Wirtualne Środowisko Nauki SJO

Projekt Studium Języków Obcych

Politechniki Wrocławskiej

Język specjalistyczny

Właściwości dokumentu:

Język: angielski

Poziom: B2

Wydział: Elektroniki Mikrosystemów i Fotoniki

Opracowanie: mgr Joanna Wasilewska

 Introduction to microwave photonics

Microwave photonics is an area that studies the interaction between microwave and
optical waves for application such as radar, communications, sensor networks, warfare
systems and instrumentation. In the past few years, there has been an increasing effort in
researching new microwave photonic solutions for these applications. In general, the
microwave photonics techniques cover the following topics: photonic generation of
microwave signals, photonic processing of microwave signals, photonic distribution of
microwave signals, and photonic analog-to-digital conversion.
A high frequency and frequency tunable microwave signal can be generated by
beating two optical waves at a photodetector (PD). Assume we have two optical waves given
by

E1(t)=E01 cos(~1t+z1), (1) and E2(t)=E02 cos(~2t+z2), (2)

where E01, E02 are the amplitude terms and z1, z2 are the phase terms of the two optical
waves. The signal at the output of the PD is given by

I(t) = R|E(t)|2 = R|E1(t)+E2(t)|2 = RP1 +RP2 +2R P1P2 cos[(~1 -~2)t+(z1 -z2)] (3)

where R is the responsivity of the PD. Considering the limited bandwidth of the PD, the
current at the output of the PD is given by

IRF =2R P1P2 cos[(~1-~2)t+(z1-z2)], (4)

As can be seen from (4), a microwave signal with a frequency equal to the frequency
difference between the two optical waves is generated. This technique is capable of
generating an electrical signal with a frequency up to the THz band, limited only by the
bandwidth of the PD. However, by beating two optical waves from two free-running LDs
would lead to a microwave signal having high phase noise since the phase terms of the two
optical waves are not correlated, and the beating process will transfer the phase noise of the
two optical waves to the generated microwave signal. Numerous techniques have been
proposed in the last few years to generate low-phase-noise microwave signals with the two
optical waves being locked in phase. These techniques can be classified into three categories:
Optical injection locking, optical phase-lock loop (OPLL), and microwave generation using
external modulation. In addition, a low-phase-noise microwave signal can also be generated
using an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO).
To generate a high-quality microwave signal via heterodyning, the phase terms of the
two optical waves used for heterodyning must be highly correlated. A solution is to lock the
phase terms of two optical waves via optical injection locking. In order to achieve optical
injection locking, in which a master laser diode (LD) is frequency-modulated by a micro-
wave at fm, and the output from the master LD, consisting of an optical carrier at m0, two
first-order sidebands and other higher-order sidebands, is injected into the slave LDs. The two
slave LDs have a free-running wavelengths close to the wavelengths of two sideband, say -
2nd and +2nd order sidebands, thus the two slave LDs are injection locked, and the optical
waves at the outputs of the two slave LDs are phase correlated and the beating of the two
waves would generate a microwave signal with its phase noise determined by the reference
RF source. Note that the system can achieve frequency multiplying operation. For the
presented configuration, the generated frequency is four times the frequency of the reference
RF source, a frequency quadrupling operation is thus achieved. Note also that the microwave

© Politechnika Wrocławska - Studium Języków Obcych str. 2

signal can generated remotely. This is the key motivation of using such a technique for the
optical distribution of microwave signals.

Adapted from: http://photonicssociety.org/newsletters/apr12/RH-Microwave.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org

ZADANIA DO TEKSTU

ZADANIE 1

Complete the table with corresponding nouns and verbs.

Verb Noun

to achieve
solution
to apply
reference
to assume
addition
to inject

ZADANIE 2

Read the sentences and complete them with the correct prepositions.
1. The optical sensor consisting ________ an immobilized gel film is used to search
_________ ethanethiol or ethyl mercaptan that can be found in contaminated water.
2. __________ addition, signal detection is considered to be the effect_________ the system's
output.
3. In the paper, the new scanning technique ________ the optical vortex microscope and is
presented. It is followed by the observation whether the technique results ________
observable effects.
4. Waves that are near infrared (longer than 760 nm) and ultraviolet (shorter than 380 nm)
might be _______ times referred _______ as light.
5. The speed _______ a wave is equal _______ the product of its frequency and wavelength.

© Politechnika Wrocławska - Studium Języków Obcych str. 3

6. Solar panels are believed to be capable _______ generating energy using indoor light.
7. The paper covers research ________ wide-band microwave communication links and is
illustrated _______ the reference ________ links that operate ________frequencies around
4 000 Mc/s.
8. The speed of downloading webpages is determined _______ the bandwidth of the
connection your Internet Service Provider and your computer.

ZADANIE 3
One word is wrong in each sentence. Cross it out and write the correct word at the end.

1. A standardized set of specifications of transmission bandwide for digital signals that can be
carried on synchronous optical networking fiber optic networks are optical carrier
transmission rates. ________________
2. As demonstrated through number examples, both techniques allow to develop several
microwave circuit design methods.
3. It was suggested that the observable quality of the remote generated signal is significantly
lower. ________________
4. The authors propose the investigation of the triple correlates in the arrival of photons at the
three detectors.
5. The measurement of how neurons in the visual pathway respond to light refers to the
response and summarizes the change in the neural reaction per unit of the signal strength.
________________
6. The article presents the description of using the photonics solutions available and focuses
on the appliances of the results.
7. The author proposes a negative logic implementation method that leads to accelerating
optical configure. ________________

© Politechnika Wrocławska - Studium Języków Obcych str. 4

 Introduction to microwave photonics

JĘZYK ANGIELSKI JĘZYK POLSKI

achieve osiągać
amplitude amplituda
application zastosowanie
assume zakładać, że
band pasmo
bandwidth szerokość pasma
beating pulsowanie
capable zdolny do
carrier nośnik
configuration konfiguracja
considering biorąc pod uwagę
consist of składać się z
conversion konwersja, nawrócenie
correlated powiązane
cover przykryć, pokryć
current prąd, strumień, kierunek
effort wysiłek
equal równy
frequency częstotliwość
generate wytwarzać, wywoływać, wygenerować
in addition dodatkowo
injection wstrzyknięcie
lock zamknąć
noise hałas
numerous liczne
output dane wyjściowe
reference odniesienie
responsivity czułość, szybkośc reakcji systemu
solution rozwiazanie
term termin, okres, warunek, pojęcie, kategoria
tunable dający się nastroić
warfare działania wojenne
waves fale
width szerokość

© Politechnika Wrocławska - Studium Języków Obcych str. 2

KLUCZ

ZADANIE 1

Verb Noun

to achieve achievement
to solve solution
to apply application
to refer reference
to assume assumption
to add addition
to inject injection

ZADANIE 2
1. of, for
2. in, of
3. for, in
4. at, to
5. of, to
6. of
7. on, by, to, at
8. by, between

ZADANIE 3
1. bandwide/ bandwidth
2. number/ numerous
3. remote/ remotely
4. correlates/ correlations
5. response/ responsivity
6. appliances/ applications
7. configure/ configuration