Nr; * ss ° 3 “04 ¢1900-present: Crime, punishment and law Inthe 2th century socety change in many ways that affete crime, punishment and law enforcement. The ole ofthe government in peoples lives grew largely as a result ofthe First and Second Wit Wars andthe role ofthe state in enforcing the aw ao grew. Social attitudes changed dramatialy during the 20th century which impacted heavily on how ‘rims were defined, Tis ed to some activities being deciminalse, hil eters were mede illegal or the Fist time 30 creating new crimes. ime detection and prevention during this pees changed Significantly as result of developments in scence and technology. "New communications technologies in particular have hed an important Impact on the types of rime arid aut and on rime detection, Changing attitudes about the rehabiltation of efender, as well as rater concen forthe welfare of more vulnerable groups offenders, in patcular young people has aso been an ipotant feature ofthis period fee By the end of this chapter you wil + beable to describe continuity an change in the nature of cimes, and changing definitions of crime - including driving offences, race crimes and crug crimes understand the role ofthe authortes and lca communities enforcement know about changes to the police force, inclusing increasing specialisation use of clence and technology, and emphasis on crime prevention Understand why major changes came about lathe prison system, Including the development of pen prisons and specialised treatment of young offenders + know about the treatment of consclentius objectors inthe Fist and Second World Wars + know about the abolition of the death penalty in Gian, nd understand the significance ofthe Derek Bently case enforcement in recent times 4.1 Crime and definitions of crime, c1900-present ra ‘Understand changes in criminal acy in this period + Be abe to explain the ways in which definitions of crime have changed since 1900 + Kou how changes in society ~like new technologies and changing attitudes ~have impacted crime. hanging soca attitudes have cused changes in the ry era but thi is particularly true ofthe 20th ry expecially the 1960, The 19603 was ade when there were many changes in socal attitudes many {ctivties that were formeri crimes were deriminalsed, while some activities were newly defined as cies, Timeline ‘Changing definitions of rmeinthe 20th century 1967 Sexual Oences passed L Changing definitions of crime Homophobic crime ‘Up unt 1967, homosexuality was legal nthe UK In that yar the Sexual Offences Act detrminalzed hhomosenuality for men aged over 21 Some historians describe the growing liberal attitudes toward sexi th 9605 82 sexul revolution. These new atétudes had an importnt impact on how aus changed, Inthe 21st century, the Criminal Justice At (ame int force in 2005) gave courts new powers to issue more severe sentences for hate crime” Including forhomophobic’ crimes. Unt then, fa person was attacked fr being gay or because the attacker believed they were gay, twas treated the same as any other «rae This new aw meant that such an attack would be clare ae ahatecrimeand treated more serous by Key terms Hate crime” ‘crime motiatedby prejudice agains the vein’ race, gender disabilty or sexual rientatio Homophobict Preludiced agsnet people who ae gayRace crime inthe 1950s, many people rom Commonwealth countries orme clones ofthe British Empire) moved te Britain to wrk. As Britain became moce multicuual, some new avs were needed to ensure that people from Giferent minority groups were treated fay In 196, the Race Relations Act made it egal to refuse js, housing o public services to anyone on the basis Of thei race, ethnic background or country af origin. In this case increasing immigration led to the need fora definition of anew rime. In 2006, the aw was extended to define spreading racial or religious hatred as crime. Domestic violence During the 20th century, significant new laws were ‘rested to tackle violence and intimidation between people who were, had been na relationship. Inthe 19th century the common vew held insole {and reece in the law as that men were the ‘mminant partners in relationships they were violent towards their wives or partners that was tel personal business and the authorities had no place ‘tererng However during the 20th century these attitudes ‘changed, he campaign for womens votes a the beginning of the century, women’s contribution tothe First and Second Wérls Wars, and 19605 campaigns for equal rights fr women, al inuenced the views of secley Ineecent decades, new