ɇɉɁȸȺȵȻɇȴȻȰɌɃɆȻȾȵɇȵɂȻɇɏɇȵȻɇ

ɇɉɁɃɅɈȻȾȸȺȵɏɆȻȰ– ɈɉɅɃȿɃȳȻɃ
ȵȾɌɏɁȸɇȵȻɇȵɅȻȿȵȳɀȵɁɏɁȰɇȾȸɇȵɏɁ
ȿɉɇȵȻɇȵɅȻȿȵȳɀȵɁɏɁȰɇȾȸɇȵɏɁ
ɇȵȻɆȵɇȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰɈɏɁ
ȲȻȲȿȻɃȳɆȰɌȻȰ
 ɅɆɃȿɃȳɃɇ
ɈʉʋɲʌʊʆɴɿɴʄʀʉʋɲʆɸʋɿʍʏɻʅɿɲʃʙʆʍɻʅɸɿʙʍɸʘʆɶɿɲʏʉʅɳɽɻʅɲͨɇɉɁȸȺȵȻɇȴȻȰɌɃɆȻȾȵɇȵɂȻɇɏɇȵȻɇͩɹʖɸɿ
ʘʎ ʍʃʉʋʊ ʆɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍɸɿ ʖʌɼʍɿʅʉ ɴʉɼɽɻʅɲ ʍɸ ʋʌʉʋʏʐʖɿɲʃʉʑ ʃɲɿ ʅɸʏɲʋʏʐʖɿɲʃʉʑ ɸʋɿʋɹɷʉʐ ʔʉɿʏɻʏɹʎ
Ʌʉʄʐʏɸʖʆɿʃʙʆ ɇʖʉʄʙʆ ʃɲɿ ɇʖʉʄʙʆ Ʌʄɻʌʉʔʉʌɿʃɼʎ ʃɲɿ ɉʋʉʄʉɶɿʍʏʙʆ ʏʘʆ Ȱʆʙʏɲʏʘʆ ʃɲɿ Ȱʆʙʏɸʌʘʆ
ȵʃʋɲɿɷɸʐʏɿʃʙʆȻɷʌʐʅɳʏʘʆʏɻʎʖʙʌɲʎʅɲʎ͘
Ʌʌʉʉʌʀɺɸʏɲɿ ʆɲ ɶʀʆɸɿ ʋʉʄʑʏɿʅʉʎ ɲʌʘɶʊʎ ʍʏɻʆ ʃɲʏɲʆʊɻʍɻ ʃɲɿ ɸʅɴɳɽʐʆʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʆɸʋɿʍʏɻʅɿɲʃɼʎ
ɷɿɷɲʍʃɲʄʀɲʎʃɲɿʔɿʄʉɷʉʇɸʀʆɲɷʙʍɸɿʃɲʏɳʄʄɻʄɸʎʐʋʉɷɸʀʇɸɿʎʃɲɿʏɻʆʃɲʏɳʄʄɻʄɻʅɸɽʉɷʉʄʉɶʀɲɶɿɲɸʋʀʄʐʍɻ
ɲʋʉʌɿʙʆ͕ɸʌʘʏɼʍɸʘʆ͕ɲʍʃɼʍɸʘʆʃɲɿɽɸʅɳʏʘʆɸʇɸʏɳʍɸʘʆ͘
ȶʖɸɿ ɶʌɲʔɸʀ ɲʋʊ ʉʅɳɷɲ ʋʏʐʖɿʉʑʖʘʆ ʅɻʖɲʆɿʃʙʆ ʃɲɿ ɷɿɷɲʃʏʊʌʘʆ ɸʌɸʐʆɻʏʙʆ ʅɸ ʋʉʄʐɸʏɼ ɸʅʋɸɿʌʀɲ ʍʏʉ
ʖʙʌʉ ʏʉʐ ʔʌʉʆʏɿʍʏɻʌʀʉʐ ɲʆʙʏɲʏɻʎ ɸʃʋɲʀɷɸʐʍɻʎ ɲʄʄɳ ʃɲɿ ʍʏɻ ʍʐɶɶʌɲʔɼ ʋɲʆɸʋɿʍʏɻʅɿɲʃʙʆ
ʔʌʉʆʏɿʍʏɻʌɿɲʃʙʆɴɿɴʄʀʘʆ͘
ɇɸʃɲʅʀɲʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻɷɸʆɹʖɸɿʘʎʍʏʊʖʉʆɲʐʋʉʃɲʏɲʍʏɼʍɸɿʏɻʆʋɲʆɸʋɿʍʏɻʅɿɲʃɼɷɿɷɲʍʃɲʄʀɲʃɲɿʏɲ͕ɹʏʍɿʃɿ
ɲʄʄɿʙʎɲʆɲʆʏɿʃɲʏɳʍʏɲʏɲ͕ʋɲʆɸʋɿʍʏɻʅɿɲʃɳʍʐɶɶʌɳʅʅɲʏɲ͕ɲʋʊʋʉʄʄɳɲʋʊʏɲʉʋʉʀɲɲʆʏʄɸʀʃʉʅʅɳʏɿɲɲʋʊ
ʏʉʋɸʌɿɸʖʊʅɸʆʊʏʉʐ͘
ɀɸ ɲʐʏɼʆ ʏɻʆ ɹʆʆʉɿɲ͕ ʉɿ ʍʐɶɶʌɲʔɸʀʎ ɽɲ ɽɸʘʌɼʍʉʐʆ ɸʐʋʌʊʍɷɸʃʏɻ ʃɳɽɸ ʃɲʄʉʋʌʉɲʀʌɸʏɻ ʋɲʌɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ͕
ʍʖʉʄɿɲʍʅʊʃɲɿʐʋʊɷɸɿʇɻɲʋʊʏʉʆɸʆɷɿɲʔɸʌʊʅɸʆʉʔʉɿʏɻʏɼ͕ɸʌɸʐʆɻʏɼɼʍʐʆɳɷɸʄʔʉʍɸʉʏɿɷɼʋʉʏɸɲʔʉʌɳ
ʏɻʆʃɲʄʐʋʏʊʅɸʆɻʑʄɻ͘

ɇʏɿʎʍɸʄʀɷɸʎʏʉʐɴɿɴʄʀʉʐɽɲɴʌɸʀʏɸ͗

9 ɇɉɁɃɅɈȻȾȸȺȵɏɆȻȰ– ɈɉɅɃȿɃȳȻɃʋʉʐɴʉɻɽɳʍʏɻʍʑʆʉʗɻʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃʙʆʃɲɿɲʇɿʉʋʌʊʍɸʃʏʘʆʍɻʅɸʀʘʆ
ʏɻʎɽɸʘʌʀɲʎʃɲɿʖʌɻʍɿʅɸʑʉʐʆʘʎɸʌɶɲʄɸʀʉɲʆɲʔʉʌɳʎ͘

9 ȵȾɌɏɁȸɇȵȻɇ ȵɅȻȿȵȳɀȵɁɏɁ ȰɇȾȸɇȵɏɁ ʋʉʐ ʃɲʏɻɶʉʌɿʉʋʉɿʉʑʆʏɲɿ ɲʆɳ ɽɸʅɲʏɿʃɼ ɸʆʊʏɻʏɲ ʏɻʎ ʑʄɻʎ
ʃɲɿ ʋʌʉɹʌʖʉʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʔʌʉʆʏɿʍʏɻʌɿɲʃɹʎ ʋɲʌɲɷʊʍɸɿʎ͕ ɽɹʅɲʏɲ ɸʇɸʏɲʍʏɿʃʙʆ ʋɸʌɿʊɷʘʆ ʃɲɿ ɳʄʄʘʆ
ɶʌɲʋʏʙʆɷɿɲɶʘʆɿʍʅɳʏʘʆ͘

