Ce oe REE Te ELT WORLD EXCLUSIVE MOON LANDING SPECIAL All About 2" SPACE: " yi nal the bers rev in he last crew I “tl 1969 “eee lading ee p Bue Ari i eer si POM MAL NE [-] ale Tape MULTIVERSE? ”, Lg x PLUTO, ae FULL GUIDEpa OWL BOOKS Mee aR ne SI 1% DISCOUNT Ue he ree) WAS: £16.99 NOW: £18.75. NOW: £12. 75 PD Pere AE Ps ee El) CET RILIELIC ICEL S of! aie ~ TO ORDER CALL AND BE ; QUOTE CODE aN AAS93 é Nita : ~~ TO RECEIVE YOUR Noe 25% DISCOUNT: ate 01226 734222 eee) 7 eae OR ORDER ONLINE NOW: £18.75 “NOW: £12.75 \www.whiteowlbooks.co.uk NEL EE TEST TALE ISBN: 9781526717412 | PURER IM RU Cer Te MTU CLC eC ESR UR TT Ct COENEN UCC ACCEL RTT RTO Tune a eG Ue CR Tt Li UE CU | cr Cet SOE ECE RO RU SUR CUT ae CCU Me LRU meee eu red 1t).¢3 CODE acs ee a ae aaa ee Ut em CU SEU CRA Cg fc CU ee ICUS Sr ec n mmc R Pn RUD RED CU ey CmGET FREE ALL ABOUT SPACE BONUS CONTENT SIGN UP ONLINE AT SPACEANSWERS.COM/NEWSLETTER ee eed teeter bait) Welcome . a Gemma Lavender Editor-in-Chief Keepuptodate O22"... Ourcontributorsinclude.. f Abigail Beall Lee Cavendish ALL ABOUT SPACE ISSUE 94 ON SALE 15 AUGUST! PETES oon eo ae Poetry oz.LAUNCH * PAD Secon Pass Black holes might not merely be harbingers of destruction, two new exoplanets have been found nearby and Spitzer readies to retire in 2020 ea tee LY Tal tole) 4 etal ee DEEPSPACE“The idea of a single time that passes at the same speed is completely wrong" Your completeguidetothenightsly What's in the sky? APOLLO ee Telescope review site eae ‘WORTH, £225! TELESCOPE‘LAUNCH PAD cele) Tae et cui Ruin . 7 ~“em ACs hla la aR leo Ce NussatnitpLLaleapeaeoled ere eee cad eros ee ee Pere ne eo Peed) Cea oon: LAUNCH PAD| YOUR. FIRST CONTACT WITH THE UNIVERSE o ey No ¥¢ ‘, oe: ’ 5 2 y 4 H ee! hoe q a Q F a ae ia | 7 . Sees he Se. : eae Derm kem ea ea ag Me etter ted Co oaele atc od Way unveiling een Penns reece toes rere aaa) Mendon and Margo ee pean ane frre ethene ts erent ier “Ths set sins grest ees Pe aeolian pillainslraneyirtaen pene een cnineien pacers cee eee eran pte seg perenne) Feeney ese ea Bi er) CSIs} asteroids Coo) fel} Seo ey Der een ros es eed eat eet Seed ead past. These streaks were ee petra erry er eto’ Sera eee peters eee ad een’ freeones better understanding of ee erent peerenreLAUNCH PAD SoU Seem ER Ns Light of the night is eta ae PS ERG RT cee eet etree epee pS eee eee Getting a taste for space Seemed poet eetan en coer res eee ed Cau Peceeetcnt ry ene) ee) Brenner ete err atthe Jet Propulsion Laboratory eee Seis analogue engineers have in ‘order to test the vibrations and eee Pe poniesyet ioe) illustration PON acd ey ; eel Erne ay reread See mea Pet eel een ees es . Ere cad Spee eta ne es with cosmic gas and dust that fuels Ce ee es eects coe eines ecu eee itare caved out by radiation after k ge Cea a 3 The eeu eed Peri ees proaenegane sen Sorerer emery preety Roce e sees Patents Peper smears Poe ‘ pe patoanent eg Rioveammer renee pert rrs Se cee ceo)LAUNCH PAD YOUR FIRST CONTACT WITH THE UNIVERSE IN. COOPERATION WITH SPACE: Voracious black holes could feed alien life on rogue worlds ee) lack hols are engines of destruction eettT eer Petia Pee era thatthe radiation they ert during fedig renies eet eer Powe photosymthess. The upshot? Far move words Sree ees eee pei ern eto ere) ee eel Sead ee eet cee eet ea Peer eet ann ea ee Ee es cee re ener rane) ee ee ett Set et ne ea complex extraterrestrial ife towards the cone of the Seen ec eee eee ated ee er eee eee er es) een ries Lee tet with atmospheres that are thicker than Ears See eee eee eee ee arg eer rere Ce etd eens Ree ete Ce er Se eee ea ta eae ee ere ete eee aon region would extend approximately 40 light years ett es Mysterious glow warms Uranus’ FINS 2:1, cusenrowt Some sort ofa heat wave watms the ring of anus, eventhough the planot bits faraway New heat images of the planet, obtained by t telescopes in Chile reveal the temperate of the forthe fist time: 195 deg degrees Fahrented, or the boiling temperature of Tiga nrogen, hile that sounds co that most of space lk approaching a temperature at which atams stop ‘moving. This point ealed absolute er, which s roughly 273 degrees Celsius (460 degrees Fahrente), And Uranus itself located p the Solar System, 2 faction ofthe heat from the Sun thatthe Earth "The ie star at an average distance of 19 Astronomical Units (AL), with each AU equivalent tothe average distance fom the arth to the Sun, or 150 milion ilometres (93 milion miles The scientists who captured the new images sald they arent sue what’ causing the relative warmth, Bu the weird temperature proves that the brightest and densest rng 3t Ura alc R known a the epsilon ring, is very diferent other rng systems in out Solar System. “The small fend is missing in the main rings of Uranus. The brightest rng, epsilon is compased of goal Sized and lager rocks” explained Imke de Pate, an ‘stonomer atthe University of Califrni, Bed The epsilon ring also difers fom rings observed at the other giant planets. hier’ rings are made of particles chat are roughly a thousandth ofa rmilimete in diameter each, while rings are made up almost entirely of epsilon ring doesnt even look ike the main rings Uranus - age tacts of dust He fn between them, “wee alteady know thatthe epson rng isa bit weird, because we dont see the smaller stu” lead author and graduate stent Edward Molter, who fs also atthe University of Califa, Berkeley, ‘id inthe same statement. "Something has been the smaller stuff out, o ial glomming together. We ust dont know. This sa step towards “understanding (the rings] competion and ame from the same source er greatly from those on ‘neighbouring ringed planets ee eer een et en peer aes en ere ges Se nd star to provide ight source, Astronomers have ee eet eet fee Peer nr er ra ny Ce ee ey ea See eed Peete Coreen ten eres ee ed tetera a ee ete ee heme ere Poet reer ry Cer Pee neaCoen pened Scns Bet planets ‘Atlas of Space’ smashes textbook view Of the Solar SySteM s0:5:25s2andonspector {In most maps ofthe Solar System you can expect ste. "This map shows the otis. cane eT tosee the eight canonical planes. and often than 18000 steroids in he Sob Syste. This objets in Pht traling the ery orange Sun ike polite le Inchdes everything we know of thats om their position ducklings ina ro In bilgi leanor Lats new fen kilometres (2 mili diameter about ‘before the which shows the 0000 aserods at wellasOOO randomised turf earcelestal objects unknown sie” millennium ‘objects, youl be Ieky if you can even find Mars Tania doctoral candidate tthe University of Washington wo spends her evenings turning ‘oat accate map of ‘on your bedicom wal "The map shown hee which Late posted to her ‘webstetabletopwhalecom on 10 June, was created from otal data taken rem a dozen fren pale databases, Going above and beyond mest textbook pace mae, this guide tothe cosmos shoe the asteroid el between Mare and upiter ana the Kuiper Ht beyond Neptune gorgeous, ‘hci deal "his map sh Rev Yeu Eve | SPACE |] \ MANUALS FROM HAYN Mes) Tag PINKS AND ALL GOOD Prec oT)extant salty puddles of water resembling ones you might fi on Mats, bactra can survive geting completely dred out suggesting thatthe Red Panet may be more habitable than previously thought, acceding toa new study hs beloe dun, evaporating fst onthe Martian surface can drive humidity up to 100 pr cent, sa the study's eno author Mak Schneegur, an