Index

A Convolution, 20, 54
Accelerance, 10 Convolution integral, 19
Additivity, 15 Coordinates
Amplitude modal, 28
complex, 7 physical, 28
Amplitude probability density, 60 principal, 28
Auto-spectral density, 65 Correlation
Autocorrelation, 64 auto, 62
Average cross, 62
ensemble, 63 Covariance, 62
time, 63 function, 61
matrix, 120
B Crack, 99
Base excitation, 21, 77 initiation, 99
Base motion, 21 Crest factor, 80
Benasciutti, 123 Cristofori, 125
Bending Critical location, 180
fully reversed, 116 Critical plane, 118, 120
static, 117 orientation, 122
Bonte, 124 Critical point, 99
Broadband estimator, 66 Cross-correlation matrix, 120
Broadband process, 66 reduced, 128
Burst random, see Excitation stress, 119
Cross-spectral density, 65
C Cross-spectral stress matrix, 123
Causal, 19 Cumulative distribution function
Central moment, 136 standard normal, 71
Chirp, see Excitation Cycle amplitude, 66, 70
Coherence function, 74 Cycle counting
Complex multiaxial rainflow, 115
polar form, 11 rainflow, 102
rectangular form, 11 range-count, 111
Condition Cycles
Dirichlet, 64 stress, 99
Continuous system, 23 to failure, number of, 100

203
204 Index

D Endurance limit, 101, 116

Damage, 100 Ensemble, 59, 63
intensity, 104 covariance, 61
rate, 104 mean, 61
Damage intensity Equivalent stress, 121
lower limit, 111 Ergodic
Damping strongly, 63
critical, 5, 6 Ergodic process
equivalent viscous, 13 strongly, 63
hysteretic, 13, 31 weakly, 63
proportional, 31 Estimator
loss factor, 14, 32 spectral, 66
overdamping, 5 Euler formula, 7
proportion, 29 Euler gamma function, 106
ratio, 6 Excitation, 34
Rayleigh, 29 broadband, 59
structural, 13, 31 burst random, 77
proportional, 31 chirp, 78
underdamping, 5 dynamic, 40
viscous, 12 force, 40
viscous damping matrix, 24 hammer, 75
Deformation impact, 75
elastic, 100 linear sine sweep, 79
plastic, 100 logarithmic sine sweep, 79
Degree of freedom Multisine, 77
multiple, 3 Pseudorandom, 77
single, 3 Pure random, 77
Density Schroeder sweep, 80
shaker, 76
amplitude probability, 60
signal, 77
power spectral, 60
sine sweep, 78
Dirac δ function, 18
stepped sine, 81
Discrete Fourier transform, see Fourier
Expected peak frequency, 70
transform
Experimental modal analysis, see Modal
Displacement vector, 24
analysis
Distribution
Gaussian, 60 F
normal, 60 Fast Fourier transform, see Fourier
Duhamel’s integral, 19 transform
Dynamic excitation, 21, 141 Fatigue
Dynamic mass, 11 high-cycle, 99
Dynamic matrix, 26 Fatigue criteria
Dynamic stiffness, 11 multiaxial, 115
Fatigue limit, 101, 116
E Findley, 118
Eigenparameters, 38 Force
Eigenvalue, 5 broadband random, 4
Eigenvalue problem, 25 constant, 3
Eigenvector, 25 dynamic, 3
 Index 205

harmonic, 4 ellipses, 116

impact, 4
periodic, 4 H
quasistatic, 3 H1 , 82
Force excitation, 21, 77 H2 , 83
unit-impulse, 18 Half-power points, 164
Force vector, 24 Hermitian matrix, 26
Fourier Homogeneity, 15
coefficients, 16 Homogeneous solution, 5
integral, 17 Hypothesis
Fourier series linear damage accumulation, 102
complex, 15
Fourier transform, 17, 64 I
discrete, 52 Impulse response function, 19
fast, 52, 64 Infinite-life approach, 101
forward, 17 Input, 34
inverse, 17, 18
pairs, 17
K
Kim, 177
unitary, 51
Kinematic excitation, 21, 141, 145
Free response, 5
Kurtosis, 136
Frequency
central, 164
L
damped, 6
Least squares complex exponential, 92
eigenfrequency, 6
Leptokurtic, see Process
mean, 109 Level crossing, 68
natural, 6, 174 Level-crossing frequency
natural, drop, 177 positive- and negative-slope, 69
ratio, 8 positive-slope, 69
relative, 8 Lightly damped system, 12
resonant, 6 Load
sampling, 54 nonproportional, 118
undamped, 6 proportional, 116
Frequency domain, 59 Load vector, 24
Frequency response function, 9 LSCE, 92
dimensional, 9
nondimensional, 9 M
physical coordinates, 34 Mass, 4
stress vector, 119 generalized, 27
Frequency transfer function, 34 modal, 27
Frequency-based damage detection Mass matrix, 24
method, 177 Matake, 122
Function Mean
auto-correlation, 64 ensemble, 61
real valued, 53 Mean stress effect
sample, 63 Gerber, 100
Goodman, 100
G Haigh, 100
Gough, 116 Soderberg, 100
206 Index

