosion and landslides are as follows:
o Plants must grow quickly to establish ground cover, have dense rooting systems and
canopies.
o Roots and aboveground parts should grow rapidly in order to provide the required
protection as soon as possible (rapid lateral growth of stems, leaves and roots for
erosion control)
o Plant should possess deep and wide root system for good anchorage in the subsoil.
A dense shallow root system can also be used because of the matting effect
o Rapid and dense growth of roots vertically for shallow-seated slope stabilization
o High root tensile strength and surface roughness for soil reinforcement
o Plant should produce a large volume of litter to improve the site. Legumes, in
particular, can add considerable amount of nitrogen to the soil through symbiosis
with nitrogen-fixing bacteria
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o Prevent or minimize further transport of eroding materials
o Plant should form dense and wide spreading crowns or interlocking canopy as
early as possible.
o Ability to be propagated vegetatively/asexually as large section cuttings as used in
brush layering and as large diameter live poles.
Potential key plant species for restoration or rehabilitation
 native species - to enhance biodiversity
 rare or threatened species - to increase their populations
 fast-growing species - to occupy site and exclude weeds
 species tolerant of poor soils - to facilitate rehabilitation
 nitrogen-fixing species - to improve soil fertility
 fire tolerant trees - to use in fire-prone landscapes, create new forests or
form buffers around a restored forests
Some situations might require a two-stage approach, with stage one using tolerant,
exotic species to modify the site, and facilitating the recolonization of native species in
stage two. For example, the site fertility might be enhanced using a short-lived, exotic,
nitrogen fixer that eventually enables native species to be re-introduced.
Or a saline water table might be lowered using a salt-tolerant exotic species able to
transpire large amounts of water. Once the adverse site conditions were ameliorated,
native species could be replanted. These more complex approaches invariably require
more physical and financial resources as well as a detailed understanding of the
ecological processes involved.
5.5. Planning best type and species of trees for afforestation
Forests can be created in different ways. An existing forest reproduces itself naturally, from
seedlings or sprouts by vegetative propagation. This is called natural regeneration. Forests can
also be established by artificial regeneration, either by planting (using seedlings) or by direct
seeding (sowing). Afforestation is forest created on bare land where there have not been
forests for at least 50 years; e.g. afforestation of grass lands.
Planning and selecting species
For planting seedlings on bare land the primary activities will be collecting materials,
preparing seedlings, clearing the site and layout area.
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Digging the holes Hoe an area of about 1 square meter around the planting holes. The
area should be cleared of all vegetation to eliminate competition for nutrients and water.
For containerized forest trees the holes should be about 20-40 centimeters in diameter
and slightly deeper than the length of the container. For fruit trees the hole should be
larger (up to 60 x 60 x 60 cm). The harsher the site, the deeper the holes should be.
For bare-rooted seedlings make sure that the hole is deep enough to allow the taproot
to hang down vertically without bending its tip.
Pile the soil on the sides of the hole without scattering it too much. Loosen, if necessary
with a pickaxe, the bottom of the hole to make it easier for the plant roots to penetrate
the soil.
On favorable sites small bare-rooted seedlings and cuttings may also be planted by just
making a slot with a planting hoe
• Distribution of the seedling to planting site. The supply of plants should be arranged
so that planting is never held up for lack of plants. At the same time, the number of
plants kept in temporary storage near the work site should be as small as possible.
• Carrying out planting
Planting containerized seedlings when planting containerized seedlings, fill topsoil back
into the hole until the hole is as deep as the container. Cut the container open with a
knife or the edge of the hoe and remove the bag. Care should be taken not to break up
the earth ball.
Firm the soil carefully with your hands or with your heel. Do not leave air pockets
around the ball or the plant will dry out and die. Check that the firming is sufficient by
gently pulling the plant. The plant should rest firmly in the ground.
5.6. Enhancing community participation to rehabilitation activity
5.6.1. Implementing sustainable basis of the work plan.

Participation is given highest priority at all levels and involving all stakeholders in
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species protection and unauthorized encroachment and as a result the vegetation in
the forest has increased.
the fulfillment of several conditions, including:
a. A functional institutional framework at village level to oversee planning,
c. Equitable sharing of costs and benefits within communities and between them
and government to give the communities a sense of ownership
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
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Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
Test II
1._________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________
Information Sheet 6- Planning protective structures to

ensure compliance with OHS and
relevant legislation
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In participation of rehabilitation of degraded areas there may be different hazards will
occur. One way to classify the hazard is to think about how likely it is that an injury may
occur. People often use the terms hazard and risk interchangeably, but they are not the
same. Hazard means a thing or condition that may expose a person to a risk of injury or
occupational disease. Risk means a likelihood of injury or occupational disease.
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Any occurrence which results in personal injury,
disease or death, or property damage. OHS is a discipline dealing with the prevention of
work-related injuries and diseases as well as the protection and promotion of the health
of workers.
A. hazard is anything that has the potential to harm the health or Safety of a person.
B. Risk: Risk is the significance of the hazard in terms of likelihood and severity of
any possible injury.
C. Safety: The provision and control of work environment systems and human
behavior which together give relative freedom from those conditions and
circumstances which can cause personal injury, disease or death, or property
damage. Hazardous Substances Any substance that has the potential to harm the
health of persons in the workplace and includes chemicals scheduled under the
Poisons Act, chemicals classified under the Dangerous Goods Act (1975) or
Hazardous Wastes.
Forest fire incidence: Forest fires prediction combines weather factors, terrain, dryness
of flammable items, factors to derive forest fire incident in a logistical regression model,
and built a forest fire ignition probability model.
Factors that influence the degree of risk include:
• The type of exposure, and
• The length of time of exposure to the hazard.
The benefits of assessing and managing risks

