STUDY OFCHAINS ANDITS ACCESSORIES, ALIGNING, RANGING, CHAINING AND MARKING PERPENDICULAR OFFSET a study the Chain and tape and accessories used for chain surveying A) Chain: 1. The chains are made in lengths of 30 meters/20 meters. The brass tallies are fixed at every 5m length ‘Small brass rings are provided at every one meter length. It is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm in diameter called links. AON The ends of each links are bent into a loop and connected together by means of 3 oval rings which give flexibility to the chain. The length of each links is 20cm i.e. the distance between 2 consecutive middlerings. The end of the chains is provided with brass handle for dragging the chain on the ground. The chain length is measured from the outside of one handle to the other. oP On To hold the arrows in the position with the handle of the chain a groove is cut on the outside surface of the handle. B) Ranging rods: 4. They are usually of 2m or 3m in length. 2 They are in circular cross section and having alternate black, white and red bands of 20 cm length each to make them visible at a distance. 3. They are used for ranging the lines and for marking the positions of points on the ground. C) Arrows 4. They are made of a steel wire of 4mm diameter for 40cm length. 2. They are pointed at one end for inserting into the ground and bent at the other end for facility of carrying. 3. They are used to mark the end of each chain during chaining. E) Cross staff: 4. It consists of a wooden block with two fine sow cuts at right angles to each other on thetop. 2. Itis used to set a perpendicular at a given point on the chainline. 3. The head is fixed to a top of an iron staff with pointed end to drive into the ground. F) Optical square: 1. This is also used to set a perpendicular with more accuracy. 2. This has 2 mirrors placed at an angle of 45 © to each other. 3. By means of reflection we can see the ranging rods along the chain line and the offset point at right angles to the chain lines simultaneously.Result: ‘The Chain and tape and ac sories used for chain surveying has been studied fully ALIGNING, RANGING AND CHAINING OF ALINE Aim: To find the distance between the given two points by ranging and chaining a line Apparatus required: 1, Chain (30m) 2. Ranging rods 3. Arrows: Procedure: A) For ranging a line: 4. Fix the ranging rods vertically at the ends of the given line. 2. To fix the intermediate ranging rod, instruct the other person to stand with a ranging rod at any intermediate point desired. 3. Stand at about 2m behind the first ranging rod and instruct the other person to adjust the ranging rod in such a way that the intermediate ranging rod comes in a line with the end rods. 4, Erect the rod vertically and firmly at that point. 5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 to erect other intermediate ranging rods. B) For chaining a line: Hold one handle of the chain at first ranging rod. Instruct the follower to drag the chain along the given line 1. 2 3. Fix the arrows at the end of the chain length. 4. Do the same procedure for the full length of the line. 5. Count any fractions of the chain length at the end of the last ranging rod by using tallies, rings & links Result: Length of the given line =LEVELLING USING DUMPY LEVEL Aim: To determine the R.L. for the given points and to find the level difference between them Instruments required: 1. Dumpy level 2 Staff Diagram: i t a oa | fi 2 au 2 Procedure: 41. Set up the instrument at P to cover the maximum points. 2. Do all the initial adjustments. 3. Direct the telescope towards the first point and enter the reading as B.S. 4. Enter the reading of the last visible point from the instrument station as F.S. and of all other point as LS. . Shift the instrument to Q, set up and level itcorrectly. 6. Don’t change the position of the staff until the back staff reading is taken on the staff held at the go last required point.Observation: Height of collimation Reduced Level of the first point =................ Staff station BS | LS | FS | HI} RL Remarks Arithmetic Check: YB.S - 5 F.S = Last RL — First RL Observation: Rise & Fall Reduced Level of the first point =.............0 Staff station] B.S | LS FS Rise | Fall | R.L Remarks Calculation: |. Find the level difference between the successive readings & enter this as rise (+ sign), fall (-sign) ll. Then find the R.L by adding the rise and subtracting the fall with the R.L of the previous points. Arithmetic Check: YB.S - ¥. F.S =¥ Rice - ¥ Fall = Last RL — First RL Result: Level difference between the consecutive points =............DIFFERENTIAL OR FLY LEVELLING — REDUCE LEVELS BY H.I METHOD Objective: To find the difference in elevation and calculate the reduced levels of various points by H.1 method. Equipments: Dumpy level, Tripod, Leveling staff, staff bubble. General procedure for measuring clevations using a level: Suppose that B, C and D are points whose reduced level is to be determined as in Figure 1: Cc ere A (BM) Figure 1: points whose reduced level is to be determined 1. Place the staff over a bench mark (BM), whose reduced level is known, and set up the instrument in convenient and safe location where the BM (point A) is visible. Take a sight on the staff, that reading is called backsight (B.S). See Figure 2 2. Place staff over B. Take a sight on the staff, that reading is called Intermediate sight (1S). See figure 2 3. Place staff over C. Since the distance between the level and D is long, so it is not possible to read the staff over D from the current le ion (pos 1). So take the last reading over C for this position, this will be a foresight (F ¢ figure 2 4. Now, move the instrument to a new position (position 2) and take the reading on the Previous position of the staff (over C). This position of staff is known as Turning Point (IP) and this reading will be backsight (BS). See figure 2 5. Now, shift the staff to the point D and take reading, this reading will be foresight (F.S). See figure 2Figure 2: Leveling procedure Tabulation; N BS LS RS D LEVEL s READINGS HEIGHT OF INSTRUME REDUCE | REMARK NT Calculations 1. The height of instrument position(1) can be calculated as: HI of position 1 = Elevation of BM + BS at BM 2. The reduced level of any point (i) taken from position 1, can be calculated as: R.L of point i = HI of position 1 — staff reading at pointi 3. ‘The height of instrument position(2) can be calculated as: HI of position 2 = Reduced level of TP1 + BS at TP1 4. The reduced level of any point (i) taken from position 2, can be calculated as: RL of point i = HI of position 2 — staff reading at point i 5. And so on.... 6. Checks: The following checks on the booking and arithmetic calculations are performed: A) Number of BS readings = Number of FS readings B) YBS - YFS = RL of last point — RL of first pointDIFFERENTIAL OR FLY LEVELLING — REDUCE LEVELS BY RISE AND FALL METHOD Objective: ‘To find the difference in elevation and to calculate the reduced level of various points by Rise and Fall method. Equipments: Dumpy level, Leveling staff. Procedure: ‘The field procedure and booking of staff reading is done in th explained in the height of instrument method (ach reading is entered on a different line in the appropriate column, except at a change point, where a FS and BS occupy the same line). However the data booking is performed as shown in the ‘Table below. BEADDGe REDL REMARK RISE | FALL , IVE 5 N BS 1s ES D LEVEL s © Calculations: 1. The difference in elevation between any two successive points (say A and B) can be calculated as:Elevation difference between A and B = first reading at A — second reading at B NOTE, fo: y two successive s! ings: > Second reading smaller than first reading represents a Rise (Ihe sign of elevation difference is positive). > Second reading greater than first reading represents a Fall (The sign of elevation difference is negative). If the clevation of the first point is known, then the elevation of the second point can be calculated as: Height of B = height of A + rise (in rise case) or Height of B = Height of A — fall (in fall case) Checks: The following checks on the booking and arithmetic calculations are performed: A) Number of BS readings = Number of FS readings B) }BS - FS = YRise - }Fall = RL of last point — RL of first point