1.

Some authors report that there are indications that the indigenous land-tenure arrangements in
pre-Hispanic Philippine society were characterized by communal ownership of land. Individual
families had usufruct rights to a parcel of land. In return families were required to perform
various public services, often consisting of assisting the datu in the tending of his fields and
home (Riedinger, 1995). There are also indications that the Philippine social system in
preHispanic times was feudal like, with a warrior class loyal to warlords. This class lived on the
labor of serfs and slaves in exchange for protection. The datus (chiefs) comprised the nobility
who reigned over a barangays . The serfs served a master or lord, who may have been a datu,
and tilled his land. Both master and serf equally divided the produce of the land. The serfs
corresponded to the aparceros (tenants) of the late 19th century Spanish era. The slaves served
both the lord and master in both his house and farm. They were allowed some share of the
harvest, but they were their master’s property. In the subsistence economy of the early
Filipinos, rice served as the medium of exchange.
2. The American colonizer introduced land ownership in the Philippines. The American influence
era saw little change in the patterns of elite-dominated politics in the Philippines. Although
colonial administrators acknowledged the negative consequences of the prevailing patterns of
landownership and distribution of wealth, little was done to address these issues.