The effective systematic management of risks improves worker health and safety, as
well as productivity.
Eliminating and controlling risks in the workplace helps to:
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 prevent and reduce the number and severity of workplace injuries, illnesses and
associated costs
 promote and improve worker health, wellbeing and capacity to work, and
 helps to foster innovation and improve quality and productivity of work.
In conclusion, it is necessary to tie loose ends together and to differentiate hazards,
damage, risk and risk management:
(1) Hazards are defined as "naturally occurring or human-induced process(es) or
event(s) with the potential to create loss, i.e. a general resource of danger". (Smith,
1996:5)
(2) Environmental and socio-political processes may result in detrimental changes in an
individual's and household's assets. While these changes do not result in easily
noticeable losses they result in vulnerability increasing the chance that future hazards
have a disastrous impact.
(3) Damage results from hazards and is defined as any negative impact on assets
and/or the well-being of individuals and groups. Damage is often unevenly spread within
one population. The extent of damage is not only dependent on the severity of the
hazard but also on the vulnerability of the household.
(4) Hazards and the related damage are unpredictable. The culturally and socially
embedded perception of this unpredictability is called uncertainty.
(5) Risk relates to an unpredictable or hardly predictable event which has
consequences that are perceived negatively. Risks are the culturally and socially
embedded perceptions of future possible damage. Risks are neither directly observable
nor are they directly measurable.
(5) Risk minimization is always based on the culturally and socially embedded
assessments and perceptions of past and future damage. The analysis of prior personal
experiences or consensus based models is always a necessary first step for developing
risk minimizing strategies. Risk minimization may be based on conscious decisions or
may be embedded in custom and refers to (a) attempts at eliminating the occurrence of
negatively evaluated events and (b) to strategies to decrease vulnerability and (c) to
limiting the impact of damage once it has occurred.
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In order to prioritize ecosystem services for conservation or restoration, it is necessary
to know in which areas natural habitats have more potential to decrease exposure to
flooding and erosion from sea‐level rise (SLR) and storm surges. This can provide
place‐based information of where the natural habitats shield susceptible populations
from streams and flooding.
A hazard is anything that has the potential to harm the health or safety of a person and
in the case of dangerous goods, includes damage to property.
OHS hazard in rehabilitation of degraded area work place include heavy materials and
equipment, slippery or uneven surfaces, moving machinery and vehicles, solar
radiation, and potential dangers from handling potting media, fertilizers, watering
systems, and spider and insect bites.
The workplace needs to be free from these hazards, therefore all persons on a daily
basis when walking and working around the property, need to be on the look out for
potential hazards and report it.
Selecting and using suitable safety and personal protective equipment (PPE)
Occupational health and safety (OHS) is a discipline dealing with the prevention of
work-related injuries and diseases as well as the protection and promotion of the health
of workers. It aims at the improvement of working conditions and environment.
Occupational health entails the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical and mental health and social well-being of workers in all occupations.
Protective clothing, equipment and appliances are complementary to, not a substitute
for, full instruction, sufficient training and adequate supervision. There are common PPE
in restoration work. These are:
Safety wears:
Closing – the choice of closing is important for the safety of the natural area workers
and has obvious consequences for the working capacity. Ideally, the clothing should
protect the workers from radiant heat, rain, thorns, insect bites etc. It should allow free
movements of the body, permits easy passage of air and perspiration, look attractive
and display bright color for safety purpose.
Boot – primarily they help prevent slipping on rock, logs and unstable slopes, protect
against sharp objects and falling weight.
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Helmets – are especially important for tree felling and tractor operation. Chain saw
operator needs with eye and ear protection.
Gloves – also advisable to protect the workers hand against thorns and harmful plants.
First aid kit At each work site a first aid box should be available containing adhesive
plaster, bandages sterile compressors, triangular bandages, safety pins, and a pair of
scissors, forceps, a disinfectant and a short first aid guide written in local language.
Face musk-a protective mask covering the nose and mouth or nose and eyes. A face
mask is a device that you wear over your face, for example to prevent yourself from
breathing bad air or from spreading germs, or to protect your face when you are in a
dangerous situation.
Sun hat– is a broad-brimmed hat that protects the head and neck from the sun. A sun
hat (also known as the harvest hat or field hat) is a head covering specifically designed
to shade the face and shoulders from the sun. The style of a sun hat can range from
small to large brims. However, as a general guideline, the brim is four to seven inches in
length.
Sun screen lotions are used to protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun.
There are various types of sunscreens available in many forms (e.g., cream, lotion, gel).
When applying sunscreen to the face, be careful to avoid contact with the body. It is
best for infants to stay out of the sun and wear protective clothing (e.g., hats)
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
Test I: Written Test
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next page: 2 points each choice question
1. Eliminating and controlling risks in the workplace helps to:
a. prevent and reduce the number and severity of workplace injuries, illnesses
and associated costs
b. promote and improve worker health, wellbeing and capacity to work, and
c. Helps to foster innovation and improve quality and productivity of work.
d. All
2. Degradation of land is caused by
a. Biotic pressures b. abiotic pressures c. agricultural activities d. all
3. Degradation of land is caused by
a. Risk minimization may be
b. Attempts at eliminating the occurrence of negatively evaluated events and
c. Strategies to decrease vulnerability and
d. Limiting the impact of damage once it has occurred. D. All
4. Which one of the following is not a Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in
restoration work?(2 points) A) Clothing B) Helmet C) Chain saw D)
Earmuffs
5. ___________is a device that you wear over your face.(2 points)
A. Sun screen lotions B. Sun hat C. First aid kit D. Face musk
6. Write the differences between risk and hazards.(6 points)
7. List Factors that influence the degree of risk (4 points)

Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1. __________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________
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6. . _________________________________________________
7. .__________________________________________________
Information Sheet 7- Selecting and transporting

appropriate personnel to natural area
restoration sites
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Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
Test II
1._________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________
Information Sheet 9 - Obtaining appropriate permits/

licenses & authorizations
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Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
Test II
1._________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________
Information Sheet 10- Sourcing equipment & materials

required for natural area restoration work
Selecting and preparing natural area restoration tools, equipment and machinery
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The choice of tools for rehabilitating specific degraded areas depends first on the
priorities and management objectives of stakeholders followed by the costs and benefits
associated with available rehabilitation techniques and the economic, social, and
environmental values of the land resources in their current and desired future states.
These include: Fertilizers, seeds, site cultivation tools, vehicles and wheelbarrow.
Fertilizers- is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that
is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to
the growth of plants.
Figure 4: Sources:https://www.slideshare.net/RochelleNato/lesson-1-use-of-farm-tools-and-equipment
Seeds- A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering. The

formation of the seed is part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the
spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.
Site cultivation tools used for earth work
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Vehicles-A vehicle is a machine that transports people or load. Vehicles include
wagons, bicycles, motor vehicles (motorcycles, cars, trucks)
Wheelbarrow-A wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one
wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the
rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind. The term "wheelbarrow" is
made of two words: "wheel" and "barrow."
Carrying out pre-operational checks on tools, equipment and machinery

No plan of action can be put into place before a risk assessment has been performed.
The risk assessment provides a baseline to protect assets, these include the tools,
equipment and machinery required to rehabilitate and restore the degraded areas,
against various threat. So before undertaking any of the operations the tools and
equipment should be checked for the safety of the tools and the worker.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
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Self-Check -6
Written Test
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
1. What is purpose of wheelbarrow? (3pts)
2. List some materials and tools used for restoration and Rehabilitation Program.
(3pts)
3. What is purpose of pre-operational checks on tools, equipment and machinery?
(3pts)
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1. __________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
LG #22 LO #3- Monitor natural area restoration works
Instruction sheet
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 Making observations according to natural area restoration plans
 Making a checks to a prepared site
 Checking plant materials, machinery and equipment to ensure natural area
restoration plan
 Undertaking/ performing natural area restoration works
 Monitoring natural area restoration works to ensure remedial action
 Conforming OHS management to legislative requirements
 Make observations according to natural area restoration plans
 Make a checks to a prepared site
 Check plant materials, machinery and equipment to ensure natural area
restoration plan
 Undertake/ perform natural area restoration works
 Monitor natural area restoration works to ensure remedial action
 Conform OHS management to legislative requirements
being discussed. Ask your trainer for assistance if you have hard time
understanding them.
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Information Sheet 1- Making observations according to
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natural area restoration plans
Observing safety procedures and practices
Service-specific safe work procedures may need to be developed on the basis of

particular hazards and identified when undertaking the risk assessment. Some of the
Safe work practices and procedures;
Details of how workplace health and safety inspections will be undertaken during the
contract, considering:
– Checklists to be used – frequency of inspections
– Team members, and action of inspection findings Following policies and

precautions
Details of hazard reporting procedures for the contract, including hazard report forms,
and details of specific activities or areas targeted for inspection of. Plant, hazardous
materials or electrical safety.
Safe work practices are generally written methods outlining how to perform a task with
minimum risk to people, equipment, materials, environment, and processes. Safe job
procedures are a series of specific steps that guide a worker through a task from start to
finish in a chronological order.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I short answer

next page:
1. What considers the details of how workplace health and safety inspections will be
undertaken during the contract,?(4pts))
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Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1. _____________________________________________________
Information Sheet 2 Making a checks to a prepared site
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a. Conducting area demarcation activities
The external boundary must be evident:
I. It defines areas and boundaries with respect to the adjacent landholder; this is
especially important where degraded land, agriculture, grazing and grass burning
are practiced;
II. It takes a legal claim to avoid unsuspecting trespass or theft;
III. In the few years after planting, trees are not always obvious and a well-defined
boundary will lessen the chance of mistakes and accidents.
Where exactly the planting takes place especially the boundary of it is crucial factor in
social and community forestry projects. Involvement of local people in these discussions
is excellent people’s participation and encourages their commitment.
Boundaries should be defined and marked using beams which may be durable wooden
poles, stones or concrete pillars. The poles should be between 1.5 to 2 m tall.
Continuous line of live trees or shrubs can also be used as boundary. These trees or
shrubs should be fast growing and distinctively different from surrounding forest
vegetation.
Plantation boundaries are frequently marked by a stout fence, which is erected for
protection purposes. Where protection is not needed some permanent marking, such as
concrete pillars should be erected at least at corners and changes of direction.
Figure 5: Planting trees and shrubs on demarcated area
i. Site closure activities
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 Area closure is a very low input conservation measure because the only thing that is
practice is to prohibit livestock & human interference.
 It is a passive restoration when no action is taken except to cease environmental
stressors such as agriculture or grazing.
 The main objective is to improve the ground vegetation cover of degraded land by
natural regeneration
 There is no tree plantation what is done is to close the area from 3 to 5 years until
80% of the natural vegetation attain.
 In need a very tight willingness of the community for its effectiveness.
 After the natural vegetation attain 80% it is possible to use with proper management.
 If the enclosure diversity is very low enrichment plantation is possible but the
species should be more of local rather than exotic.
 Mostly this is a good conservation for marginal lands.
ii. Site demarcation procedure

