TWI : Vf Chapter Five Sie! API 574 — Inspection of Piping, Tubing, and FlangesTWI V/A ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE FOREWORD “This recommended practice is based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of engineers and other petsonnel inthe petroleum industry. SECTION 1 -SCOPE, APL_ 574 covers the inspection practices for piping, tubing, valves (other than control valves) ‘and fitngs used in pettoleum refineries and chemical plans. Pr a2 SECTION 3 - DEFINITIONS: ASME B3I.3: Abbreviation for ASMEJANSI B31.3, Process Piping, published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASME B31.3 is writen for design and construction of piping systems. However, most of the technical requirements on design, Welding, examination, and materials also can be applied in the inspection, rerting, repair, and constuction of piping systems. When ASME B31.3 cannot be followed because of is new construction coverage. such as revised of new material specifications, inspection requirements, certain heat eatments, and pressure tests, the piping engineer / inspector shal be guided by API S70 in lieu of sit conformance with ASME B313. As an example of intent, the term “principles” of ASME B31.3 has been employed in APL ‘57D rather than the phase "in accordance with” ASME B31. CUE Corrosion under insulation, which includes stress corrosion cracking under insulation. eadlegs: Components of a piping system that normally have no significant Now, Examples include blanked branches, lines with normally closed block valves, lines which have one end blanked, pressurized dummy support legs, stagnate control valve bypass pine, spare pump pining, level bridles, relief valve inlet and outlet header paing, pomp irim bypass lines, high point vents, sample point, drains, bleeds, and Instrument connectionsTWI V/A 36 37 a8 39 ao au a2 aus as 3s 316 317 ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE imperfection: laws or other discontinues noted during inspection that may be subject, to acceptance criteria on engineering / inspection analysis Injection points: Locations where relatively small quantities of materials are injected Jno process streams to control chemistry or other process variables. Injection points do fot include the locations where two process steams join (mixing tes). Examples of injection points include chlorine in reformers, water injection in overhead systems, polysulfide injection in catalytic eracking wet gs, anti-foam injections, inhibitor, and nevtrlzer. In-service: Refers to piping systems that have been placed in opemtion as opposed 10 ew construction prior to being placed inservice. Inspector: An authorized piping inspector. Jurisdiction: A legally constituted government adminis relating to piping systems. tion that may adopt rules ‘mixing tees: A component that combines two process streams of differing composition and or temperature. NDE: Nondestructive examination, NPS: Nominal pipe size (followed, when appropriate, by the specific size designation number without am inch symbo ‘on-stream: Piping containing any amount of proces id Owner-user: An operator of piping systems who exercises contol over the operation, engineering inspection, rept, alteration, testing, and rerating of those piping systems PT: Liquid penetant testing pipe: A pressure-tight cylinder used to convey a Muid or to tansmit a Mud pressure, peer sbesiesbet "toc? loainnldecrmiieis epitome talgoledTWI V/A a9 320 at an 323 a4 325 326 ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE piping engineer: One or more persons or organizations acceptable to the owner-user ‘who are knowledgeable and experienced in the engineering disciplines associated with evaluating mechanical and material characteristics which alee the integrity and reliability of piping components and systems. The piping engineer, by consulting with appropeiate specialists, should he regarded as a composite of all emttes nccessary 9 properly address a technical requirement piping system: An assembly of interconnected piping. subjet to the same set or ses of design conditions, used to convey, distribute, mix, separate, discharge, meter, contol, or soub fluid flows Piping system also includes pipe-supporting elements, but does not include support structures, such as building frames, bets, and foundations. WHT: Post weld heat treatment repair: A repair isthe work necessary t restore a piping system toa condition suitable for safe operation atthe design conditions. If any of the restorative changes result im a change of design temperature