ams were passed that made violence and abusive behaviour i relationships» crime, + The Domestic Violence Act was pased in 1976 It. gave victims the right task fran injunction” gaint a violent partner, Injunction® An order fsued bya court to forbid pariular action or behaviour An injunction can include instructions to stay avay from a person or place ~ fo ‘example a former partner ora shared home + Inthe pat the authorities had been reluctant to riminalise rape within mariage, Women were fexpected to acept the author and sexual demands of thei husband, However in 1991, the law in Britain ‘vas changed to recognise rape in martage became possible to prosecute ahusband for aping his wife. + In 2014, the law change to meke controling and ‘coercive behaviour (using force or treats) towards '8 partner a crime, This coud include tling a partner who they can se, whattheycan wea stopping acces ta money, controling their acess toa phone, ‘and controling when they leave the home. Despite laws to protect vies of domestic violence two women in England and Walesa week are kiled by ther ‘utent or former partner. Abortion Sometimes, changes in society mean that some ations ae no longer viewed as crimes, and the aw is then ‘hanged to reflect that. When there ia rage of views in society and diferent opinions about whether the lew Should change or stay the same, changes tothe lw can be controversial, Uni 1967, terminating pregnancy was legal in Britain, with afew exceptions fr srt medical reasons forexarple, twas likey tha the mather might die asa result ofthe pregnancy fa woman wanted t end a pregnancy fr other reasons she would have to resort, to. dangerous backstreet abortion cried out by Someone without proper medical training Some womep tried to end ther pregnancies themselves, using alcoho wire coat hangers poisons al of which were very ‘dangerous tothe woman’ health, and some of which led thelr death ‘rowing lberlsation of attudes inthe 1960s to protests from some people thatthe aw should be changed, These protests, combined with health concerns and worries about the use of legal abortions, resulted in MPs changing the law. The 1967 Abortion Act legalised abortion f certain conditions were met 108 + The cid was going tohave serous esablties. +The mother was at isk of serous physical or mental harm f the pregnancy continued ~ this had to be agreed by swe doctors independently, in 1968, he logal it for abortion the latest stage of ‘the pregnancy at wich an abortion could be arid ‘ut was 28 weeks, as babes born eater didnot survive outside the womb, However, with advances in meine {helimithas been lonered overtime. However, mary people stil believe that abortion should be ilegal in most cases ~and both sides ofthe debate remain strong even today. Attitudes towards social crimes Sexi cies ate crimes tat many people in scity accept to some degree, Examples include tax evasion, using ilga rugs. copyright thet and minor ving offences Smugting and poaching are examples of ci cies whlch have ented or any yes The entertainment indy campaigns to make egal sales of copyright materi soci unaceptade, Most people in society would agree that smuggling drugs werth milions of pounds is wrong, and would ‘support the authorities’ aims to stop drug trafckers, Homever, fewer people might be worried about smugaling laws when buying tax free cigarettes or lcohol that hasbeen smuggled, ‘nother od example is copyright. Lots of people unload musi, games and fms frm the internet although they are subject to copyright laws 66 page 111). Because they are widely ond freely available ‘onthe internet mast people do not view this behaviour criminal. ts difcl oenforce laws when they are not supported by society because often offenders are not reported. Driving offences Sometimes, society's attitudes abou the seriousness of crime can change dramatically overtime. Drink ving and speeding are bath good examples ofthis Driving a horse-drawn coach while drunk fst became egal in 1872. became ilgalt dive car while Arunkin 1925, In 1967, anew aw seta maximum nit forthe amount of alcohol a person coud have in thelr bloodstream and legally erive Despite these avs was ‘considered nocmal to deve home ater drinking quite large quantities of alcoho, as late a the 19705 Pubic attiudes towards this typeof behaviour were very lenient, Government advertising campaigns since the 1970s have highlighted the rss of ernk diving, and attitudes have changed considerably as awareness has grown. Today drink-ving is generally condemned by the public ritudes towards speeding