(a) Cell surface membranes are involved with the movement of substances into and out of cells.

Calcium pumps in cell surface membranes maintain a concentration of calcium ions inside the cytoplasm that is a
thousand times lower than outside the cell.

Fig. 1.1 shows the movement of calcium ions across a cell surface membrane.

With reference to Fig. 1.1,

(i) explain why calcium ions do not pass through the phospholipid bilayer; [2]
calcium ions are, water soluble / charged / not, fat / lipid, soluble / hydrophilic / ionic ; A not oil soluble
phospholipid bilayer / AW, is hydrophobic / AW ;
(ii) name and describe the process by which calcium ions are moved across the membrane. [3]
active transport / active uptake ;
(calcium ions) moved against their concentration gradient ;
ref. to, carrier protein / transport protein / pump protein ; ignore ion pump R channel protein
ref. to calcium ions combine with binding site ;
carrier protein, changes shape / conformational change ;
ref. to ATP ;
(b) Phagocytosis is the process by which bacteria are ingested by cells.

Describe the role of the cell surface membrane during phagocytosis. [3]
bacteria / antigen / epitope, combine(s) with / attach to/ recognition by, receptor ;
antibody on bacteria combines with receptor ;
opsonisation / opsonisation described ; e.g. facilitates phagocytosis
ref. to constant region ;

membrane infolds / invaginates / envelops / engulfs / enclose / AW ; accept answers without ‘membrane’ where
implied previously / later
membrane fuses ;
to form, vacuole / vesicle / phagosome (enclosing bacteria) ;
(c) Phagocytic cells contain many lysosomes.

Describe the function of lysosomes in destroying ingested bacterial cells. [4]

lysosomes fuse with, vacuole / vesicle / phagosome ; A form secondary lysosomes
lysosomes contain, enzymes / named digestive enzyme ;
(catalyse) hydrolysis / digestion ; A breakdown
(digests / breaks down) protein / murein (or peptidoglycan) / carbohydrate / lipid / phospholipid / nucleic acid / DNA /
RNA ;
named bond ; e.g. peptide, glycosidic, ester, phosphodiester