or pressure, the requirements for rerating also shall be satislied, Any welding, cuting, of grinding operation on a pressure-contining piping «component not specifically considered an alteration is considered a repa. rerating: A change in either or both the design temperature or the maximum allowable working pressure ofa piping system. A rerating may consist of an increase, decnease, or 8 combination, De-rting below original design conditions is a means to. provide increased comosion allowance small bore piping (SBP): Less than or equal to NPS 2 solleto-air (SIA) interface: An area in whieh extemal corrosion may occur on panially buried pipe. The zone of the corrosion will vary depending on Tactrs sch as moistre, ‘oxygen content of the soil, and the operating temperance. The zone generally is considered to be from 12 inches (30em) below 10 6 inches (51 em) above the soil surface, Pipe unin parallel with the sol surface that contacts the soils included spoats: A section of piping encompassed by Manges or other connecting iting, such asTWI V/A an 42 aa 5 ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE SECTION 4 — PIPING COMPONENTS, Piping Piping can be made from any material that ean be rolled and welded, east, oF drain through dies to form a tubular section, The different feom traditional thickness designations and schedules is indiated. Small bore piping (NPS 2 pipe size andl Tess) is also included. See Table | for nominal sizes, Tubing Tubing is generally seamlessly drawn, General information about tubing. Valves The basic types of valves are gate, globe, plug, bll, diaphragms, butefly, check, and slide valves. See Figures 1 ~ 8 for cross section view of each of these valves. All of Section 4.3 general asc information about valves. Fittings Fitings are used to connect pipe sections and change the direction of flow or allow the flow in & piping rin to be diverted! or added to. The basie types of pipe fittings, cas forged, seamlessly dawn, oF formed and welded. Fitings may be Manged, socket welded, bute welded or threaded. See Figures 9-16 fr cross section view ofeach ofthese fitings. All of Section 44 and 45 is general basi information about pipe Fitings ‘SECTION 5 ~ REASONS FOR INSPECTION General ‘The primary purpose of inspection isto achieve the desired qual Plant safety and reliability. assurance and ensureTWI V/A sa 61 62 63 ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE Regulatory Requirements Federal, tate, and local statutes and regulations may apply t piping installation an inspection. SECTION 6 INSPECTING FOR DETERIORATION IN PIPING General Petso-chemical piping, by nature, often carries highly corrosive materials it is suggested APL IRE Chapter I, Conditions Causing Detetioration or Failures, be reviewed for ‘ase of deterioration. Corrasion Monitoring of Process Piping, ‘The most frequent reason for placing piping is from thinning due to corrosion. A good monitoring system is imperative. Things to consider when establishing a corrosion: ‘monitoring plan: a. Classifying the piping accordance with API 70. Bb. Categorizing the piping ito circuits of similar corosion behavior. © Mlntifying suscepile locations where accelerated corrosion is expected, Accessibility of the TML’s for monitoring 6.2.1 Piping Circuits “The basic factors of pipe wall corrosion are Hated, As well a, suggestions for ‘breaking piping systems into circuits, see figure 21 fr an example 6.22 Piping Classifications factors to consider when classifying piping are. toxicity, volatility, ccombustibiliy, location ofthe piping with respect personnel and other Inspection for Specific Types of Corrosion and Cracking.ca 2 ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE ') Fatigue cracking. 3) Creep cracking Brite facture 1} Freeze damage 1m) Comosion at support point. 1) Dew Point Comsion ‘SECTION 7~ FREQUENCY ANF TIME OF INSPECTION General The frequency and time of inypection should be determined by the following conditions: “The severity of servi. ‘The degree of risk “The amount of corrosion allowance remaining “The historical data avaiable. Regulatory requsements Inspection While Equipment is Operating “Many other conditions in piping systems should be determined while the equipment is ‘operating. O-stream inspection ean reduce downtime by the following means 1 Extending process runs and preventing some unscheduled shutdowns, b. Permitting fabrication of replacement piping before a shutdown. © Eliminating unnecessary work and reducing personne! requirement. 