9 ȿɉɇȵȻɇ ȵɅȻȿȵȳɀȵɁɏɁ ȰɇȾȸɇȵɏɁ ɲʋʊ ʏɿʎ ʋɲʌɲʋɳʆʘ ʋʉʐ ɷʀʆʉʆʏɲɿ ʅɸ ɸʑʄɻʋʏʉ ʃɲɿ ʐʋʉɷɸɿɶʅɲʏɿʃʊ
ʏʌʊʋʉʃɲɿʄʑʆʉʆʏɲɿʅɸɽʉɷʉʄʉɶɿʃɳɶɿɲɸʅɴɳɽʐʆʍɻʃɲɿʃɲʏɲʆʊɻʍɻʏɻʎɽɸʘʌʀɲʎ͘

9 ɇȵȻɆȵɇ ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰɈɏɁ ʋʉʐ ɲʋʉʏɸʄʉʑʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʃɲʏɳʄʄɻʄɲ ɸʋɿʄɸɶʅɹʆɸʎ ɲʍʃɼʍɸɿʎ ʃɲɿ ʍʏʉʖɸʑʉʐʆ
ʍʏɻʆʋʌʉɸʏʉɿʅɲʍʀɲɶɿɲɸʇɸʏɲʍʏɿʃɹʎʋɸʌɿʊɷʉʐʎ͘

9 ȲȻȲȿȻɃȳɆȰɌȻȰ ɸʄʄɻʆɿʃɼ ʃɲɿ ʇɸʆʊɶʄʘʍʍɻ ʋʉʐ ɲʋɸʐɽʑʆɸʏɲɿ ʍɸ ɲʐʏʉʑʎ ʋʉʐ ɽɹʄʉʐʆ ʆɲ ɲʆʏʄɼʍʉʐʆ
ʋɸʌɿʍʍʊʏɸʌɸʎʋʄɻʌʉʔʉʌʀɸʎʃɲɿʆɲɸʆʏʌʐʔɼʍʉʐʆʋɸʌɲɿʏɹʌʘʍɸɽɹʅɲʏɲʏɻʎʃɲʄʐʋʏʊʅɸʆɻʎʑʄɻʎ͘

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2
 

ɅȵɆȻȵɍɃɀȵɁȰ

ɇɉɁɃɅɈȻȾȸȺȵɏɆȻȰ– ɈɉɅɃȿɃȳȻɃ............................................................ 6

ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃ 1 – ȴȻȰɌɃɆȻȾȵɇ ȵɂȻɇɏɇȵȻɇ .........................................................................7

1.1 Ȳɲʍɿʃɹʎɹʆʆʉɿɸʎ .......................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 ȿʑʍɻ 6'( ................................................................................................................................. 8

ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃ 2 – ɇȴȵ 1ȸɇ ɈȰɂȸɇ .................................................................................... 10

2.1 Ƀʌɿʍʅʊʎ ................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 ɍʘʌɿɺʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆ ...................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Ƀʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎ ................................................................................................................................ 10
2.4 Ȱʆɲɶʊʅɸʆɸʎʍɸʉʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎ ........................................................................................................ 10
2.5 ȳʌɲʅʅɿʃɹʎ................................................................................................................................. 11
2.6 Bernulli..................................................................................................................................... 11
2.7 Ricatti ....................................................................................................................................... 12
2.8 D’ Alembert – Lagrange ............................................................................................................ 12
2.9 ȱʅɸʍɲɃʄʉʃʄɻʌʙʍɿʅɸʎ ............................................................................................................ 12
2.10 ɃʄʉʃʄɻʌʘʏɿʃʊʎɅɲʌɳɶʉʆʏɲʎɼɅʉʄʄɲʋʄɲʍɿɲʍʏɼʎƵůĞƌ ......................................................... 13

ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃ 3 – ɇȴȵ 2ȸɇ ȾȰȻ ȰɁɏɈȵɆȸɇ ɈȰɂȸɇ ............................................................. 15

3.1 Ƀʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɹʎʅɸʍʏɲɽɸʌʉʑʎʍʐʆʏɸʄɸʍʏɹʎ .................................................................... 15
3.2 Ƀʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɹʎ nK9 ʏɳʇɻʎ  n ! 2  ʅɸʍʏɲɽɸʌʉʑʎʍʐʆʏɸʄɸʍʏɹʎ ....................................... 15

3.3 Ƀʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɹʎʅɸɷʉʍʅɹʆɻʅɿɲʅɸʌɿʃɼʄʑʍɻ y1 ............................................................ 16

3.4 ɀɻʉʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɹʎ 2K9 ʃɲɿɲʆʙʏɸʌɻʎʏɳʇɻʎ ................................................................... 16

3.4.1 ɀɹɽʉɷʉʎʅɸʏɲɴʉʄɼʎʏʘʆʋɲʌɲʅɹʏʌʘʆ;>ĂŐƌĂŶŐĞͿ .................................................................. 16
3.4.2 ɀɹɽʉɷʉʎʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌɿʍʏɹʘʆʍʐʆʏɸʄɸʍʏʙʆ ................................................................................. 17
3.5 ɀɻʉʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɹʎ 2K9 ʏɳʇɻʎʅɸ 2R ʅɹʄʉʎɳɽʌʉɿʍʅɲʍʐʆɲʌʏɼʍɸʘʆ ............................. 18

ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃ 4 – ȾɆȻɇȻɀȰ ɇȸɀȵȻȰ ɅȵɅȿȵȳɀȵɁȸɇ ɇɉɁȰɆɈȸɇȸɇ – ɃȿȻȾɃ ȴȻȰɌɃɆȻȾɃ .. 19

4.1 Ⱦʌʀʍɿʅɲʍɻʅɸʀɲʋɸʋʄɸɶʅɹʆɻʎʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻʎ f  x ͕ y  ................................................................. 19

4.2 Ƀʄɿʃʊɷɿɲʔʉʌɿʃʊʋɸʋʄɸɶʅɹʆɻʎʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻʎ f  x1 ͕ x2 ͕! ͕ xn  ................................................... 19

ȵȾɌɏɁȸɇȵȻɇȵɅȻȿȵȳɀȵɁɏɁȰɇȾȸɇȵɏɁ– ȿɉɇȵȻɇ .................................. 20

3
ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃ 1 –ɇȴȵ 1ȸɇ ɈȰɂȸɇ ..................................................................................... 21
1.1 ɍʘʌɿɺʊʅɸʆʘʆʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆ ....................................................................................................... 21
1.2 Ƀʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎ ................................................................................................................................ 24
1.3 Ȱʆɲɶʊʅɸʆɸʎʍɸʉʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎ ........................................................................................................ 39
1.4 ɀɸɹʇʐʋʆɲɽɸʍʀʅɲʏɲ................................................................................................................ 40
1.5 ȳʌɲʅʅɿʃɹʎ................................................................................................................................. 41
1.6 Bernulli..................................................................................................................................... 42
1.7 Riccati ...................................................................................................................................... 44
1.8 Ʌɲʌɲʅɸʏʌɿʃɹʎ .......................................................................................................................... 48
1.9 ȱʅɸʍɲʉʄʉʃʄɻʌʙʍɿʅɸʎ............................................................................................................. 48
1.10 Ƀʄʉʃʄɻʌʘʏɿʃʊʎʋɲʌɳɶʉʆʏɲʎ– ɅʉʄʄɲʋʄɲʍɿɲʍʏɼʎƵůĞƌ .......................................................... 50

ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃ 2 – ɇȴȵ 2ȸɇ ȾȰȻ ȰɁɏɈȵɆȸɇ ɈȰɂȸɇ ............................................................. 56

2.1 Ƀʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɹʎʅɸʍʏɲɽɸʌʉʑʎʍʐʆʏɸʄɸʍʏɹʎ .................................................................... 56
2.2 Ƀʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɹʎɲʆʙʏɸʌɻʎʏɳʇɻʎʅɸʍʏɲɽɸʌʉʑʎʍʐʆʏɸʄɸʍʏɹʎ .......................................... 56
2.3 Ƀʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɹʎʅɸɷʉʍʅɹʆɻʅɸʌɿʃɼʄʑʍɻ y1 .................................................................. 57

