: Fundamental Stattseic, i ee TYPES OF DATA Classifications of data may vary. Data may be classified as raw, groupeg, ungrouped, primary and secondary. > Raw data are in their original form and structure. > Grouped data are placed in tabular form characterized by class intervals with the corresponding frequency. > Primary data are measured and gathered by the researcher that published it. > Secondary data are republished by another researcher or agency VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENT A variable is characteristic or attribute of persons or objects, which assumes different values (numerical) or labels (quantitative). The process of assigning the value or label of a particular experiment unit is called measurement. Experimental unit is the person or the object by which the variable is measured. i CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES Qualitative Variable yields categorical or qualitative responses. It refers to the attributes on characteristics of the samples. Examplee 1.1 Civil Status (Single, Married, Widow, etc.) Religious Affiliation (Roman Catholic, Protestant, etc.) Quantitative Variables yield numerical responses representing a" amount or quantity. Examples 1.2 height, weight, number of children Numerical data gathered are either di iscrete iscrete or continuous. Dis' o. nae Variables assume finite ©r countable infinite values suchFundamental Stattsttcs Examples 1.3 Number of children (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) Number of student — dropouts (2, 3, 4) Continuous Quantitative Variables cannot take on finite values but the values are related/associated with points on an interval of the real line. Examples 1.4 Height (5'4", 157 cm; 1.5 m) Weight (130.42 kilos; 210 Ibs.; 432 grams) Temperature (32.5° C; 112° F) LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT Nominal Level Is the crudest form of measurement. The numbers of symbols are used for the purpose of categorizing forms into groups. The mutually exclusive, that is, being in one category automatically Examples 1.5 a Sex: M-—Male F-Femaie Faculty Tenure: 1 - Tenured 0-Non - Tenured of nominal fevel. Data are ranked Ordinal Level is a sort of improvement nts of the kind “greater from “bottom to top” or “low to high” manner. Stateme than” or “less than” may be made here. Examples 1.6 Class Standing Teachers’ Evaluation 1—Poor 2-Fair (Excellent, Good, Poor) 3-Good 4-Very Good ses the properties of the norninal and ordinal levele, any two numbers on the scale are known and It tarting point (an absolute zero). The distances between does not have a stable sro Fundamental §: lattstics AO A Stat sttecs — Example 1.7 Consider the IQ scores of four students 90, 150, 85 and 145. Here. can say that the difference between 90 and 150 is the same as the difference between 85 and 145 but we cannot claim that the second student is twice as intelligent as the first. Ratio Level possesses all the properties of the nominal, ordinal and interval levels. In addition, this has an absolute zero point. Data can be Classified and be placed in a proper order. We can compare the magnitudes of these data. Examples 1.6 Age, income, exam scores, performance ratings, grades of students ang tuition fees. Table 1.1 Summary Characteristics of the Levels of Measurement Levels of Measurement | ciassity | Order | Equal Limits NOMINAL Yes No. No No ORDINAL Yes Yes No No INTERVAL Yes Yes Yes No RATIO Yes Yes Yes Yes