20.DFS Vs BFS

INTRODUCTION TO
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
FOR IT & NON-IT PROFESSIONALS
DFS VS BFS
• Depth-First Search DFS vs BFS Breadth-First Search

• Consider Simple Search Algorithm
• It will give you an idea about the sort of data structures used during
search, and the stop criteria for your search.
2
DFS VS BFS
• Let S be the Start State, ques called Q and Visited

1. Initialize Q with the start node Q=(S) as the only entry;
set Visited =(S)
2. If Q is empty, fail. Else pick node X from Q
3. If X is a goal, return X, we’ve reached the goal
3
DFS VS BFS
4. (Otherwise) Remove X from Q

5. Find all the children of state/node X that are not in Visited
6. Add these to Q; Add Children of X to Visited
7. Go to Step 2
4
DFS VS BFS
• Simple Search Algorithm

Applied to DFS Search
• Depth First Search dives into a tree deeper and deeper to find the
goal state.
5
DFS VS BFS
• Use the same Simple Search Algorithm to implement DFS by defining

our priority function as
• P(n) = 1/height(n)
6
DFS VS BFS
• The following sequence of diagrams will show you how DFS works on
a tree using the Simple Search Algorithm.
7
DFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1
2
3
4
5
DFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1 S S
2
3
4
5
DFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1 S S
2 A,B S,A,B
3
4
5
DFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1 S S
2 A,B S,A,B
3 C,D,B S,A,B,C,D
4
5
DFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1 S S
2 A,B S,A,B
3 C,D,B S,A,B,C,D
4 G,H,D,B S,A,B,C,D,G,H
5
DFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1 S S
2 A,B S,A,B
3 C,D,B S,A,B,C,D
5 H,D,B S,A,B,C,D,G,H
DFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1 S S
2 A,B S,A,B
3 C,D,B S,A,B,C,D
6 D,B S,A,B,C,D,G,H
DFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1 S S
2 A,B S,A,B
3 C,D,B S,A,B,C,D
6 D,B S,A,B,C,D,G,H
DFS VS BFS
• BFS explores the breadth of the tree first and progresses downward
level by level.
• Now, we use the same Simple Search Algo to implement BFS by
keeping our priority function as
P(n) = height(n)
• Select node with Min value of P(n)
16
DFS VS BFS
• In BFS, we still give priority to the node/ element with minimum P(n)
• Node with the largest value of height will be at the maximum priority to
be picked from Q.
• Greater the depth/height greater the priority.
• Sequence of diagrams illustrate BFS using the Simple Search
Algorithm.
17
BFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1
2
3
4
5
BFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1 S S
2
3
4
5
BFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1 S S
2 A,B S,A,B
3
4
5
BFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1 S S
2 A,B S,A,B
3 B,C,D S,A,B,C,D
4
5
BFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1 S S
2 A,B S,A,B
3 B,C,D S,A,B,C,D
4 C,D,E,F S,A,B,C,D,E,F
5
BFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
2 A,B S,A,B
3 B,C,D S,A,B,C,D
5 D,E,F,G,H S,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H
6
BFS: Example
S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
3 B,C,D S,A,B,C,D
6 E,F,G,H S,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H
7
BFS: Example S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
7 F,G,H S,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H
8
BFS: Example S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
8 G,H S,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H
9
BFS: Example S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
9 H S,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H
10
BFS: Example S
A B
C D E F
G H
Q Visited
1 S S
2 A,B S,A,B
3 B,C,D S,A,B,C,D
9 H S,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H
10 S,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H
DFS VS BFS
Problems with DFS and BFS

• DFS has small space requirements (linear in depth) but has major
problems:
DFS can run forever in search spaces with infinite length paths
DFS does not guarantee finding the shallowest goal
29
DFS VS BFS
• BFS guarantees finding the shallowest path even in presence of

infinite paths, but it has one great problem
• BFS requires a great deal of space (exponential in depth)
Progressive deepening.
30
DFS VS BFS
• Heuristically Informed Searches

• The basic idea of a heuristic search is instead of trying all possible
search paths, try and focus on paths that seem to be getting us closer
to your goal state using a “guide”.
• Heuristics are not always guaranteed to succeed, & provide correct
solution
31
DFS VS BFS
• Recall the mouse search for cheese

• Consider another example diagram shown
• The graph shows a map in which the numbers on the edges are the
distances between cities,
• For example, the distance between city S and city D is 3 and between
B and E is 4.
32
DFS VS BFS
33
DFS VS BFS
• Our goal is to reach city G starting from city S.
34
DFS VS BFS
35
DFS VS BFS
• Conclusion: Heuristics do help us reduce the search space, but it is

not guaranteed that we’ll always find a solution.
• The key lies in the fact that how do we use the heuristic.
• Consider a heuristic function.
• A heuristic function takes as input the heuristic and returns a number
corresponding to that heuristic.
36
DFS VS BFS
• Depending on our application we might give priority to either larger

numbers or smaller numbers.
37

20.DFS Vs BFS

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20.DFS Vs BFS

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INTRODUCTION TO

• Depth-First Search DFS vs BFS Breadth-First Search

• Let S be the Start State, ques called Q and Visited

4. (Otherwise) Remove X from Q

• Simple Search Algorithm

• Use the same Simple Search Algorithm to implement DFS by defining

Problems with DFS and BFS

• BFS guarantees finding the shallowest path even in presence of

• Heuristically Informed Searches

• Recall the mouse search for cheese

• Our goal is to reach city G starting from city S.

• Conclusion: Heuristics do help us reduce the search space, but it is

• Depending on our application we might give priority to either larger

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