2.4 ɀɻʉʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɹʎ– ʅɹɽʉɷʉʎʅɸʏɲɴʉʄɼʎʏʘʆʋɲʌɲʅɹʏʌʘʆ;>ĂŐƌĂŶŐĞͿ ........................ 70

2.5 ɀɻʉʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɹʎ– ʅɹɽʉɷʉʎʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌɿʍʏɹʘʆʍʐʆʏɸʄɸʍʏʙʆ ....................................... 80
2.6 ɀɻʉʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɹʎ– ɳɽʌʉɿʍʅɲʍʐʆɲʌʏɼʍɸʘʆ ............................................................... 87

ɇȵȻɆȵɇȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰɈɏɁ ....................................................................... 103

ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 1 ........................................................................................................ 104

ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 2 ........................................................................................................ 104
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 3 ........................................................................................................ 104
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 4 ........................................................................................................ 104
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 5 ........................................................................................................ 105
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 6 ........................................................................................................ 105
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 7 ........................................................................................................ 105
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 8 ........................................................................................................ 106
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 9 ........................................................................................................ 106
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 10 ...................................................................................................... 106
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 11 ...................................................................................................... 106
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 12 ...................................................................................................... 107

4
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 13 ...................................................................................................... 107
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 14 ...................................................................................................... 107
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 15 ...................................................................................................... 107
ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ 16 ...................................................................................................... 108

ȲȻȲȿȻɃȳɆȰɌȻȰ ...................................................................................... 109



5






















ɇɉɁɃɅɈȻȾȸȺȵɏɆȻȰ– ɈɉɅɃȿɃȳȻɃ

6
 ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϭ– ȴȻȰɌɃɆȻȾȵɇȵɂȻɇɏɇȵȻɇ

1.1 Ȳɲʍɿʃɹʎɹʆʆʉɿɸʎ

Ƀʌɿʍʅʊʎʃɲɿɸʀɷɻɷɿɲʔʉʌɿʃʙʆɸʇɿʍʙʍɸʘʆ

ȴɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɼɸʇʀʍʘʍɻ  '(  ʃɲʄɸʀʏɲɿʅɿɲɸʇʀʍʘʍɻʋʉʐʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɳʆɸɿʋɲʌɲɶʙɶʉʐʎʅɿɲʎɳɶʆʘʍʏɻʎ
ʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻʎ͘
Ƀɿ '( ɷɿɲʃʌʀʆʉʆʏɲɿʍɸ͗
a) ɇʐʆɼɽɸɿʎ  6'(  ͗ ɻ ɳɶʆʘʍʏɻ ʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻ ʅʊʆʉ 1  ɲʆɸʇɳʌʏɻʏɻʎ
ʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏɼʎ͘Ʌ͘ʖ͗͘

2
dy d 2 y § dy ·
 y  
3
y y c ky  tan x  ¨ ¸ 5 4
 12 y cc  sin y 0 
dx dx 2 © dx ¹

b) ɀɸʌɿʃɹʎ  0'(  ͗ ɻ ɳɶʆʘʍʏɻ ʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻ ɸʀʆɲɿ 2  ɼ ʋɸʌɿʍʍʊʏɸʌʘʆ ɲʆɸʇɳʌʏɻʏʘʆ
ʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆ͘Ʌ͘ʖ͗͘

w3y w3y w3y wu w 2u
  7  0 
ws3 wt 3 wr 3 wa wb2

ɇʐʆɼɽɻʎ '(  6'( 

ɀɿɲʍʖɹʍɻʏʘʆʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆ x ͕y ʏɻʎʅʉʌʔɼʎ͗ f x ͕ y ͕ y c͕ y cc͕! ͕ y  n   Ϭ ʍʏɻʆʉʋʉʀɲɸʅʔɲʆʀɺɸʏɲɿ

ʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆ 1 ʋɲʌɳɶʘɶʉʎʏɻʎʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻʎ y y  x  ;ʅɿɲʎɲʆɸʇɳʌʏɻʏɻʎʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏɼʎ x Ϳ͘

ȳʌɲʅʅɿʃɼʃɲɿʅɻɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɼ 6'(


Ȱʆʍʏɻʆ 6'(  f x ͕ y ͕ y c͕ y cc͕! ͕ y  n  Ϭ ɻ f ɸʀʆɲɿɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɼʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻʏʘʆ y ͕ y c͕ y cc͕! ͕ y   ʏʊʏɸ
n

ɲʐʏɼ ʃɲʄɸʀʏɲɿ ɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɼ͘ ɀɿɲ ɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɼ 6'(  ɸʀʆɲɿ ʏɻʎ ʅʉʌʔɼʎ͗

a0  x  y  a1  x  y  !  an  x  y
c  n
g  x  ͘Ȱʆɷɸʆɿʍʖʑɸɿɲʐʏʊʏʊʏɸɻ 6'( ɸʀʆɲɿʅɻɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɼ͘Ƀ
ʉʌɿʍʅʊʎɸʋɸʃʏɸʀʆɸʏɲɿʃɲɿʍʏɿʎ 0'( ͘

Ȱʐʏʊʆʉʅɻʃɲɿʅɻɲʐʏʊʆʉʅɻ 6'(

Ȱʆʍʏɻʆ 6'( ɷɸʆɸʅʔɲʆʀɺɸʏɲɿɻɲʆɸʇɳʌʏɻʏɻʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏɼʌɻʏɳʍʏɻʆɸʇʀʍʘʍɻʏʊʏɸɲʐʏɼʃɲʄɸʀʏɲɿ
ɲʐʏʊʆʉʅɻ͘ɀɿɲɲʐʏʊʆʉʅɻ 6'( ɸʀʆɲɿʏɻʎʅʉʌʔɼʎ͗

f y ͕ y c͕ y cc͕! ͕ y  n  Ϭ ɼ y  n  
f y ͕ y c͕ y cc͕! ͕ y  n1 ͘
Ȱʆɷɸʆɿʍʖʑɸɿɲʐʏʊʏʊʏɸɻ 6'( ɸʀʆɲɿʅɻɲʐʏʊʆʉʅɻ͕ɷɻʄɲɷɼʏɻʎʅʉʌʔɼʎ
y  n 
f x ͕ y ͕ y c͕ y cc͕! ͕ y  n1 ͘ 
ɍɲʌɲʃʏɻʌɿʍʏɿʃɼɿɷɿʊʏɻʏɲʏʘʆɲʐʏʊʆʉʅʘʆ 6'( ɸʀʆɲɿʊʏɿɲʆ y  x  ɸʀʆɲɿʄʑʍɻʏɻʎ 6'( ʏʊʏɸʃɲɿ
ɻ y  x  c  ͕ʊʋʉʐ c ʍʏɲɽɸʌɳ͕ɸʀʆɲɿɸʋʀʍɻʎʄʑʍɻʏɻʎ;ʉɿɲʐʏʊʆʉʅɸʎɸʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎɸʀʆɲɿɲʆɲʄʄʉʀʘʏɸʎ

7
 ʘʎʋʌʉʎʏɻʅɸʏɲʔʉʌɳͿ͘

Ɉɳʇɻ '(

ɇɸʅɿɲ '( ʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲɸʅʔɲʆʀɺʉʆʏɲɿʋɸʌɿʍʍʊʏɸʌɸʎɲʋʊ 1 ʋɲʌɳɶʘɶʉɿʏɻʎɳɶʆʘʍʏɻʎʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻʎ͘
ȸʏɳʇɻʏɻʎʅɸɶɿʍʏʉʏɳʇɿɲʎʋɲʌɲɶʙɶʉʐʋʉʐɸʅʔɲʆʀɺɸʏɲɿʍʏɻ '( ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʀʃɲɿʏɻʆʏɳʇɻʏɻʎ '( ͘