All we can do for now is to rehabilitate certain ecological functions, through
reconstruction of ecological structures on a limited basis, which were lost by
environmental degradations.
Agro ecological condition includes: climate, soil, physiography, and biotic factors to be
assessed. The species selection first must be adapted to the site condition. The climate,
soil, and biotic factors affect the growth and performance of trees shrubs and other
forms of vegetation directly while the physiographic factors affect the climate and the
soil thus affect the vegetation From the point of view of selecting species for
rehabilitation systems, several climatic parameters should be considered, such as
annual rain fall, humidity, number of rainy days, mean minimum and mean maximum
with extreme range of temperature.
Along with ecological criteria such as biodiversity richness and the extent of
fragmentation and degradation selecting rehabilitation target zones according to
topographic criteria. They regard the following landscape types as particularly
appropriate for Restoration: riparian and steep areas, saline or water-logged areas,
mining sites, habitats of particular species, buffer zones around protected areas,
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corridors between protected areas and forest fragments, buffer strips within and around
plantations, and over logged or secondary re-growth forests and other degraded areas.
iii. Developing map

The pre planting survey is a detailed study of the rehabilitation area to enable a
manager or villager:
• To decide what land should be left unplanted for protection, conservation, landscape
or amenity reasons;
• To select species for planting by site type;
• To determine what ground preparation is required;
• To consider possible harvesting systems;
• To plan internal lay outs of roads, ridge, firebreaks and location of water points, depots
etc. taking in to account (I) to (IV) above.
The pre-planting survey differs from a general site evaluation survey to assess
afforestation potential in that it is more detailed study of a particular area to be planted.
Of course, the pre-planting survey will include relevant data from the site evaluation
work, which normally have preceded it.
Information such as terrain, drainage, soils, vegetation caver, communication, services,
and special factors, which may preclude planting, is collected in an orderly way. This will
be done by systematic sampling of the land, study of aerial photographs, discussion
with former owners, local people and through contact with local or regional government
officer. The information is presented both in written and in map form. A convenient map
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scale is 1:10,000, which can accommodate most details normally required for planning
plantation establishment.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I short answer

next page: 2 points each
1. The external boundary must be evident:
a. It defines areas and boundaries with respect to the adjacent landholder
b. It takes a legal claim to avoid unsuspecting trespass or theft
c. In the few years after planting, trees are not always obvious and a well-
defined boundary will lessen the chance of mistakes and accidents.
d. All
2. The pre planting survey is a detailed study of the rehabilitation area to enable a
manager or villager:
a. To decide what land should be left unplanted for protection, conservation
b. To select species for planting by site type
c. To determine what ground preparation is required
d. All
3. A convenient map scale is A. 1:5,000 B. 1:10,000C. 1:250,000D.1:50,000
4. One of following landscape types is appropriate for selecting forest landscape
rehabilitation. A. riparian and steep areas B. saline or water-logged areas
C. mining sites, habitats of particular species D. All
Score = ___________

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Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________
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Information Sheet 3- Checking plant materials, machinery
& equipment to ensure natural area
restoration plan
Sometimes the easiest way to restoration of an area is to protect the plants that are
there and encourage seeds in the ground (soil bank) to grow. Wind, water, and rain will
naturally spread seeds and help regenerate an area. This process can be slow but
require little expertise and resources. This type of restoration works best where there
are few weeds, little soil erosion and plenty of mature native plants around to spread
their seed. Weed management will be very important. However if the area is in bad
condition and there are few plants left, then re-vegetation/restoration will not occur
naturally. In which case planting seedling or using direct seeding will be needed.
Checking Planting materials
Collecting Nursery Planting Materials

For any reforestation project, producing seedling is the primary activity. To produce
seedlings, we commonly use various types of planting materials. These are:
a) Seeds b) vegetative materials (cuttings)
a. What is a seed?
A seed is a matured ovule which is the result of fertilization of the egg in the ovary with
pollen grains. In short, seed is a part of a plant from which a new plant of the same
species can grow.
Advantages of seeds are: Disadvantages of seeds
 It is easy to store and transport.  difficulty of germination
 It is cheap and convenient method of raising large  slow to reach maturity
number of plants.
 Seedlings are often more robust than their parents.
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Determining the required type of planting materials
1) Where to get seed?
Most planting stock is raised from seed and successful tree raising and growing depend
on: the right kind of seed (provenance); good quality; sufficient amount; available at the
right time
2) Seed can be obtained from distributors or collected locally.
In many countries, forest seed centres have been established in forest service,
universities, or research institutes. Sometimes, seeds are sold by commercial firms, or
available from other nurseries projects. Any seed distributor must provide information
on the species, when where and from what type of parent trees the seeds were
collected, If the needed seeds are not available from distributors, it may be possible to
collect them locally. To do this, the right place and good parent trees have to be
selected. One should also know when the trees will bear fruit.
Factors contributing the success of propagation by seeds

A. The seed must produce the particular variety or species
B. The seed must be available
C. Dormancy conditions of the seed must be broken.
Selections of seed as planting materials

In selection of good parent plant (mother tree), we have to consider the following points,
For instance, when seed is used as planting materials.
☆ Straight and vigorous growing
☆ Resistance to disease
☆ Productive
☆ Free from disease
☆ Possess all the qualities of growth need
☆ Well adapted to the cultural methods and climate of the area.
☆ Should be healthy which produce healthy offspring
☆ Select parent plants which produce only well-ripened fruit.
Which characteristics to be looked for in the selection of plant trees will depend on
the purpose of the plantation?
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☆ Straight plants are important for construction wood or timber
☆ For fuel wood production—fast growth and ready coppicing matter more.
☆ Ample leaf-production and good regeneration after picking or pruning are
essential in fodder frees and shrubs.
Choosing the right species is not the end for achieving goals. The seed tree should be
grown on an environment, which is similar as to be planted on; therefore, the right
provenance is essential.
E.g. high altitude seeds to high altitude planting site or seed from low land to low land
planting site
b) vegetative materials (cuttings)
Apart from sowing seeds, nursery plants can also be propagated be by asexual
methods. There are different methods of vegetative propagation. There are: cuttings;
grafting; layering; tissue culture; using special production techniques (stumps,
coppicing)
The advantage of vegetative propagation is that there is more likelihood of disease
being transmitted from the parent to the new individuals than the case with seeds.
We use vegetative propagation when:
 There is difficulty to obtain seeds or when production from seeds is difficult or
impossible.
 There is a need to multiply/ reproduce materials of high genetic quality or for
introducing genetically superior tree species in a short time.
 There is a need to conserve gene pools of rare or endangered species.
 To meet desired production goal (e.g. high yield quality)
 It is sometimes easier, more rapid, and economical than using seeds.
Cuttings:
 Cuttings are sections of stems, roots, branches, or twigs gathered from suitable
mother trees or shrubs.
 Many species can be propagated by stems or root cuttings. The most important
characteristics are the ability of regenerating root quickly. It will grow into a new
individual plant after planting.
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 But exclusive propagation from cuttings cannot be recommended for large-scale
reforestation programmes, because the production cost is relatively high.
 Many species can be easily propagated from cuttings
—Hibuscus(China rose)
—Euphorpia parcarima ornamental plants.
—Bougainvillea
The ability of cuttings reproducing depends on:
 species
 age of trees (young trees produce roots more rapidly than old ones)
 Age of branches from which the cuttings are made (lateral sheets& particularly
their basic parts appear to root better).
 Use the root inducing hormones
 Condition of the rooting medium
 Healthiness of the parent tree. etc.
Cuttings are best obtained from young vigorous mother trees. The younger the mother
plant, the faster the formation of new roots.
Techniques of preparing cuttings

