Democracy Dies in Darkness

‘I was just clawing at myself.’

A retired nurse who couldn’t
stop scratching feared she
was facing an organ
transplant.
By Sandra G. Boodman
June 22, 2019 at 11:00 a.m. EDT

Leslie Lavender knew that the outfit she wore to her younger daughter’s wedding in April 2017 was unusual for
the mother of the bride. But dark pants and a long-sleeved top, she decided, were the best way to hide the
damage caused by an incessant itch impervious to antihistamines, dietary changes and special creams.

“I was just clawing at myself,” recalled Lavender, then 60, who lives in Stockton Springs, a tiny town 110 miles
north of Portland, Maine.

The retired nurse practitioner spent more than a year seeing a variety of specialists, each of whom was mystified
by the problem that was ruining Lavender’s life.

A consultation with a Boston-area expert in June 2018 proved to be pivotal. He made the elusive connection
between Lavender’s unrelenting itching and an event that had occurred nearly a decade earlier.

"When he said, 'I can help you,' " Lavender recalled, "it was a miracle."

Gallbladder attack
In January 2010, while on the last night of a cruise around the Panama Canal, Lavender experienced a severe
gallbladder attack. She had suffered attacks before, but this incident was much worse. The sharp abdominal pain
left her doubled over for hours.

“I come from a long line of women who have ended up losing their gallbladders,” she said, referring to her
mother and grandmother.
At home in Northern Kentucky, where she and her husband, Michael, an obstetrician-gynecologist, were then
living, Lavender underwent an ultrasound, which revealed a peanut-sized gallstone blocking her gallbladder. The
pear-shaped organ sits beneath the liver and stores bile, which aids in the digestion of fat.

Soon afterward Lavender underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a common operation to remove the
gallbladder. The minimally invasive surgery involves extracting the organ through small incisions rather than a
single large one. Laparoscopic surgery promises less pain and a faster recovery than the conventional open
procedure.

More than 90 percent of all gallbladder removal operations are now performed laparoscopically, but this method
may limit the surgeon’s ability to see and can result in injury to the bile ducts — a potentially fatal mistake if not
treated promptly. Bile duct injuries are estimated to occur in 1 in 1,000 laparoscopic operations and less often
during open procedures.

Lavender’s operation seemed routine. She was discharged after spending a night in the hospital.

But a week later, she began vomiting and developed intense abdominal pain.

“I’m going to die,” she told a doctor who sent her for a CT scan, which revealed pools of fluid in her abdomen.
Doctors discovered a bile leak and admitted her to wash out the caustic bile and fix the problem.

Three days after she was discharged for the second time, Lavender was back in the hospital, unable to keep a
mouthful of water down. Doctors readmitted her and performed a procedure to place a temporary drain, which
was removed after six weeks.

After the third operation, the surgeon told Lavender that she had an unusual anatomical variation called an
accessory bile duct, also known as a duct of Luschka, which was closed off to prevent further leaks.

The next few months were rocky. Lavender developed a debilitating infection caused by clostridium difficile
bacteria, which can result from the use of antibiotics. She slowly recovered and later that year moved with her
husband 1,100 miles north to the coast of Maine.

Not entirely normal

In the years following her surgeries, Lavender said she never experienced a recurrence of severe pain. But she
didn’t feel entirely well.

“I was leading a mostly normal life and watching my diet,” she said. Acid blockers and other medicines didn’t
seem to help, so she stopped taking them.

During routine physicals, her internist in Maine noted a persistently elevated level of alkaline phosphatase
(ALP). Elevated levels of ALP can indicate liver or bone problems.

“I questioned it, but nobody seemed too concerned about it,” recalled Lavender, who said doctors deemed the
elevation inconsequential.

The itching started in March 2017, while Lavender was in Omaha visiting her older daughter.

“It was just insane,” she said. “I ran through a list of possibilities: Do I have a rash? Hives? An allergy? What am
I eating?” Nothing seemed to explain it.

And little seemed to relieve it.