Ȳɲɽʅʊʎ '(

ȳɿɲ '( ʏɻʎʉʋʉʀɲʎʃɳɽɸʅɹʄʉʎʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲɶʌɲʔɸʀʘʎʋʉʄʐʙʆʐʅʉʏɻʎɳɶʆʘʍʏɻʎʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻʎʃɲɿ
ʏʘʆʋɲʌɲɶʙɶʘʆʏɻʎ͕ɻɷʑʆɲʅɻʍʏɻʆʉʋʉʀɲɸʅʔɲʆʀɺɸʏɲɿɻʅɸɶɲʄʑʏɸʌɻʋɲʌɳɶʘɶʊʎʏɻʎʃɲʄɸʀʏɲɿ
ɴɲɽʅʊʎʏɻʎ '( ͘
Ʌɲʌɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ͗ȸʏɳʇɻʅɿɲʎ 6'( ɷɸʆɸʋɻʌɸɳɺɸɿʏʉɴɲɽʅʊʏɻʎ͘

Ʌʌʊɴʄɻʅɲɲʌʖɿʃʙʆʏɿʅʙʆ  3$7 

Ȱʋʉʏɸʄɸʀʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ 6'(  y  n  
f x ͕ y ͕ y c͕ y cc͕! ͕ y  n1  ʅɲɺʀ ʅɸ ʏɿʎ ɲʌʖɿʃɹʎ ʍʐʆɽɼʃɸʎ

y  x0  y0 ͕ y c  x0  y1 ͕! ͕ y  n1
 x0  yn1 ͕ʊʋʉʐ x0 ʍɻʅɸʀʉʏʉʐʋɸɷʀʉʐʉʌɿʍʅʉʑʏɻʎ y ͘

Ʌɲʌɲɷɸʀɶʅɲʏɲ

ȸ 6'(   y cc   y  y c   3y 2  y c  3x  1 ɸʀʆɲɿʅɻɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɼ͕ʅɻɲʐʏʊʆʉʅɻ͕ 2K9 ʏɳʇɻʎ͕ 3RX 
3 4 2
a)
ɴɲɽʅʉʑ͘
 
3
b) ȸ 6'(  y  4   12 y cc  sin y 0 ɸʀʆɲɿʅɻɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɼ͕ɲʐʏʊʆʉʅɻ͕ 4K9 ʏɳʇɻʎʃɲɿ 6RX ɴɲɽʅʉʑ
;ʑʗʘʍɻʍʏʉʏɸʏʌɳɶʘʆʉɶɿɲɲʋɲʄʉɿʔɼʏɻʎʌʀɺɲʎͿ͘
2
d 2 y § dy ·
c) ȸ 6'(   tan x   ¨ ¸ 5 ɸʀʆɲɿɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɼ͕ʅɻɲʐʏʊʆʉʅɻ͕ 2K9 ʏɳʇɻʎʃɲɿʉɴɲɽʅʊʎʏɻʎ
dx 2 © dx ¹
ȴȵɁʉʌʀɺɸʏɲɿ͕ɲʔʉʑʏʉɲʌɿʍʏɸʌʊʏɻʎʅɹʄʉʎɷɸʆʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲɶʌɲʔɸʀʐʋʊʅʉʌʔɼʋʉʄʐʘʆʑʅʉʐ
ʘʎʋʌʉʎʏɻʆ y ʃɲɿʏɿʎʋɲʌɲɶʙɶʉʐʎʏɻʎ;ʄʊɶʘʑʋɲʌʇɻʎʏʉʐʊʌʉʐ tanx Ϳ͘
w3y w3y w3y
d) ȸ 0'(    7 ɸʀʆɲɿɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɼ͕ 3K9 ʏɳʇɻʎʃɲɿ 1RX ɴɲɽʅʉʑ͘
ws3 wt 3 wr 3

1.2 ȿʑʍɻ 6'(

ȳɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻ– ʉɿʃʉɶɹʆɸɿɲʄʑʍɸʘʆ

ȸ ʋɿʉ ɶɸʆɿʃɼ ʅʉʌʔɼ ʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻʎ ʋʉʐ ɿʃɲʆʉʋʉɿɸʀ ʅɿɲ '(  ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʀ ʏɻʆ ɶɸʆɿʃɼ ʄʑʍɻ ɼ ʏʉ
ʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʅɲ ʏɻʎ '( ͘ Ȱʐʏɼ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʃɳɽɸ ʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʅʉʌʔɼʎ͗ y y  x ͕ c1 ͕ c2 ͕! ͕ cn  ͕ ʊʋʉʐ
c1 ͕ c2 ͕! ͕ cn ɸʀʆɲɿ n ɲʐɽɲʀʌɸʏɸʎʍʏɲɽɸʌɹʎ͕ɻʉʋʉʀɲɸʋɲʄɻɽɸʑɸɿʏɻ '( ͘
ɇʏɻɶɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻɸʅʔɲʆʀɺʉʆʏɲɿʏʊʍɸʎɲʐɽɲʀʌɸʏɸʎʍʏɲɽɸʌɹʎʊʍɻɸʀʆɲɿʃɲɿɻʏɳʇɻʏɻʎ͘ȵʋʀʍɻʎ͕ɻ
ɶɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻɸʀʆɲɿʋɲʌɲɶʘɶʀʍɿʅɻʏʊʍɸʎʔʉʌɹʎʊʍɸʎʃɲɿɻʏɳʇɻʏɻʎ '( ͘
Ʌʌʉʔɲʆʙʎ ʐʋɳʌʖʉʐʆ ɳʋɸɿʌɸʎ ʄʑʍɸɿʎ ʅɿɲʎ '( ͕ ɲʆɳʄʉɶɲ ʅɸ ʏɿʎ ʏɿʅɹʎ ʋʉʐ ʄɲʅɴɳʆʉʐʆ ʉɿ
ɲʐɽɲʀʌɸʏɸʎʍʏɲɽɸʌɹʎ͘Ȱʐʏɹʎʍʐɶʃʌʉʏʉʑʆʃɲɿʏɻʆʉɿʃʉɶɹʆɸɿɲʄʑʍɸʘʆʏɻʎ '( ͘

ɀɸʌɿʃɼʄʑʍɻ

Ʌʌʉʃʑʋʏɸɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ɶɸʆɿʃɼ ʄʑʍɻ ɲʆ ʍʏɿʎ n  ɲʐɽɲʀʌɸʏɸʎ ʍʏɲɽɸʌɹʎ c1 ͕ c2 ͕! ͕ cn  ɷʙʍʉʐʅɸ

8
 ʍʐɶʃɸʃʌɿʅɹʆɸʎʏɿʅɹʎ͘

Ʌɸʋʄɸɶʅɹʆɻʄʑʍɻɼʄʑʍɻʍɸʋʄɸɶʅɹʆɻʅʉʌʔɼ;implicit formͿ

ɇʖɹʍɻ r  x ͕ y ͕ c1 ͕ c2 ͕! ͕ cn  Ϭ ʋʉʐʋɸʌɿɹʖɸɿʏɻɶɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻʅɿɲʎ 6'( ͘
Ʌɲʌɳɷɸɿɶʅɲ͗ɻʍʖɹʍɻ x 3  7y 2 5 ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʀʋʄɸɶʅɹʆɻʄʑʍɻʏɻʎ 6'( ͗
3x 2  14 yy c 0 Ÿ y c  14 2 ͘
3x y

Ȱʆɲʄʐʏɿʃɼʄʑʍɻɼʄʑʍɻʍɸɲʆɲʄʐʏɿʃɼʅʉʌʔɼ;explicit formͿ

ɇʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻ y y  x ͕ c1 ͕ c2 ͕! ͕ cn  ʋʉʐɿʃɲʆʉʋʉɿɸʀʏɻ 6'( ͘Ⱦɳɽɸʋɸʋʄɸɶʅɹʆɻʄʑʍɻʉʌʀɺɸɿʃɳʋʉɿɲ