have als changed over time. Again, gouerment advertising campaigns inthe late 2th century, highlighting the dangers of speeding have played apart in making speeding les acceptable tothe general public Drug-taking any crugs first became illegal in 1971 when the Misuse ‘of Drugs Act was passed The legalisation of some ‘lasses of drugs fa controversial sue in society. Some people argue that taking 2 drug should be a personal choice as longa it does nat harm others. Others argue legalisation is needed to help tackle with illegal drug dean, incuding sex trafficking and angerelated violence, 109‘41 Crime and definitions af crime, c1900-present New opportunities for old crimes Sore ces may appear tobe ne, but are actualy decries that ae Care out ushg een meas. Terrorism rorsm isthe use of violence ear and intimidation to publics a pliicl ‘cause. Terrorist want to recut others who are sympathetic to their cause fand intimidate those who do not share thelr views nthe 17th century, Guy Fawkes and the ather Gunpowder potters challenged the power and authority ofthe state using violence. A plot to biow up palament with explosives today would be described as terorsm, ‘Throughout the 20th century, various terrorist organisations have operated Inthe Uk. Inthe 1970s and 1980s, the best-known group wa the IRA rsh usican hry), ich used violence to campaign fo sh nationalism (pall independence fom the rest ofthe UK. In ecet years, he prevention of trois has focused on A-Qaeda and lis which have been responsible for acts of teror in Europe. Moder day terrorist use the internet to communicate and spread ther message Other groups alto useterrriam to further their causes: for example, animal Fights activist seeking to end animal testing Source B ‘Aphotograph shoving the femath fates attackon a London bus 7 2005 41 Grime and definitions af rime, c1900-present Source ¢ Acti Fem a newspaper report abou the aly 2005 Hold a class scussionon ths question: Why iseaficut to | prevent terorist attacks na | society tha valves democratic freedoms? rot attacks which ppeaedin People-trafficking ‘This invlues people from poorer counres being brought to the UK and being forced to wor for very low wages. or no wages ata Some women and chien ae forced int prostitution. Often erminal gangs contra these people using physical confinement, blackmail, coercion and fea. Peopl-rafickng snot anew crime. Inthe 19th century poor gis Were Sold into prostitution In the 1830s, the tem white slave trade’ was used to describe the veins ofthis rime cybercrime Cybererime is ay crime that is carl out using the internet and other Aig technologies Many f these crimes wer previously cared out using ferent means. ew technalogies allow criminals to commit crimes ‘ona much bigger scale than inthe past Sometimes ther crime might be ona global scale because the internet gies them access to people and businesses around the wel Fraud Fraud means impersonating other people or businesses to make money legal for example posing asa bank ar charity to get hold ofan indviduas bank etals and steal ther mone. nthe past this would have tbe done by approaching anincividual and trcking them inc revealing her deals, Today however it canbe done by sending an emit large number of people, and hoping that afew wil reply with ther bank or creat ard details The crime of fraud fs much the same 3 e was in earlier periods but the methods used to cary itout have changed Copyright theft Copytightisthe right ofan artist or company to be recognised - and paid create oftheir work. Copyright applies to books, music fms and games Eater inthe 20th century, before computer technology was m1widespread copyright theft could involve making & Photocopy, ora cassette or video recording, without paying the creator Inthe 2ist century, copyright thet Is committed when people make available illegal downloads of musi Computer games ims and television shows The internet makes t much easier for people to access 3 huge seleton of media more quickly and easily than ever before, Extortion Extortion involves making someone pay money by using threats or blackmall. Inthe past this may have been done using letters, the telephone orn person, Nowadays, the internet enables criminals to make their threes on a wider scale, a they are able to communicate easily with people around the wot. Soe criminals extort money by threatening to hack businesses computer systems and databases unless they pay. enn Types of erimes have nat changed since the beginning of the 19th century ont the methods uses