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Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of Upper Tarakan Formation, Tarakan Island,

North Kalimantan, Indonesia

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 PROCEEDINGS
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2017 7th International Annual Engineering Seminar

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2017 7th International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES), Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of Upper Tarakan

Formation, Tarakan Island, North Kalimantan,
Indonesia

Salahuddin Husein
Department of Geological Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
shddin@ugm.ac.id

Abstract — The Tarakan Formation is one of most prolific They consist of Tarakan sub-basin in the centre offshore,
reservoir in the Northeast Kalimantan Basin. This Pliocene Muara sub-basin in the southeast offshore, Berau sub-basin in
fluvio-deltaic succession reached 3,000 thick and its upper part the southwest onshore, and Tidung sub-basin in the northwest
was exposed along the spine of Tarakan Island. They were mostly onshore (Fig. 1). The Tarakan Basin is bounded to the north
studied in sub-surface, and no publication mentions its onshore by Semporna Peninsula, to the west by Sekatak-Berau Ridge
outcrops. This paper attempts to examine field sedimentological (which is part of Kuching High), to the south by Mangkalihat
observation along several key outcrops and their stratigraphic Peninsula, and to the east by deepwater of Sulawesi Sea [1].
processes. Their deposition reflected half cycle of system tract,
initiating from highstand sequence by the presence of quartz Tectonically, the Tarakan Basin is bounded by two major
sandstones of distributary channel deposits capped by NW-SE strike-slip sinistral faults, the Semporna Fault in
bioturbated shales of lower delta plain deposits. They were northern margin and Mangkalihat Fault in the southern margin
followed by falling-stage sequence of polymictic conglomerates [2]. These strike-slip faults were interpreted to be responsible
deposited in braided streams, which later was resumed by the for several sub-parallel isoclinal arch structures in the Tarakan
lowstand sequence of planar cross-bedded quartz sandstones sub-basin, they are Tarakan Arch (± 100 km length), Bunyu
deposited in meandering streams. Arch (± 40 km length) and Ahus Arch (± 30 km length). The
Tarakan and Bunyu arches host 92% of all commercial
Keywords — Upper Tarakan Formation; Upper Pliocene;
hydrocarbon accumulations in the basin, and their plunging
Fluvio-Delatic Sedimentation;Tarakan Basin
noses have been the target most of the offshore exploration
I. INTRODUCTION effort [3]. Particularly in the Tarakan sub-basin, those arches
synchronously superimposed, but also later during next
The Tarakan Formation was extensively deposited during
Pliocene in the Tarakan Basin, and outcropped on the Island of
Tarakan, Northeast Kalimantan, where it obtained its name
and considered as the type-locality for formation stratigraphy.
This formation is the major producing reservoir in the island,
mostly from shallow horizons, and thus put this formation
became of main interest to petroleum research in the basin.
Although this formation lengthily cropped out in the spine of
the island, following a NNW-SSE oriented gentle arch
structure, they are mostly studied in the subsurface trough
thousand of wells scattered within the basin. Only few little
attention has been payed upon their exposures onshore. This
paper goes to presence field sedimentological observation on
the Tarakan Formation onshore of Tarakan Island, which is
considered as part of the eroded upper section of the
formation, and correlating them throughout the spine of the
island.
II. GEOLOGICAL SETTING
A. Tarakan Basin
The Tarakan Basin as a matter of fact is a collective name Figure 1. Regional setting of Tarakan Island and Tarakan Sub-Basin
applied to four sub-basins located in the northeast Kalimantan. (image from GoogleEarth).
2017 7th International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES), Yogyakarta, Indonesia