astrobinlogis t Wichita State University in Kansas. At its peak the humidity on Mars can resemble the drier parts ofthe Atacama Desert in Cle, he Arest place on arth aside frm spokes, which nevertheless homeo ie In addon a varery of sats often found onthe surface cof Mars could abr tis mestre. Because the bein ids ‘hacresult havea lowe freezing pint than wate they could wit the fig temperatures that preva onthe Red surface - and potentially harbour i reves, the humidity n the Martian surf mets dung the daytime as temperatures se AS Two potentially Earth- planets found around nearby sta vrs, cizaset Howen “There ze even move potently habitable planets nest Eth than we ever imagined, A research team discovered two Earth-like planets in our cosmic backyard and they Tecate inthe perfect zone for water to orm en ther presumably rocky surfaces, “The planets fit sun known as Teegdets star hich s only 125 ight years frm Earth a ight years the distance that Hight travels a year. orroughiy 6 tilion ils or 10 trilon Islomettes Te tw planet oe an awful lot ike Earth and our neighbouring woeds, the researchers id "The two planets resemble the ner planets of our Solar Sytem lead author Mathias Zacher, esearch Scientist at the Institute for Astrophysics at the Univesity of Goatngen in Germany, sald ina statement. "They are only slg heavier than Earth and are located in the so-alled habitable zone, where water canbe presenti qui form? According to abservations, the newly found wer cb their parent sar with periods of roughly five days and days respectively. Thats very quick compared to planets cing or nn Sun - even Mercy takes 8 days foe 3 such any microbes on Mars woud ely have to deal it constamty geting dried ou To ef ie on Mars coud survive these ces of desiccation, cenit experimented with two species of bacteria taken fom wo highly sy ates Hot Lake in Washington ad the Great Salt Plains n Oktshoma, They grew them in the insolation that was al vate and hal ‘magoesium sulphate commonly known a Epsom salt kind ‘fsa comumon on dhe Martian surface Researchers next dred smal drops ofthis betrtabaden sotion sig water absofang chemicals under a vac. 10 mimic how ries on the Martian surface might evaporate Finally they locke the die drops ina a with ether regu wate ox saltwater and le thefts hui. Within a day the scientists ound te dri ops bored enough meistre rom the ar to make aliquelbrne at which point the bacteria revived and bean to row: Typically moc than half the cells survived, ike alien single rut - but Teegarderis tari an M dvatt~a typeof star thatprohies les ight and energy than out ovm Sun, ‘Any potently habitable words would be found nuded ‘cose to this star than Earth sto the Sun other wat oul freeze. Thus, ther bits would be quiches Mote planets could be lrking in Teegarden star sol system, the research team aed as many sars have moe tana coupe of planes oiting them. Peer SPACE: Peete eee seen a, e, s ‘Comet Interceptor’ Pood c Fl) Tete roel space object Perey ee ed eet Soo oe erect Penne See ety eer ets Cremer eeerrey Pree ed tery eae pcos European te prerenyeeart Peer ety re et eee eee ae eee eee ec nee ees pare eet better unders os eres) comet that has not eee or te eT eos erat coo ond ere caterCelebrate the most historic space event with these ‘50th Anniversary Apollo 11 Fisher Space Pens®. Each ‘collectible pen is precision assembled and hand tested. " AliFisher Space Pens® perform in extreme temperatures Bs 250°F stan angle even psi down, ater, in zero gravity, through grease and three imes Seiten ‘the average pen. eT aed 5 iS MS Vad a Co Ree een Ug mt PoP ee eo’» in Bethe last creld hives of the ”Gemini mssons, span out of conto oth You're potting three dumans on top of an enormous amount of faq explosive Ami rump and ofthe most dramati athe Apollo 1 that may notThe secrets of Apollo 11 ese Rae eeag Rona oe nic Uiy ey ete ee ears Pye mraret eG a Sere te) Ree nee) the faling, exploding rocket. To their knowledge, Armstrong and eee eet trained to escape. Mauer eles Apollo! would not be saved eos peer eee Corres) eee ccicoass ere eas Ser) eee esti Pee ie cof shaking and feting akin co beng on board a large jet aeroplane on takeoff Yet as smooth 3 ride at was being on top of that mich rocket fuel was always a dangerous experience 8 space mission will never be reine because you puting three humans on top of an enarmous amount of high explosive” Gene Krana fight decor for ‘palo Is ana landing told us If there were any nauts werent feeling it according, to Buzz Aldrin. “We el that ou survival was in the probability of 99 percent. There were a ox of rks involve but there were alot of point to abo the mission short of continuing on Something sky ‘Once space he Command Service Module hd orotate ad dock with the Lunar Mele ‘hich was embecded inthe final S1VB stage ofthe Saturn V rocket. After the two spacecraft had mal lev tothe Moon ving the SVB in space behind them, Some tie Inte, the cree spotted something srange outs alight that appeared 1 be folowing them. When Michael Colin used the onboard elescope to view fhe coukint make tout foked ike 9 eres of clipes, and wien focusing the telescope it seemed Lahaped, but that could have ast ben the way sunlight was glinting of Recent to tel mission control in Houston, Teas, that they were being race to the Moon by a UFO, the ce cautious asked where the SIVB rocket + moments later they came back "There was a Aeqree of to us and said twas around 6000 mies 19656 klometes away recalled Alin. “We realy didnt think we were looking at something that faraway 10 we decided 0 go o Seep and not tlk about anymore" Alin doesnt believe twas an alien spaceship but tha twas move hey the Sun reflecting off one of fur metal panes that fll avy from the rocket stage wise they docked with the ina Module Por almest fou days Apel ew towards the Moon, where Armsttong ae Aldi climbed nto the Lunar Morile- the Eagle’ - and said goodbye o Calin, who was to remain inthe ‘Command Module n orb arcund the Moon. hs the Eagle few around te far sie ofthe Moon things n mission control were growing tense. “Threw contol hat hadnt even seen in training” Kranz “That was when you realised this was the real dea today, we land onthe Moca” Almost immediately after separating foe the Command Module thete were problems Radio communication with the Bale was sketchy at best. and they wer coming up tthe paint where the landing could no longer be aborted if something was wrong Te was upto me to decide we had enough Information to make the gino-go decison) contin the descent tothe Moon” sat Kranz Sa fve minutes before the powered descent 0 the hina surface was duet bein, wit adio communication cutting in and out Kranz asked seriousness I ealSSIOn Q control that | havte t even seen tm trating Left: Ercan eer coe cesta Deal preety coos cares three Ponce aren Right bottom: in his rT "armtrong Si ere carrer coawativeren Fa one toe erry. Bae 3 sn bei wes ro men ae ovine ese 0 estan mourned by the ey ae mT PS sities and fiends eon A Fe yeopie of the: is 3 of man. ays md much nance 2. ‘en ase genie. enc wl 408 retin os eat en ly ind tet WY TOT te er i io 38 0 Ow ones nthe nih pe Moon in polonks att lng wo ot Fa enero his flight controller to give im 1 goino-go based onthe las frame of data that they saw, They all sid go" And then things turned from bad to meaty