How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer: + fraud ‘You must io use information f your awn. 16 marks ‘When answering this question, you need to look at crimes that existed inthe 18th century but ae now carried out using new methods or new technology You should aso try and include examples of genuinely new crimes, Remember to evaluate the Points you make on both sides. Changing soca attudes have sometimes caused changes in the lav This can result in things that were previously legal belng redefined as crimes, thei race, ethnic backgrouné or county of erin. The 1968 Race Relations Act made it legal to refuse jobs, housing or public services ta anyone on the basis of + During the 2oth century there were significant changes tothe laws on violence and intimidation between people who are, or have been, na relationship. + New technology an changing social attitudes have changed how driving oences are wed and tackled, + Digital technology has enabled criminals to crry out many ol crimes in new ways ‘Strengthen 5 ~ St What ia ate crime? '52 Give tree examples of cybercrime. '53 Writea definition fr the term ‘tectors! Challenge 1 Describe one way that changing social attitudes hava led to the deriminalsation of partculr acti (2 Wy are some ‘sca ries’ not vewee as Yea by the general public? (3 How has the growth of more open attudes about sex and eatonshis in society affected definitions of How confident do you fel about your answers to these questions? Reread the section and then ty answering the {questions agai. youre stil ot sure discuss them with your ache. me (emiene + Know about and understand developments in policing since 1900, + Understand the impact of changes in clence ad technology on law enforcement. + now about the cle of communities irenorcing the an Developments in policing since Science and technology 1900 19005 eee inet re 12500 every area across Brtainhadits nm poce OL er fore. The 20 separte forces had nocenval records esau ‘ars ewopttn ae on crime or criminals, and rrely shared intrmation WtmpalnPeks ggg orworee together For incl pote offers he aman insects 29606 inejrty ofthe mrking dy wasspent paling the Seaman Solan loa orea—‘ealng tne beat They roveledon oot Aepertonenene St and used 2 whistle to call for assistance or raise the ae an During the 20K century poingchangedinrmany tatters 1980 vo Shecttiepes [7 Teteketstosl npn e Scored i900 ‘stun capable olin + Wiomenvwer fat rertestojenthe pole force amu shermecrfton inthe 1920s Att they weremosth ven les _‘moesen gine nent soningthehigorfemsleciminservineot Samosa + There wasgrester emphasis on taiing Io 1967, nworimionge the PleTainngColege was setup torn inceatct ‘crs Peis ple acer were expected to eee lam on theo cee sects + Other important developments indude: increased Norby hae vseof sence ad ecnaogy. more scales copa = departments and roles for police ofces, and armove ‘ardaine aoa nai rept towards more ime prevertion Ercnor cn Al these changes have added hecostof ‘soeetae” Saab thes changes hve added ret tothe cos of a amen poling which non fr higher than was atthe iced ene, reginning of the 20th century aaa thatcanbe beginning ofthe 2oth century. eis ay sat 19305, S “Set cate ‘non Wo Sadar matin oe Figure 4 Technolog milestones in polngin te 20h 142 Law enforcement, 1900-present Source A photograph af 1950s police phone bax which was used toreport times an ask or backup Modem policing makes increasing use of new technology to solve and prevent crime. New technologies can make police work quicker and more reliable 1 Lokcat the table Find three examples o 2st century technology cutting down onthe number of police needed to investigate cme, compared tothe 1900s. 2. How could these technologes impact on Individual reedoms? Make notes of your ideas, then ccuss them in smal group. Preventing crime Breathalysers and speed Beeathalysers were introcuce in 1967 and enabled vat police to est rivers blood alcohol evel at the roadside Speed cameras were introduced in 1992 ‘These inventions make it possible to catch more criminals drinking and speeding and act as fadeterent Closed crcl television cm People are les key to commit crime they ow they are being ime Mass video surveillance Computer software allows private companies to analyse large amounts of Footage and forecast acts ofterorism and ther Biometric screening This uses unique body Fingerprints o eve patterns, to restriet access to daa, places and bulangs. 