phase Diagrams 1.35 Table 1.1 Summary of invariant reactions Name of | Examples Reaction _ | Phase boundaries at the reaction invariant lines Al- Si, : L & i Lta \/ LB , u- Ag, cost oe 6 Le a+ Eutectic: | 60, 740,| baa 8 a+B AlzO3 - SiOz Fe-C | ~__ceuting 7 Eutectoid fe Ya etB | ST 8 Cu-Zn * a+ Cu-Pb IMonotectic] Ag-Ni |L, =eeey +L, Si0z- CaO Peritecti ous Zo Sli itectie coal Ag-Pt | L4BS2a |S Le 8 Lia A otB Peritectoid] Ag-Al |y+Bea |, 8 yea Aa \o+B Syntectoid| Na-Zn I, Lyla, Cocting | Ly +L nee, Lita /g\otleFerrous Alloys 223 Examples for Phase Transformations Phase transformations are usually observed Inmicrostructural changes in cooling or freezing ¢ incastings « In amorphous structures (solidification phenomenon in glassy structures) © inheat treatment inbinary phase diagram of Fe-Fe3C system «© TIT diagrams for eutectoid steels. Phase transformations are also observed in recrystallisation and grain growth during mechanical working. Obviously, phase transformations are of great technological importance. -T-T DIAGRAM FOR EUTECTOID STEEL Time - Temperature - Transformation (TTT) diagram or S-curve is applicable to all carbon steels. The. diagram is also called as C-curve, isothermal diagram and Bain’s curve. The effect of time - temperature on the microstructure changes of a steel is shown by TTT diagram. These diagrams are extensively used in the assessment of the decomposition of austenite in heat - treatable steels. This diagram shows the rate at which austenite is transformed at a given temperature i.c., from austenite to coarse pearlite, to fine pearlite, to bainite, and to martensite depending upon the carbon content. The transformation of the austenite takes place at, a constant temperature i.e., the liquid bath temperature in which the component is cooled for the required time. Since the changes take place at a constant temperature, it is also known as Isothermal Transformation.Zu hb ti Construction = In order to corntruct TTT diagram, specimens of el ate lemperature at which austenites are stable and ther rapids eaten y temperatures. €.g 650C, OC, 5UNC, 250°C, ete, Y beg The specimens are held isahermally at these tern periods of time until the austenite is completely dec PeratttEs fog Sifter, : Om pK (4 fig.7.46 The stant af the cooling shawn by the points By, fy, i, ‘me b 4, na decompesnion of austenite. This period is tng period. Explanation ther 1 48 incuba, After the incubation period austenite starts 16 decompoye ima ferite - cementite miaures. fier period of time, the pone decomnpenition of austenite is stopped, as shown by poims fy, fy, p. Ey. The rate of decomposition of austenite is not constat rapid and slows down gradually. int and initially g Beginning of decomposition End of decomposition Aust oD g 8 + Upper Bainite E, (leathery) ; } Bainite +— Lower Bainite (accicular) Tengen of tranihmation = Martenisite g 10 W 10° 10’ Seconds Transformation thme (log scale) ——> MAIO ITT dlagram for plane carbon steelrous Alloys 2.25 ‘The isothermal transformation (TTT) of the austenite in culeloid stec! the fip.2.10. It gives two different curves by plotting the starting and nd points of the decomposition of austenite, The transformation of ustenite takes place in the area between these two curves, + Austenite is the only stable phase above 723°C. Below this Spear the stability first rapidly decreases with temperature in cooling ate. It is found to be least stable at about 500 - 550°C and below this hemperature range it starts to increase. IApplications i, The tools such as measuring tools and cb by low tempering process. The parts hardened by carburising, cyani are heat treated by low temperature process: carbonitri STEEL Definition h the maxi) «de in whic Steel is an alloy of iron and iron carbide i” bs percentage of carbon is 1.5%. Classification of steels Steels are classified into two types (Fig. 212). They are a) Carbon steel b) Alloy steel Carbon steel is further classified i) Low carbon steel ii) Medium carbon steel iii) High carbon steel et Carbon Steel Alloy — J fica Low Carbon Medium i= Carbon Steel Carbon Steel i= Heat Resisting Spring Silicon Steel Steel Steel Fig.2.12 Classification of steels Stainless Steelpts errous Alloys 2.29 Low Carbon Steel (1 ) In low carbon steel the amount of carbon contained varies from 0.01% 10 0.3%. This is the greatest quantity produced steel and least expensive to produce. Properties This steel is soft, ductile and malleable Microstructure consists of ferrite and pearlite constituents. © Tensile strength is better than cast iron and wrought iron + Capable of withstanding a large amount of cold working ¢ Machinable and weldable © Itcannot be easily hardened and tempered Applications include manufacturing of « Automobile body components Structural shapes (J-beams, channel and angle iron) «Sheets that are used in pipelines, buildings, bridges and tin cans Medium Carbon Steels They have carbon content between about 0.25 