ɲʆɲʄʐʏɿʃɼʄʑʍɻʍɸʃɳʋʉɿʉɷɿɳʍʏɻʅɲʏʉʐʋɸɷʀʉʐʉʌɿʍʅʉʑʏɻʎɲʆɸʇɳʌʏɻʏɻʎʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏɼʎ͘

Ȼɷɿɳɺʉʐʍɲʄʑʍɻ

Ⱦɲʄɸʀʏɲɿʃɳɽɸʄʑʍɻʋʉʐɷɸʆʋʌʉʃʑʋʏɸɿɲʋʊʏɻɶɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻ͘

Ƀʄʉʃʄɻʌʘʏɿʃɹʎʃɲʅʋʑʄɸʎ 6'(

Ƀɿɶʌɲʔɿʃɹʎʋɲʌɲʍʏɳʍɸɿʎʏɻʎʉɿʃʉɶɹʆɸɿɲʎʏʘʆʅɸʌɿʃʙʆʄʑʍɸʘʆʏɻʎ 6'( ͘ȸɶɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻʅɿɲʎ

6'(  ʏɳʇɻʎ n ͕ y y  x ͕ c1 ͕ c2 ͕! ͕ cn  ͕ ʋɸʌɿɹʖɸɿ n  ɲʐɽɲʀʌɸʏɸʎ ʍʏɲɽɸʌɹʎ c1 ͕ c2 ͕! ͕ cn  ʃɲɿ ɳʌɲ
ʋɲʌɿʍʏɳʆɸɿʅɿɲ n -ʋɲʌɲʅɸʏʌɿʃɼʉɿʃʉɶɹʆɸɿɲʃɲʅʋʐʄʙʆɼʉʄʉʃʄɻʌʘʏɿʃʙʆʃɲʅʋʐʄʙʆʏɻʎ 6'( ͘



9
 ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϮ – ɇȴȵϭȸɇ ɈȰɂȸɇ

2.1 Ƀʌɿʍʅʊʎ

ɀɿɲ 6'(  1K9  ʏɳʇɻʎ ɸʋɿʄʑɸʏɲɿ ʘʎ ʋʌʉʎ y c  ʃɲɿ ɹʖɸɿ ʏɻ ʅʉʌʔɼ y c f  x ͕ y  ͘ ɀɸ ʏɻʆ

ɲʆʏɿʃɲʏɳʍʏɲʍɻ y c dy ɻ y c f  x ͕ y  ɶʀʆɸʏɲɿ͗ P  x ͕ y  dx  Q  x ͕ y  dy Ϭ ͘

dx

ȾȰɈȸȳɃɆȻȵɇ 6'(  1K9 ɈȰɂȸɇ

2.2 ɍʘʌɿɺʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆ

ɀʉʌʔɼ

f  x  dx g  y  dy  1 

ȵʋʀʄʐʍɻ

ɀɸɲʋʄɼʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʏɻʎ 1  ͗ ³ f  x  dx ³ g  y  dy  c 

2.3 Ƀʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎ

ɀʉʌʔɼ

yc f  x ͕ y   1  ͕ʊʋʉʐɻ f  x ͕ y  ɿʃɲʆʉʋʉɿɸʀʏɻʍʐʆɽɼʃɻ͗ f  tx ͕ty  f  x ͕ y  ͕t ! Ϭ 

ȵʋʀʄʐʍɻ

a) Ȱʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏʉʑʅɸ y ux ͕u u  x  ʍʏɻʆ 1  ͘Ƀʋʊʏɸɻ 1  ɶʀʆɸʏɲɿ͗

ux c f  x ͕ux  Ÿ ucx  u f  x ͕ux    2  

b) ȸ  2  ɸʀʆɲɿɍʘʌɿɺʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆʃɲɿɸʋɿʄʑɸʏɲɿʊʋʘʎʋɲʌɲʋɳʆʘ͘
y
c) ɇʏɻʆɸʋʀʄʐʍɻʏɻʎ  2  ɲʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏʉʑʅɸ u ʉʋʊʏɸʋʌʉʃʑʋʏɸɿɻɶɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻʏɻʎ 1  ͘
x

2.4 Ȱʆɲɶʊʅɸʆɸʎʍɸʉʅʉɶɸʆɸʀʎ

ɀʉʌʔɼ

§ a x  b1 y  c1 ·
yc f¨ 1 ¸ ͕a1 ͕ b1 ͕ c1 ͕ a2 ͕ b2 ͕ c2  \  1  
© a2 x  b2 y  c2 ¹

ȵʋʀʄʐʍɻ

a1 b1
Ⱥɸʘʌʉʑʅɸʏɻʆʉʌʀɺʉʐʍɲ͗ D ʃɲɿɷɿɲʃʌʀʆʉʐʅɸʏɿʎʋɸʌɿʋʏʙʍɸɿʎ͗
a2 b2
a) D z 0 ͗ Ȱʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏʉʑʅɸ u a1 x  b1 y  c1  ʃɲɿ v a2 x  b2 y  c2  (ɲʌɿɽʅɻʏɼʎ ʃɲɿ

10
…






















ȵȾɌɏɁȸɇȵȻɇȵɅȻȿȵȳɀȵɁɏɁȰɇȾȸɇȵɏɁ– ȿɉɇȵȻɇ

20
 ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϭ –ɇȴȵϭȸɇ ɈȰɂȸɇ

1.1 ɍʘʌɿɺʊʅɸʆʘʆʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆ

ȰɇȾȸɇȸϭ
Ȳʌɸʀʏɸɶɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻʏʘʆ '( :

y
a) y c y 2 cos x  b) yc 
x
c) x tan y c  d) x arctan y c 
e) y c xe  x


ȿɉɇȸ
ĂͿ 
dy
Ȱʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏʉʑʅɸ y c ʍʏɻʆ '( ʃɲɿɹʖʉʐʅɸ͗
dx

dy 1
y 2 cos x Ÿ dy cos xdx 1  
dx y2

ȸ 1  ɸʀʆɲɿʖʘʌɿɺʊʅɸʆʘʆʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆʃɲɿɸʋɿʄʑɸʏɲɿɳʅɸʍɲʅɸɲʋʄɼʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʃɲʏɳʅɹʄɻ͗

1 y 1 1 1
ϭ  ͗ ³ dy ³ ĐŽƐ xdx Ÿ ƐŝŶ x  c Ÿ  ƐŝŶ x  c Ÿ y   ɶɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻʏɻʎȴȵ  
y2 1 y sin x  c

ďͿ 
dy
Ȱʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏʉʑʅɸ y c ʍʏɻʆ '( ʃɲɿɹʖʉʐʅɸ͗
dx

dy y 1 1
Ÿ dy dx 1  
dx x y x

ȸ 1  ɸʀʆɲɿʖʘʌɿɺʊʅɸʆʘʆʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆʃɲɿɸʋɿʄʑɸʏɲɿɳʅɸʍɲʅɸɲʋʄɼʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʃɲʏɳʅɹʄɻ͗

1 1
ϭ  ͗ ³ dy ³ x dx Ÿ ůŶ y ůŶ x  c  JHQLN ɼʄʑʍɻʏɻʎȴȵʍɸʋʄɸɶʅɹʆɻɼŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚʅʉʌʔɼ 
y

Ύɻʋɲʌɲʋɳʆʘɶɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲɷʉɽɸʀʃɲɿʘʎ͗

 
ůŶ  x ˜ e c  Ÿ y
ln Aln B ln AB
ůŶ y ůŶ x  ůŶ e c  oůŶ y x ec Ÿ y r x ˜ ec Ÿ y x ˜ c1 ͕ʊʋʉʐĐ1 с r Ğc 

ĐͿ
dy
Ȱʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏʉʑʅɸ y c ʍʏɻʆ '( ʃɲɿɹʖʉʐʅɸ͗
dx