catastrophic. The sjucecrafts guidance computer, developed at MIT Under the auspices of Charles Draper = the ab at DIT now bens hs ame - was a 24H system, ht was the frst nthe wordt ise meegrated ‘ret Ms fed memory was an ingenicusty ‘designed ‘Coe Rope which consisted of a set of smal hops. Lite Old Ladies, a i was refered. tot the ime, along ith machines would thread the code ether through or around the hoops 0 ‘ve the computer its Tr O value Ifthe MIT code was thcaded incorrectly, the Programme woul have te laboriasty go through the woven cores and debut. When the crew were approaching the Moon fr the landing various alarms were triggered by the computer “Whatever information we were Tooking at [disappeared] and instead it gave us the code numberof the alarm’ sid Aldrin "twas cael Noreen Mission control efeonetaaiit PMroleete Ta Coreen Se eunentes etd the first mission to land eres “Apo Apo, thi Houston. yeu read? Ove: “Apole I.Apoti hiss Houston yea reo? Ove’ “apolo ,Apolo hiss Houston. We are readiog you weal. Go ahead. er” "Apolo his Houston. Are youn the process of acquring {ota onthe bum? Ove” “Apol Apolo, isis Heuston. How do you readThe.secrets of Apollo 11 id PNor) Cop UK (ts 1 ae to the Moon : ees ieee! [erie elec] Pamper’ for aman, one giant ener mama Tomcat) Faerie eae » Sree oy ‘enton Bar Peal menace core ae 5 ae Sy ley Eras i ery rad end eo ot 5 mance es Cort eo ere Cora Bye mec) Ee Coats) pot 60.960m eos por ceed Eseries] -4 Pon Pe Launch escape od \. iN \ He " 1 r Ear Seed ere paar "3 pers Soe Co aad Es end ere) Service Module Poe eee a Sey ere te casemere ray tempted t9 Nobody seed 0 pt or to men ae Carma nga practice run and dance officer ThThe secrets of Apollo 11 ee . ro P ) nd OC Fear ey pt Liner una ald uae sytem 2 coe “ace ered eee rapier aS bd Dattani patos lie a peers r NN nerd rvs Racer Ae ene nierer aaiaial | ee mecheaon f+ ator ey uy . Ny Tranter ri u i Cenc poo ae at Ctra i ’ Se Peete aN i 4 Service Modile a, Lp ed PT ad “ pai fg ston eegeaigntion Paes peor Pore nS ae eee ete et ae Det ck Renate eet - phe rors { peer -- = : id Data transmit period / aan is zB oon WV Baran rn pi ees i Lidoaactoe pays ft ord oar earn be cerceed sce ‘Lunar Pd re paar diate rd Eaatcet paeriy “ f ors | pha Be 4 rhe manoeuvres. Read sf i Prarie riorty sched sone ofthe dumping ower puoi t As the F fel and crash, Wel Inpe in uaining” said Kran cd outa ith a conolie nea mar ianding ele approach ouside of think he surfce on Ss idl er: theeup wind ts planned lar 3s a dangerous ooking bouk those giant rok dot peti Armstrong ook manual ake the Eagle ver the seen . under cont lo Wt made ‘Tanguility Histery familar to th commented Arms having overs ahead of them fel, and coming down on an of hoses Would destroyed the E sing the thr > tuming bc vith atheist debs "Ve pe that our bability of 94. volved 22 sé er cent. wn a omererienny 2k Hoh uncer srenty cured pin ton of the Gospel af with Amst thieatenedt tion by Madalyn Mra a, B had ead from neato al was in the There were a lot iBree ecectog.\0 lonnever made tothe alrwaves Alt, though has alvays been content the though tar the fist food and ern consumed on the kina surface Were The orginal plan had been fr the cre to get Some slep, ba wth that much adrenaline pumping through their wens that was never pong o happen ‘860239 UTC on the mocning of 2 uly, Armstrong ‘made his way through the batch and down the Ider before stepping foot onthe surface ofthe “Moon forthe fis ime and saving those immoral words: "Thats one small step fr ll man, one gant foe mankind, fer extng the Lunar Module, Armstrong and Aldrin only hada few hours to not ony alec. Frecioss rock samples but also deploy a series of experiments cn the lnarsurace Solar wind experinentsa laser reuotellectr that i stil ‘sed 0 this day to measure the arth: Moon distance, seismometers and more were all deployed. Armstrong i ced assaying he et lke ative year old na candy soe, with nat enoxgh ime to dal the things he wanted to. Standing on the Moon mast have been an increible expesence Alin described the scene around him as one of "magnificent desolation acing that "you could lok atthe horizon and see very clearly becase there was was no haze or anything. As Armstiong walked around setting up Instruments and picking up tock, Alrn boppe around on the surlace, testing wht the bes way to move about in the lw gravity was, Most of the tues faken during the landing ae of Aldrin cn the surface: barely alfa dozen show Armstrong and none lay. That's because Armstong hod the ‘amen fr most ofthe Moon wall While on the surface. the crew also had tific problems ith the ‘American flag, It had a telesoping bocen arm to hol it ou in eu of any wind to hel it up. The wo astronauts wrested to get the boom an fully but would not, so the lag had a smal kik ne They aso found that was almost impossible to gece flagpole to go deep enough into the round an inthe endl they ony jus managed to [pti to stay upright Bath ofthe cree worse would fall over live on’, and probaly as President ‘upright during the broadcasts and eephone calls After collecting their rocks and clambering back into the Lunar Module the crew ook off {er boots and backpacks, and began to thiow anything not of vital importance bak onto the hunar surface, Thisinelude urine bogs empty food packs, empty cameras a 0 on. BE to the cre they were st getting the way and not reeded. There was time for one final criss. The interior the Lunar Module was cramped ane, ‘moving around in thes bulky spaces, one of the astronauts had knoeked ou the switch forthe Circuit breaker that ie the ascent rocket that would ake them heme ‘This asa ral boteneck moment forthe missin “if for some reason the ascent engine dint vo there was no way to Teste the ce” sald sanz. Armattong a Alcrin woul! be stranded cn the Moon. The concern Was so serous that, The secrets of Apollo 11 “Neil could be Weegee nai Petar iia James Hai thor to a ite rye i Neil Armstror raphy on space hero eee Cece ee ete) Pee etd ene Recor nre St Peart eres at the same time - in certain Se cy Pee eee) his fellow pilots and astronauts tea Cee cats eye Done Peta mrt ert Te) psychobiography where Itry eeepc ten Piece aerated Poteet) en eecg os Pee eet) Poeeeeiiy ae eee ag Serer ss etary Renee eee Ca = cores cer , "Relber than worry, we! A face them when the time ? came anol we of work as bard os we could to fx ” te problem Frese Nixon hada speech prepared hile mson contol wou cos dom communeatons trih Antone and Adin tra gyn had onde tha sus tothe deepest ofthe de Vito that cheu tweke the crew wet fing that loeb th anng wou not ae Slowed thom to ge up. "ater han worry about thing he tha ed ze ham when he te Came and wed ek aha awe eal ofthe Problema enema ct nt An nthe en the ton was realy si sabi the end ofa pen into test whee the tnoken sich had ben Ain was bet puch the cit earn The scent cht ied ae the two Mocowaltrs were on thi way howe viaa rendeavous with Michael Calis in the Command Module. As the Eagle took of the ag fall di blow ‘ver an to this day ays fatened, beaches ont by soit radiationINTERVIEWBIO Prete pene reer) Pea ra Maly currently working at pacer eat nent rears Paes ier eeu irate ee Poets peeromenrent Pes res eer Rector eetenarsieet Pee pecorerer er int hes back wth another et pease Serene pe es PryDr Carlo Rovelli I THE COMPLICATIONS OF TIME AND SPACE