4. Aiding maintenance planing to reduce surges in work load. Inspection While Equipment is Shut Down Piping can olten be inspected intemally during outagesTWI V/A ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE .CTION 9~ INSPECTION TOOLS ‘See Table 2, page 30 of APL S70. SECTION 10— INSPECTION PROCEDURES 10.4 Inspection While Equipment Ts Operating wad Wada 0.1.2 10.4.3 wot WoL ‘Visual Inspection Leaks Leaks cam be safety or fire hazards, an always result in economic los, Temporary ‘or permanent repairs can often be made while he lines are in service. Misalignment Piping should te inspected for misalignment. Pipe dislodged from supports, vessel wall deformation, pipe supposts cut of plumb, excessive replacement of bearings te, shifting of base-plates, foundation damage, cracks in connecting flanges, expansion joints not performing property, areal indications of misalignment. Supports Supports are shoes, hangers, and braces, and should be visually inspected for problems. Vibration Vibrating or swaying piping should be inspected for cracks, at pints of restraint ‘sual in the areas of anchors, or whee smal bore pie is atached to the main line. External CorrosionTWI V/A wa 221 10.122 was ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE ‘Thickness Measurements Ultrasonic inspection UT digital thickness gauges are mentioned with emphasis on high temperature readings Radiographie Inspection ‘Wall shot or radiograph profile ratiography is discussed in this section, as to the se of the technique, no information about how the technique i performed ‘Other On-stream Inspections ‘This section mentions "new" methods of inspection; halogen Ieak detectors, ‘magnetic induction, real-time radiography, neutton radiography, thermography. et 10.2 Inspection While Equipment Is Shut Down wot wo24.4 0.21.2 1021.3 Visual Inspection (Corrosion, Brus 1 and Fouling Borescopes are sed t inspect piping internally Cracks Inspect the susceptible locations, constuction tack welds at other than pressure ‘welds, heat affected areas joining welds, and points of restrain or excessive sain Include locations that are subject to srest-comrosion cracking, hydrogen cracking, and caustic or amine embritement, aswell ay exposed threads Gasket Faces of Flanges Bowe bepeitiesTWI i ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE 10.2.6 Misalignment Misalignment is caused by 6 4 £ e Inadequate provision fr expansion, Broken or defective aichors or guides Excessive friction on sliding saddles, indicating a lack of lubrication or a need for roller, Broken rollers or rollers that cannot tum because of corrosion oF lack of fabrication, Broken or impropedty adjusted hangers. Hangers that are too shor and thus limit movement or cause iting of the pire: Excessive operating temperatire 10.217 Vibration Vibrating or swaying piping should be inspected for cracks, at pints of restraint, ‘usually in the reas of anchors, or where small bore pipe isatached to the mai line. 02.1.8 Hot Spots A short discusion of areas over heated on piping is discussed. No mention of thermal photography. 10.22 Thickness Measurements UT aigital thickness gauges are mentioned with emphasis on high temperanre readings and the use of radiography on nipple thickness, 10.23 Pressure'Tests Pressure tests ar leak tests and may be sed on the following: 8, Underground lines and other inaceessibe piping bb. Water and other non-hazardous wtility lines.TWI i Various fus may be used for pressure testing 1. Water with or without an inhibitor, freezing-point depressant, or weting ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE agent b. Liquid products normally cated in the system, if non-toxic or flammable, ©. Steam A. Air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, or another inert gas. Salt water can create problems like pitting and corrosion. Pueumatic tests should be conducted still in accondance with ASME B 313, 1024 Hammer Testing Hammer testing is an old method of testing piping systems, do not use the hammer ‘on east iron and stress-relieed lines in caustic and corrosive service. 10.3 Insp OF Underground Piping Basi information about buried piping, referencing several NACE documents 103.1 Types and Methods of lspection and Testing WALA Above-Grade Visual Surveillance Exarmely basic information about leaking underground piping. 1031.2 Close-Interval Potential Survey “This type of survey is use to locate coronon cell, galvanic anodes, stay caren, outing problems, underground contacts, acos of flow pipe-tosol potentials and caer cathodic retction problems. Key phrase “Clas-interval potential survey". 