3 Fig. 2.1 is an electron micrograph of part of an animal cell. A centriole is labelled.

(a) Name the structures labelled A to C. [3]

A – nuclear, membrane / envelope ; R nucleus (unqualified)
B – mitochondrion ; A crista(e)
C – (Golgi) vesicle / (small) vacuole ; A lysosome
(b) A student investigated the effect of temperature on beetroot tissue. Beetroot cells contain a dark red pigment known
as betalain, which is stored inside their vacuoles.

The student

• cut the beetroot tissue into cubes of the same size

• washed the cubes thoroughly in distilled water
• placed the same number of cubes into distilled water at seven different temperatures.

After 30 minutes, samples of the water were removed and placed in a colorimeter to measure the transmission of light.
The lower the percentage transmission the more betalain is present in the water.

The results are shown in Fig. 2.2.

Using the information in Fig. 2.2,

(i) describe the student's results; [3]
general trend described linking temperature and percentage transmission ; A negative correlation (with link) R
inversely proportional
use of comparative figures (using data from both axes) to support trend ;
between 20 °C and 60 °C percentage transmission decreases, from 95% to 70% ;
between 60 °C and 70 °C, decrease is, significant / steep / from 70% to 19% ;
between 70 °C and 80 °C, decrease is, less steep / more steeply than initial temperature range / from 19% to 6% ;
(ii) explain the effect of increasing temperature on the beetroot tissue. [3]
at (temperatures above) 60 °C, cell / vacuolar, membranes damaged / AW; A tonoplast
(membrane ) proteins, denatured / altered tertiary structure ;
increased fluidity (of membrane) / phospholipid bilayer more fluid ;
(so) diffusion / AW, of, betalain / pigment (out) ;
as temperature increases, rate of diffusion increases / diffusion occurs more quickly ;