“I was a mess,” she recalled. She had scratched so much that her arms and legs were crisscrossed by angry welts,
which sometimes became infected.

Lavender’s internist sent her to a dermatologist, who ordered extensive lab tests to rule out multiple myeloma
and other cancers, as well as several autoimmune diseases that can cause intense itching.

The dermatologist gave her a steroid ointment and prescribed a large dose of oral steroids, which quelled the
itching. But the ointment made Lavender’s skin so thin it began to tear. And when she stopped taking oral
steroids, the itching came roaring back.

A second dermatologist, whom she saw in January 2018, said he thought her problem was not dermatologic. He
sent her to a hematologist, who ordered a CT scan and extensive blood tests. Everything — except the elevated
ALP — was normal.

The hematologist sent her to a gastroenterologist in Portland. After ruling out cirrhosis and liver cancer, he told
Lavender he suspected sclerosing cholangitis, a liver disease caused by inflammation or scarring of the bile
ducts.

Michael Lavender remembers the gastroenterologist telling him that his wife could be headed for liver failure
and might need a transplant in four or five years.

In apparent anticipation of that possibility, he referred Lavender to Roger L. Jenkins, a liver transplant expert at
Lahey Hospital & Medical Center in Burlington, Mass., a Boston suburb.

Jenkins, a pioneer of liver transplantation, is emeritus chair of surgery at Lahey, which operates one of the
busiest liver transplant programs in the country.

A crucial look backward

By the time she got to Lahey in June 2018, Lavender was despondent.

She was finding it increasingly difficult to live with the itching that had eluded both identification of its
underlying cause and effective treatment. And the idea that she might need a transplant was overwhelming.

“I told Michael, ‘I love you, but I’m not having a liver transplant,’ ” she recalled.

In preparation for her visit, Jenkins obtained her records from Kentucky and Maine.

“What you really have to do is go back in time,” he said.

The answer seemed clear, Jenkins said, and appeared to date back to something that happened during
Lavender’s gallbladder surgery.

It appeared that the surgeon had mistakenly sewn Lavender’s right hepatic bile duct closed, mistaking it for an
accessory duct. (Hepatic ducts drain bile from the liver.) Over the years, subsequent scans and tests were
repeatedly misread as showing a left and right hepatic duct, when in fact they were two branches of the left duct.
Lavender’s liver was the source of the itching.

“Miraculously,” Jenkins noted, the right lobe of the organ had not atrophied as would be expected. “This is
extremely unusual,” he said, “but not unheard of.”

One reason the error may have gone undetected so long, Jenkins speculated, might be that Lavender’s anatomy
differs from the norm in an unspecified way.
“Most injuries from a lap chole[cystectomy] are recognized at the time,” Jenkins said.

A few years before he saw Lavender, Jenkins had treated a young woman with a similar gallbladder injury.

Jenkins recommended removing the right lobe of Lavender’s liver to stop the itching; the left lobe should grow to
compensate for the missing portion. The other option involved extensive reconstructive surgery that Jenkins said
might not work.

Lavender, the surgeon wrote in his consultation note, was “in agony” from the itching and had said she “didn’t
want to live” if the problem could not be fixed.

Lavender was floored — and thrilled.

“He just knew,” she said of Jenkins. “I felt that the Lord had sent me to the right place.”

The 3 1/2 hour operation, performed nine days later, went smoothly.

It took several weeks for the itching to vanish entirely and about five months before the crushing postoperative
fatigue Jenkins had warned her to expect disappeared. Tests show that the left lobe of her liver has grown as
expected.

“I feel great,” she said.

Lavender wishes doctors had paid more attention to her abnormal ALP, which had become increasingly elevated
over the years.

“Nobody saw that as the canary in the coal mine,” she said.

Her experience, she noted, is a reminder that minimally invasive surgery does not necessarily mean
uncomplicated or risk-free.

“You shouldn’t think that nothing can go wrong,” she said.

Submit your solved medical mystery to sandra.boodman@washpost.com. No unsolved cases, please.

Read previous mysteries at wapo.st/medicalmysteries.