 Prepare a year old cuttings preferably but not too juvenile, length of 10~30 ㎝ ,
and diameter of 0.3~2㎝.
 Leave two or three leaves near the tip. There should be at least a bud, a shoot
and the part to be inserted as root.
 Insert about two-thirds of the length into the growing medium in inclined position.
 It needs to be applied growth hormones: auxins such as Naphtaline Acetic Acid
(NAA); Indole Acitic Acid (IAA) and Indale Butric Acid (IBA); identify the most
appropriate hormones, the concentration and the application methods of
complete fertilizers may be needed.
 Moist the growing medium and the shade which gradually decreases. In pure
sand medium, an application of dilute liquid fertilizers is needed.
 Cuttings are ready for potting or transplanting when the roots have reached a
length of 3~5㎝. Thereafter, they can be treated as ordinary seedlings.
Machinery & equipment to ensure natural area restoration plan
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Ways of organizing tools
 purchasing all the tools (once or gradually)
 making some of the tools from local available materials (e.g. spades, measuring
rods, stakes…etc
 handling of tools properly.
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‘
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Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I short answer
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer Sheet
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1. _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Test II
1. _______________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _____________________________________
Information Sheet 4- Undertaking/ performing natural area

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restoration works
Natural area restoration work can be performed in different ways. An existing forest
reproduces itself naturally, from seedlings or sprouts by vegetative propagation. This is
called natural regeneration. Forests can also be established by artificial regeneration,
either by planting (using seedlings) or by direct seeding (sowing). Afforestation is forest
created on bare land where there have not been forests for at least 50 years; e.g.
afforestation of grass lands.
Planning and selecting species
For planting seedlings on bare land the primary activities will be collecting materials,
preparing seedlings, clearing the site and layout area.
Digging the holes Hoe an area of about 1 square meter around the planting holes. The
area should be cleared of all vegetation to eliminate competition for nutrients and water.
For containerized forest trees the holes should be about 20-40 centimeters in diameter
and slightly deeper than the length of the container. For fruit trees the hole should be
larger (up to 60 x 60 x 60 cm). The harsher the site, the deeper the holes should be.
For bare-rooted seedlings make sure that the hole is deep enough to allow the taproot
to hang down vertically without bending its tip.
Pile the soil on the sides of the hole without scattering it too much. Loosen, if necessary
with a pickaxe, the bottom of the hole to make it easier for the plant roots to penetrate
the soil.
On favorable sites small bare-rooted seedlings and cuttings may also be planted by just
making a slot with a planting hoe
• Distribution of the seedling to planting site. The supply of plants should be

arranged so that planting is never held up for lack of plants. At the same time, the
number of plants kept in temporary storage near the work site should be as small as
possible.
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• Carrying out planting
Planting containerized seedlings when planting containerized seedlings, fill topsoil back
into the hole until the hole is as deep as the container. Cut the container open with a
knife or the edge of the hoe and remove the bag. Care should be taken not to break up
the earth ball.
Firm the soil carefully with your hands or with your heel. Do not leave air pockets
around the ball or the plant will dry out and die. Check that the firming is sufficient by
gently pulling the plant. The plant should rest firmly in the ground.
Implementing sustainable basis of the work plan.
Participation is given highest priority at all levels and involving all stakeholders in


species protection and unauthorized encroachment and as a result the vegetation in the
forest has increased.

the fulfillment of several conditions, including:
a. A functional institutional framework at village level to oversee planning,

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c. Equitable sharing of costs and benefits within communities and between them
and government to give the communities a sense of ownership
Implementing rehabilitation and restoration
This section reviews rehabilitation techniques which are being used in the agricultural
and forest sectors.
 Natural Regeneration
Natural regeneration involves deliberately protecting degraded land to enhance and

accelerate the natural processes of forest succession in order to re-establish a healthy
and resilient productive – generally a forest – ecosystem. Where land is suited to direct
human use and has not been stripped of topsoil, substantial recovery may be achieved
in as few as 3 to 5 years but more typically may take 20 years.
This technique is simple and cheap.
Disadvantages:
• Uncontrolled grazing can have a major influence.
• When land has been degraded for a long period, natural processes are often
disturbed and barriers are formed which block the natural pathways of forest
succession. These barriers include: low availability of native seeds and other
propagules on-site, seed and seedling predation, seasonal drought, root competition,
and poor soil conditions. Natural regeneration can be used in all ecological zones.
However, as earlier mentioned, the degree of success depends on the ecological
characteristics of each specific site.
 Assisted Natural Regeneration
An alternative approach to the restoration of degraded lands is to accelerate

regeneration by assisting the natural processes of succession. Assisted natural
regeneration (ANR) involves: cutting or pressing down the weeds around existing
naturally established seedlings, protecting the area from fire, area closures etc. ANR
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differs from 'natural regeneration', as it allows some human intervention but generally
precludes tree planting. For example, in WukroWoreda, in north eastern Ethiopia,
enclosures have been used as a tool for rehabilitating degraded lands.
As with natural regeneration, ANR is also simple and cheap to implement. However, it is
important to know what specific factors limit the rate of regeneration of trees in
deforested areas, so that minimum input strategies may be devised to overcome them.
o Area closure
 Area closure is a very low input conservation measure because the only thing that
is practice is to prohibit livestock & human interference.
 It is a passive restoration when no action is taken except to cease environmental
stressors such as agriculture or grazing.
 The main objective is to improve the ground vegetation cover of degraded land by
natural regeneration
 There is no tree plantation what is done is to close the area from 3 to 5 years until
80% of the natural vegetation attain.
 In need a very tight willingness of the community for its effectiveness.
 After the natural vegetation attain 80% it is possible to use with proper
management.
 If the enclosure diversity is very low enrichment plantation is possible but the
species should be more of local rather than exotic.
 Mostly this is a good conservation for marginal lands.
 Enrichment Planting
Enrichment planting is defined as the introduction of valuable species to degraded

forests without the elimination of valuable individuals already present. The technique
includes: line-, strip-, gap- and under- planting. Enrichment planting practice is
intermediate in intensity between natural regeneration and plantations. This technique
has been suggested for restoration of over-exploited primary and secondary forests as it
can increase total tree volume and the economic value of forests. In addition, there are
biological, environmental and economic arguments in favour of enrichment planting.
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When compared to other artificial regeneration systems, enrichment planting has the
advantages of mimicking natural gap dynamics and protecting the soil by maintaining
vegetative cover on site. Although enrichment planting is mainly used in the humid zone
for production of timber, it has potential for application in other ecological zones.
The main constraints for the application of this technique include: difficulty in selection
of appropriate species and/or a lack of adherence to sound planting and tending
practices. Others include: insufficient over storey opening prior to planting, insufficient
follow-up tending, pest attacks, labour demand and high costs of establishment and
maintenance of planting in the initial years.
 Plantations
- Direct seeding and

- Seedling planting
This technique involves planting trees and/or shrubs as single or mixed species on
degraded lands. There is increasing evidence that mixed-species plantations are more
effective for rehabilitation than the use of single-species plantations due to their high
potential for biomass production and attraction to animal seed dispersers as well as
increased soil fertility and soil microbiological activity (Vanclay 1994, Parotta 1999). The
inclusion of promising indigenous tree species along with exotic species would further
improve the ecological stability and sustainability of forest plantations (Yirdaw 2002).
Mixed forest plantations, therefore, should be given serious consideration in the
planning and establishment of rehabilitation programmes.
Major considerations in the use of plantations for rehabilitation include:

• Careful and accurate species/site matching.
• Choice of complementary species in case of mixed species plantations.
• Critical timing of forest management interventions.
• Provision of adequate protection against fire and grazing especially in the
savannah and dry lands.
 Land Rehabilitation Using Agroforestry
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Trees may be grown in farmer's field while crops are grown in the under storey. The
trees might be dispersed widely or spaced systematically. The practice of raising trees
dispersed on cropland may be based on protection and management of existing trees or
it may involve planting of new trees.
 In many drier parts of Ethiopia this kind of agroforestry is common. Species

commonly used for this purpose is Acacia albida, Balanitesaegyptica and Croton
machrostachys in higher altitudes and rainfall areas. Even exotic species such as
Leucocephala, Sesbaniasesban, Grevillaerobusta and Calliandracalothyrsus can be
used for this purpose in the higher rainfall areas. An advantage of this system is that,
these trees produce leaves during dry season, which can be used as livestock fodder.
In addition they pump up nutrients such as phosphorus from deeper layers of the soil.
Through their nitrogen fixation capacity they improve the soil fertility and growth
performance of most crop species especially that of sorghum and maize. However it is
important that the trees are regularly managed through pruning, lopping, pollarding or
coppicing before the growth season of the crops.
Reclamation agroforestry involves two stages. In the first stage, tree and/or shrub
species are introduced on to degraded forestland together with any necessary
mycorrhizal or rhizobialsymbionts, with the objective of checking erosion and restoring
soil organic matter and fertility status.
In the second stage, the cover may be selectively removed and agricultural production
introduced. However, time is needed to build-up the enlarged plant-litter-soil nutrient
cycle, a period during which exploitation of the vegetative biomass should be kept low
with necessary protection from grazing etc. The initial tree removal can be along
contour aligned strips, with belts of trees remaining in between, leading by stages
towards hedgerow intercropping (Young, 1989, 1995). Other options include fodder
incorporation along strips or multi-storey systems (Young, 1989, 1995).
 Soil and Water Conservation

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Soil and water conservation techniques entail creating structures which improve the
retention of water for plant growth. These techniques are more suitable for the dry sub-
humid and dry land areas, which experience severe moisture deficits. The techniques
are, however, generally labor-intensive.
Control Measures
Soil conservation measures can be grouped as follows:

 Biological/agronomic
 Physical/mechanical
Biological /Agronomic SWC techniques
Biological soil conservation can be defined as a set of conservation practices, which by

the adequate cover of the soil surface, the recirculation of organic matter and nutrient,
as well as the establishment of vegetative barrier across the slope, prevent soil moisture
loss, improve soil properties and maintain ( restore) the productivity and stability of the
agro ecosystem. Wherever possible, biological conservation measures must be
interacted with physical structures and mutually benefit one from the other. In general it
can be called as conservation farming which can improve the stability, productivity,
sustainability and equitability of cropping systems in dry lands. It includes several
practices aimed at improved vegetation cover and improved soil structure for erosion
control.
1. Contouring /contour farming or contour ploughing:- is the method of applying

agricultural practices (tillage, seeding - - -) along the contour (across the slope) rather
than up and down slopes.
2. Strip cropping:- is a cropping practice where strip of forage and food crops are
alternately established or it is a system of establishing more than one crop in alternate
strips( E.g. Row crops: erosion permitting crops, are alternately planted with close
growing crops : erosion permitting crops ) following certain pattern for definite purpose.
3. Tillage Practice /Zero tillage
4. Mechanical soil and water conservation measures

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 Bunds
 Terraces
 Trenches
 Ditches
Common soil conservation practices for cultivated land
A risk of erosion exists on a cultivated land from the time trees, bushes and grass are
removed.
A risk of erosion on cultivated land occurs by:
-using too steep slopes for cultivation/farming
-cultivating up and down the slope
-continuous use of land for the same crop without fallow or rotation
-inadequate fertility and organic content
Conservation strategies are aimed at establishing and maintaining good ground cover. If
the various mechanical protection structures are designed properly, they can effectively
check runoff unless they are overtopped and broken. But soil conservation relies
strongly on agronomic methods combined with soil management while mechanical
measures play a supporting role.
Soil conservation practices on cultivated land include:
Agronomic practices soil management Mechanical

 Organic content improvement  conservation tillage  Terraces
 multiple cropping  land classification
 cover cropping for  waterways
 strip cropping efficient utilization of farm resources
 crop rotation  cutoff drain
 grass strip
 contour farming
 mulching
Self-Check –4 Written test
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
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Test I short answer
next page:
1.________________is given highest priority at all levels and involving all stakeholders
in planning, implementation and benefit-sharing of rehabilitation(3 pts)
2._____________is defined as the introduction of valuable species to degraded forests

without the elimination of valuable individuals already present. (2points)
3._____________is a very low input conservation measure because the only thing that
is practice is to prohibit livestock & human interference.(2points)
4. List some agronomic and mechanical practice of soil and water conservation. (5pts)
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer Sheet
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________
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Information Sheet 5- Monitoring natural area restoration
works to ensure remedial action
Rehabilitation activities are preceded by stakeholder consultation to enhance

awareness of the causes and consequences of land degradation and of the available
techniques for rehabilitation and their benefits.
Rehabilitation efforts must be preceded by the collection of baseline data on
biophysical and socioeconomic conditions, followed by monitoring of these aspects
during the rehabilitation process.
The Environmental Rehabilitation process should form an integral part of site and
construction activities. The rehabilitation specialist should therefore be appointed, and
on-site at the project construction inception. The Rehabilitation Specialist would form an
integral part of the project team, attending regular project site meetings, receiving
project meeting Minutes and being kept fully updated regarding the Construction
Programme timeframes and Construction Works sites.
Regular monitoring will be needed to check that the restoration activities are going well.
Replace dead plant as soon as possible. Weed management is the most important job.
Weeding should occur regularly. How often depend on how bad the weed are. Even
when the site is well restored the site should be checked a few times a year and spot
weeding done to keep any new weeds under control. Managing fire is also important
and firebreaks will need to be properly maintained.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I short answer

next page:
1. What is the importance of follow up??(3 pts)
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.
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer Sheet
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1. _____________________________________________________
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Information Sheet 6- Conforming OHS management to
legislative requirements
OHS (Occupation health and safety) requirements may include: use Personal protective
equipment (PPE); apply first aid; firefighting equipment; follow safety procedure during
operating and maintaining machines
Organizational safety policies and procedures, and may include:
 Personal protective equipment (PPE) is protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other

garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection.
Figure 6: Lists of Personal protective equipments
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Personal protective equipment ("PPE") designed to withstand water and high
temperatures, such as
o Bunker gear, including turnout jacket and pants
o Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
o Helmet, face mask and/or visor; climbing helmets
o Safety boots, gloves, and Nomex and Carbon flash hoods
 Head protection: Hard hat
 Foot protection
Wear leather boots with ankle protection.for utility line clearance work
 Hand protection
Wear gloves to protect against cuts, vibration, cold, harmful vegetation(thorn)
 Eye and face protection
Wear -approved eye and face protection for utility line clearance work
 First aid equipment
A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment that is used to give medical
treatment. There is a wide variation in the contents of first aid kits based on the
knowledge and experience of those putting it together, the differing first aid
requirements of the area where it may be used, and variations in legislation or
regulation in a given area.
First aid kits may be kept in cloth bags or plastic or metal boxes. They are often labeled
with a symbol such as those on the upper right. A first aid kit may contain many items,
but basic items that can help with first aid include:
 Gloves for the helper's hands made of vinyl, latex or nitrile to protect the helper's
hands from blood
 Dressings of cloth that can be put on wounds to stop bleeding, much like gauze
pads or sanitary napkins
 Bandages of gauze or cloth which hold dressings tightly over wounds; but these
are in rolls
 Rolls of tape to hold on dressings and bandages
 Scissors that can be used to cut tape, to open clothing and to make more
bandages and dressings
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 CPR masks or barriers to make it sanitary for a helper to breathe into someone's
mouth, which is one part of CPR
 Blanket made of cloth or Mylar ("space blanket") to cover a sick or hurt person to
keep them warm
 A small first aid book which shows how to do first aid and reminds people who
have been trained
 Adhesive strips (a small piece of tape with a bit of cloth in the center), special
dressings such as moleskin for blisters, and antiseptic creams for small wounds
 Tweezers to remove stingers, splinters and thorns
Figure 7: Pictures of first aid equipment