1031.3 Holiday Pipe Co ig Survey on es |TWI V/A 103.15 Cathodic Protection Monitoring THE WELOING INSTITUTE Reler to NACE RPOLG9 and Section 11 of API Recommended Pratie 65. Section 10.3.2 Inspection Methods, 10.321. Intelligent Pigging, 10.322 Video Cameras, 10:3.2.3 Excavation are all basic with isle or no useful information Leak Testing ‘The hasie methods of leak testing underground piping are briefly desribed inthis section, The methods ae: Pressure decay method. Volume in'volume out metho. Sinele-poin volumetie methods. Amarker chemical (racer) method. Acoustic emission meta 10.4 Inspection OF New Construction W041 General Must meet the requirements of ASME B 31.3 Inspection of Materials Materials should be checked for conformance with the codes and specifications that ace appropriate forthe plan. Checks should be made using material text nuclear alloy analyzer, (PMD. SECTION 11: DETERMINATION OF RETIREMENT THICKNESS Somrmulas and data’ determining the required wall thickness for piping are found inTWI V/A 2 na na ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE ‘The Barlow formula ‘The Barlow formula can be used provided thatthe value is less than D/6, or PSE is not sreaer than 0,385", The Barlow Formula iss follows: t= PpnsE pressure design thickness fr internal pressure in inches Inemal design gauge pressure ofthe pipe, n pounds per square inch D= outside diameter of the pipe, in inches S= allowable unit stress atthe design temperature, in pounds per square inch longitudinal joint efficiency “Metallic pipe for which t > Di6 or PISE > 0.385 requires special consideration Valves And Flanged Fittings Refer to ASME B16.34 For minimum valve wall thickness ‘SECTION 12: RECORDS Genera Reconis should be kept in a detailed and ordesly manner. These records will help in evaluating replacement or repair intervals, Sketches Sketches have important functions: They identify particular piping systems in terms of location, size, material specification, general process flow, and service conditions. bTWI V/A 124 Thickness Data ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE A recon! of thickness data may provide a means of comrsion or erosion rates for the Piping system, See Figure 25 foran example of sketches and thickness data, 125 Review OF Records General information about when to review record.TWI V7 A ‘THE WELOING INSTITUTE API.574 — PRACTICE QUESTION: 1 APLST# overs inpeston of sew consamton 1 newton onrtcton Canon pipe can be joined by welding ampresson fy exit etd spo cms plansatey 1 Spy the cer paper foro ais © complete maouincracies {4 Grene a avene for dissing pone Wels 4 Uitsni ies eating aeas wih sae tanger above Phan atl sks, see rly ise 109 Bare 5. Fame deco wed indcaea faze or baler fie may ie croaoas ncatins on cnt panes ‘ig 4 Welding or rela psc pining 1. Piping aon inthe sip, 6 Leaks ina tread join maybe casey:TWI V7 A using pesure test care sald be enna ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, 1. Ue ware inthe sae 9, Which othe lowing tes inal nthe md on ati pig: a. Ratlognphicte & teskies © Uhr te 4 Himer ee ASME BIS 4 ASMED 1650 PSE iste fra fe 1h Mai Pte Thetness © Aiiey Rercral Ping Ticks 4 Average png Tete 12 APIRP STs a cate B Stnind 13, Daag he manufacring owing te abi my be eld, ut weer Rett Seumlealy dawn Wired PoetTWI V7 A 16 APLRecommended Prete 57, laspeton Ppa, Tubing Vale, nd Figs, dest cover ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, eeu va, Piping alr than 2" NFS ‘Tobin male thn 15° diameter 17. Therefning nds generlly ws wh tp piping or severe serie? bc Sean. [ngs seam weld “ ing mad by nling plas sie ad welding he ease anger han Incl Ouse net a0 be an 36 uw 30 20. Ste nd aly piping at so mansfctrt sanda hicks design os shoes in nosis sasy 21. The acta thickness of wrought piping may vary fcen its nominal thickness by « manufacturing underTWI V7 A 23, Forallnominal pipe snes of Inches and salle. he si ees the noms inside ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, >a a6 24 Unter tolerance f wel pipe fen sein efiney series inh & 0080 ons 25, Forwhut sevice eae piping normaly sed © Casve wv, ach a as, 44 Now-cosie serve, sich as ow iemperaue satt, sie es ta: 2% Tbing is encaly seamless dav, but nay te wed ues i Onsidediamet Toi rie 27, Tere ae many ype valves Which is insect ave ype lied tle? oleaeTwi V/A 2 B as. ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, ‘What pe of geval told wt be ed a lk valves salt wi prsae ee device? Tes aorally wits sk valve ‘eis commonly wd wept id fw ised soo mena pres drop ein fuel wedi plac of sshd vale ‘Whats gate valve used foe? Shee gatas Was ga valves Bara ibe te wales Ratuced pr gate ales Aphg vase consis of sd sides that pct perpendcaay tothe Row ad move onl suites 6 are ‘faba with ale in ith fii ts vale tay na nterph ow mati. facil gt tha peratesin an ot inthe ody ie ow. ‘ftp or evince rnc cone with st Siting to comsspontingly shaped ‘Whit ype of valve depends upon sper pe se hs ole nt ands rte open or clone 2 daphage valve 1 piavalve Bebe valve ball vase ‘What bck aves rma so “They at getenly wed a conve or tghecnpeae evi. ‘They aon o natcaly prevent aco. “They aecomonly wal to elt Dl ow “They we fr emo that gue qu aor bbe ie eve, ‘What are stile valves genemly used for?Twi V/A x” a ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, ‘What 9p of pipe jit is geal linite w piping in mnie sevice an has nominal sia of Indes cena? Aang join Socket weldedjois ae wally use inwomial pipes of rsa as ‘Which ft joins tised isthe most common fa ithe tac nds? enmresion joins burl oses elena joins Stow joes ‘The primary purpose of pig ispection is: ‘chi eat te lowes cn piping hat eae and hase dese iy sir pln sty and eiaity als sciewe sed at asa. Pade ping sem hates misma eign nd ervey repens, Adequate inspection isa prereuiste fr maining piping ina ek fre contin sation the owners. Ina saushctry operating cendticn, nasa, operable onionTWI V7 A Hi The single mot fequnt eso foe repacing ping is ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, 1 insorvie cracking © HIS deterioration and coon 45. On ping at operating he Rey efesive monitoring of ining comm is identifying snd coublahing Lows ALG 46 Problems can accu when tigenng tls comes aking anges seve. Which f the below na ‘ncof tise obiens? ying duo to overt {4 acne of Be above {T.Whichone oth following a itr for comidrtion when etaising orion mire © trader mete 4 selaitenion 44. A geaer ou a wet tciness wl uly be tured sear areuitonorchange a decton Spine lne Wha sally case this? Theft of urtunce oe vloiy 1 Thecffes of steaton ete ©. The effec of consionor dcinaionTwi V/A 2 a ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, ‘Stiles sel sch at type 308 18 CNL ine eee of epee ave OO dees Fay ‘rack bocca the pence of spies chon Aiaved oxygen AZ lamer ine jc a pro moan 8 drneter pipe. What ype of deteiration wo you 1 logtencera {4 isaned ones iting. ‘An inspects cbcking a piping sem that as a pobens with soled eesion at near the paket pes Wi an wp ea eh beer “Te shoes ae at high ses pois and ths eks oc. ‘The welds the hoesto te pipe wer wolaze “The wel: fhe hoes tothe pipe ured ery tough the pipe ‘What pe of rola would you expect in piping conning Amie? Ainved oxygen aching sts coro crcting ‘where do yx considera of mot conce when insesting ping pss? Unde: sao on nes operating tmp ove 20°F ‘Ina saipit rn pipe conaing taroTWI V7 A ‘6 Whetedo many maybe dhe naj ofa cer pple? ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, stig cum of ing Ainge or packing glands changes of dreton of piping ‘7. Tepper fen even sero cmon of erson of ket rae o acing hand seppeee aides ‘SK Te delomation of yes walla the vay of pipe atadnen expansion jolts a a nt forming prope pipe dislodged rams appa: ae are sea ot © wld pablo 4 di 59. Spray hang olny shal Reece ue lever ond coll an ot odo (0. a especie ls once epoofn nun asta cl clue wth peng (eres) Te Inspector specs that Rater may be ene What shoul he nspectr J? [Alte hein sb be ip form th on ugh iron eld heron dete he exten te problem, ‘Nastia shoul tan,TWI V7 A (62 Howdo you aspects destudel fo oe ken founda bas? ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, Basak ot the concern teflon bl, 1 Hammer bale vetcnly wih hme. © Liiyapthebossiewaye wh ammer whl dig ingr again 4. Radingaph he foundation (6 Teyana slats hoki taste, what woul his ina oyu? | Windcestha he cian making tele wat mt sue of east ection 1 Windies thatthe bse pa may have been esigedto acommodte sxpunion © Rinses tht ebm plite was poss mateo ews inhi lection 44 indict te bse pt hal 0 ols sie by sd punched ay G4 Asan agi you lala 6*damet pipe ine ta iran and swag ‘What cone ofthe mos nprant hing ou nl coc oral whore won etch? {Fiepmotingon the spprts sho be ceska or paling nd bsg. 1 Weld shold he inspected fr cracks, pail pointe frst Base pte of the pps mpers shold becheckelo nef he ol ae ak {4 valve inthe system shold be checked eae ty are ce iain opts 65. An malate pipe shows evidence of dle inthe cing covering the tion. You spt at ‘water ny be goning toh ee det. What yeu we bs? {Seip pipe ie comple