Block Diagrams

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The "Block diagram" of a full one-bit adder

Block diagrams are used so that somebody looking at a circuit diagram does not have
to see the details of every part, every time it appears in the diagram.

Circuit Timing
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Decoders
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A 2-to-4 decoder. Which line would be activated if the input was 10 (base-2)?
Decoding is performed by decoder,a combonational circuit with an n-bit binary code
applied to its input and an m-bit binary code appears at the output.

Encoders
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An encoder is a digital function that perform the inverse operation of a decoder.An
encoder has 2'n input lines and n output lines.The output lines generate the binary
code corresponding to the input value.

Multiplexers
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A 4-to-1 multiplexer.
Multiplexers (sometimes called muxes, singular mux, for short) are used to route
multiple signals over a single wire. Select signals are used to select the input
signal to allow through to the output.

Demultiplexers (demuxes) perform the inverse operation. They accept a single input,
and route it to a selected output.