Al-Qadisiyah University

College of Pharmacy

‫إعداد الطلبة‬
‫علي عبد الحسين عبادي‬
‫رسل عادل حليم‬
‫اسيل فرحان عبود‬

Identification of ‫زهراء سلطان كاظم‬

‫مريم عطية فرحان‬

Alcohols ‫رسل محسن كاظم‬

‫براء جواد عبد الكاظم‬

Company ‫ فرات عادل جندي‬1

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Logotype ‫اسماعيل وداي حمود‬
(Group B3)
 Identification of Alcohols 1
1- Introduction:
Alcohols are organic molecules containing a hydroxyl functional group
connected to an alkyl group (ROH). If the hydroxyl carbon only has a single R group,
it is known as primary alcohol. If it has two R groups, it is a secondary alcohol, and
if it has three R groups, it is a tertiary alcohol. Like many other organic compounds,
alcohols can also be aromatic by containing a benzene ring. The simplest aromatic
alcohol is benzyl alcohol.

2- Physical and chemical properties:

2.1- Physical properties:
▪ Alcohols are colorless liquids with a special faint odor. Benzyl alcohol and
cyclohexanol have characteristic odors.
▪ Aliphatic alcohols burn with a blue flame (without smoke) while aromatic
alcohols burn with a yellow smoky flame.
▪ Boiling points of alcohols are considerably high (being associated liquids); they
increase as the molecular weight (number of carbons) increases.
▪ Alcohols are miscible with water except for benzyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, and
sec-butanol (which is very slightly soluble in water).

2.2- Chemical properties:

▪ Alcohols are neutral compounds that don’t change the color of litmus paper.
▪ All reactions of alcohols are related to its active hydroxyl group and are of two
types:
a) removal of the hydroxyl itself as in the reaction with hydrogen halides to form
alkyl halides or in the dehydration reaction to form a double bond.
 Identification of Alcohols 2
b) removal of the proton only from the active hydroxyl as in the formation of
esters or in the reaction with active metals such as sodium.

3- Practical work:
Alcoholic compounds on reaction with ceric ammonium nitrate give a red
colouration due to the formation of a complex.

Procedure:
Take 1 mL solution of organic compound dissolved in a suitable solvent. Add a
few drops of ceric ammonium nitrate solution. Appearance of red colour shows the
presence of alcoholic – OH group.
Note: The red colour disappears after keeping the reaction mixture for sometime.
The colour also disappears if excess of ceric ammonium nitrate solution is added.
Therefore, use of excess of ceric ammonium nitrate solution should be avoided.

Distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols can be done on the
basis of iodoform test and Lucas test.

1. Iodoform test:
Ethanol and secondary alcohols which contain CH 3—CH(OH)R group
(iodoform reaction) give positive iodoform test. To carry out reaction, potassium
iodide and sodium hypochlorite solution are added to the compound in the
presence of sodium hydroxide solution. Probably sodium hypochlorite first
oxidses potassium iodide into potassium hypoiodite, which oxidises CH 3—
CH(OH)R group to CH3COR group and then iodinates it in the alkaline medium
of the reaction mixture by replacing the 𝛼-hydrogen attached to the carbon atom
adjacent to carbonyl group by iodine. Iodoform is formed after cleavage of C—
C bond.

Procedure:
Dissolve 0.1 g or 4 to 5 drops of compound in 2 mL of water. If it does not
dissolve, add dioxane drop by drop to get a homogeneous solution. Add 2 mL of 5%
Identification of Alcohols 3
sodium hydroxide solution followed by potassium iodide-iodine reagent (prepared
by dissolving 20 g of potassium iodide and 10 g of iodine in 100 mL of water)
dropwise with continuous shaking till a definite dark colour of iodine persists. Allow
the reactants to remain at room temperature for 2-3 minutes. If no iodoform
separates, warm the reaction mixture in a water bath at 60°C. Add more drops of
potassium iodide–iodine reagent. If colour of iodine disappears continue addition of
reagent till the colour of iodine persists even after two minutes of heating at 60°C.
Remove excess iodine by adding a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution with
shaking. Dilute the mixture with equal volume of water and keep it at room
temperature for 10-15 minutes. A yellow precipitate of iodoform is obtained if test
is positive.

2. Lucas test:
Lucas reagent contains zinc chloride and concentrated hydrochloric acid. This
reagent reacts with primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols at different rates.
Tertiary alcohols react almost instantaneously, secondary alcohols react in about
1-5 minutes and primary alcohols react very slowly. The reaction may take 10
minutes to several days.

Alcohols are soluble in Lucas reagent but the formed alkyl halides are not
soluble. Therefore, formation of two layers in the reaction medium indicate the
occurrence of the reaction.
Primary alcohols – Layers do not separate
Secondary alcohols – Layers separate within 1-5 minutes
Tertiary alcohols – Layers separate immediately

Procedure:

Take 1 mL of compound in a test tube. Add 10 mL of Lucas reagent. Shake well and
note the time for the separation of two distinct layers.

Note: Lucas test is applicable to only those alcohols which are soluble in the reagent
because the test is based on separation of alkyl halides as separate layer.
 Identification of Alcohols 4
Reference:
[1] ©NCERT, “Tests for Functional groups in Organic compounds”, (2018).
[2] Azhar M. Jasim, Duraid H. Mohammad, “A Laboratory Manual on Practical
Organic Chemistry for 2nd year students”, (2012).