Mean value, 60 Noise

Mechanical impedance, 11 background, 165
MIMO, 84, 88 white, 77
Miner, 102 Noncausal, 20
Mobility, 10 Nonstationarity
Modal analysis identification, 135
experimental, 75 Nonstationarity index, 137
operational, 75 Normalization
Modal constant, 12, 34 mass, 27
Modal force, 33 stiffness, 27
Modal hammer, 75 Normalized amplitude, 109
Modal matrix, 28 Nyquist plot, 87
Modal parameters, 38
identification, 88 O
Modal participation factor, 32 One-sided, 65
Mode shape, 25, 38 Operational modal analysis, see Modal
displacement, 44 analysis
strain, 44 Optimization
stress, 44, 46 L-BFGS-S, 178
Model Orthogonal, 26
modal, 38 mass, 26
response, 40 stiffness, 26
spatial, 38 Output, 34
Modulus of elasticity
axial, 43 P
shear, 43 Palmgren, 102
Moment Parseval’s theorem, 52
first, 60 Partial fraction expansion, 12
Particular solution, 7
second central, 60
PDF
Multi-degree-of-freedom system, 23
peak amplitude, 105
Multiaxial fatigue criteria
Peak frequency, 71, 104
Carpinteri–Spagnoli, 124
Phasor, 7
equivalent von Mises stress (EVMS),
Piéfort, 123
123
Plastic yield criteria, 115
maximum normal stress, 121
Platykurtic, see Process
maximum normal-and-shear stress, 121
Point receptance, 36
maximum shear stress, 121
Polar form, 11
projection-by-projection (PbP), 125 Pole residual, 12
Multisine, see Excitation Pole residue, 12
Pollard, 116
N Power spectral density, 59, 60, 64
Narrowband approximation, 106 Preumont, 123
Narrowband estimator, 66 Probability
Narrowband process, 66 Gaussian, 60
Natural frequency normal, 60
squared, 25 Probability density function
Natural mode, 25 joint, 68
 Index 207

peak amplitude, 70 reference, 126

rainflow amplitudes, 71 slope exponent, 169
Rayleigh, 70 Safe-life, 99
Weibull, 109 Sampling frequency, 54
Process Scaling, 15
deterministic, 51 Scaling factor, 27, 32
leptokurtic, 136 Shaker
platykurtic, 136 electro-dynamic, 163
random, 51 electro-dynamical, 173
Pseudo-random, see Excitation SIMO, 88
Sines, 116
Q SISO, 81, 88
Quality factor, 164 Skewness, 136
Slip band, 99
R Sparse matrix, 26
Rainflow Spectra
3-point algorithm, 103 simulated, 164
4-point algorithm, 103 Spectral density
Random data, 59 auto, 65
Random process, 59 cross, 65
Gaussian, 59 one-sided, 65
strongly stationary, 62 two-sided, 65
weakly stationary, 62 Spectral density matrix
Receptance, 10 stress, 119
direct, 36 Spectral moment, 66
point, 36 Spectral moments method, 105
transfer, 36 α0.75 , 107
Receptance transfer matrix, 35 Dirlik, 108, 168
Rectangular form, 11 Gao–Moan, 107
Resonance Tovo–Benasciutti, 111, 168
peak, 164 Wirsching–Light, 106
Response, 34 Zhao–Baker, 109, 168
steady-state, 4 Spectrum
stress, 59 bimodal, 165
transient, 4 Stabilization diagram, 92
Response function Standard deviation, 60
impulse, 19 State vector, 30
unit impulse, 19 Static
Reversals, 102 deflection, 10
RMS, 80, 123, 174 force, 10
Roving hammer, 76, 88 Stationarity
Run-test, 137 identification, 135
Rychlik, 111 strong, 62, 135
weak, 62, 135
S Stiffness, 4
S-N curve, 99 generalized, 27
coefficient, 100 modal, 27
exponent, 100 Stiffness matrix, 24
208 Index

Stress Unit-impulse, 18
equivalent uniaxial, 100
hydrostatic, 118 V
load cycle, 100 Vanmarcke bandwidth parameter, 67
multiaxial, 115 Variable
nonproportional multiaxial, 115 random, 59
normal, 118 Variance, 62, 66
principal, 44 Vibration control
shear, 99, 118 closed-loop, 174
uniaxial, 100, 115 open-loop, 174
Stress-life, 99 Vibration profile
Superposition, 15 accelerated, 166
Sweep Vibrations
exponential sine, 79 forced, 3
linear sine, 79 free, 3
logarithmic sine, 79 Viscous
Schroeder sweep, 80 damping, 4
sine, 4 Viscous damping matrix, 24
System Von Mises, 115
linear, 15 equivalent stress in frequency domain,
123
T
Tension W
static, 115 Window function, 57
Theorem rectangular, 56
central limit, 60 Wöhler, 99
Time history, 51
Time-invariance, 15 Y
Time-to-failure, 99 Y-sample, 141
Torsion Y-specimen, 173
fully reversed, 116
static, 115 Z
Tresca, 115 Zero-crossing
Two-sided, 65 negative-slope, 71
Zero-crossing frequency
U positive slope, 69
Ultimate tensile strength, 100 Zero-mean process, 105