Isabela State University

Cauayan Campus
Cauyan City, Isabela
College of Criminal Justice Education

Crim prof 313- Specialized crime investigation 2

Nissan B. Ramirez, MsCrim, LPT

Midterm

meaning of Interview

Interview is the simple questioning of a person believed to possess information, which are relevant to
the investigation of a crime or on criminal activities. In an interview, the interviewee is willing
and cooperative with the person conducting the interview.

Cognitive Interview is a form or technique in the conduct of interview upon willing and cooperative
witnesses, where they are given the full opportunity to narrate their accounts without
intervention, interruption and interference from the interviewer. After the subject has
finished his narration, the investigator now subjects him to the style of direct examination
and cross-examination, to clarify the unexplained portions to arrive at a vivid and complete
picture of the testimony.

Types of interviews

- On the scene interview- Informal one. It may be conducted by any law enforcement officer
who first appears on the scene. It is specifically conducted to obtain a description of the
criminal. The aim of the questioning is to secure sufficient information to arrest the criminal as
rapidly as possible.
- Formal Interview- Conducted by officer- on- case. It can be:
a. Normal interview- cooperative witness or those who may be persuaded to cooperate.
b. Group or pretext interview - for witness known to be reluctant or hostile, and those
who are believed to refuse or cooperate in the Investigation.
c. Follow-up interview- frequently in many cases, because sometimes additional
information on vital points is necessary.

Take note fellows that: Question and Answer style of interview are also
practiced by some investigators whereby after each question by the investigator,
the interviewee is required to answer on what he knows about what is being asked.

THE GOLDEN RULE IN INTERVIEW

“Never conduct or let anyone conduct an interview if the interviewer has not gone to the
crime scene.” The questioning should be in agreement with the facts and conditions at the crime scene.
The questioning will lead wayward for the interviewer who had not seen personally the crime scene and
he will not be in a position to distinguish half-truths, exaggerations of falsehood from the answers of the
person being interviewed.

Qualities of a Good Interviewer

 1. Rapport – It is the relation between the interviewer and the interviewee, which is conducive to
a fruitful result. It is winning the confidence of a person being interviewed in order that he will
tell all the information in his possession. The interviewer must be in a respectable civilian attire
because, most often and the majority of people, the police uniforms is barrier in establishing
good rapport. To many, the uniform is intimidating.

2. Forceful Personality – The appearance of the interviewer and other qualities such as skills of
communication techniques or the force of his language are the mainstays of the strength of his
character. He must be understanding, sympathetic and without showing official arrogance,
vulgarity of expressions and air superiority.

3. Knowledge of Human Behavior – This will help the interviewer to determine the personality and
intelligence of his subject; he must go down and up to the level of understanding of his
particular subject.

4. Conversational Tone of Voice – His tone of voice must be conversational, not confrontational as
in interrogation. It means that the interviewer must know how to appropriately use his voice
normally, without making voice loud unusually that may affect the interview process.

5. Acting Qualities – He must possess the qualities of an actor, salesman and psychologist and
know how to use the power of persuasion. This is done to convince the person to disclose what
he knows about the issue being investigated.

6. Humility – He must be courteous, sympathetic and humble, ready to ask apologies for the
inconvenience of the interview. This is usually done at the end of the interview that may give a
good impression to the person being interviewed.

Requisites of Interview

1. Established Rapport- the relationship existing between the interviewer and the subject usually
determines the success of the criminal investigation. It must be able to unloose a flood of useful
information. On the other hand, if the relationship is strained or marked by mistrust or a feeling
of strangeness, the subject may be reluctant to give any of the desired information.

2. Forcefulness of Personality- The primary trait that the interview should possess is that of
forcefulness of personality. He should instinctively induce confidence by the strength of his
character so that the subject will trust him on the first meeting and tends to seek his assistance
by confiding in him.

