(1) t S  a + a r + 2 3 1 (1 ) ... 1 n n a r ar ar ar r        for positive integers t = 1, 2, …,n.

The t is
the index and can be different from the exponent. This gives , 1 2 S a S a ar    , , … . Step 1. When
t = 1, 1 S means the sum of the first term which is 1 S a  . Formula (1) gives 1 (1 ) 1 a r S a r     .
Thus the statement is true for t = 1. Step 2. To complete Step 2, we will show that if t S is true then t
1 S  is true. Our aim is to derive from t S the formula 1 1 (1 ) ... 1 n n t a r S a ar ar r         
. We will assume Formula 1 (1) t S  a + a r + 2 3 1 (1 ) ... 1 n n a r ar ar ar r        and add n ar
to both sides giving 2 1 1 (1 ) ( ... ) 1 n n n n t a r S a ar ar ar ar ar r             . Calculating
we have 2 1 1 (1 ) ... 1 n n n n t a r S a ar ar ar ar ar r             = (1 ) (1 ) 1 n n a r ar r r 
   = 1 1 n n n a ar ar ar r      = 1 1 n a ar r    = 1 (1 ) 1 n a r r    . Thus 1 1 (1 ) ... 1 n n t
a r S a ar ar r          1 1 (1 ) ... 1 n n t a r S a ar ar r          as was to be shown. By
completing Step 1 and Step 2, we