Time is not as straightforward as we think it is. Italian theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli speaks to All About Space about the enigma that is time, and Interviewed by Lee Cavendish ‘what was your motivation behind The Order oF Time? Was t something you fet needed ‘more attention after writing Seven Brief Lessons on Physics? Seven Brief Lessons has been a huge succes, with over a malin copies sold It was had 10 Gece to write again after that One option was 0 Go sort ofthe same thing, another physi book But then decided that wasnt what my eaders wanted. They wanted something moc sincere So Twene to what was forme - the mos fascinating robert in theoretical physics, which is the ate ff time: decided to eeus ona single problem, ate that problem hasbeen the passion of my Meta sus, whats time? How do we think about time? I decided to vita book which is partly 3 population ad partially aso tling everything Tunderstand abou this fantastic problem, which is the nature of time and what [dont understand, inciading my own ideas and my own speculations and what think ar the open mysteries. came ‘ou 36a book which is quite pect, because Is ot just popularisation burt is als from the point ‘of wew ofa scientist immersed in that - about 3 robier whe not lly navel yet ‘What do you think sa common misconception about the nature of ime? Basically everything laughs) We have an sion about time which works prety wel in ally rong f we instances nd thas rong We think that the ass ciferent from the future that sone, We think that teach instance, cur entre universe exists in that instance so theres there idea of ‘resent over the entire universe -and that’s ‘wrong, We tink that becween two instances there isa fixed amoun of time chat any lok could you look alte it larger, and this is a fact ow it changes throughout the cosmos How can you tell this is E ‘rue though? . (One example is, fr instance Y clocks dont oat the same speed. Clocks goat ferent speeds depending on ati For example in the mountains |s mote tie compared to the vay For people onthe International Spc ‘ation time pases faster than down onthe Earth ‘Nea abig plane time pases aback sis just the fst realisation cof what we have wrong abot ime itis not a fundamental aspect of if, then what Jaws govern its nature? The main message of the book is that when we think about a common nation of ime its eally combination of aot of things. What we cal tim sally a structure witha set of ayers that have diferent ergs. The properties tha ‘Above: ain orn eee perere: Pena Pair Pers Right a a eed ery Eero sxe usualy atbute to time ‘come fom ferent parts of physics For instance the speed at which the lock moves depends on avy - we understand this with gravitational theery. The dlstinctie between the past and ture isa completly different story, and we understand I with thermodynamics, stoic mechanics and the notion ofentory Enopy is the many microscopic desrees of freedom of whic we dont ook at. ‘So time's ike an onion. you have to take away layer by Iyer and understand each one with ts wn language Thats why i's complicated, One stars witha simple idea: know what time i. Time passes with each day and night. I'll very simple bu then the more one studies it, the tore layers there are appearing which ave to be separated ‘Ope [ayes themodiynam reltvty ene goes even mo Aqanum gravity whic is my domain of research one s generaEE Interview Dr Carlo Rovelii then there ft even a specticvarsbie that works con time in the equations of antum sravty we ae working on. There no time variable tall Is there any science in how we perceive time? Perhaps the most interesting thing is that some of the properties chat we atribue to time, ike the sense of how fast it goes, have nothing to do with ysis, they ave todo with our brain andthe way the brain relates othe universe, One has to tse neuroscience to understand Alot of what recall time in reality is ot clock time: it the fact that with memories ~and atcpations~ our brain connects to the rest ofthe weld a ite bt before and ite bt after an thot restos tis complicated structure of memory ad anticipation The beauty ofthe problem of time i its complexity llth scientists come i to tell us something that ‘makes up this very rich experience wl wn experince of me How does time actin the more extreme places ‘in the universe, such as around a black hoe, for example? go close toa back hal time ws down for me In fact, til so down completely iF tt the event] horizon, which is essentially the surface of back hole. This means, for instance, fecal ‘gp there ~ and as used say, 's just an issue of money wept in enough money to bald 3 spacecraft. we could go there -and then wait few months in clase preximity ofthe black hoe and then Tum my engine on and {cme ‘ont when Tome out Lam very much inthe future with respect o when I went in "could stay there for tn mites fr me, and when come out, maybe three thousand years have passed. black hole ia time- Slower I’s something tat when you go thete and ‘you jump to the futur, ime for you goes extremely Slower, while outside continues faster. That we know very well. That we know forse Is one of ‘the physical effects tha allowed us to compte ‘what happens inthe proximity of aback le and predic te image ofthe black hole that was seen this year ‘What dont scientists know? ‘what we dant know fr sue what happens a the cent ofthe black oe, because fr that you need to know quantum gravity, Bur the current speculation is that as you enter the black hole you can geo the conse, and is posse that theres. ounce, and very rapidly you are expelled out This occurs 38 abc hole becomes a white hole And you come ou, and then like what said before, the effects much stronger I takes afer seconds to goto the entre and afew seconds to come cut but “Time is like an onion: you have to take away layer by layer and understand each one with its own language” 26 you come out very very fr ito te future - maybe Dilons of years Is this concept the same as when scientists talk about travelling at speeds clos to ight? Ita very similar phenomenon, because when you travel very fast time also slows down for you If you were to leave Earth and move ata speed closet the speed of light, you can come back and a shor time has passed, whl on the Earth along, Ue as passed ‘The wo phenomena are ested, but are not the same because the first one traveling close othe speed of light) was already understood by fnsten |n1905 wth the effects of special reativry and how the structure of spacetime does that. The second one the one when talking abou ceiting black hole ot the Earth this due to gravity Sots nating that comes from spec relativity, Einstein understood that ten yeas ltr in 1915, and itis related tothe presence of big mass. The fist not being related to the mass. But they ae sii, because in both cases there comes something out ofthe speed at which ime passes. One case had t0 do with velocity, the ther being the proximity of large mass‘With regards to space-time, do you think t's Possible to move through time the same way we ‘move through space? Well, ur lives areall about moving through time we are doing al the ime. st by living we ate ‘mowing though time. Not ony st possible but vee ae dong all the time. Now. moving faster nto the ftures possible asus cd you a way of doing that - go near a black