INDUSTRIAL RANT ENGINEERING oa a> ah LAB, EAN 2020IN THEORENC>L COMAITEMONS, PUNIP WORK IS NEGLECT? IN ACTUAL, WORK SHOUNT BE NEGIECTED BECAUSE “WE SNIAL CONTINUOUS WORK 6 WHAT WILL BRING YOU FAR. — LABRA (PANDEMIC, 2020)HEAT TRANSFER TYPE DEFINITION a a BODIES IN CONTACT. MOLECULAR ee a CONDUCTION | conmunicarton THROUGH SOLID MATERIALS 08 STAGHANT FLUIDS An# Re 44 /NXING AND MOTION OF PARTICLES OF Convection | (nm ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ARE Q= Sec RADIATION PASSED FROM ONE BODY TO ANOTHER [a+ Gal THROUGH A SPACE a 4 C= be (kArt keAz) CONDUCTION Bs CONDUCTION THROUGH WALL PLANE WALL CONDUCTION THROUGH PIPE a em! ee CYUNDRICAL E = , a Todos Ve ie oe T mane Y= Re mows ake Ab me 8= TW a oot K a wea 4 we c ss ee At is EOD ek am Kaa wien a)" wan) lit ci A=ZirL ONECUN EIR ER GRRE CONVERSION: tle 18CONDUCTION THROUGH SPHERE HOWOW SPU At Q° ae ek WA 41G%Ka fitsteke hehe THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY DEFINES THE SPEED OF HEAT PROPAGATION BY CONDUCTION DURING CHANGES OF TEMPERATURE. THE HIGHER THE THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY, THE FASTER THE HEAT PROPAGATION. CONVECTION CRITICAL RADIUS USED FOR SMALL DIAMETER SYSTEMS FOR CYUNPERS | FoR SPIEKES t2'%nr t=2/n BIOT NUMBER IF THE BIOT NUMBER IS VERY SMALL, THEN THE CONDUCTION RESISTANCE IS NEGLIGIBLE COMPARED TO THE CONVECTION RESISTANCE Bit RESCTANUE TO CONDUCTION KEENE TO CONVECTION oven Bir Cia) me jemates Yt 7m Lune. LENT ~ AREA! REYNOLD'S NUMBER = = 0 N ee ae k k= THERMAL CON? “a 2 = HEEL Poa paren opr tee PRANDTL NUMBER (RoRmeDS FREE COWECTON DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER REPRESENTING THE RATIO. OF DIFFUSION OF MOMENTUM TO DIFFUSION OF HEAT IN A FLUID R-VALUE [MEASURE OF INSULATOR’S ABILITY TO REDUCE THE RATE OF LOW Nee= “t K NUSSELT NUMBER (FORCED CONVECTION) RATIO OF HEAT CONVECTION To HEAT CONDUCTION 2 2 : VAUE = Bee ave THERA. CONPICITY Nu Md = o/NoNue viscosity |0 = VIANETER cp weomc vest =| P = DeNomy Wi= dear reanrer coer.| = COEF, THERM. EXPRNEON Ke TueaMal Conateniny | 9 = ceAVTEONAL AxceL. GRASHOF NUMBER CREE CONNECTION) NNONDIMENSIONAL PARAMETER USED IN THE CORRELATION OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER DUE TO THERMALLY INDUCED NATURAL CONVECTION AT A SOLID SURFACE IMMERSED IN A FLUID Nuer Zerbeot MaeRADIATION STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW Eoct4 ANYTHING WHOSE TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE THE SURROUNDING WILL ALWAYS RADIATE A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF HEAT Q=e0A(T*-T) = Get xo® Wires T= ONG x® Bye gt et ete + G.62SX\0'S-s ames he rc = WE = women + PLANCK'S LAW = ALL SUBSTANCES EMIT RADIATION WHICH DEPENDS UPON THE ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE AND MATERIAL + KIRCHHOFF'S LAW ~ REFERS TO WAVELENGTH-SPECIFIC RADIATIVE EMISSION AND ABSORPTION BY A MATERIAL BODY IN. THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM, INCLUDING RADIATIVE EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIUM, + EMISSIVITY ~ THE RATIO OF RADIATION FROM AN ACTUAL