reactivation cut-by, the older N-S oriented growth faults Hydrocarbon exploration began on Tarakan island as early
whose developed during Plio-Pleistocene prograding deltaic as 1897 and in 1901 the largest field, Pamusian, was
deposition. discovered and put on production in 1906 [3]. It has produced
a cumulative production of more than 193 MMBO (million
Reference [1] divided the Tarakan sub-basin stratigraphy barrels of oil), representing 60% of the basin production to
into 5 depositional cycles, intimately dictated by interplay
date, expelled from the Tarakan Formation. Juata field, with
between Kuching High episodic uplift as the clastic more than 17 MMBO representing 5% of the total cumulative
provenance and the regional eustasy. The first cycle was
production was found in 1918. Other smaller fields were
starting from regional transgression in the Late Eocene to Late discovered much later, Sesanip, Mengatal, and Mamburungan
Oligocene during deposition of Sujau clastics, Seilor fields.
carbonates, and Mangkabua marls. The second cycle took
place during latest Oligocene to early Middle Miocene, where Migration timing is indicating extremely late migration
Tempilan clastics interfingered with Tabalar limestones and (late Pleistocene) into what appear to be early Pleistocene
overlaid by Naintupo shales. The third cycle occurred during structures [3]. Structural style of those fields were varied [4].
Middle to Late Miocene, marked by tremendous supply of The Pamusian Field is that of independent closures on the
Meliat deltaic sediments followed by deeper marine clastics of downthrown sides of the growth faults. The Juata Field differs
Tabul and Santul. The fourth cycle was deposited during in located within the upthrown horst, as is the Sesanip Field
Pliocene by the occurrence of Tarakan deltaic sequences. The was trapped by a small reverse fault.
fifth cycle occured from early to late Pleistocene by deposition
of Bunyu deltaic succession during the on going sea-level rise. III. DATA AND METHODS
B. Tarakan Formation This paper is developed from geological field observation,
where sedimentologic and stratigraphic data were obtained
The Tarakan Formation is composed of sand, shale and from 8 (eight) outcrops (Fig. 2). Stratigraphic measured
coal interbeds that belong to the Sesayap delta system. It is section was conducted in each outcrop, with a scale of 1:100.
characterized by the increasing number of sandstones and Detail examination on sedimentary textures and structures, as
coals upward. The lowest thick coal bed is arbitrarily taken as well as paleontological evidences, were done on site.
the base of the Tarakan Formation. Eastward they gradually Geometry and relationtship between each sedimentary bodies
change into shale and limestone facies of a prodelta or marine were also carefully noted.
environment. Total thickness reached 1,000 m in the north
(Mengatal Field) up to 3,000 m in the south (Mamburungan Selection of outcrops considered the structural condition of
Field) [4]. This formation has unconformably contacts to older
and younger formations.
Taking 3,000 m thick of deltaic sediment deposited during
Pliocene, thus rate of sedimentation for Tarakan Formation
would possibly be more than 900 m/mya, a number doubled
than was calculated by [5]. The deposition of Tarakan deltaic
sequence suggests an evidence for a major regression which
followed by rapid sea-level rise in the early Pliocene. This
highstand system caused the paleo-Sesayap river to back up
and deposit vast volumes of braided stream sandstones [3].
Reference [6] studied the Tarakan Formation in Bunyu
Field, summarized that the lower part of the formation is
dominated by distributary mouth bar and tidal bar sandstones,
capped by either delta plain or prodelta shales. In the upper
part, coal beds become thicker and increase in number, which
suggests a lower delta plain environment.
C. Hydrocarbon Occurences and Exploration
Most of the hydrocarbon are found in distributary mouth
bar and tidal bar sands, varies from less than 1 m to around 20
m thick [6], in a depth of 500 – 1,500 m [4]. Corresponding to
their deltaic nature, the sands usually shale-out and wedge-out
in short distances. Their average porosity is 25% and the
permeability often exceeds 1 Darcy. Geochemical analysis
indicate that the sources for the oils in Tarakan Island may be
more varied, ranging from types II/III or IV, with Miocene
interval is the principal candidate for a suitable source rock
[3]. Figure 2. Outcrop distribution (yellow circles) onshore of Tarakan Island
plotted on geological map, superimposed on SRTM DEM imagery.
Yellow polygon is surface distribution of Tarakan Formation and black-
dashed arrows indicate axial line of Tarakan Anticline [8]. Blue polygons
are oil fields and red-dashed lines are sub-surface faults [9].