hole and come back and youte in the future So moving into the futures certainly physically possible, and itis only a mater of engining and money However, going into the pats avery diferent story because the difference berween the past and the future has to do wth entropy thermodynamics, Statistics and probability. The difference betwen {he past andthe fates mainly to do withthe probably difference. A phenomenon that can happenin one dtecton ike a glass that beaks, very improbable to happen in the other diectio pieces of las moving together by chance and forming the glass. na ense, © move back in time you have to beat very high contrary as, You have to go agninst probability Tes not legally impossible, ttt don think: we could ever develop the technology capable of ding that In principle isnot impossible to po the ps, ut in practice dont think youre ping tobe let for along time. ‘When you're writing a book lke this, how hard fsitto take these dificult concepts and make i ‘more understandable tothe pubic? tink fist of al f you understand something wel iehecomes ease os. When we ae not good at explaining something tis because we haven't understood well You se, we thik about the slence of faraway pat ke Copernic, her Copernicus wrote his book, was avery technical book [i was] very complicated with lot of strange ‘ements, strange ideas ad was incomprehensible ‘Now itis completly easy. The Earth spins and ‘oes around the Sun. Bastally thar it We got ‘sed othe fct the Earth s moving and when we see the sunset sno the Sun going down, butt actualy us spinning So Copernicus’ book has been completely digested and we accept the dea thar we are actslly mowing very fast even though we dont feo, because thats something very wll understood. When we uy and explain dificale dings, ike quantum mechanics its because we dont yet have cleat ideas about quantum mechanic. n oder to explain something, one must have digested t very, very well. And the second thing s that wate ‘bok fra general audience and not for specs, and not even for people who ae very keen on the subject. There ate popularsatin books on fundamental physics that are written for people wo ate very een on that 0 they have alot of etal. try wo take away the details, ive as few etal 3s possible and always zoom inthe key idea and try to explain as clearly as can the cesta ‘theme that Is understood. Not the why, the how o the details Jus Dr Carlo Rovelli I ‘Are there any experiments coming up that you ae looking forward to and think could explain such mysteries? Until not lng ag, had two dreams One that sraviational waves are detected and the oter that we could see a black hole Pu this has happened! Its fantastic Tam now working cathe frre of black bles. What happens nse the black bles and how they teansform in the future. and were ‘working with this possibly tat black les transform nto white holes So my dreamt now iso se effects ofthis back to wht transformation snd See some asuophysical signa that could confirm that this happens ee Poet poets ey therfine dbiferene ere arty nenOF ke itd i - - es Misono Me) -(ecde) <9 --((00 LEAD? . ae If you could journey through the cosmos’ most monstrous objects, what tales - if any - would eh be able to tell? Pn) S oa eet ee et ary EX ee tere) ere keer toes ee ee et ee ee oe Se earn error er 56 doubt anyone fling trough would een ee ec Sa rod eg een ed ee ee el ted eee eer iesSe NicKeceaiacdcccgYSTERIES Macs ered cope ponent pen ret perreres en Dey see setae “Black holes should be redefined as metastable bound states of the gravitational field” stephen Hawi sion about whether cbjects could Why, We cat even take phot Physially travel through them. that takes plac mse this bounda incre ke that has less than aero mass and there fortheomi nif this type of matter h ny ‘points in through she of anything hole fight cannot lead to another pat nid need(vik in 1964 sed that abc ole ink hte hoe that exists in he past. Unlike aback al a white he allow ight and mater toeave. Agi unl bck oes, ight and matter wil nb widen in mysterious im ate fst spoted aarten Schmic,3 Caech astrono 2 Palomar Observatory. 1963 he eco adistan object some 2blion light ster than the Miley W iey. 20 273-was aba fered 03 a quastsella radio source, or quasi, tel thee ze proposed white hol ists today bl hole uate Bu a potential cannection betwee bac and wie hols i stil being exploned. Cato Roveli and Hal M, Haggard vote 3 paper in 20 ‘which aimed bshow that there 3 ca metic tilying the Einstein equations ouside a Finke space tins here mate alas inte nbc hoe and then emerges fom 2 while he Inother words al ofthe material black holes haw :) 1 and back bok ray become white hos when they di destoying the information that ollase ofa back ho would insta experience a quantum Above Abert Fister’ ener thecry understating fb ks Farbottom ete NASA Nic Specs Tekscope ray cnusinga “epsurvey er formed fem adh teyexit ‘Mowtrve fromene pare ofthe alae ietKeeheaanelcaccela WW R tionary Where do scientists believe information Ptuean OE rea ie summery General relativity er enc er eee cota ee ed ene eam ea re ntetees pons er a ce Pearcy ee tee eee ee Poeun emt een eer eri eae ns Fe ete cen ere ieee eet nea perhaps creating an entry point to another universe It means ont Lert ee Cnet ‘Stephen Hawking suggested in 1974 that black holes eventually ee ed Perera Set ee pierce ne pets rete tees Denar Pee een cet one Rent) Se er ee tea a ee ee tet een eee ts poe pinnen men rem enna De ieee eee) Coenen een trea fee eee naelae The white hole Noma bees Pedra aeanmconlstins] esate ni enya ‘qoann Hav Ed Wit holes are thought to option ets Paper aren el eer hunny eas twa "Tipit ods wih quantum een colapsing under thee = oe ee aas Creating a bridge Poerors hore cs er eee eetrarer eerie ‘outward pressure called ee) Perera tor pacer ieee} create a white hole pene a eat] fe Eee et in Dulin in. ov che future cole informs “Falling through an event horizon is passing beyond the veil -nobody could send a message back” richard Massey ‘Uruguay, applied lop quantum gravity h ravi pest disappear Ahmet Almel, Donald nnd a ede 1 the Back hole butnothing leaves, Once Cee aecis I nypathess, By ther cautions, quantum Oh eee aed eens x the event horizon cetera Paomecreny : ¥ hat anything coming earn tere instant nthar peor et ee case nothingThis, however, vate Einsteins general theory to move away fem the coe of the Buckle. and of eat Someone crossing the event horizon woud persist fora pero of ime” In his rethinking shoul actly fel an apparent horizons temporarily retain matter an an elect would bei ree fall don th 5 beocediselving and releasing them late tsquivalence principe that obect~ oe pers ‘ovin the line The explanation best fis with 1 not fel te extreme effects of gravy. quantum theory - which sys infomation cant be should fellow the laws of physics present else destroyed - and. fw in the universe, but even if cit go aginst that anythin pe fom abla Einsteins principle t would undermine quantum vsking went as fa s saying black les m field theory o suggest information can actually be _-not even exist Black hoes shouldbe redefine 3. Scientists sousht a viable explant tes ofthe gravitation forward Haw more. in field” he nl be no singula while the could move which he eschewed to gray. woud never reach the cenee an on meaning there gravitational collapse And