BODY TO THE RADIATION FROM A BLACK BODY + BLACK BODY ~ IDEALIZED SURFACE THAT ENTS RADIATION AT THE MAXIMUM RATE + GRAY BODY ~ ACTUAL BODY THAT RADIATES LESS HEAT THAN A BLACK BODY HEAT EXCHANGERS = ANY DEVICE WHICH AFFECTS THE TRANSFER OF HEAT FROM ONE SUBSTANCE TO ANOTHER LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMP. DIFFERENCE ARITHMETIC MEAN TEMP. DIFFERENCE PARALLEL WS. COUNTER FLOW STEAM CONDENSER FLUID AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE GIVES UP HEAT TO A COLDER FLUID, THE FLUID'S TEMP. GRADUALLY INCREASES STEAM BOILER = FLUID AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE RECEIVES HEAT FROM A WARMER FLUID CTEMPERATURE IS DECREASING) CONDENSER. Boilee 2 eco + QO a HEAT TRANSFER QQ = Ve Ar (LMT) heel CY) VOLUME FLOW RATE “te ena =eTHE PURPOSE OF A PUMP 1S TO TRANSFER A FLUID FROM A REGION OF LOW PRESSURE TO ANOTHER REGION AT THE SAME OR HIGHER PRESSURE. Raiden POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT WS. DYNAMIC 2? POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT TMPELLERS PASS ON VELOCITY FROM THE MOTOR TO THE LIQUID WHICH MOVES THE FLUID TO THE DISCHARGE PORT PRODUCES FLOW BY CREATING PRESSURE DYNAMIC (KINETIC) TRAPS CONFINED AMOUNTS OF LIQUID AND FORCES IT FROM THE SUCTION TO THE DISCHARGE PORT PRODUCES PRESSURE BY CREATING FLOW Korky RECIPKOCATING — LINEA. oben ad : L PUINGER AXIAL FLW “me PN mons RECIPROCATING PUMPS USES A PISTON. AND CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT WITH SUCTION AND DISCHARGE VALVES risennkce INTEGRATED INTO THE PUMP. Reuer Gg ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: COMMONLY USED AS BOILER FEED PUMP FOR STEAM Suction was ee ee TISEVAIGE «CON SIMPLEX, DUPLEN, TRIPLEX ‘A RECIPROCATING PUMP DESIGN THAT UTILIZES (N)_ SEPARATE AIR CHAMBER — USED TO SMOOTHEN THE ee pane ty opive THE FLOW DUE TO THE NATURE OF FLOW OF LiQUID. THIS 1S PLACED ELTHER ON THE Opie 9 SUCTION SIDE OR DISCHARGE SIDE. TRIPLEX - 3 + TN NEW PUMPS, SLIPPAGE IS WITHIN 25,ROTARY PUMPS EXTERNAL GEE PUMP WRIA Genk PUNP a ope PUN? ~ CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS POWNSTREAN 0 A aaa, oo CPOING (MPL MPELEKS i DRIVESHAFT iPSTKEAM PIPE FLANGE (Guction) DEEP WELL PUMPS TURBINE PUMPS = PUMPS FOR HIGH SUCTION LIFT UP TO 305M. PLUNGER PUMPS GEAR PUMP DISCHARGE Low = TT MOVES A FLUID BY REPEATEDLY ENCLOSING A FIXED VOLUME USING INTERLOCKING cogs or | HEAD Low ‘GEARS, TRANSFERRING IT MECHANICALLY USING A APPLICATION: CYCLIC PUMPING ACTION. eat VISCOUS FLUIDS (OIL) ~ A POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMP THAT CONSISTS: : OF VANES MOUNTED TO A ROTOR THAT ROTATES areas INSIDE A CAVITY. IN SOME CASES THESE VANES. GAM aNp PISTON CAN HAVE VARIABLE LENGTH AND/OR BE TENSIONED . guyTTLE BLOCK TYPE ‘TO MAINTAIN CONTACT WITH THE WALLS AS THE PUMP ROTATES ~ A-PUMP IN WHICH THE PRESSURE IS DEVELOPED impeuLeRs: PRINCIPALLY BY THE ACTION OF CENTRIFUGAL . yroHeR HEADS — LOW es cna KINETIC ENERGY INTO PRESSURE ENERGY See sree ‘THROUGH DIFFUSER VANES: . eee Nish DISCHARGE SPECIFIC SPEED ?' IN RPM, IMPELLER WOULD OPERATE TO GIVE 1 