v ¥ 7.13.1, What ts Computer Ethics? geues that are associated primarily val f ethical i t puting profession. ; / Ip al ethics dealing with ethical problems sompuler technology. oral, legal, and socia) Computer elhics is the study ol computing machines and the co! It is the field of applied profession: by ci aggravated, transformed, or created mn Cyber ethics is the field of applied ethics that examines issues in the development and use of cybertechnology. : , ; Cybertechnolagy refers to a broad range of technologies from stand-alone computers to the cluster of networked computing, information and communication technologies. Thus computer ethics i: ° technology and the corresponding formulation and justi ethical use of such technology. is the analysis of the nature and social impact of computer fication policies for the 7.14. CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER ETHICS PROBLEMS The three board categories of computer ethical problems are: 4. Those ethical problems for which the computer is the instrument of the unethical act. For example, the use of a computer to defraud the bank. 2. Those problems for which the computer is the object of the unethical act. For exemple, stealing computer software and installing it on one's own computer to access others’ information. 3. Those problems associated with the autonomous nature of computers. 7.14.1. Computers As The Instrument Of Unethical Behavior Computers are sometimes used as an instrument for carrying out some unethical aclivities. The two important unethical acts under this category are: 1. Bank robbery; and 2. Privacy4, Bank Robbory ¥ Computer can be use d_to steal from an employer; outsiders can got into a system and steat fro I ae io ne such as a bank. In the same way, a company ¥ Computers are used moro ei Sr ria cto oer ir Seat connate iclently to steal money in a wank. The robber simply of the, bam eeeteeminal, invades the bank's computer system and directs some 's be placed in a location accessible to him. The use of computer makes the crime impersonal ie crim ever comes face to far npersona ge " 1p he criminal never coi 2. Privacy v Privacy me} > i rivacy means the basic right of an individual to control access to and use of information about himsolf. ¥ Computers make privacy more difficult to protect, since large amounts of data on individuals and corporations are centrally stored on computers where an increasing number of individuals can access it ¥ Invasions of privacy can be harmful to an individual in wo ways, as given below: 1. The leaking of private information can lead an individual being harassed or blackmailed 2. Personal information can alsa be considered personal properly. Any unauthorized use of this information is thet 7.14.2. Computers As The Object Of Unethical Acts ¥ When the computers are used as the objects of the unethical acts, ethical issues may arise, This act is prevalently known as ‘hacking’. ¥ What does hacking mean? Hacking is nothing but gaining unauthorized access {0 a database, implanting false information in a database or altering existing information, and disseminating viruses over the Internet. Yim other words, hacking is a crime in which a person cracks @ system and gains unauthorized access to the data stored in them. ¥ Accessing private information violates the private rights of individuals and corporations. ¥ Hacking has thrown a challenging hackers develap illegal access lo the secret military information ¥ Computer viruses: Viruses are programs introduced detiberately for destroying the operating systems and database of computer. viruses leads to the complete destruction of files and This type of destruction frequently occurs in the tions, government offices. and taxpayers threat to the internal security of a nation when or altering ¥ Transmission of computer data stored in the computers. records of financial institutions, corporal eeae . Noto: Tho process of committing comput and conspiracy in the fraudulent uses OF 7.14.3. Autonomous Computers Autonomous nature of computers cre ¥ eee ing or cheating chents OF Consurna,, 5 steal 5 such @ d ombezzioment. or crime: 7 for rks is calle computer neteo | problems. puter {0 make decisions Without of computers creates a ja ates other elhical ability of COM 5 to the Computer autonomy refer mous function the intervention of humans. This autono' of negative implication. Example iustrating nega! autonomous computer, responsible for runnil spacaship against the hurnan designed If, ins Example illustrating positive implication 9 y computers are valuable for automatic monitoring tive implication of computer autonomy: fp ing a spaceship, wrongly directed the tead of heading towards Jupiter, {computer autonomy: Autonomous of certain manufacturing processes. = ical acti However, the autonomous computer application creales unethical aCtivities jn most cases. For example, autonomous computers are used in trading of some major stock market exchanges, Some brokers and institutional investors utilize computers to sell stocks automatically for their favor. Autonomous computer systems also create problems when they have been used in military weapons, Many of the weapons used by military sources depend greatly on computer sensors and computer controls. Sometimes the instability of computer sensors and controls may create an unstable situation, which may lead to the serious conflicts, Thus although autonomous computers are productive and more efficient in more areas, eventually there should be some human control over them in order to prevent disasters.as gineers as Managers EL fur any professionals, engineers undergo the intensive technical training « Most of the organization prefer engineers as. managers. Because the engineers technical understanding is essential to managing technological corporations. Other reason is, asy to teach. Ton cogeore easily understand the business side of corporate work than the non-technical persons. Other parameter which any organization consider as 1. Engineers strengths in quantitative analysis. 2. Engineers strong work ethics 5. coniidenicg to solve any type of problem. /« |ppessonel hes n Enghoering 5-19 is Global Iesuos eers are interested as g pe incentive with hi, im ofthe following parameter | 9 Authority increases 3. Widened area of responsibilty VW 4. prestige point ESI Manager as Professionals 3. At the same time, engineers have the ethical responsibilities which is mentioned in the code _of ethics, 4. Social responsibility movement emphacizadil EX] consuting Engineers « Consulting engineers do their private practice. They charge the fees for ices. These engineers have greater freedom to make decisions abou projects they undertake. Engineering consultancy service make signif contribution to sustainable development-of-the nation, and in safeguarding he: happiness and safety of society. In safety matters, the consulting engineer o have greater responsibility _than_ salaried engineers. Because they are fi responsible for that. In following field the consulting engineers dare involve GSI Adverting * Adverting is one of major role to sale a product. It comes under sales deparin=! a pre eee aT maton—enege oF consultants by en . may be in various fields such as : Y Providing expert advice. The consultancy — Causes of accidents ~— Malfunctions ~ Technical experts — Public planning ~ Policy making ~ Potential value of paten: Tole of analyst states and assesses facts. ‘advocate makes recommendations about responsibility and * preferable options.——_ [EJ Moral Leadership Engineers provide leadership in different roles. - As managers . - Business entrepreneurs Corporate consultants - Academician ~ Government officials ax Morally Creative Leaders ! « Leadership indicates success in moving a group towards goal. Moral leaders are - individuals who direct, motivate, organize and move towards morally valuable goals. . [Frederick Taylor, father of scientific management argued that technologists were best qualified to govern because of their technical expertise, their logical, practical and unprejudiced mind. Engineers have their share of moral leadership to contribute to their professional societies, to their profession and to the communities. * Moral leadership means employing morally permissible means to stimulate groups to move toward morally desirable ends. Aare