alos 1005 inspection and eel he ination 1 tao dcseraon peel oon (i), ations suid Seip eng ieulain rodetemuin the exert and sevety of pone A Stipat es $0 of he instep allow exaniaionTWI V7 A {61 Aninereasein pump esse the pan accampanicd by dere inflow ina ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, a eakage 1 aoken ine ting orpnianon Ia wanducer sot equipped wi -high vegan” dete mri, Kan te banged y tempos ver dees F 10 too +300 6% Wat nou yaet wegen oe Eis UT alge pa Bat an pati Ma The tikes rings cold be a ent 10% higher ober. The thickness eles oul sat 1 10 5 higher depending onthe temperate The hikes readings would be 15% higher ot love. 70. An slated piping sytneeds whe its pp wall Bikes checked. The owners oes mW ‘kes ain the inltion for UT mena they donot wan shut own, What wok you do ‘olan mikes edge? ae wr 71. Redaction of stent of te matin pipe, cling, bleng, met dain complet ie ae allsympioms ofTwi V/A n. 1. ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, ‘One ofthe mos important things hat an inspector mus doe he tals 208 out mae a Inspection {make sell ekeral poatialshavebeencheske and shat off whew neces) toprevet cnt, nthe nit inc ae nsec review he coalition of anspor (es orks, Ses yee A) make ie tansprtaton saat 44 review he ecards of prevos spect ato aspectons coatated suing caret operating pod ‘When making istic necton of pipe and Fung sound wh shoul he inspec da? {Makes nt tins in he mods; nspesor ae ext pric may wan imesgxe fhe 1b Check wih the operon tose fitis coming problems if no polews no fut ston i css. (Cen sou fe eomidered ab,the depsts old be chek wi thro Hv the ine cen completely medal, make compete wie opr records, ‘Te elon npn mos sept cracking a: bah © Sights 4 Mange bts ‘When checing sensi marr Fr racks sing PT meth cy gid pests: how or tds stow Be we ‘hgh or median cles should be wed ‘iow or cles sal wedTwi V/A ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, Vater told be dnd speci ner opm examin of ane parts. Hady {hicks sould be messed ot aon hat wee maces Before damning. pric 1 ngewe te toma itch 44 rom cos gb the vale oes of vas ta opera nsevere epee peat service shad be check eral fr: feaing cmeks pining ‘Ge wanes shel be measured farts bone the Seas, sae serous deen ay hae ‘couned bene a emeks © fouling 4 somosion ‘iy ste cadence te seusofagar vo we ea? 4 Pitngcn cccor at this eton wile the vale operating pn 18 Fowlngcan oor on whee thre posit high velocky The body ofthe valve i timer is oan. {4 The weg ct of ths when seca ran inh Aber valve as ben pec pied, an renabld, wha sou e done et esol be pasta deo peer omeio a ted fe isin, [sate ied and hit and et apps eso etext APIS eens.TWI V7 A {84 A welds ein mae in aon stepping crying Amine (MEA), What shoul he inspector ccm ‘don to cing the welds proper an met pcm? ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, a. Thecls ofthe pps, Le 150.30 shouldbe vest Ais ca case endromenal coe theweldsuld hchcka oe antes Welds nti eld bagel be mae checked andthe ress cu Chek the sstng rice and ines ofthe jon by WET, 85, Welle pints in carhon el nd carton ses exposed vated emperaies of $0" Foe over be sie t: option tiem ekg ii somone, Whom othe ised ase ofthe proper scat 1 inpnper seniyo one te cosine poo fbrcaton Cros treating oi treads at ase S57 Wy sill a eaking ead jit at tigsted wile he em sin seve ud rere? Anundcectel crackin teat rot nigh filand causa eles of pret 1 Tieng mayercabt he nies othe tea and cone Ia. The remareon he set my bea peal hice ea ths ek, 4 Suppor my ihe tread jit sighted easion onthe suport. 8, What gp pipe jie mst we be wi witli ts cote pine? headed jis Flanged jon. Capel oi. eatinTWI V7 A 90, Whereerceasie vite or saying was me napping sytem ding open an ngpeton sold be mide fo pan of. tl forcracksm woke toons that ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, pitti, sph cori ‘eigen evan 1. Pigg hts been in seco al hat spt af 0" and sos be check fo ee | [Fangaph 02.0 Te A Parga ‘|B Parag 12 1 [ef Paap [Carag LCT [| Paaerph [Df Paragraph 2 |e | Paagrph aera LL ao [6 geht ar page LL aA Para 3 | Df Patek 25 A Praga 3 Pargeph 102.01 Be | agri 33 [| Pargregh 102.12 Bee Pergep 35 [DP 102.3 [a Page PB Page 102.1 SA Preah [CPi 102.1 aA | Page si [ Bf Pangaph 03.14 3 Paeweags2 Si_[-D [Pangan 10.1 so Paragraph 32 [Df Pangaph 10.14 SE} 8 | Paapaph 133 so BP Park 1.051 |p| Page [Paap (9.053 3c Page 39 st [A [Parag 102.153 36 |e Paap 3 sf Parag 2.3 S| Paaeaph 152 |B Pargrnk 2.6TWI V7 A use Pang 223 ime ‘THE WELDING INSTITUTE, Paap 2 Tas |e Pangaph 2) ox. Pugh 521