3. Breadth of Interest- To established rapport with a witness or a complainant, t may be necessary

to create a meeting ground of interest. This first step toward placing trust in the interviewee.
Obviously, the range of the criminal investigator’s interest must necessarily be broad, if he is to
cover those witnesses and subject with whom he will come in contact.

Setting Interview

1. Background Interview- If concerned with the background of a person being considered for a
position of trust, no great difficulty arises in selecting the time and place. Character references,
 former employers and neighborhoods can be interviewed during normal hours. Busy person is after
arranging an appointment in advance.

2. Routine criminal Cases- In criminal cases, it should be more carefully arranged in order to obtain
maximum information, time should be selected at which the subject can have the leisure time to
devote his full attention to the matter.

3. Important criminal cases- Investigator should arrange to interview witness in important cases at
places other than their homes or offices. Unfamiliar surroundings will prevent the witness from
feeling confident and controlling composure, even the kind of information which he gives.
Investigator should control the situation and he need every psychological advantage which can
serve to induce candor.

4. Appropriate Time- As general rule, an interview should take place as soon as possible after event.
The information is then fresh in the mind of the witness. Moreover, there is need to conduct the
interview at the time set by the investigator. The witness may not be available, therefore as a
matter of strategy, it may be considerable to place certain interviews subsequent to other matters.

Stages of handling interview

1. Preparation – The investigator should review the facts at the crime scene and information from
other sources in order that he would be ready for the questioning. A background data of the
subject should be available so that he could adapt himself to the kind of approach to be
employed.

2. Approach – The investigator must carefully select his kind of approach, which maybe a single
kind, a combination of two or the application of all techniques.

3. Warming Up – This is done by preliminary or exploratory questions to clear the atmosphere,

promote a conducive ground for cordiality, respect and trust for each other.

4. Cognitive Interview –this is performed by allowing or already asking now the subject to narrate
his/her account without interruption, intervention or interference. It is only after the
completion of the uninterrupted narration that the investigator begins the direct and cross
examination (Garcia. 2004)

Classes of Interviewees
1. Children- young and given the flights of imagination. The child may indulge his fancy in an
imaginary journey to strange places and relate a series of unreal events.

2. Older children- from 6 to 10 years of age may tend to distort the story. Advantage as witness
however, had the ability to observe, remember and express themselves in the absence of
motives and prejudices.

3. Young person- Person in the prime of their youth are usually living too intensely to pay great
heed to others, particularly to those younger or older than them. The intense pre-occupation of
young person with themselves prevents them from being ideal witnesses. They have not yet
started to reflect on life and to objectively view the behavior of people around them.
 4. Middle- age person- Keenly aware of his fellow beings at the other age levels. Coupled with
this perception is the possession of unimpaired faculties and matured judgement. They are
often ideal witness in an investigation.

5. Older person- Physically impairment and a tendency to regress into self- preoccupation
seriously affect the value of older person as witness. Intelligent old person, however, may
classed as very effective witness, since add maturity to leisure of observations. Psychological
prejudice must be also considered in this class of interviewees.

Types of witness according to attitude

1. Know-nothing Type – These are the reluctant type of witnesses. They are found among the
uneducated and of low level of intelligence. The technique to be applied is go down to their level
of intelligence and by interrogation.

2. Disinterested Type – This is the uncooperative and indifferent subject. To deal with them is to
find out their field of interest so that they will talk. Their indifference should be demolished to
arouse their interest or be flattered.

3. The Drunken Type – The style of questioning by the investigator should be adapted to the
psychology of the subject. When the drunken subject has sobered, another interview will be
conducted, confronting him about his disclosures while in the state of drunkenness. The written
statement must be taken during his sobriety.

4. Talkative Type – These are witnesses who are prone to exaggerate, adding irrelevant or new
matters to their narration. The skillful investigator could prune the unnecessary matters from the
relevant ones.