yet anything which i emited will ent horzo’ instead the for of the information salewed kt would nat ra gt ay tying ne possible to igure ot what went in by lo Pier CRoN ete area Poe meet hie pe eer eeer emer eeiss Explaining the key jargon and concepts that are essential in Parra ert Tae understanding these high gravity objects Eeahteseeemerer peer a eee teat Peet sd Cee es Bc ene ue a Ey Ce ut orcs Peeters peer egret) errr n ont Petey Pees Different types of black holes epee ee ote ee eens Pe at aero epee ener periment erry Perma anaes ria Pee ere ees ea ere ers ene edad eeeMAO pss eae ‘ats coming out wich causes problems of ts ‘on -not ast for, saa human who ever found themselves in sich an alaming postion. they'd ever feel the sam aan! (ne thing for sure. th sing to swallow up many fora lng time to come, Rove and Francesca Vidoto recently suggested a component of dark ‘matter cou before by remnants of evaporated ‘ack holes, and Hawkins paper on lack Holes and soft hai was released in 2018 which deserves information about particles being left around the Paint of no return, the event horizon ~an ida that shows information t ot st but capeured This fle in the face ofthe navhae theorem vnc vas expresed by physic fn Archibald ‘a worked on the bis that to Bac. pattie fore scientific hours holes would be indisingushabl to an obser because none ofthe special partie physics pseudo-changes would be conserved, ls an idea {Dar as got scents talking, bur there some ‘way to go before i's sen as the answer for where tack holes ea. If ony we cout find a 40 leap Se stored on hard dsks which are pede eerie roctssing department were eee pee ert eee eee eee ey Pesaran Pie eee Network of telescopes ce ener ny rae test Ceca ze Event Horizon Telescope ‘The EHT is the first- ever experiment to capture an image of a Black hole Coens ol om See er ees ean eat Looe cee een Pentre eae cote perebeans nets eet hot crane re pacar ated BoiMan on the Moon 50" Anniversary a 1969 Jersey perspective Relive the histori¢ moon Janding with these fascinating collectables from Jersey Post, The Apollo 11 lunar mission is remembered as one of the world’s most significant historical events. On 20" July 1969, man’s first landing on the surface of the moon was watched on television by an audience of over half a billion people worldwide. Television, radio’ and newspapers broadcast and reported on each day of the mission and this was the same in the Channel Island of Jersey. ‘Six stamps and a Miniature Sheet, illustrated by acclaimed aviation artist Keith Burns, depict key parts of the mission, together with anewspaper headline ‘or quote as reported by the Jersey Evening Post. oon crt) Visit the website to see our full range and to order online. Email: stamps@jerseypost.com or call us on +44 (0) 1534 616717 Fi wwwfacebook.com/jerseystamps [J @JerseyStamps PostSAAEe | subscription offer The Space Race by Sarah Cruddas FREE when you subscribe to All About Space Subscribe by 15 August for our exclusive offer “The Space Race reveals al ofthe big questions about space travel. Author Sarah CCruddas brings to life the hidden stories behind the most famous space missions before ‘aking the reader on a journey through the future of exploration of the cosmos. “Propelled by recent scientiic discoveries and printed to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing, The Space Race is essential to understanding every aspect ofthe history, and future and of human space travel.” Gemma Lavender, Editor-in-ChiefSHaEe | surscription otter + You'll never miss an issue! + It’s delivered direct to your door + Brilliant value — great savings on the cover price + Special subscriber covers Six-month subscription to Six-month All About Space subscription to in print plus The All About Space in Space print and cigital plus Race by The Space Sarah Race by Cruddas Sarah a] CruddasThe dwarf planet in the realms of the Kuiper Belt is not just a barren ball of rock and ice ene ee ee en ee pe ae ere ea rs Pee ee cal the Sun, which s oughly 40-tmes the Earth Su Cee eee ees eee ree eee rT eet ent aes eet et ee ae ree) ere ks) ee ere rs DeLisi) [Seen ee ee Peete aa eter) Se te eed ee ete oe eater Earth years fo complete one orbit To put that into en rena ai Sere eee ete pee ee oe ee es Peten ieee eit etary Cee eee ere een oe ets ee etd ere arc Peete See tas ee eee es ee gies er ee eo et eee eer) ee ee ee ees Soe atc peers ear cats See ena Saas Po ae eas eee eee cee ety Se Ce eens Cee ae eo Peete er ee ees eee ie See aaah ae ee ee ee nn cents fe eens Sc! ose cr ee seed Cece eae eet ee ny ceed Peta ae Se ea reer eee td ey ery poate as eoPluto Outer crust Frozen nitrogen (N) Frozen layer Water (H.0) Core Sold rock ~~ Atmospheric © composition Saas Nitrogen, eyZ) Ceqceued molecules including methane; carbon Frrovete and moreEee cel Mele) Pluto catch-up Warming the heart of Pluto When New Horizons flew past Put in 2085, itshattered perceptions ofa dul rocky Me ett atrocomers eyes tothe dea this cold be an active word, On it oy aan opt revealed a heart shapedregon the nother hemisphere ofthe dae the ton as Tombaugh Regio. Net stadjng data on tis region, astronomers have ‘und evidence fora subsurface ocean exsting under Ms ould mean tere are more oceans inthe uni of entterestal ie more plausible rai study suggests that there a layer of gs hycrates Ho er npoaed ot gases tapped in molecular water - that Insults hat eon ‘of Pluto, which prevents freezing tin ts nero. of earch in the Solr System because it means that one of eee yond our home planet. It could mean that extraterestr if could ext ‘Suewhere inthe Slr System. Pho was consiereda planet until 2006 ‘Tombaugh Regis ‘Carbon monoxide and methancices Re-opening the planetary discussion 29 Api 2019 aw an yomalvte bout wheter Po shuld be estate a2 pane or oa arta eveaion lepers one nates neuingNASAS Pcpal ines aan term and the omer reset fhe earl on (AL) Ron es ae AU that sipped Put of is planetary stats n 2006. Ore ofthe man itera that tet ne ost hovered he negbarnoo arundel Parsee tout pane pet eae Teco nai aig preteen ines senet ye trendy Pad ote Winer eon the tage ep hot Pato smarts an cers jus shame sme ete ard ut Rs char teen eps poiay t eca e Sone ing ipa ao ose 9 “The complexity of the Pluto eloemecey ase Fone foun wildest imagination. Megan ealc Svar atissici(-betanmenccatis ‘Ammonia makes Pluto look younger “Ammonia a nitrogen atom with three hydrogen atoms branching off-isabuleing block of Aenmoni aganeaght to astronomers, As anmonais Key compound fore as we know fren’ sen on other planets or other bods, it ticks an po {Ghat makes wort habitable. Obviously Put has many thing ea ta, ts ty Sats huge distance fom the Sun, relatively no atmosphere and Seba ammonia s enough to gain te attention of many astrobilogsts rand, howe s short ved on such an exposed body mn the words of Cristina pale netarysentist at NASA Ares Research Center in Moet Feld, California United States, ammonia is a fragile molecule ad gets destroyed by ultaviolet traction 3s Unite Sa therefore. when found ona surface timp that thad been emplaced years befor ormvof geological activity depositing ammonia onto there sor whatever gateway ae smined to find out how ammoni setting to the surface to make Puto Took younger ‘cryoveleanism -voatil erupting voleanoes