21
 dy § dy · dy
x tan Ÿ tan1 x tan1 ¨ tan ¸ Ÿ tan1 x Ÿ dy tan1 xdx 1  
dx © dx ¹ dx

ȸ 1  ɸʀʆɲɿʖʘʌɿɺʊʅɸʆʘʆʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆʃɲɿɸʋɿʄʑɸʏɲɿɳʅɸʍɲʅɸɲʋʄɼʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʃɲʏɳʅɹʄɻ͗

c
o x ˜ ƚĂŶϭ x  ³ x ˜  ƚĂŶϭ x  dx Ÿ  ƚĂŶϭ 
1
ϭ͗ ³ dy ³ ƚĂŶ1 xdx Ÿ y ³ x c ƚĂŶ1 xdx 
ʋɲʌɲɶʉʆʏɿʃɼ
Ÿ
ʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻ
1  x2
d 1  x 2  x ˜ tan1 x  ln x 2  1  c 
x 1 1 1
Ÿy x ˜ tan1 x  ³ dx x ˜ tan1 x  ³ ˜ x 2 1!0
o
1  x2 2 1 x 2
2

x ˜ tan1 x  ln  x 2  1   c
1
Ÿ y  ɶɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻʏɻʎȴȵ  
2

ĚͿ 
dy
Ȱʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏʉʑʅɸ y c ʍʏɻʆ '( ʃɲɿɹʖʉʐʅɸ͗
dx

§ dy · § § dy · · dy
x arctan ¨ ¸ Ÿ tan x tan ¨ tan1 ¨ ¸ ¸ Ÿ tan x Ÿ dy tan xdx 1  
© dx ¹ © © dx ¹ ¹ dx

ȸ 1  ɸʀʆɲɿʖʘʌɿɺʊʅɸʆʘʆʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆʃɲɿɸʋɿʄʑɸʏɲɿɳʅɸʍɲʅɸɲʋʄɼʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʃɲʏɳʅɹʄɻ͗

sin x 1
ϭ ͗ ³ dy ³ ƚĂŶ xdx Ÿ y ³ dx Ÿ y ³  d  ĐŽƐ x  Ÿ y  ůŶ ĐŽƐ x  c  ɶɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻʏɻʎȴȵ  
cos x cos x


ȰɇȾȸɇȸϮ
Ȳʌɸʀʏɸʏɻʆ f  x  ʅɸ f 1  e 1 ɻʉʋʉʀɲɿʃɲʆʉʋʉɿɸʀʏɻʆʉʄʉʃʄɻʌʘʏɿʃɼɸʇʀʍʘʍɻ͗

x x
x ³ f  t  dt  x  1 ³ tf t  dt .
0 0


ȿɉɇȸ
Ȱʌʖɿʃɳ ʋɲʌɲɶʘɶʀɺʉʐʅɸ ʏɻ ɷʉɽɸʀʍɲ ʉʄʉʃʄɻʌʘʏɿʃɼ ɸʇʀʍʘʍɻ ʙʍʏɸ ʆɲ ɲʋɲʄʄɲɶʉʑʅɸ ɲʋʊ ʏɲ
ʉʄʉʃʄɻʌʙʅɲʏɲ͗

§ x ·c ª x
ºc x x

¨ x ³ y  t  dt ¸ « x  1  ˜ ³ t ˜ y  t  dt » Ÿ 1 ˜ ³ y  t  dt  x ˜ y  x  1 ˜ ³ t ˜ y  t dt   x  1  ˜ xy  x  Ÿ
© 0 ¹ ¬ 0 ¼ 0 0
x x x x
Ÿ ³ y  t  dt  x ˜ y  x  ³ t ˜ y t  dt  x y  x   xy  x  Ÿ ³ y t  dt
Ϯ
³ ty t  dt  x y  x  
Ϯ ϮK SDUDJ ʙJLVK ɶɿɲ
DSDOODJ
o
ɼ ɲʋʊʉʄʉʃʄɻʌʙʅɲʏɲ
0 0 0 0 

§x ·c § x ·c
Ÿ ¨ ³ y  t  dt ¸ ¨ ³ ty  t  dt  x 2 y  x  ¸ Ÿ y  x  xy  x   2 xy  x   x 2 y c  x  
y y x 
o
©0 ¹ ©0 ¹
y xy  2 xy  x 2 y c Ÿ x 2 y c  3xy  y 0 1 


22
 dy
Ⱦɲʏɲʄɼɶʉʐʅɸʍʏɻ '( ʅɸʏɳɲʋʊϮɷɿɲɷʉʖɿʃɹʎʋɲʌɲɶʘɶʀʍɸɿʎʃɲɿɲʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏʉʑʅɸ y c ͘Ƀʋʊʏɸɹʖʉʐʅɸ͗
dx

dy
ϭ ͗ x 2  ϯxy  y dx
Ϭ  o x 2 dy  ϯxydx  ydx ϬŸ
dx
1
1 1
ydx  3xydx  o dyydx  3 ydx Ÿ
2
x 2 dy x
2

x x
§ 1 3· 1 § 1 3·
Ÿ dy ydx ¨ 2  ¸ Ÿ dy ¨ 2  ¸ dx 2
©x x ¹ y ©x x¹

ȸ  2  ɸʀʆɲɿʖʘʌɿɺʊʅɸʆʘʆʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆʃɲɿɸʋɿʄʑɸʏɲɿɳʅɸʍɲʅɸɲʋʄɼʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʃɲʏɳʅɹʄɻ͗

1 § 1 3· 1 1 x 1
Ϯ ͗ ³ dy ³ ¨© x 2  x ¸¹ dx Ÿ ůŶ y ³ x 2 dx  ϯ³ xdx Ÿ ůŶ y  ϯůŶ x  c Ÿ
y 1

1
Ÿ ln y   3ln x  c  ɶɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻʏɻʎȴȵʍɸʋʄɸɶʅɹʆɻɼĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚʅʉʌʔɼ
x

ȸʋɲʌɲʋɳʆʘɶɸʆɿʃɼʄʑʍɻʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲɷʉɽɸʀʃɲɿʘʎ͗

1
ln y  3ln x  c Ÿ
x
a
ln Aln B ln
b

Ÿ
1 x 3
ln y ln e  ln x  ln e c

1 x
e
y 3
˜e Ÿc

x
3
y x ˜ e 1 x ˜ e c Ÿ
y r x 3 ˜ e 1 x ˜ e c Ÿ
y c ˜ x 3 ˜ e1 x ͕ ʊSRX Đ1 rĞ c ͕ dž z Ϭ

Ύɇʏɻʆ ʋɲʌɲʋɳʆʘ ɶɸʆɿʃɼ ʄʑʍɻ ʏɻʎ '( ɽɹʏʉʐʅɸ y 1  e 1  ʙʍʏɸ ʆɲ ʄɳɴʉʐʅɸ ʍʐɶʃɸʃʌɿʅɹʆɻ ʏɿʅɼ ɶɿɲ ʏɻ
ʍʏɲɽɸʌɳ c1 ͘Ⱥɲɸʀʆɲɿ͗

y 1  c1 ˜ 13 ˜ e 1 1 Ÿ e 1 c1 ˜ e 1 Ÿ c1 1

Ƀʋʊʏɸɻɺɻʏʉʑʅɸʆɻʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻɶɿɲ c1 1 ɸʀʆɲɿɻ͗

y y  x  x ˜ e 1 x ͕ x z Ϭ 
3



ȰɇȾȸɇȸϯ
ȿʑʍʏɸʏɲʋʌʉɴʄɼʅɲʏɲɲʌʖɿʃʙʆʏɿʅʙʆ  3$7  :