5. Honest Witnesses – These are the truthful and cooperative witnesses where the investigator
could rely upon, with little or no problem in handling them.
6. Deceitful Witness – These are the liar type of witnesses. Let them lie and order them to repeat
several times their narration. They will be enmeshed in contradictions. If possible, the lies must
be tape recorded for the confrontation about their contradiction. Pressure them for possible
cases of perjury or obstruction of justice and they will tell the truth.

7. Timid Witnesses – They are the shy witnesses. The approach must be friendly and reassuring
confidentiality of their information. They should be hidden from the devouring press by
interviews or photo sessions.

8. Witnesses who refuse to answer– These are the most difficult subjects to deal with. Find out the
reasons of their personality. The cause maybe trauma, shock, fear, hatred, and others. Remove
these fetters of silence and they will start talking.

Subjects of Interview
1. Complainant- The investigator should appear to be sympathetic with the complainant by
expressing his interest in the case and assuring the complainant of his gratification by the
report of the offense. He should determine the elements of an offense are present. The records
should be checked to discover whether the person is a chronic complainant, and the
 motivation must be considered. Moreover, the existence of jealousy or grudges may have
affected the complainant’s point of view.

2. Suspect- Before questioning a suspect the investigator should refresh his knowledge of the law;
acquaint him with the facts concerning the elements present and know the record or
reputation of the person. This preliminary questioning should be impartial and probing.
However, before questioning the suspect, his constitutional rights must first be explained, and
its implications must be clearly specified.

3. Informant- Informant should be flattered. Praiseworthy motives should be attributed to his

action, such as “duty of society” and “assisting law and order”. The informant should be
permitted to talk freely and fully. He should then be questioned for details. In concluding, a
favorable estimate should be made at the importance of his information. However, the
informant must not be permitted to control the flow of uninhibited information.

4. Victim- Must be treated with some care, since his reactions to fancied indifference can be
violated and accusations of neglect of duty may be made. Investigator should be sympathetic
and listen to the complete story by permitting the victim to offer opinions. He should need not
support or discourage the suggestion of the victim or offer his own words at the moment.

Reason why witness refuse to talk or testify

1. Fear of Reprisal – witnesses who lack the courage to face the suspect, his associates or relatives
always entertain the fear of reprisal. This is natural, especially those who have no means to
protect themselves, or no influential persons for them to rely on. This is prevalent among the
generally underprivileged sectors of our society. The investigator must remove these fears from
the mind of his witnesses either by offering protection or by the explanation that unless the
suspect is not put behind bars, the fear will not disappear. The investigator’s power of
persuasion plays a vital role.

2. Great Inconvenience– On the part of those of hands-to-mouth existence there is this real
inconvenience, which will deprive them the time to earn for their living especially during the
ordeal of testifying during the trial. To those unemployed, the inconvenience is greater; thus,
the investigator must sincerely help them thru his contacts with the business community.

3. Hatred Against the Police – This hatred maybe due to previous bad experience with rogue
members of the police organization. The investigator must show the difference between him
and the rogue policeman by honest and sincere entertainment of the complaint against the
rogue cops. He must explain that these scalawags represent only small percentage of a whole
organization, and the police leadership is addressing the situation properly. A calling cared of
the investigator given to this kind of witness will greatly help the situation, promising immediate
help if there is the recurrence of the bad experience.

4. Bias of the Witness – The witness maybe an acquaintance, friend, helper, or benefactor of the
suspect. All of these and other relationship of the witness to the suspect must be explored so
than an intelligent approach is properly applied.

5. Avoidance of Publicity – There are witnesses who are shy and they shun publicity that will bring
discomfort to their ordinary or obscure way of living. The investigator must hide these
witnesses away from reporters.
 6. Family Restriction – Some famous and respected families preserve their reputations by instilling
to their members the need of the approval of their elders on matters affecting their families.
The investigator must talk to the elders for their approval for a member to testify.

Rules in questioning a person involve in a crime

1. Ask Question at a Time – Multiple, complex and legalistic questions should be avoided. One
question at a time is desired.