eee aerate ire no ro) Reker ee permis 4 r fea E Cee eens te eas ere) ete eee eet er eet ent | rey cul ee ee ei cease in lowes stars they eee gy rermants cle white does Stars Se te massive about cere ee ad ern (ron (he Hunter) These sas pierre ees eee es tere Ens pet White dwarfs signty theend ofaUn Manesco ance Kel: AUeeMdeleeenVeicoccebielsre em (ac(aele ace aE ey RieTRIC lap olosiuo ew oman HRD SBT) or STEN) from the main sequence” 10.000 7000 6,000 oo ee Cc eeeC~RGI Me ease ee eer ars Pear ent ie ieee eer ae Se acer eon pebeey a Se beet re eee ger ae ere eer en ert at rt Porn seer er er ne beeen er ea eo aloe ey ate eee een nei rere ips tar werve iba nimeey po ari opemieey Ss osteo ecoerane steer aoeie: eee ico rar] Never underestimate the humble Biro pen You /officiolcorgi Vd [esr “One small step for A man, one giant leap for mankind”, words spoken by Neil Armstrong, the first human to walk on DeLee gee ane ee entertain and inspire generations to come. Oe a em ec a Se ee eee coy ‘his day! Corgi and Airfix are proud to reintroduce five products in celebration ofthis historic and scientific feat.Airfix modelling kits allow Pe CR at ‘spacecraft in the comfort of Sanna ei ee eer ecient teenie er eect ae sear enart or ieee ry Cees ae ee a eee) ee [peony polar pep pahoaly rn cen ‘Scale Ma The Sctra Vino the ares operational launch vehicle aver produced Pastner eyeaaryaartiey mpemeary aia Peer erent et eee es ae eee eee eee Kosarvenes eae senior edinnpirnt ee re meray Peer Ser eepranee yen Serie weer) ae int oy pay ep ee? re ponrrece eo Oo eee pats ae BR Dn er ay . A a be 4 Eg by erect no 0 eo (OAV) yaa cosmology’s controver: Si = ial hypothesis down to siz ] eSeee senting we can sce Th cont fst what we can see wth out cond rife struments. snomes st, bt there sub-branch of astronomy - cosmology - which specifically deals with the structure aed evn of the universe on the ages posi * aim of cosmologists is to seek out the simplest ‘theory which adequately explains everythin we can see, Bt the subject tok an unexpected turn during the 1980s when that simples theory” began to look distnctly bizare timed the extstence of an infinite numberof other univers similar tor own ethers so ferent ever obey the sare laws of ph to this theory we lve in an unimaginabl wie the w vis an infinitesimally smal pa familiar chemistry and bio sa 10 saythe at fof cur wn universe the ve ficommunty, or reason we cutselves exist - Just wouldnt happen Pat there are infinitely many universes. then al mnton we can ne Possible combinations of constants ae bh to test the multiverse theory is 0 and we siriply got the one that works tan those effects migh he ether universes There were opposing views oo. Fora stat the native explanation physical constants - invariant numbers which lsquiting one If there’ itrally no mit othe - ry line of reasoning that pect things like the strength of gravity and universes that can exist, then anything is posible thats unavoiable may have bee wed Imlear forces. And now the wealwoekd muliverse As wellasoulandshly diferent ones, thee augumen cones fo an impeccably high ‘hey was he same thing untss universes which divege fam ou legendary physicist Stephen Hawking ‘Other people who tooketo he mikverse theory inthe tiniest details one in wich you Dec dh in March as year. the Journ philosophers. who had ak sed president ofthe United States. for example Som ses eceived a paper that hed 2 to iy those fundamental constants ave the ss ate that ea because eet ten with Belgian cosmicest Thorn recieves they do, Thar not just an abstract ther Job, which i to explain why the Intsovn vi cr proposed academic problem, but an ate existential one 7 ny is. anything can happen nt reduction of the miverse to a much f the mum even slightly different, t in the ml = Cay eetioats arene Starsand galaxies rer ight be differentCKO MCMIN Voy TRUER TBI ETC SMM scr ncnccnsens oe eri oe any me. some ore smailer cexpanang even slower than Peccal hen aenses Reet oa ea expanding even soe sree fallback on themselves and self-destruct. Hawking-Hertog theory suggests ‘that the number than previously thought Mostof the mutverse isa featureless continuum ina perpetual state of headlong ‘expansion, oF tfation Periodical. universes drop ‘uta the inflationary phase, stars and planets to Although much slower than inflation the continuing expansion ‘four universe makes look tke 3 funnlin space-time “The mulsverse exists in tree spatial dimensions -two are shown here “plus one time dimension, running ‘verily in this wsunisaton Brains Astronomer Royal ‘The prince behind the isa pillar of the scientific For and multiverse, eternal inflation, sstablshment, and anadvoate | against the explains many observations, of the multiverse theory. "What bbut so does Penrose's rival we've vaditonaly cated the | KEMUULEEVETSE theory, cated ‘conformal cyte Universe the aftermath of Cosmology This too involves ‘our Big Bang = maybe ust one aninfite numberof universes island, jst one patch of space but theyre sequent with and tine, ina perhaps inte the death of oe leading tothe archipelag," he wrote last year tirth ofthe next. Lord Martin Rees Professor Sir Roger PenroseEnd of the multiverse The Hawking Herta paper sl tals abou tales ig ode beyond the visbie hrian of out oun universe aut those other and mote important inws of py The es a ealedup version of our own fama universe. “Am ensemble of unin gina which the new The prevalng picture the fone pocket un i king and Hertog universes contains set out to put right. To quote Hertog "The key are neatly empty. “If the scale of different universes in the multiverse is large or infinite, the theory can't be tested” |ANESA mission planned forthe 2030s, this would bea giant ‘avitational wave detector made {Up of three spacecraft milions| ‘of ilometres apart twill have good chance of detecting Primordial gravitational waves. This sprawling ground-based instaltion revoltonsed astronomy in 2015 wien fist ‘etected gravitational waves, but iesstil not big enough to detect ‘the primordia waves that could test the multiverse theory e considered pretty much able sine the 19808. es cut of Ensttns teary of as small uctuations around this is work tn Having ESA’ follow-on to WMAP. Planck was operational from 2009 to 208, remapping the CMB with higher senstivity 3nd esolton than | unformity and the Bnomalous cold spot. Operating between 2001 an 2010, ths NASA spacecraft mapped the CMB, confirming the astonishing uniformity which hallmark of inflaton. Iealso discovered the'cold spot = 2 possible olson witha neighbouring universeen ed amet coe Eso ery cree od ead Eoeoetees had Bottom: WMAP. image ofthe eter) Pemirornerny parents When they tried applying string theory techniques wo cosmology they found that, tn baat n Time evolution semen 1 in our theory. the universe that evolves in 2 timeless sate at the Pig Bang in out paper we pu forward a mathematical model then use this to predict what land of universes can time emerges fo The result wll be good nes or anyone who's uncomfortable with the infinite diversity oft e- Tete are no wed ne la choices of fundamental constant of psi ro rand in dierent universes instead, everywhere the ck theory of eternal infaion The new theory has ancther advantage, to. fetog claims that cuting the multiverse down orto sys, predict the universe look roughly the same ferent n toa smallet range of possible