S
a)  x  Ϯ  ƐŝŶ ydx  x ĐŽƐ ydy Ϭ͕y ϭ   b) y c y 2 ͕ ^y  Ϭ  ϭɼ Ͳ ϭɼϱɼϬ` 
2

23
…






















ɇȵȻɆȵɇȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰɈɏɁ

103
 ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰϭ

ȺȵɀȰϭ
ȸɇ
ȰɇȾȸɇȸϯϮ–ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϭ͗ɇȴȵϭ ɈȰɂȸɇ

ȺȵɀȰϮ
ȸɇ
ȰɇȾȸɇȸϭϯa–ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϮ͗ɇȴȵϮ ȾȰȻȰɁɏɈȵɆȸɇɈȰɂȸɇ

ȺȵɀȰϯ
ȸɇ
ȰɇȾȸɇȸϭϵd–ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϭ͗ɇȴȵϭ ɈȰɂȸɇ

ȺȵɀȰϰ
ȸɇ
ȰɇȾȸɇȸϯϬ–ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϭ͗ɇȴȵϭ ɈȰɂȸɇ


ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰϮ

ȺȵɀȰϭ
ȸɇ
ȰɇȾȸɇȸϮϬl–ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϮ͗ɇȴȵϮ ȾȰȻȰɁɏɈȵɆȸɇɈȰɂȸɇ

ȺȵɀȰϮ
ȸɇ
ȰɇȾȸɇȸϭϯa–ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϮ͗ɇȴȵϮ ȾȰȻȰɁɏɈȵɆȸɇɈȰɂȸɇ

ȺȵɀȰϯ
ȸɇ
ȰɇȾȸɇȸϮϬ–ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϭ͗ɇȴȵϭ ɈȰɂȸɇ



ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ3

ȺȵɀȰϭ
ȸɇ
ȰɇȾȸɇȸϭϮb–ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϭ͗ɇȴȵϭ ɈȰɂȸɇ

ȺȵɀȰϮ
ȸɇ
ȰɇȾȸɇȸϮϬe–ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϮ͗ɇȴȵϮ ȾȰȻȰɁɏɈȵɆȸɇɈȰɂȸɇ

ȺȵɀȰ 3
ȸɇ
ȰɇȾȸɇȸϭϲg–ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϭ͗ɇȴȵϭ ɈȰɂȸɇ


ȴȻȰȳɏɁȻɇɀȰ4

ȺȵɀȰϭ
ȸɇ
ȰɇȾȸɇȸ33–ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϭ͗ɇȴȵϭ ɈȰɂȸɇ

ȺȵɀȰϮ
ȸɇ
ȰɇȾȸɇȸϭϯc–ȾȵɌȰȿȰȻɃϮ͗ɇȴȵϮ ȾȰȻȰɁɏɈȵɆȸɇɈȰɂȸɇ

ȺȵɀȰϯ

104
…
 

ȲȻȲȿȻɃȳɆȰɌȻȰ


ȵȿȿȸɁɃȳȿɏɇɇȸ

΀ϭ΁͘ ɇʐʆɼɽɸɿʎɷɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎɸʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ͕ȳ͘Ʌɲʆʏɸʄʀɷɻʎ͕ȴ͘Ⱦʌɲɴɴɲʌʀʏɻʎ͕Ɂ͘ɍɲʏɺɻʍɳɴɴɲʎ͕ϭϵϵϬ͕ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎ
ȷɼʏɻ
΀Ϯ΁͘ ɇʐʆɼɽɸɿʎɷɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎɸʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ͕ȳ͘ȴɳʍɿʉʎ͕ϭϵϵϭ͕ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎȳ͘ȴɳʍɿʉʎ
΀ϯ΁͘ ɀɸʌɿʃɹʎȴɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎȵʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ͕ȳ͘ȴɳʍɿʉʎ͕Ⱦ͘Ⱦʐʌɿɳʃɻ͕ϭϵϵϰ͕ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎȳ͘ȴɳʍɿʉʎ
΀ϰ΁͘ ȵɿɷɿʃɳʃɸʔɳʄɲɿɲɲʆʙʏɸʌʘʆʅɲɽɻʅɲʏɿʃʙʆ͕Ȼ͘ɇʖʉɿʆɳʎ͕ϭϵϵϵ͕ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎȷɼʏɻ
΀ϱ΁͘ ɇʏʉɿʖɸɿʙɷɸɿʎ ȴɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎ ȵʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ ʃɲɿ Ʌʌʉɴʄɼʅɲʏɲ ʍʐʆʉʌɿɲʃʙʆ ʏɿʅʙʆ͕ t͘ ŽLJĐĞ͕ Z͘ ŝƉƌŝŵĂ͕
ϭϵϵϵ͕ɅɲʆɸʋɿʍʏɻʅɿɲʃɹʎȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎȵɀɅ
΀ϲ΁͘ Ȱʍʃɼʍɸɿʎɷɿɲʔʉʌɿʃʉʑʃɲɿʉʄʉʃʄɻʌʘʏɿʃʉʑʄʉɶɿʍʅʉʑʍʐʆɲʌʏɼʍɸʘʆ ʋɸʌɿʍʍʊʏɸʌʘʆʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆ͕Ȱ͘
Ȱɽɲʆɲʍɿɳɷɻʎ͕Ȳ͘Ɍʌɳɶʃʉʐ͕ϮϬϬϮ͕ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎȷɼʏɻ
΀ϳ΁͘ ȵɿʍɲɶʘɶɼʍʏɿʎ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎɸʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎʅɸʌɿʃʙʆʋɲʌɲɶʙɶʘʆ͕ȳ͘Ʌɲʆʏɸʄʀɷɻʎ͕ȴ͘Ⱦʌɲɴɴɲʌʀʏɻʎ͕ϮϬϬϯ͕
ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎȷɼʏɻ
΀ϴ΁͘ ɇʐʆɼɽɸɿʎ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎ ɸʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ͕ Ɂ͘ Ȱʄɿʃɳʃʉʎ Ɂɿʃʊʄɲʉʎ͕ ȳ͘ Ⱦɲʄʉɶɸʌʊʋʉʐʄʉʎ͕ ϮϬϬϯ͕ ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎ
ɇʑɶʖʌʉʆɻȵʃɷʉʏɿʃɼȵ͘Ʌ͘ȵ͘
΀ϵ΁͘ ɇʐʆɼɽɸɿʎɷɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎɸʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ͕ɇ͘Ɉʌɲʖɲʆɳʎ͕ϮϬϬϴ͕ɅɲʆɸʋɿʍʏɻʅɿɲʃɹʎȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎȾʌɼʏɻʎ
΀ϭϬ΁͘ ɀɸʌɿʃɹʎ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎ ɸʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ͕ ɇɸɿʌɹʎ Fourier ʃɲɿ Ʌʌʉɴʄɼʅɲʏɲ ʍʐʆʉʌɿɲʃʙʆ ʏɿʅʙʆ͕ ɇ͘ Ɉʌɲʖɲʆɳʎ͕
ϮϬϬϵ͕ɅɲʆɸʋɿʍʏɻʅɿɲʃɹʎȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎȾʌɼʏɻʎ
΀ϭϭ΁͘ ɇʐʆɼɽɸɿʎɷɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎɸʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ͕ɀ͘Ⱦɸʍʉɶʄʀɷɻʎ͕ϮϬϬϵ͕ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎȷɼʏɻ
΀ϭϮ΁͘ ȴɿɲʔʉʌɿʃʊʎʃɲɿʉʄʉʃʄɻʌʘʏɿʃʊʎʄʉɶɿʍʅʊʎʍʐʆɲʌʏɼʍɸʘʆʋʉʄʄʙʆʅɸʏɲɴʄɻʏʙʆ͕Ɂ͘ɀʐʄʘʆɳʎ͕ϮϬϭϬ͕
ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎɈɺɿʊʄɲ
΀ϭϯ΁͘ ɇʐʆɼɽɸɿʎȴɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎȵʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ͕ȳʌɲʅʅɿʃɼʃɲɿʅɻȳʌɲʅʅɿʃɼȺɸʘʌʀɲʅɸȵʔɲʌʅʉɶɹʎɲʋʊʏɻɌʑʍɻ
ʃɲɿʏɻȷʘɼ͕Ɂ͘ɇʏɲʐʌɲʃɳʃɻʎ͕ϮϬϭϭ͕ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎɅɲʋɲʍʘʏɻʌʀʉʐ
΀ϭϰ΁͘ ȴɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎ ȵʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ ʃɲɿ ȵʔɲʌʅʉɶɹʎ͕ ȳ͘ Ȳʉʐɶɿɲʏɺɼʎ͕ ȳ͘ ɀʋʊɺɻʎ͕ ȴ͘ Ʌɲʋɲɷʊʋʉʐʄʉʎ͕ ϮϬϭϮ͕
ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎȾʄɸɿɷɳʌɿɽʅʉʎ
΀ϭϱ΁͘ ȵʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ ɀɸʌɿʃʙʆ Ʌɲʌɲɶʙɶʘʆ͕ ȳɿɲ ʏɿʎ ȵʋɿʍʏɼʅɸʎ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʆ Ɉɸʖʆʉʄʉɶʀɲ͕ Ɂ͘ ɇʏɲʐʌɲʃɳʃɻʎ͕ ϮϬϭϯ͕
ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎɅɲʋɲʍʘʏɻʌʀʉʐ
΀ϭϲ΁͘ ȵʔɲʌʅʉʍʅɹʆɲɀɲɽɻʅɲʏɿʃɳ͕Ȳ͘ɀɳʌʃɸʄʄʉʎ͕ϮϬϭϯ͕ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎȳʃʊʏʍɻʎ
΀ϭϳ΁͘ Ⱥɹʅɲʏɲȵʔɲʌʅʉʍʅɹʆʘʆɀɲɽɻʅɲʏɿʃʙʆ͕ȴ͘Ⱦʌɲɴɴɲʌʀʏɻʎ͕ϮϬϭϯ͕ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎɈʍʊʏʌɲʎ
΀ϭϴ΁͘ ȵɿʍɲɶʘɶɼʍʏɿʎȴɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎɸʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ͕ȴ͘Ⱦʌɲɴɴɲʌʀʏɻʎ͕ϮϬϭϰ͕ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎɈʍʊʏʌɲʎ
΀ϭϵ΁͘ ɀɲɽɻʅɲʏɿʃɹʎɀɹɽʉɷʉɿɶɿɲɀɻʖɲʆɿʃʉʑʎʃɲɿȵʋɿʍʏɼʅʉʆɸʎ–ɀɸʌɿʃɹʎȴɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎȵʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ͕ɇɸɿʌɹʎ
&ŽƵƌŝĞƌ͕ Ʌʌʉɴʄɼʅɲʏɲ ɇʐʆʉʌɿɲʃʙʆ Ɉɿʅʙʆ͕ ɀɿɶɲɷɿʃɹʎ ɇʐʆɲʌʏɼʍɸɿʎ͕ Ʌ͘ ɍɲʏɺɻʃʘʆʍʏɲʆʏʀʆʉʐ͕ ϮϬϭϰ͕
ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎɅ͘ɍɲʏɺɻʃʘʆʍʏɲʆʏʀʆʉʐ
΀ϮϬ΁͘ ɀɲɽɻʅɲʏɿʃɹʎ ɀɹɽʉɷʉɿ ɶɿɲ ɀɻʖɲʆɿʃʉʑʎ ʃɲɿ ȵʋɿʍʏɼʅʉʆɸʎ – ɇʐʆɼɽɸɿʎ ȴɿɲʔʉʌɿʃɹʎ ȵʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ͕
ɀɸʏɲʍʖɻʅɲʏɿʍʅʉʀ >ĂƉůĂĐĞ ʃɲɿ &ŽƵƌŝĞƌ͕ Ʌ͘ ɍɲʏɺɻʃʘʆʍʏɲʆʏʀʆʉʐ͕ ϮϬϭϰ͕ ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎ Ʌ͘
ɍɲʏɺɻʃʘʆʍʏɲʆʏʀʆʉʐ