2. Avoid Implied Answers – The nod of the head or any other body language as a response to
the questions should be avoided. The answers must be oral, clear, explicit and responsive to
the questions.

3. Questions should be clearly stated – A short simple question at a time is required. If the
answer needs qualification, then, it should be allowed. Avoid legalistic questions such as: who
the murderer is; or who are in conspiracy with the subject.

4. Saving Faces – Embarrassing questions on the subject on matters of exaggeration or honest

errors about time, distance and description can be avoided if the investigator will cooperate
with the subject “to save his face”. The investigator should not fault or ridicule the subject on
these matters.

5. Yes and No Answers are not allowed – Do not ask questions which could be answered by
mere yes or no because it will curtail the complete flow of information and will lead to
inaccuracy.

CONFESSION DISTINGUISHED FROM ADMISSION

Confession is the declaration of the accused acknowledging his guilt arising from the
commission of a crime. While admission is an acknowledgement of a fact or circumstance without
accepting guilt. Guilt maybe inferred in admission. When an accused confessed to the commission of a
crime, he accepts the facts constituting the offense but if he interposes self-defense or other
exculpatory grounds, then his acknowledgement is not a confession but admission.

KINDS OF CONFESSION

1. Extra Judicial Confession – Those made by the suspect during custodial investigation. Simply
explained are that those confessions are made outside of the Court.

Kinds of Extra-Judicial Confession:

a. Voluntary Extra-judicial Confession- The confession is voluntary when the accused speaks of his
free will and accord, without inducement of any kind, with a full and complete knowledge of the
nature and the consequence of the confession. And when the speaking is so free from
influences affecting the will of the accused, at the time the confession was made that it renders
it admissible in evidence against him.

b. Involuntary Extra-judicial Confession- Confessions obtained through force, threat, intimidation,

duress or anything influencing the voluntary act of the confessor.
2. Judicial Confession – Those made by the accused in open Court. The plea of guilt maybe during
arraignment or any stage of the proceedings where the accused changes his plea of not guilty to
guilty.

It is conclusive upon the court and may be considered to be a mitigating circumstance to

criminal liability.

A plea of guilty when formally entered on arraignment is sufficient to sustain to sustain a

conviction of any offense, even a capital one, without further proof.

Sec. 2, Rule 129, Rules of Court states that “Judicial Admission is made by the party in the
pleadings, or in the course of the trial or other proceedings do not require proof and cannot be
contradicted unless previously shown to have been made through palpable mistake.”
TRIAL IN A COURTROOM

Laws are official rules made by

governments. They keep peace and
create order. If people break laws, they
might go to court for a trial. In this
photo, a lawyer represents his client
before a judge. (David R. Frazier/Photo
Researchers, Inc. (Microsoft ® Encarta ®
2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft
Corporation).

Interrogation is the vigorous and confrontational questioning of a reluctant suspect about his
participation in a crime. It is confrontational in the sense that the investigator places the guilt on the
accused. This process is also applied to an uncooperative or recalcitrant witness. The purpose of
Interrogation is to obtain confession or admission from the suspect and to learn relevant information
from uncooperative witnesses.

Interrogation is one of the most difficult but most interesting phases of criminal investigation
and detection. It is the confrontational battle of wits between the investigator and the suspect. It is a
mental combat where the weapon is intelligence and the use of the art. Victory depends upon proper
and effective use of the art.

CUSTODIAL INTERROGATION OR INVESTIGATION

Custodial interrogation or investigation is the term to denote the investigation conducted by

the investigator on the suspect who is under police custody. This is the stage of the investigation where
there is strict observance of the MIRANDA DOCTRINE.