2017 7th International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES), Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Tarakan Island. The Tarakan Formation exposes along the channel bodies of polymictic conglomerates, well-rounded
spine of island, in direction NNW-SSE following the arch fragments of quartz, basalt, meta-sandstones, and meta-
gentle axis, which in turn put all sedimentary layers in near- claystones, filling the channel floors with low-angle trough
horizontal attitude. Correlation between each outcrop were cross-bedded.
following the NNW-SSE axial line, guiding by distinct coal
marker. Stratigraphic correlation also took the effect of
topography and fault offset into account.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Field Sedimentological Observation
Presentation of observation result is following depositional
succession, from the oldest to the youngest. As predicted from
depositional trend and also later would be shown by
stratigraphic correlation, the oldest series would be placed in
the southern part of island.
1. Outcrop TR.03 – East Mamburungan (E570785-N360367):
this 3.25 m thick outcrop composed of three different
lithologies: the lower part was formed by amalgamated
channel bodies of fine to medium grained quartz sandstone,
trough-cross bedding, and interpreted to be deposited in
distributary channel; overlying by dark grey shales,
interpreted to be deposited in flood plain; eroded by fine-
grained sandstones of low-angle trough cross-bedded and
capped by coal, interpreted to be deposited in crevasse
splay.
2. Outcrop TR.04 – Mamburungan (E568755 - N360309): Figure 3. Outcrop TR.01 (a), with inset position for (b) bioturbation of
this 2,4 m thick outcrop solely composed of sub- skolithos and planolites in the bottom of shales, and (c) planar cross-
bedded in fine to medium quartz sandstones capped by clay-plug.
bituminous coal with few amber fragment, interpreted to
be deposited in lower delta plain.
3. Outcrop TR.01 – East Tarakan (E568819 - N364896): this
9 m thick outcrop (Fig. 3a) exposes amalgamated channel
bodies of fine to medium grained quartz sandstones, trough
and planar cross-bedded, lateral accretion with clay plugs
(Fig. 3c), interpreted to be deposited in distributary
channel; overlying by dark-grey shales intercalated by
lenticular coals, abundant with trace fossils of skolithos
and planolites ichnogenera (Fig. 3b), interpreted to be
deposited in lower delta plain.
4. Outcrop TR.02 – Central Tarakan (E568547 - N366538):
this 8,5 m thick outcrop located 1 km north from TR.01
and was identical in stratigraphic succession; the lower
part composed of 6 m thick amalgamated fine to medium
grained quartz sandstones, trough cross-bedded, lateral
accretion with clay plugs, interpreted to be deposited in
distributary channel; overlying by 2,5 m thick dark-grey
shales intercalated by coal with sand lenses, the bottom
part rich in trace fossils of skolithos and planolites
ichnogenera, suggesting a lower delta plain environment.
5. Outcrop TR.05 - West Tarakan (E565275 - N369055): this Figure 4. Outcrop TR.05 (a), with inset position for (b) polymictic
8 m thick outcrop exposes braided channel deposits (Fig. conglomerates as channelized basal-lag deposit, and (c) planar cross-
4a); the lower part composed of fine to medium grained bedded in fine to medium quartz sandstones.
quartz sandstones, containing well-rounded polymictic
lithic fragments (Fig. 4b), low angle trough cross-bedded 6. Outcrop TR.06 – West Tarakan (E563289 - N372031): this
with clay-plugs and changing to planar cross-bedded 5.5 m thick outcrop composed of amalgamated channel
upward (Fig. 4c); overlying by a channel body of shales bodies of fine to medium grained quartz sandstones,
with thin layers of coal, whose interpreted to be deposited interpreted to be deposited in braided stream; the lower
in flood plain; the upper part composed of amalgamated part consists of planar cross-bed with well-rounded
2017 7th International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
polymictic fragments and fining upward; the middle part
consists of grey shales intercalated by channel sands,
possibly as flood plain with intervening crevasse splay; the
upper part consists of trough cross-bedded with no
significant amount of lithic fragments.
7. Outcrop TR.07 – North Tarakan (E563648 - N372933):
this 7 m thick outcrop exposes a fining upward succession
of braided river deposits; the lower part composed of
amalgamated channels of polymictic conglomerates (well-
reounded fragments of quartz, basalt, meta-sandstones, dan
meta-claystones), trough cross-bedded with clay plugs; the
upper part composed of amalgamated channels of fine to
medium grained quartz sandstones, trough cross-bedded;
capped by dark-grey shales as floodplain deposits.
8. Outcrop TR.08 – Juata (E561087 - N380218): this 6 m