6 Solving crime Improved ‘communications Recording and sharing information directly at a crime scene, vlog agit technologies lhe tablets and smartphones Forensic scence Forensic teams carryout highly detales searches atime scenes, looking for evidence uch a ONS fingerpnts and objets leh by criminals. ONA and fingerprint samples can be matched o criminals! records inthe national atabases, Data management These are used t store and share information about rime eg, the National DNADatabase held ecards of 57 milion individuals DNA profiles Improved computer sofware New software can rapidly analyse video data 12 til cial. This would have taken far longer wen a police officer hed to watch the video in el time, Source B bce forester searching ime scene. + Understand how thew on miltary service changed, + Kou and understand the punishments use against those who refused to ight + Be able to explain the extent of change in the treatment of conscientious objectors between 1916 and 1945, serous work atthe frontline, Others undertook roles a (Geen (coe Conscription inthe First World osrrrrice dines oe ool Gupord wok }-{ titer |} ene War such es helping distribute food supaies. LUpunt 1916 everyone was fee to have thelr own ot persona belies on war and violence. Bun 1916, Miltary Service Act was passed, introducing conseiption Inthe UKfor the ist time There was much debate ‘bout this new law in Pariament ast was such big ‘change. Compulsory service inthe armed forces has never been ued in tain on ths sale before and ‘many poitcans were concerned about the morl consequences. Previously the system had relied on men volunteering to ight ut this change made illegalto id aking an ative partite wa. ‘1916 poster explaining he opportunity a sek ‘exemption fom conscription nt the arms oc MILITARY SERVICE ACT, 1916 ‘any man who has adequate grounds for applying to Local Tribunal for @ CERTIFICATE OF EXEMPTION wo 11.0: Must do so BEFORE THURSDAY, MARCH 2 From March 1916 all unmarried men aged 18-41 were called up jin the armed frees By May that ea, Alte star ofthe 20th century capital punishment was sil used, almost alays to punish murder rmaried men were alsa included in the call-up and in + In 1965, capital punishment fr murder was abolished 1918 the upper age limit was ased to 51 yeas +The 94 Labour goverment ntredaced many deal ware and scl efor including reforms . : | conceing youth sce, Conscientious objectors in the ‘uring the 20th century there were many new ideas about the purpose of prison, andthe treatment prisoners First World War should expect in pisn, ‘Some men refused to ight, because they sald their ‘$4. Name three factors that contributed to the end of capital punishment for murder in 1965. os ATTEST NOW ‘What punishments other than prison are used inthe present dy? sees vey eee ee 'S2 What punishments other th ‘used in the present day? called absolutists: they believed that even indirect C1 What influence did controversial executions in the 1950s have on the abolition of the death penalty? ete tet eer nh arenes ore ‘Tribunals 126‘44 Case study: Conscentous objectors inthe First and men made this request, and had to appear before a special cour, called a tlbunal, to judge her clams were genuine ‘The tibunals id not always give COs afar eating because: ‘they were held locally and the judging panel was selected by the local authori, so there was wide variation fm area to area ‘members of the panels were generally to old tobe Called up themselves, but often had very clear views about other people's duty to fight ‘Treatment of COs Many absolut who refuse to suppor the war inary way were imprisoned, Sometimes they faced sltary anfinement 20 they could not micwith ater pusones The authorities hoped this would weaken their determination Some Cs were punished by beng sent to France tothe frontline ofthe fighting. Once there, they were given oes and if they refuse to foiow them they Were sentenced by a military court small number were sentenced to death, The prime minster intervened to stop this happening and reduced the punishment to ten yeors imprisonment Source B (Osina quarry on Darunoo: About 1000s were Impraned a the prion on Dror an made to work in Second Word Wars Source ¢ Jack Foie 0 Cin the Fest Wri Wa describes beng tence ta death at cout martial on une 916 Hs Sentence was ater rediced to ten Ears imprisonment Why were COs treated so harshly? The casualty ate of sodiersinthe First World War as so high that the authorities were determined to Stop pacifist ideas spreading They needed to retult lots of men, and wantes to prevent a wide esistance ‘movement against tne war from growing up. The government presented Fighting a a mans duy