MIRANDA RIGHTS originated from the American jurisprudence. Mr. Ernesto Miranda, a Latino
was accused of kidnapping and rape in the State of Arizona. The Arizona Police leading to his confession
interrogated him exhaustedly. Based on his confession, he was charged, tried and convicted. Appeal of
his conviction was made before the Arizona Supreme Court but his conviction was affirmed. The appeal
was then elevated to the US Supreme Court where there was a reversal of the decision and he was
acquitted on Constitutional grounds.
 It was in this case, entitled Miranda vs. Arizona (Ernesto Miranda versus State of Arizona, USA)
that the US Supreme Court laid down the constitutional rights of the accused during the custodial
interrogation. It was incorporated in our 1973 Constitution and later in the 1987 Constitution of the
Philippines. This is known as the Miranda Rule, Doctrine, or Warning.

THE RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED DURING CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION

a. Right to remain silent.
b. Right to counsel of his own choice and if he has none, the government must provide one for him;
c. Right to be informed of the nature of the charges against him and whatever he says may be used for
or against him.

These rights could be validly waived in writing and with the assistance of Counsel in order that
the ensuing confession be admissible in evidence. The confession must also be in writing, signed and
sworn to by the accused

THE TECHNIQUES OF INTERROGATION

a. Emotional Appeal – This is a technique where the investigator, combining his skills of an actor and a
psychologist, addresses the suspect with an emotional appeal to confess. This is applicable to first
time offenders or those who are of the emotional type of characteristics displayed by nervousness
or emotional disturbances. Devotees of a religion may belong to this type.

b. Sympathetic Approach – The investigator, in his preliminary or probing questions must dig deep into
the past troubles, plight and unfortunate events in the life of the suspect. An offer of help, kindness,
friendliness, may win his cooperation.

c. Friendliness – A friendly approach coupled with a posture of sincerity may induce the suspect to
confess.
d. Tricks and Bluff Techniques:
(1) The Pretense Of Solid Evidence Against The Accused – The Investigator bluffs the suspect that
even if he will not confess, there is enough evidence to send him to jail. If he will confess, the
investigator will see to it that his prison term will be within the range of probation.

(2) The Weakest Link – Among the suspects, there must be a careful selection of who among them
is the weakest link where the interrogation will begin. By tricks and bluffs, this weakest link will
be told that his companions had already confessed. That this weakest link had dealt the fatal
blow or that he received the lion share of the loot in order to intrigue him.

(3) Drama – The weakest link maybe used to fake pain and agony by ordering him to shout,
accompanied by banging a chair on the wall to make it appear that a commotion is going on.
The other suspects in separate rooms must hear the drama before telling them that their
partner had confessed.

(4) Feigning Contact with Family Members – The suspect could be tricked that the investigator had
gone to the residence and the family members had supplied facts against the suspect. The
suspect’s family will be dragged into the investigation if the suspect will not confess.

(5) The Line Up – The complainant, witness or victim is requested to point positively the suspect
who is among persons in the police line-up. The witnesses’ victims or complainant are
previously coached about the identity of the suspect.
 (6) Reverse Line Up – The suspect is placed among other persons in a line up and he is identified by
several complainants and witnesses who will associate the suspect in other several crimes. This
will cause the suspect to become desperate and confess only to the case under investigation, to
avoid from being charged on false accusations.

e. Stern Approach – The investigator displays a stern (demands immediate response) personality
towards the suspect by using the following methods:

1) Jolting – Is the questioning technique where the investigator selects the right moment to shout
to the subject with a pertinent question in an apparent righteous outrage. With this, the
suspects’ nerves may break into a confession.