thick outcrop composed of amalgamated channels of
polymictic conglomerates, intervening by lenses of clay-
plugs; their fragments are well-rounded quartz, basalt,
meta-sandstones, and meta-claystones; and interpreted to
be deposited by braided stream.
B. Stratigraphic Sequences and Synthesis
Although only 8 key outcrops covered the entire length of
island, that is 24.7 km, considering the gentle dip and
homogeneity of rock facies, technically each could be
correlated to adjacent one. A geologic profile was
reconstructed in NNW-SSE direction (Fig. 5a), resulting a 24
m thick composite section (Fig. 5b), indicating the dynamic
sedimentation of upper Tarakan Formation in response to
eustasy, following the fluvial sequence model of [7].
The lower section was constructed by a late stage of
transgressive toward the highstand system tract (HST), which
composed of amalgamated channel bodies of fine to medium
Figure 5. Stratigraphic correlation (a), with composite section (b), suggesting the influence of base-level
fluctuation to the deposition pattern of upper Tarakan Formation in this study.
grained quartz sandstones, trough cross-bedded, fining
upward, abundant clay drapes and clay plugs, suggesting a
distributary channel environment. These quartz sandstone
channels were capped by shales and sub-bituminous coals,
with the lower part enriched by trace fossils of Cruziana and
Nereites ichnofacies suggesting a low energy and oxygen-
defisit environment of lower delta plain.
The middle section was composed of a falling stage system
tract (FSST), initiated by coarsening upward succession from
quartz sandstone with few polymictic fragments grades onto
polymictic conglomerates, all deposited in amalgamated
channel bodies with repetitive clay-plugs, suggesting
depositional environment of braided streams. The lithic
fragments were composed of well-rounded quartz, basalts,
meta-sandstones, and meta-claystones.
The upper section was composed of lowstand system tract
(LST), as the polymictic conglomerates gradually fining
upward onto fine to medium quartz sandstones, but still
containing abundant well -rounded lithic fragments in the base
of lateral accretions, planar cross-bedded became more
frequent, suggesting the fluvial system probably changes into
meandering streams.
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS
The field sedimentological observation and stratigraphic
correlation from several key outcrops onshore of the Tarakan
Island suggests that the upper part of Tarakan Formation were
dynamically deposited in fluvio-deltaic environment, in
responding to eustatic changes. The 24 m thick composite
stratigraphic section indicates fluvial sedimentation from
highstand to lowstand sequences, that is covering half of
sequential cycle, in changing environment of distributary
channels to braided and meandering rivers.
2017 7th International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Considering the extreme thick of Tarakan Formation that
reached 3,000 m, the dynamic of sea-level changes with
frequent marine inundation – as partially reflected from this
study – had functioning in keeping the sediment instore within
their fluvio-delataic environment, which have to be coupled by
maintaining the uplift of clastic provenancial sources. Major
tectonic re-arrangement of Sundaland during Plio-Pleistocene
had kept the episodic uplift of Kuching High, assuring the
continuous supply of tremendous volume of clastic sediment
for the deposition of Tarakan Formation through the paleo-
Sesayap River system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Author expresses gratefulness to PT. Pertamina EP Asset 5
for inviting the fieldtrip in November 2014, particularly to Mr.
Zeppy Irwanzah for arranging everything.
REFERENCES
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N.E. Kalimantan Basin,” Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association
13th Annual Convention, pp. 109-120, May 1984.
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and hydrocarbon geology of the Tarakan Basin," Proceedings
Indonesian Petroleum Association 25th Silver Anniversary Convention,
pp. 241-251, October 1996.
[3] A.W.R. Wight, L.H. Hare, and J.R. Reynolds, "Tarakan Basin, NE
Kalimantan, Indonesia: a century of exploration and future potential,"
Geol. Soc. Malaysia, Bulletin 33, pp. 263-288, November 1993.
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[8] S. Hidayat, Amiruddin, and D. Satrianas, "Geological map of the
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[9] E. Biantoro, M.I. Kusuma, and L.F. Rotinsulu, "Tarakan Sub-Basin
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Anniversary Convention, pp. 175-189, October 1996.
 The 7th International Annual Engineering Seminar

INAES 2017
Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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