tohis country. Rising to fight was presented as ‘unmaniy’ and even traltrous. The press ls spread views of COs a cowardly and unpatitt The harsh punishments handed out to COs were publicised to pu people of refusing to ight, and to make their harsh treatment more widely accepted. ost people had close family and fiends who were Fhting and who had been kiled o injured. They often felt that COs were unfair shiking thee responsiitis. Some COs an their families were lolted by friends and neighbouts, Some received hate mall or white Feathers inthe post sa symbol of com 444 Case study Consclenious objector inthe Fist and Second World Wars Source D Fst Wold War stare portayng COs a sears to ee nd not rea men "THE CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTOR | AT THE FRONT! REALLY, IP YOU DOWT DESIST TL FORGET Ive GOT A CONSCIENCE Propaganda* Deliberate mass persuasion, Peace Pledge Union* ‘An organisation founded inthe 1930s that opposed war an sought to fd peaceful means ta resohe conflicts around the word Changes in treatment of COs during the Second World War During the Second World War (1939-45), COs were offered altemative occupations such as farm wark. Prison was generally used as last resort rather than asa standard deterrent ta other potential objectors, However the authorities stil expected people to Support the war and use lot of propaganda to bud suppor. Those who actively campaigned against the war could find themselves in court For example, members of an organisation cle the Peace Pledge Urion®, who posted antiwar posters, were put on til but their case was dismissed by the judge. ‘Changes in social attitudes During the Second World War oficial attudes to COs ere quite efferent fom the Fist Word Wc Inthe ‘Second World Wor people were being asked o unite against Heras ayant and Naism as a movement tat esecuted minors In this contest, harsh punishments ForCOs would have been seen as hypoctal On theather hand, public opinion coud stil be hostile towards those who refused to ight when mest people fet they were making great sacrifices forthe wat, ‘Some COs were verbally abused in public -or even tacked Others les thelr obs, because ther employers ‘isapproved of ther ations, Source E Joyce Allen was a member ofthe Peace Pledge Union (PP) Here she cescribes what happened after she decided 12 regterot CO 1{44 Case sty: Conscientious objector inthe Fst and Second World Wars [CURR] esac question scion [a wre down two headers ~Postve reactions Explain one way in whic treatment of witcher in | and’Negaive reaction From Source, dentify | the period 1600-1750 as similar tothe treatment of ‘reactions to Joyce’ decision to be a conscientious | conscientious objection inthe 20th century. 4 marks tbjector and note each under the relevant header 2. rte alist of questions that Joyce could Mave been asked at the wibuna. They could cover her | (ERATE ‘motives her views about the war and other war |For this question you should identify silty and work thet she woud be wing todo insteae 6d infermation from both periods to support. You 3 Discuss witha partner how Joyce might have ‘could show knowledge of the actions of ether the replea to each question. ‘authors or the general publ Some men refused to ight nthe war a they sad ther conscience would not allow it After 1916 ey were viewed as ciminals +The Miltary Service Act included a section called he conscience clause which alowed men to refuse conscription onthe grounds af conscience Very few were granted this exemption, + Prison was the most common punishment for COs who refused war workin the Fst World Wa. + Inthe Second Werld Wa, government attitudes to Cs were es harsh, but public opinion was generally stil hostile Strengthen 'S1 Name three punishments faced by COs nthe Fist World War ‘2. What types of work were COs offered bythe authorities in the Fi 'S3 What was the Peace Pledge Union? Challenge ‘ {CL What was the significance ofthe 1916 Conscription Law a changing the treatment of those who opposed Fighting? (Wy did the government imprison absolutsts during the Fest World War? How confident do you fel about your anawers to these questions? Discuss any you are unsure about wth Barner then try rewting your answers together, World War? 220 4.5 Case study: The Derek Bentley case and the abolition of capital punishment + Understand the main issues inthe Derek Bentey criminal tril, + Evaluate the role the Bentley case payed inthe debate about ending aptal punishment inthe UK During the 1960s a number af controversial executions meant the public became