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When the level of significance is set at 0.05, this means the chance of a type 1 error becomes equal to 1 out of 20.
When the level of significance is set at 0.01, this means the chance of a type 1 error becomes equal to 1 out of 100.
Significance level or alpha level – serves as a scientific cut off point that determines
what decisions will be made concerning the null hypothesis.
Type 1 error designates the mistake of rejecting the Ho when it is actually true.
Guiding Principles:
Reject Ho if the p-value is less than the established level of significance.
Retain/ accept the Ho if the p-value is greater than the established level of significance.
SPECIFIC QUESTIONS:
Example 2. Is there a significant difference in the cholesterol level of the male respondents before and after
taking the mineral supplement? ( 2 VARIBLES are TESTED IN 1 GROUP, CLB & CLA ---- -male)
SPECIFIC QUESTIONS:
Example 3. Is there a significant difference in the mean monthly salary of the respondents when grouped
according to position? ( 1 VARIABLE IS TESTED IN more than 2 GROUPS, MS – POSITION,’
admin, faculty, staff, maintenance)
SPECIFIC QUESTIONS:
Example 4. Is there a significant difference in the response between male and female respondents? ( 2 or more
VARIBLES are TESTED IN 2 or more GROUPs – responses---male & female)
SPECIFIC QUESTIONS:
Example 5. Is there a significant relationship between the age and cholesterol level of the participants
before taking the mineral supplement?
1. Click ANALIZE menu on the menu bar, select COMPARE MEANS option on the pull-
down menu and click Independent Samples T- Test option to display the its dialog box.
2. Enter the desired variables into the test variable and grouping variable boxes. After which,
click the Define Groups… button to enter the assigned values to the different groups (ex. 1 for
admin and 3 for staff). Then, click options button to enter confidence level or level of
significance.
3. To confirm you choice, click continue and OK buttons as well to display the output.
1. Click ANALIZE menu on the menu bar, select COMPARE MEANS option on the pull-
down menu and click Paired Samples T- Test option to display its dialog box.
2. Enter the desired variables into the Paired Variables box. After which, click options button
to enter the confidence level or level of significance.
3. To confirm you choice, click continue and OK buttons as well to display the output.
1. Click ANALIZE menu on the menu bar, select COMPARE MEANS option on the pull-
down menu and click One Way Anova or F-Ratio option to display its dialog box.
2. Enter the desired variables into the Dependent list and Factor boxes. After which, click
Post Hoc… button to enter level of significance.
3. Click OK button to confirm you choice and to display the output.
(Note: If there is a significant difference and you wish to investigate further which among
the pairs has a significant difference then, use TUKEY option on the dialog box.)
D. CHI-SQUARE
1. Click ANALIZE menu on the menu bar, select Descriptive Statistics option on the pull-
down menu and click Crosstabs… option to display its dialog box.
2. Enter the desired variables into the Rows and Columns boxes. After which, click Statistics
button to select Chi-Square.
3. To confirm you choice, click continue and OK buttons as well to display the output.
E. CORRELATION
1. Click ANALIZE menu on the menu bar, select Correlate option on the pull-down menu
and click Bivariate option to display its dialog box.
2. Enter the desired variables into the Variables box. After which, click Option button to select
Means and Standard Deviations option..
3. To confirm you choice, click continue and OK buttons as well to display the output.
N 70 70
Pearson Correlation .900 **
1
AGE
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 70 70