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 Firefighting equipment
Firefighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and extinguish significant
unwanted fires in buildings, vehicles, and woodlands.
1. Rakes – these have been purchased to provide a basic hand tools
2. Shovel – is use fuel firefighting tools.
3. Brush hook- can be very useful for clearing a line through heavy under growth .the
recommended types should have a long handled and a curved blade, 12-15inches
long by 3 inches wide, and sharpened both side.
4. Axes – a necessary piece of equipment
5. Water bags- personal water bags should be carried out by each tanker.
6. Miscellaneous tools- a locked tools box containing hammer, pliers, wire cutters,
shifting spanner, files, and sharpening stone.
7. Firefighting chemical – ammonium, ammonium sulphate, with corrosion inhibitors
and thickening agent added are manufactured.
8. Water tanker – tanker with 200 capacities should be used for initial attack. These
tankers may be equipped with tanks and pumping equipment which can be removed
but they should be fitted up at the start of the fire season and remain as a single
purpose vehicle throughout the fire season.
Figure 8: Commonly used Firefighting equipment

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Priorities during an emergency in a working environments are:- personal safety, hazard
control, asset control. The first priority is to ensure that all people who may be in danger
are warned, and that action is taken to guarantee their safety, before any steps are
taken to eliminate or minimize the hazard or to secure assets. Employers are
responsible for providing a healthy and safe work environment for their employees.
OHS are to be in accordance with Federal and Regional Legislation and regulations,
and organizational safety Policies and procedures. The workplace fire precautions
legislation brings together existing health and safety and fire legislation to form a set of
dedicated fire regulations with the objective to achieve a risk appropriate standard of fire
safety for persons in the workplace.
It is important to ensure that: use tools only for the purpose it was designed for; ensure
that you are at a safe distance from the fire accident (incident); train students to use
tools in the correct way; excessive stores, unused equipment, waste material and
rubbish are removed; intercommunication equipment is checked regularly and is
operated correctly because the dangers of substandard, poorly maintained or wrongly
utilized electrical equipment creates the need to ensure it; fire equipment is maintained
regularly; fire extinguishers are in place and are properly mounted on brackets;
Arrangements should be made to ensure a telephone is available in a place of safety in

order to call the Fire Service in the event of fire. Escape predominantly without the use
of a key, should be possible from all parts of a workplace to a place of safety in fresh
air.
The principle of the Regulations and the risk assessment approach, is goal based and
flexible to employer’s needs. The employer generates the risk in workplaces, therefore,
to safeguard the safety of employees, the employer must:
• Identify hazards and people at risk
• Remove or reduce the hazards
• Manage the remaining risks to acceptable levels by: Ensuring that all occupants
are alerted and can leave the premises safely in the event of fire.
- Reducing the probability of a fire starting
- Limiting the effects should a fire occur.
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If however, the premises are not in accordance with the above categories and are
classified as a high risk, further action will be necessary and an action plan should be
produced and implemented based on the complexity, size, occupancy and
consequential risks. The employer can enlist the help of other persons who have the
necessary experience or skills (ie. competence) to carry out part or all of the risk
assessment.
Self-check 1 Written test
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I Short Answer Questions

4. List some of the requirements OHS may include? (2pts)
5. What are the basic items first aid kid commonly includes? (2pts)
6. What are the priorities during an emergency in a working environments? (2pts)
Test II Write true if the statement is correct and false if statement is incorrect
3. The first step in a firefighting operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of
the fire and to identify the specific risks. (2pts)
4. OHS are to be in accordance with Federal and Regional Legislation and
regulations, and organizational safety Policies and procedures. (2pts)

Answer Sheet Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________
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3.__________________________________________________
Test II
1.__________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I short answer
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer Sheet
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1. _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Test II
1. _______________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _____________________________________
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Operation Sheet 1– Select species for rehabilitation
Objectives; to chose suitable species for rehabilitation

Steps to be followed:
1. Collect all necessary information of agro ecology
2. Divide the field into different homogenous units based on the visual observation
and farmer’s experience.
3. Match species with the field.
4. Record identified species.
Operation Sheet 2– Conduct Area closure

Objectives; to conduct Area closure for rehabilitation of degraded area
Procedures to be followed:
Steps
1. Collect all necessary materials and tools.
2. Identify degraded/affected area by surveying
3. Fencing (live fence, wire)
4. Apply passive and active activities of restoration.
5. Monitor area closure.
Operation Sheet 3– Enrichment plant
Objectives; to conduct Enrichment plant for rehabilitation of degraded area

Procedures to be followed:
Steps
1. Identify died seedling in area closure
2. Dig hole for planting seedlings
3. Keep it at least for two weeks.
4. Plant seedlings in pit prepared.
5. Prepare report number of seedlings you plant
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Operation Sheet 4–Construct bund
Objectives; to construct bund for rehabilitation of degraded area

Procedures to be followed to construct bund
Steps
1. Select site
2. Prepare materials and tools
3. Measure the slope of selected site
4. Decide spacing between two bunds based on slope of land.
5. Lay out and peg bunds at 0.05-1% on high rain fall and 0% at low rain fall area.
6. Dig channel and manage the soil removed from channel
7. Check the work
8. Prepare report
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Name………………………………. ID…………… Date………………………………
Task
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LG #23 LO #4- Review natural area restoration
program
Instruction sheet
 Monitoring site to ensure maintenance program plans.
 Assessing site to determine whether natural area restoration works addressing
factors and issues consistent with management plans.
 Reporting changes to natural area restoration techniques

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover
page. Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Monitor site to ensure maintenance program plans.
 Assess site to determine whether natural area restoration works addressing
factors and issues consistent with management plans.
 Report changes to natural area restoration techniques
being discussed. Ask your trainer for assistance if you have hard time
understanding them.
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Information Sheet 1- Monitoring site to ensure

maintenance program plans
Regular monitoring is needed to check that the restoration activities are going well.
Replace dead plant as soon as possible. Weed management is the most important job.
Maintenance/Tending operations are management activities that are commenced at
different growth stage of the plant to improve the growth and development of the plant
crop. Tending operations start right after the restoration program commenced and
continue till the work reach to the planed stage.
Maintenance /Tending Operations are Beating-up/Replacement planting or Recruiting/;
Weeding; pruning, thinning,
1. Beating-up/Replacement planting or Recruiting/
Some plants usually die after planting. These deaths may be caused by use of weak
nursery stock, rough handling of plants during transport or planting, unfortunate choice
of planting date, bad planting, dry weather after planting, termite damage or damage by
domestic or wild animals. With strong pants raised in pots and adequate care, that the
soil of the planting site is moist enough, the percentage of deaths can be kept low.
Beating-up is not usually done when survival rate is over 80% unless there are large
patches with many failures. These patches where more than 3-4 plants died close to
each other should be filled as they may otherwise develop later into weedy patches to
the surrounding plantation. When survival is less than 80% but more than 25% beating-
up is carried out. Even in this case scattered blanks caused by the death of a single tree
may be filled. If survival is less than 25%, the plantation needs a complete replanting.
If beating-up is done during the same rainy season as the main planting, it can be done
within 3-5 weeks from planting so that the newly planted seedlings have enough time to
establish their roots while the rains still last. Often beating-up is not possible during the
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same rains as the main planting. Big strong plats should be used so that they could
catch up with the original stock.
2. Weed and Weeding
A weed is a plant growing where it is not wanted. Therefore a plant species need not
always be a weed; it is only becomes a weed when it occurs in some situation in which
it is not desired. By this definition, on the other hand, any plant species can be a weed.
Weeding is a cultural operation aimed at eliminating or suppressing undesirable

vegetation which otherwise would slow down the growth of the plantation tree crop.
The need for weed control
Weeds can damage young trees in many ways:

 Weeds directly compete for light, soil moisture, and nutrients
 Weeds can smother and eventually kill seedlings by their cumulative weight,
shading, and growth habit- twining and twisting.
 Dense ground vegetation increases the fire hazard and can shelter harmful
animals such as rats from natural predators, e.g. hawks.
Intensity of Weed Control
This varies according to species, site and climate

Species – complete removal of weeds (clean-weeding) is essential for good early
growth of most Eucalyptus.
Site – soil fertility, presence of weed seeds, live stumps and culms and ground
preparation treatment all affect the species and vigour of weed growth.
Climate- rainfall is of most importance. Many more weeding are needed in wet years
than dry ones, and up to eight may be needed on sites in humid equatorial regions.
However, it is in dry regions where weed suppression around trees is most important to
reduce competition for moisture.
Weeding Methods
There are three main alternatives: Manual, Mechanical and Chemical control, and three
levels of coverage on a site complete control (clean weeding), strip or line weeding, and
spot weeding just around a tree.
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I. Manual Weeding
This is the commonest method for small scale planting. Tools such as brush knives,
brush hooks, and similar implements are used to cut away competing vegetation.
However, for best results, cutting alone is not always adequate, and some soil
cultivation by hoeing is needed to get rid of weeds.
Though slow, costly and labour intensive, sometimes quite small improvements in
manual weeding (implement used or method) can yield sizable increments in
productivity.
Manual weeding is straight forward, it requires little skill except for the important job of
tool maintenance, little capital outlay, only limited supervision, and can be done on all
sites in almost all weather conditions and with all species. Manual methods are
restricted to spot or line weed control.
II. Mechanical Weeding

Mechanical weeding is where a machine operates between rows of trees and cultivates
the ground, by harrowing, or shallow ploughing or cuts (swipes) the weed growth. A
tractor usually pulls the machine so rows must be at least 2.5 m apart; weeds in the row
tend to get missed. It is used in large projects in Africa.
III. Chemical Weed Control

Use of herbicides to control weeds is valuable method in conifer plantations since
chemicals, which kill grasses and herbs, are unlikely to damage coniferous trees, at
least at normal dosage rates. However, their use in broad-leaved plantations is more
difficult since a chemical, which kills an angiosperm weed, is equally likely to kill an
angiosperm tree.
Climber Cutting
Climbers are common in old hardwood sites. They bend down and even break plants
while over toping them and may cause spiral grooves in stems if allowed to stay for
years. Climbers are a serious problem in plantations on more fertile sites in Ethiopia.
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Climbers should be cut at an early stage, before they damage or distort the tree, cutting
is done at the base, and the climbers should be untwined from the tree stem as dead
climbers can persist on trees for a long time.
3.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I short answer

1. Define revision (1pt)
2. List the three information necessary to know when checking goals if they are still
valid and redefined (3pts)
Score = ___________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
2. _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Test II
1. _______________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _____________________________________
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Information Sheet 2- Assessing site to determine whether
natural area restoration works
addressing factors and issues
consistent with management plans.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I short answer

5. List the three types of modifications to revise the land use plan (2pts)
6. Describe the difference between Maintenance and Amendment (3pts)
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Score = ___________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
3. _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Test II
4. _______________________________
5. _________________________________
6. _____________________________________
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Information Sheet 3- Reporting changes to natural area
restoration techniques.
Recording and documenting all rehabilitation and restoration activities
Restoration projects differ in their objectives and their methods of achieving those goals.
Many restoration projects aim to establish ecosystems composed of a native species;
other projects attempt to restore, improve, or create particular ecosystem functions,
such as pollination or erosion control.
Restoration ecology is the scientific study supporting the practice of ecological

restoration, which is the practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or
destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human intervention
and action
It is important to document all steps taken during any recovery, no matter the size or
extent of damage. This documentation will help later to re-evaluate your Vital Records
Plan or to verify which records were beyond recovery and were immediately destroyed.
Water damage to records starts within the first 8 hours after a disaster. After 24 hours,
records will start to stick to each other, and within 48 hours paper will begin to
chemically breakdown and to show the initial stages of fungal growth. With photographic
and magnetic/electronic media, the breakdown will begin sooner and can be more
devastating.
The concept of record is variously defined. The ISO 15489-1:2016 defines records as
"information created, received, and maintained as evidence and as an asset by an
organization or person, in pursuit of legal obligations or in the transaction of business".
[2] While there are many purposes of and benefits to records management, as both
these definitions highlight, a key feature of records is their ability to serve as evidence of
an event. Proper records management can help preserve this feature of records.
The format and media of records is generally irrelevant for the purposes of records
management from the perspective that records must be identified and managed,
regardless of their form.
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What Types of Documents
As the world’s leader in property restoration and disaster recovery, our specialists are
also trained and experienced in document recovery and document restoration. Thanks
to advances in technology and equipment, we can restore almost any type of document
including (but not limited to):
• Books, Files, Magazines, Manuscripts
• Archives, Special Collections, Library Materials
• Audio Tapes, Video Tapes
• Blueprints, Drawings, Maps, Plans
• Compact Discs, Diskettes, Laser Discs, Magnetic Media
• Data Files, Vital Records
• Film, Negatives, Photographs, Slides
• Microfiche, Microfilm
• Parchment
• Vellum
• Whiteprints
• X-rays
The main data to be collected deal with:
(a) Demography: population in the zone in question, agricultural population, number of
working people, trends;
(b) Farming: type of farming (family, industrial, etc.), areas farmed, production (type,
yield, costs), agricultural income;
(c) Soil utilisation: agriculture, animal breeding, forest, industrial or urban zones;
(d) animal breeding;
(e) Agricultural policy, development plans, current legislative measures.
Data analysis
An over-all review should be made of agricultural activity and soil utilisation in order to
specify all sectors which might be affected by soil degradation.
Items which may be damaged or disrupted may be classified under three headings:
- permanent assets such as land, agricultural infrastructure (buildings, irrigation
networks), the infrastructure of economic activity (roads, etc.);
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- seasonal assets such as crops which may be damaged to different degrees depending
on the intensity and period of occurrence of the phenomenon (flooding, crop
destruction, etc.);
- economic activity which may be perturbed, due for example to the destruction of
communication routes, water run-off or by wind-borne materials which may make
cultivated land sterile or seriously compromise a region’s industry.
Probable economic growth rates should be estimated in order to determine the growth
trend in the value of these assets over coming years
It means that the data have to be understandable for another reader.
 Recording datawith its unit help us :
 To have definite and accurate reading
 To make data handling simple
 To document data for along time
 To make it understandable
Different types of soil erosion by water can be identified: loss of topsoil, gulley erosion,
riverbank erosion, etc. Soil chemical deterioration Refers to the negative change of the
chemical properties of soil. Fertility decline in agriculture productive areas is the most
common type of chemical degradation.
Report includes data on the total area affected by soil degradation, Data is collected
using questionnaires.
Documenting and reporting work outcomes
Documenting is an official paper or book that gives information about something, or that
can be used as evidence or proof of something. In this case, documenting the
information means, recording in an official paper about accurate information
Therefore, documenting of information is process of writing and retaining record of
every step of ex-situ conservation and its recommended action. Finally reporting to
responsible bodies
Report - is a statement of the results of an investigation or of any matter on which
definite information is required. The following stages are involved in writing a report:
 clarifying your terms of reference
 planning your work
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 collecting your information
 organizing and structuring your information
 writing the first draft
 Checking and re-drafting
Outline of a Report format
• Title page
• Acknowledgements
• Contents
• Abstract or summary
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Results or findings
• Discussion
• Conclusion and recommendations
• References
• Appendices
Introduction, which:
• gives the background
• explains the purpose, scope and methods used
• outlines the terms of reference
It should be a brief, accurate background for the body of the report
 The body, which covers the work done and what you found. It’s divided into
topics which are arranged in a logical order with headings and sub-headings
Methodology – methods or procedure used
Result and discussion – out puts of findings
Conclusion covers the writer’s judgment based on information in the body of the report.
Recommendations:
 gives solutions to the problems
 suggests possible courses of action as a result of the conclusions,
e.g. Who should take action?
What should be done?
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When and how it should be done?
Appendices- contain evidence which supports the report but is not essential because it’s
either too long or too technical for the audience.
Bibliography -includes all sources of information used in the report and often those used
for background reading as well.
Glossary- is an alphabetical list of special words, phrases and terms used in the report,
accompanied by a short explanation of each.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I short answer
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer Sheet
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1. _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Test II
4. _______________________________
5. _________________________________
6. _____________________________________
Objectives;
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Name………………………………. ID…………… Date………………………………
Task
Reference Materials
Book:
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1. Aremu AK, Adeniyi AO, Fadele OK (2015) Development and performance of a
jatropha seed shelling machine based on seed moisture content. Journal of
Biosystems Engineering. 40(2): 137-144.
2. CIGR (1999) Handbook of Agricultural Engineering. Plant Production Engineering.
Vol III. American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
3. Fadele OK, Aremu AK (2016) Design, construction and performance evaluation of a
Moringa oleifera seed shelling machine. Engineering in Agriculture, Environment
and Food 9(3): 250-256.
4. Ogunsina BS, Koya OA, Adeosun OO (2008) A Table Mounted Device for Cracking
Dika Nut (Irvingia gabonensis)” Agricultural Engineeering International: The
CIGR Ejournal. Manuscript PM 08 011. Vol. X.
5. Pinson GS, Melville DJ, Cox DRS (1991) Decortication of tropical oilseeds and
edible nuts (NRI Bulletin No. 42).
WEB ADDRESSES
1. https://bizfluent.com/info-8505404-five-sources-process-variation-
manufacturing.html
2. https://detail.en.china.cn/provide/p141281914.html
3. https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/herb-medicine-slicing-machine-tea-
leaf_62073355456.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normallist.24.638e11aevxec59
4. https://www.plantengineering.com/articles/seven-steps-for-a-successful-shutdown/
5. https://www.spicesinc.com/t-recipes.aspx
Critical aspects of competence