and 0.60 wt% Properties ; * May be heat treated by austenitizing, quenching and then tempering to improve their mechanical properties. © Have low hardenabilities * Can be heat treated in very thin section with very rapid quenching rates. © Itis stronger than mild steel * Ithas high tensile strength and more hardness than mild steel2.30 Applications include Production of * Crankshafts, bolts and hammers ° Chisels, knives, hacksaw blades High carbon steels The high carbon steels have ca irbon Contents 14 wt%. between 4 Properties © Ithas granular structure * Hardest and strongest ° Least ductile of the carbon steels * Normally used in a hardened and tempered condition ° Wear resistant © It has less impact resistance Applications are for making * Blacksmith tools * Wood working tools Alloy Steels Alloy steels are obtained by addin: rs chromium, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten. silicon etc., to the ©2! get the desired properties, ie 2 some elements 3 " ste AMloy steals :is further classified J) Stuintess steel fi) Wiyh speed steels i) Haut roulsting steel iv) Spring ntoule ¥) — Hilleon steal Home of the Inportant Ulloy atuols are discussed below.Ties sweet a FEI the action of corrasion and rust, It does not allow swims whe Sorsesh. This is also called corrosion resistant steel, Chromium 3s the essential clement of stainless steel. It Provides corrosion resistance. QSer elements which are added to carbon steel are nickel. mobtdenmn ete, Commerce! sttiniess steel contains 18% Cr and 8% Ni. In this 3% SSicon §5 added to increase heat resistance properties. Chromium forms a cease nd toesh film of chromium axide at the surface of metal. This film Céssificztion of stainless steel On the basis of micro structure. the stainless steels are divided into Sree ones. r Awsienitic stainless steel Martensitic stainless steel 3 Ferritic stainless steel Stainless Steel t i Faerie Martensitic Ferritic | Stainless steel stainless steel stainless steel v I. Austenitic Stainless steel This steel comains 15% to 20% Cr, 7 to 10% Ni and 0.15% carbon. It Provides maximum resistance to corrosion.Se 232 matotls to increase Science. In austenitic stainless steel, molybdenum corrosion resistance titanium and niobium are added carbon. ; d is ee stabilize the t. This type : : tment {tis non magnetic and cannot be hardened by heat tea : a of steel is used for making utensils, sinks, dental and surgical 2. Martensitic Stainless steel i . is contains 10 to This is also called plain chromium stainless steel. This 14% Cr, with no other alloying element. in cold state, These steels are magnetic, tough and can be worked in : ai These steels can be hardened by heat treatment, these steels are resistance to water and are used for making blades, cutlery and surgical instruments. 3. Ferritic Stainless steel These steels contain Cr 14 to 18% or 23 to 30%. They do not contain any other alloying element. This steel! cannot hardened by heat treatment, These can be forged, rolled and machined and have more corrosion resistance than martensitic stainless steel. These are used for making chemical equipments and automobile parts. | High speed Steels High speed steel is heat resistance steel having properties like high hardness, good wear resistance and high compressive strength. The took operating at high speed are made of high speed steel. Such steels are vetY hard at high temperature. These are resistant to wear, distortion and deformation. To provide hardness elements like Co (Cobalt), W (Tungsten), V (Vanadium) a added in the steel. This type of steel can be divided into three types.Sheree 2.33 Ferrous Alloys Spring Steels The spring steel possess good strength, toughness and resilience. It must be capable of storing energy. The spring steel of composition 0.6 to 0.7% C, 0.2 to 0.55% Si, 0.65 to 1.0% Mn is used for laminated spring for locomotives. Silicon Steel Silicon remains in all types of steels in the form of iron silicide. In the silicon steel, percentage of silicon varies from 0.8 to 4.8%. Silicon alloys are mainly used. in electrical machines because they have very low hysteresis loss. Heat Resisting Steels These steels are suitable for working at high temperature. A steel containing chromium, nickel and tungsten gives heat resisting steel. Steel containing 23 to 30% Cr with carbon less than 0.35% is used for service at temperature 800°C to 1150°C. Furnace parts and annealing boxes are made of this steel. Stainless} Steel Description Commonly Grade Used For 304 |Often referred to as “18-8,” 304 stainless steel|Cookware, consists mainly of iron plus 18% chromium and|steam _table| 18% nickel. This gives strength and superior|pans, chafers, resistance to corrosion and staining caused by|serving trays, | lacidic foods. Its higher nickel content alsolutensils, etc. lallows for more workability to prevent cracking. 304 stainless. steel is specified for more than hal lof alll foodservice products.