ɂȵɁɃȳȿɏɇɇȸ

΀Ϯϭ΁͘ ƉƉůŝĞĚ WĂƌƚŝĂů ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂů ƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ :͘ KĐŬĞŶĚŽŶ͕ ^͘ ,ŽǁŝƐŽŶ͕ ͘ >ĂĐĞLJ͕ ͘ DŽǀĐŚĂŶ͕ ϮϬϬϯ͕
ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎKhWKdžĨŽƌĚ
΀ϮϮ΁͘ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂů ƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͗ >ŝŶĞĂƌ͕ EŽŶůŝŶĞĂƌ͕ KƌĚŝŶĂƌLJ͕ WĂƌƚŝĂů͕ ͘ <ŝŶŐ͕ :͘ ŝůůŝŶŐŚĂŵ͕ ^͘ KƚƚŽ͕ ϮϬϬϯ͕
ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ
΀Ϯϯ΁͘ ůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌLJ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂů ƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƵŶĚĂƌLJ sĂůƵĞ WƌŽďůĞŵƐ͕ t͘ ŽLJĐĞ͕ Z͘ ŝWƌŝŵĂ͕ ϮϬϬϯ͕
ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎ:ŽŚŶtŝůĞLJΘ^ŽŶƐ

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΀Ϯϰ΁͘ /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶƚŽWĂƌƚŝĂů ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂůƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐǁŝƚŚƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕͘ĂĐŚŵĂŶŽŐůŽƵ͕ϮϬϬϯ͕ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎ
ŽǀĞƌWƵďůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ/ŶĐ͘
΀Ϯϱ΁͘ WĂƌƚŝĂů ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂů ƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ^ĐŝĞŶƚŝƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ͕ :͘ &ĂƌůŽǁ͕ ϮϬϬϯ͕ ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎ ŽǀĞƌ
WƵďůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ/ŶĐ͘
΀Ϯϲ΁͘ Ŷ /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ ƚŽ KƌĚŝŶĂƌLJ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂů ƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ :͘ ZŽďŝŶƐŽŶ͕ ϮϬϬϰ͕ ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎ ĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞ
hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ
΀Ϯϳ΁͘ EŽŶůŝŶĞĂƌ KƌĚŝŶĂƌLJ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂů ƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͗ WƌŽďůĞŵƐ ĂŶĚ ^ŽůƵƚŝŽŶƐ͕ ͘ :ŽƌĚĂŶ͕ W͘ ^ŵŝƚŚ͕ ϮϬϬϳ͕
ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎKhWKdžĨŽƌĚ
΀Ϯϴ΁͘ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂůƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕W͘ůĂŶĐŚĂƌĚ͕Z͘ĞǀĂŶĞLJ͕'͘,Ăůů͕ϮϬϭϭ͕ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎBrookƐͬŽůĞ
΀Ϯϵ΁͘ ^ĐŚĂƵŵΖƐ KƵƚůŝŶĞ ŽĨ WĂƌƚŝĂů ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂů ƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ W͘ ƵĐŚĂƚĞĂƵ͕ ͘ ĂĐŚŵĂŶŶ͕ ϮϬϭϭ͕ ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎ
^ĐŚĂƵŵΖƐKƵƚůŝŶĞƐ
΀ϯϬ΁͘ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂů ƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͗ dŚĞŽƌLJ͕ dĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞ ĂŶĚ WƌĂĐƚŝĐĞ͕ ^͘ <ƌĂŶƚnj͕ ϮϬϭϰ͕ ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎ ŚĂƉŵĂŶ ĂŶĚ
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΀ϯϭ΁͘ ^ĐŚĂƵŵΖƐKƵƚůŝŶĞŽĨŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂůƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕Z͘ƌŽŶƐŽŶ͕'͘ŽƐƚĂ͕ϮϬϭϰ͕ȵʃɷʊʍɸɿʎDĐ'ƌĂǁ-,ŝůů




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