2) Opportunity to Lie – The suspect is given all the opportunities to lie. The suspect is questioned
about his personal life, family, friends and his knowledge about the complainant and witnesses.
Then the suspect is questioned about his activity prior, during and after the commission of the
crime. This is repeated many times, to include the investigator focusing his questions about the
knowledge of the suspect of the crime. The suspect will be enmeshed in contradictions, which is
now capitalized by the investigator to get the truth from the suspect. If possible, the
interrogation must be taped recorded for purposes of emphasis during the confrontation of the
contradictions.
f. The Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method – The first set of investigators must appear to be
rough, mean and dangerous. When they had finished the interrogation, the second investigator
intervenes by stopping the first set of investigators. By being sympathetic and understanding, he
begins his interrogation. If the suspect still refuses to cooperate, then the process is repeated until
there is a confession.

g. Removing the Ethnic or Cultural Barrier – If the suspect is an Ifugao, an Ifugao investigator and the
same should interrogate him, the same with other ethnic or cultural groups.

It is the Filipino’s way of life that we put our trust and confidence to those who belong to our
clan or tribe. The interrogation must be in the language or dialect of the suspect so that we could
get his full confidence. This is removing the language barrier.

h. Searching for the Soft Spot – In every man’s heart, there is always that softest spot. The heart may
have been hardened to steel by poverty, destitution, hopelessness, despair, apathy, indifference,
injustice, hatred or other factors, yet there is always that spot which could be discovered by the
investigator thru his knowledge of human behavior. That spots maybe the youngest child, the wife,
the mother, and the brother who acted as his father, the grandparents or the best friend. Once
discovered, there must be a face-to-face meeting with that special person and that heart of steel
will melt to pieces. This technique is not only used during interrogation but also during crisis
management in hostage situations.

ADDITIONAL MODERN TECHNIQUES OF INTERROGATION

Actually, these modern techniques are called from the techniques afore-cited. What is new
about them are their names and designations.

1. Rationalization – It is the use of reasons, which is acceptable to the subject that led to the
commission of the crime. Thus, it may be said that sometimes, killing is a necessity rather than by
purpose or design. Robbery maybe a necessity to feed a starving family. The application of this
technique depends upon the nature of the crime.
2. Projection – It is the process of putting the blame to other persons, not alone to the suspect. The
murderer may blame the mastermind for corrupting him with big sums of money, or the
mastermind blaming the greediness of the victim or the husband blaming the wife for her infidelity.
Or that it is a necessary evil as the victim is planning to kill the suspect.
3. Minimization – It is the act of minimizing the culpability of the suspect. The investigator convinces
the suspect that a confession will reduce the offense and the penalty. Thus, the investigator could
study it if there is a way to downgrade murder to homicide or the introduction of mitigating
circumstances with the result of the penalty being within the range of probation.

PHYSICAL SIGNS OF DECEPTIONS

The physical signs of telling a lie are not absolutely bases in saying that a person is not telling the
truth when observed from him/her. Nevertheless, the following shall serve as additional situations the
investigator must have to observe:

1. Excessive Sweating – Profuse sweating indicates tension, anxiety, shock or fear. Extreme
nervousness is also the cause of sweating.
2. Change of Facial Color – Anger is indicated if the face is blushed. It is also the result of extreme
nervousness or embarrassment. It is necessary a sign of deception or guilt. A pale face is a reliable
indicator of guilt or deception.

3. Dry Mouth – This is a sign of great tension and is a reliable symptom of deception. Swallowing,
constant movement of the Adam’s apple and sweating of the lips are indications of dryness of the
mouth.

4. Excessive Breathing – An effort to control breathing during the critical questioning is an indication of
deception. Gasping of breath is the ultimate result of the control in breathing.

5. Increase of Pulse Beat– When observed at the sides of the neck, the investigator will discover the
increase in pulse beat which is indicative of deception.

6. Avoidance of Direct Eye Contact – This may indicate guilt or deception. Misty or teary eyes indicate
remorse or repentance.

THE INFORMANT
The word informant is a general term that refers to any person who gives information to the
police authorities relative to a crime. However, strictly speaking, an informant is any person who
furnishes the police information relevant to a criminal case about the activities of criminals or syndicates
without any monetary consideration. The informant may openly give the information or offer himself to
be a witness.