universes “make the theory more predictive aa testable” Thats viously a god thing - bu it’ still a prety tall texde. Haw do you go about proving ot dsproving Ue existence of other universes? Or discriminating between ie ne theories such the traditional maiverse of eral inflation and ius alternatives that have sen put Fors like the eonformal eycliccosmelogy’ of Oxo Physicist Roger Fentose, One pl foran ans and the Holy Grail of modern clbservational cosmology background CMB) This isa sea of electromagnetic radiation, criginatng son after the Big Bang. permeates the whole of space. Cservations by Spacecraft such as NASA Wilkinson Microw Ansoteny Probe (WMAT) and ESAS Planck mission have shown thatthe CMB is extremely uniform all ver the sky. Infact this unformity provided the original impetus fer the concept of inflation ~a sudden ballooning o the eal universe aan enormously greater ate than the far mexe sedate expansion we ce today According to the eternal inflation theory this superfast nflation continues inden throughout most ofthe maltese bubbies - cuir own universe being one of them allowing ordinary matter ike stars and planets to appeat. Bu if our horizons limited t bubbie uni <, how can we hope to observe any ofthe others? expands, might collide wth anatheradcent bubbie. rs been theorse tht this could eave an imprint on the CMB localised eon 5 iflerent temperate from ts suroundings a cold spot tha was discovered by WMAP in and ater confirmed by Planck. The mos pedestrian explanation fcr the call spot woul be 2 random statistical Muctuation, but work cated arham Univesty in 2017 indicates tha this suey ‘As Profesor Tam Shanks sald at che ine “We ‘ant eniely tule our that the spots caused by an tnlkeyfactution,. but if thar isnt the answer then there ae more exotic explanations Peas the most exiting of hese caused bya collision bet nother bubble universe I analysis of CMB data peo the cold spot might be taken as the ist evden foc the multiverse -and bilions of ther universes Asse fom the CMB, thers another ‘gervational posit inthe form of gravitational waves, These have become 3 fair astronomical atthe cl spot was n ou universe and End of the multiverse took in the with detections of such waves ~ produced, for example, by meri back holes ~by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational: Wave Observatry (LIGO) On a much larger les ley that gavtational waves would have oped ot fs been generated infiaionary phos lesa prospect that mast promising ob to our lca unvetse, ate probably gravitational aves = not fo he coalescence of tack hols, but gravitas atthe Big Bang, basically The creation of space nd tine goes together withthe generation of fravitatioal waves in our theory, and perhaps the detailed pattern of those gravitational waves wil ve usa key signature of our mode Theresa catch, though. Any gravtaronal wav that were produced inthe exty universe woul have avery lng wavelength, puting them outside the capably of LIGO and similar Earth based ies. But the ESA as plans to puta interferometer Space Antena, form ofthe Lase or LISA. Tis would se mulipe spacecraft to a wave detector into spa sate a huge observatory inet around the Sun and, as Herog say, shouldbe ideally sued to capture those gravitational waves fom the Big Bane ‘hat wil those waves tell ue the type proposed by Hawking envisioned by peopl ike ne answer may come frm LISA, Ito nd Hero ora Roger Pensse? Dut well have a tantalising walt belo because the mission won get ofthe ground fo nother 15 years. In the meantime isnot quite the fend of the multiverse theory yet, but t's cetanty ‘ona shake footing than was fe years 3gteat Png Vso 7. For the last 20 years, astronomers had no idea that something quite familiar was present on the face of Jupiter's moon Ree ee eas Se eee oy oe Eee) Since that flyby analysis ofthe moon has painted eer er ee subsurface ocean ~ possbiy simi to Earth’ eee ey Rete ene ete ere ste ree ee a ed eet Pierce ety Perera oceans oes eee eas 58 Coxe Ree ere eet) Seg This spectrometer splits up the nearnfared ight reflecting off he surace of the iy mann in oder to ee eer) tenets) ees ee tree Por eee eee See ec pe ee ert eee a eer eer ey ee ee ee eet a eee re ee ess Succ ade eee eee Ce See ee) and Barbra Rosenberg professor of planetary Seog ener Cee eee eee ee ee Seen eect een See eet See ca ea ns Ce ea ete tne odSa ered ‘ig unable to detect the sockum choi. et ad ee ed eee eae) Se eee es ee eee ee ae ee a just that nobody thought to look” "Magnesium sulphate would simply have leached ia eens eee teats Serer tnd eed ofthe study anda graduate stuent a Caltech eee Ce ene EN ea8 “Sodium chloride may indicate the ocean floor is hydrothermally active” FeeriTiCwectn) paren rae PorcFocus on Su he mature Sun may sil be prone to temper tantrums. Anew stody suggests that oer stars ike the San can reduce superfans - huge bursts of energy visible across ured of ight years Superflares used to be thought of as a younger stat phenomenon researches san a statement out the new study, but the new werk suggest it tan happen on dhe Sun at rare interval, pechape once every few thousand yes. The Sn shad to predict on even a daly bas, so ts dificult say when a superiare woul occur However the new wot’ ad scents, Yuta Nets, a vsing researcher at the University f Colorado Boule, sad this possi should inspire everyone to beef upelectenics against aciaton “Ua supetflae ocurred 1000 years age it was probably no big problem. People may have seen 2 Tonge aurora” Notsu said in a statement, refersing to {he dancing norther or southern lights produced by solar particles interacting with melecles of Earths atmosphere. "Now itsa much bigger Problem because of oar electronics ‘We already know the power ofthe Sun can knock cut powerlines, eletonies and satelites Corona 60 mass ectons fom the Sun - or lage plumes of charged particles - have cause issues wth cur ‘nfrstructure in the past. such asthe extraorinary 1859 Carrington Event superstm that affected telegraph communsations. A supeflare, however, ‘woul be worse The superlane would be hundreds ‘oF thousands of times more powerful han te most active solr flares recorded, “Wa superflre erupted from the Sun. arth would key stn the pah ofa wave of high energy racltion, Sich a bast could disp electronics across the globe causing widespread blackouts fad shorting out communication satellites in ort” representa fram the University of Colorado Boulder said in the statement ‘The new superlare data came from NASAs Kepler space telescope, whic looked for planets at faraway stars between 2009 and 2018. While SPACE: looking for new wes, Kepler also sw lot of Star activity. spotted a few supertares, ements when the stalght would suddenly get brighter before dimming again. ‘Curious about Kepler’ findings, the researchers looked to the European Space Agency's Gla spacecraft - which studies stellar movements and brightnesses across ahilion sar and the apache Point Observatory in New Mexico. ‘Thetwo telescopes saw 43 supefiares that came from stars sma in age and size to our own Sun Statistics fom ther dia show that most superfles do come from younger sas, whieh can flare about once a week Our on Sun is stil prone, but just once every few thousand yeas. “The Sun is hard to predict on even a daily basis, so it's difficult to say when a superflare would occur"