Must demonstrate knowledge and skills competence to:
 explain participatory monitoring
 identify various aspects of evaluation
 initiate modifications to revise the plan
Acronyms
ACEC area of critical environmental concern

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ADR alternative dispute resolution
AML appropriate management level
AMS analysis of the management situation
APD application for permit to drill
AUM animal unit month
BLM Bureau of Land Management
BMP best management practice
CEQ Council on Environmental Quality
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CX categorical exclusion
DM Departmental Manual
DNA documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy
DOI Department of the Interior
DR decision record (for an EA)
EA environmental assessment
EFH essential fish habitat
EIS environmental impact statement
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPS Economic Profile System
EPSC Economic Profile System for Communities
ERMA extensive recreation management area
ESA Endangered Species Act
FACA Federal Advisory Committee Act
FLPMA Federal Land Policy and Management Act
FLTFA Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act
FOIA Freedom of Information Act
FONSI finding of no significant impact
GIS geographic information system
GSA Government Services Agency
HA herd area
HMA herd management area
IBLA Interior Board of Land Appeals
IDT interdisciplinary team
LAC limits of acceptable change
MFP management framework plan

MOA memorandum of agreement
MOU memorandum of understanding
NEPA National Environmental Policy Act
NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NLCS National Landscape
Conservation System NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service
NOA notice of availability
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOI notice of intent
OEPC Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance OEPR Office of
Environmental Policy Review
OHV off-highway vehicle (also refers to off-road vehicles) OMB Office of
Management and Budget
PAC provincial advisory council
PILT payments-in-lieu-of-taxes
PSQ probable sale quantity
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RAC resource advisory council
RMP resource management plan
RMZ recreation management zone
ROD record of decision (for an EIS)
ROS recreation opportunity spectrum
ROW right-of-way
SHPO State Historic Preservation Office
SRMA special recreation management area
T&E threatened and endangered
TMDL total maximum daily load
U.S.C. United States Code
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
VRM visual resource management
WO Washington Office
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our appreciation to the TVET instructors and experts of
regional TVET bureau, TVET College, and Federal Technical and Vocational Education
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and Training Agency (FTVETA) who made the development of this learning module with
required standards and quality possible.
We wish thanks and appreciation to the representatives of BEAR II UNESCO

PROJECT who covers the financial expenses, scarifying their time and commitments to
develop this learning module.
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No Name Qualification Educational Region Phone Number E-mail
background
1 Woubshet A Land resource Benishangul 0911078144 Wube14@@yahoo.com

Negussie management
2 Benishangul
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Coordinate Natural Area Restoration Program

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NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND

Module Title: - Coordinate Natural Area Restoration

LO #2- Plan natural area restoration program.....................................31

LO #3- Monitor natural area restoration works....................................74

Ways of organizing tools.........................................................................88

LO #4- Review natural area restoration program................................112

Information Sheet 1. Preparing checklist/format for

 collect information on the structure of the vegetation (proportion of shrubs and

Self-check 1 Written test

Test I Short Answer Questions

Note: Satisfactory rating - 10 points Unsatisfactory - below 10 points

Answer Sheet Score = ___________

Information Sheet 2- Identifying & describing plant species

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I: Short Answer Questions

2. List the five aspects of evaluation (2pts)

3. Distinguish the differences effectiveness and efficiency (2pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 8 points Unsatisfactory - below 8 points

Information Sheet 3-Identifying site conditions, level of

Self-Check – 3 Written test

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I: Short Answer Questions

1. Define primary data. (2pts)

3. Distinguish the differences between primary and secondary data (2pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 6 points Unsatisfactory - below 6 points

Information Sheet 4- Assessing threats to existing

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I: Short Answer Questions

2. Distinguish the differences between Conventional and participatory monitoring and

3. Write the steps in participatory monitoring and evaluation (PME). (3pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 8 points Unsatisfactory - below 8points

5.1. Reporting problems or difficulties or hazards information

5.2. Recording and documenting all rehabilitation and restoration activities

What Types of Documents

5.3. Documenting and reporting work outcomes

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I: Short Answer Questions

1. What is the Biological Hazards?(3 pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 16 points Unsatisfactory - below 16 points

Self-Check – 4 Written test

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I: Short Answer Questions

5. Distinguish the differences between Conventional and participatory monitoring and

6. Write the steps in participatory monitoring and evaluation (PME). (3pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 8 points Unsatisfactory - below 8points

 Collect all necessary data

 Preparing plans and specifications for natural area restoration works

 Prepare plans and specifications for natural area restoration works

Preparing and planning’ phase

Table 8.Summary of parameters and questions to consider in planning an assessment

Key parameters Some questions to consider

scope of the assessment or sub-national)?

 Identify a preliminary list  What kinds of restoration interventions do we know exist

 Identify the criteria and  What ecological and socio-economic restoration-

 What major data gaps exist?

Self-Check – 1 Written test

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

1. List some of natural hazards and limitations (3pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 9 points Unsatisfactory - below 9 points

Information Sheet 2- Ecological restoration theory and

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I: Short Answer Questions

Note: Satisfactory rating - 4 points Unsatisfactory - below 4points

Information Sheet 3- Selecting natural area restoration