THE TYPES OF INFORMANTS

1. Anonymous Informant – He maybe an anonymous phone caller, letter writer or a text sender. Never
tell the informant that the investigator already knows the information. The duty is to receive the
information, not to reveal any other information to the caller about facts already known.

2. Rival-Elimination Informant – This kind mostly maintains being anonymous. His purpose is to
eliminate the rival person or gang due to competition or other motives such as revenge, etc.
3. False Informant – Usually reveals information of no consequence, value or stuff connected with thin
air. His purpose is to appear to be on the side of the law and for throwing out the suspicion from
himself or from his gang or associates.

4. Frightened Informant – He is prodded by fear or self-interest in giving information to the police. He

maybe one of the lesser gang member who runs to the police when his gang mates are about to be
involved in dangerous situations or when the gang he belongs is hot on the police trail. He is
motivated by anxiety and self-preservation of his well-being and will furnish the information to
protect himself and as a means in sustaining his feeling of self-importance. This type is the weakest
link in the composition of the criminal chain.

5. Self-Aggrandizing Informant – This kind of informant moves around the centers of criminals, group
or syndicate and delights in surprising the police about bits of information. His information may be
of value by way of authentication in intelligence operation.

6. Confidential Informant - is a person who provides the police with confidential information
concerning a past crime or a projected and planned crime. He does not want to be identified as the
source of information. Under the law, these informants are protected and their identity could not be
revealed by the police even under the order of the court unless on exceptional case where there is a
claim of the defense that the informant framed up the accused.

7. Mercenary Informant – The informant has information for sale. He may have been victimized in a
double-cross or little share in the loot or given a dirty deal and seeks revenge as well as profit in his
disclosure.

8. Double-Crosser Informant – He uses his seeming desire to divulge information as an excuse to talk o
the police in order to get more information from them more than he gives. To counter this kind of
informant, the police apply the deception method by giving him false information that will lead to
his capture.

9. Women Informant – She maybe the female associate of the criminals, who was roughed up,
marginalized in the deal or being eased out from the group. Care must be given to this kind of
informant because women, given the skills and expertise, are more dangerous than men. They often
give free romance that will result in blackmailing the investigator or will result to an extended family
for support.

MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS

a. Vanity – The motive is for self-aggrandizement by gaining favorable attention and importance
by police.

b. Civic Mindedness – Those imbued with the sense of duty and obligation to assist the police in their
task.

c. Fear – It is the engendered illusion of oppression from enemies or from impending dangers.

d. Repentance – Those lesser criminals such as accomplices or accessories who will have a change in
heart to unburden their conscience.

SELECTION OF INFORMERS
 There is no hard and fixed rule in the selection of informers. This is addressed to the sound
discretion of the investigator. The informer maybe to a fixed period of assignment or into a case-to-case
basis.

The informer must be indoctrinated that they are not immune from arrest and prosecution if
they commit crimes. They should not bring shame and dishonor to the police service. When they will
commit crimes, they should be punished like the rest.

All the sectors of the society must be covered, and their composition included but not limited to
taxi drivers, jeepney and bus drivers, vendors, conductors, waiters, dancers, ex-convicts, shady or
underworld characters, hostesses, bankers, security guards, businessmen, prostitutes, the elite in
society and others.

They should be planted as moles or stole pigeons practically in all the corners of the social order.

CRITICAL AREAS IN THE DEPLOYMENT OF INFORMERS

a. Places which are considered crime prone areas;

b. Places which are frequented by people such as church, market, malls, etc.;
c. Within the ranks of criminal gangs or syndicates;
d. Associates, friends and relatives of criminals;
e. Places of hang-outs of criminals such as night clubs, bars, hotels, billiard halls, etc;
f. Slums and residential places where criminals have their contacts.
g. Any detention center where associates of the subject are incarcerated. Arrangement should
be made to the administration of the jail/ prison institution.
h. Places where criminals dispose their loots after committing a crime.

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THANKYOU AND GOD BLESS!!!