increasingly criti of capital punishment. Oe ofthese was the case of Derek Bently, a young man found guilty of murder and execute In 952 The Bentley case and public opinion Many poplin Ban dsgroed wth th sentence On te right ofthe cxciten, Se protestors met ude Wandsworth Pson charting. urd There were ant conforatons wth aceon pretetos ped down and bared the death note posed on he ion gtes Derek Bentley’ family used the media to promote thelr cause and through songs, fms and books is ase became widely known. The Gert famy ‘campaigned for over 40 years Derek Bentley was eventualy pardoned in. | Pardont 1093, and in 1998 the conviction for murder was quashed Tolet aparsonoff the parishment ate they have Source A onan se anf Derek ert prents sera betes on he ayo an appeal ening | schnowiedgemert tha the London, The appa wes siesta Betws hnge 153 punishment vas ust. m1Photograph af CSdney Mies asked n 1982 Derek Bently was recited forks morse Un Derek Bante ri December 1952 Vk ~ Sey Ml, polar shot ang an ate bury | Aooused | Chichi Oi | ro rad he a tid te pce, | | Dark ry | Bip ohn fr lt bat it ee i, art age of 0. | | | | | case for prosssution 15 Cri fred he yn Bava haat inne Tha rks i rly agent fr mr ab crea Cag Brags aby ofa ~haa ben nyo danton of 1 als lou ll rid a eee and sere of ard eer rb ati ans fe defence | mLefinhae i cad maa, Lethe pcsmen hae eas Teese | guste sb uber hres Joint enterprise™ When an accomplice toa crime [shed jointly esponsibie forthe Beri tha auger Herd nel co pln, 1m Deio ba a rig ati dry e Sade sean Crap ed an ver rnd grin em | Set et barre omen amoral age 1. ‘Other controversial executions Timothy Evans was executed in 1950 for the murder of his wife and baby However, it was ter lscovered that seri ler was responsible for their deaths in 1955, Ruth Elis was hanged forthe murder of her baytend Many people believed Elis should have been allowed to plead iminished responsiblity because her boytiend was vilent and abusive, bu this was not allowed for murder tals at the time. Soros oda by aging Figure 46 Outine ofthe Derk Bently cae we Impact in parliament David Ware Fe the home secretary at het of th enya declared Tees 0 posit ofan racent ran berg hanged inthis {unt Nevers 200s sippoted a pamertary motion cain forbes rereve bt before they ould dba the motion the death Diminished responsiblty* Not being fully in conteal of your actions, or example because of mental lines. 1 1957, significant changes were made tothe law regarding murder The Homicide Act made allowances for defendants sufering from diminished responsiblity or who ed been abused by the person they murdered. In these cases the murder charge would be reduced 1o manslaughter which was nat punishable by death In 1965, the death penalty For murder wae Suspended, and this change was made permanent in 1969 Change and continuity (4b8) The birds eye view Development Example ofimmediate Example of change inthe Example of change inthe changes ‘medium-term longe-term ‘The execution of Derek Increased Interest and The death penalty In Bentley awareness of injustices the UKhas not been fasaresultofthedeath reintroduced despite penalty significant pubic support fori tobe brought back Imagine you are looking at the whol of history using 2 zoomed-out digital map You havea general iow ofthe sweep of developments and their consequences, but you cannot see much detalf you zoom into the time ofthe bolton of the death penalty, you can se the event in deta bu wil know nothing ofits consequences inthe medium: or lng-erm in determining opinions about the rle of capital punishment in table above and anawer he folloing 1 What were the immedlate changes brought about by the development? Wite down at east two changes that could complete that column inthe table Lgok at the medium-term changes andthe long-term changes How are they similar? How ae they afferent? In groups of tree Each take the ole ofthe teacher or ane ofthe above (he immediate changes, the jam-term changes or the long-term changes), Give a short presentation to the other two stents in your 1009, explaining the key changes over your timescale. They may comment and ask questions. Answer the following naval 44 How was your explanation of change ferent to the other explanation? White a short paragraph using ‘examples from what you and the res of your group sid '5 What happens to the deta particularly ofthe medium: and short-term changes, when you 00m out to look atthe long-term changes? 66 What ae the advantages and disadvant of zooming nto lock at a specific ime in detail? rey