GPM FOR A TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD OF 1 FOOT. Ce DESCAPTION PRESSURE | DISCHARGE DOUBLE SUCTION PUMPS 22 . -— eB - _ = on = a ~ EMPLOYED WHEN THE FLOW ARATE REQUIRED BECOMES TOO LARGE FOR THE INLET (CROSS-SECTIONS OF ONE IMPELLER WHEN THE FLOW VELOCITY (OF THE FIRST IMPELLER HAS TO BE REDUCED TO PREVENT CAVITATION. WHAT TO DO? WHEN. GIVEN DOUBLE SUCTION RELATIVELY RELATIVELY N at ga PUMPS. DIVIDE GIVE caraciTY (WOLUME FLOW RATE) BY 2 AIR LIFTS ~ COMPRESSED AIR BEING ADMITTED TO THE WELL TO LIFT THE WATER TO THE SURFACE = MODIFICATION OF THE OLD HAND. THIS IS BEST SUITED WHERE THE LIFTS IS 7.6 M OR OVER AND CAPACITIES UP TO 190 LITERS PER SHALLOW WELL PUMP UPTO 25 FT. Leela DEEP WELL PUMP up 10 420 FT. EJECTOR — CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS ~ COMBINES A SINGLE —STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AT THE TOP of TURBINE PUMP UP TO 300 FT. THE WELL AND AN EJECTOR/JET LOCATED DOWN IN THE WATER = USED FOR SMALL CAPACITIES SUBMERSIBLE FOR HIGH HEAD~ IS THE SPONTANEOUS VAPORIZATION OF THE FLUID, RESULTING IN A DEGRADATION OF PUMP PERFORMANCE, ~ THE FORMATION OF CAVITIES OF WATER VAPOR IN THE SUCTION SIDE OF A PUMP DUE TO LOW PRESSURE NPG = Hs + Hp - He ater tr ‘Below 2 CENIERUNE ie ASSDUNE PRESSUREON THE=UAWI? He TOTAL Fricnon=Hen@uoss IN SUCTION GUREACE OF PUMP SUCTION SUPPLY FRICTION HEAD ~ THE HEAD REQUIRED TO OVERCOME THE RESISTANCE TO FLOW IN THE PIPE AND FITTINGS. STATIC HEAD ~ IS THE HEIGHT OF THE SURFACE OF WATER ABOVE THE GAUGE POINT. PRESSURE HEAD ~ IS THE STATIC HEAD PLUS GAUGE PRESSURE ON THE WATER SURFACE PLUS FRICTION HEAD. VELOCITY HEAD ~ IS THE HEAD REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A FLOW OF THE WATER. SUCTION LIFT ~ THE VERTICAL DISTANCE FROM THE LIQUID SUPPLY LEVEL TO THE PUMP CENTER LINE WITH THE PUMP PHYSICALLY LOCATED ABOVE THE LIQUID LEVEL SUPPLY. SUCTION HERD ~ THE VERTICAL DISTANCE FROM THE LIQUID SUPPLY LEVEL TO THE PUMP CENTER LINE WITH THE PUMP PHYSICALLY LOCATED BELOW THE LIQUID LEVEL SUPPLY. STATIC DISCHARGE HEAD ~ THE VERTICAL DISTANCE IN BETWEEN THE PUMP CENTER LINE AND THE POINT OF FREE DISCHARGE ON THE SURFACE OF THE LIQUID IN THE DISCHARGE TANK. vea7 — VOUME wrt INQREASE ei veap (Mthet.| Qe iS | INCREASE a Wehe |Q4Qrt- i voune' nad | 7h |e CAUSES OF CAVIATION OO N PSH (net positive suction HEAD) — DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTUAL SUCTION PRESSURE AND SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE ‘SUCTION NOZZLE ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE END SUCTION CASING FROM THE STUFFING BOX AND THE FACE OF PUMP THE SUCTION NOZZLE PERPENDICULAR TO THE ‘LONGITUDINAL AXIS OF THE SHAFT. ‘A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP WHOSE DRIVE UNIT IS INLINE PUMP ‘SUPPORTED BY THE PUMP HAVING ITS SUCTION AND DISCHARGE FLANGES ON APPROXIMATELY THE SAME CENTER. eS ‘SHAFT NORMALLY IN A HORIZONTAL POSITION PUMP ‘HAS ONE OR MORE IMPELLERS DISCHARGING INTO ONE VERTICAL SHAFT | OR MORE BOWLS AND A VERTICAL COLUMN PIPE USED ‘TURBINE PUMP TO CONNECT THE BOWLS TO THE DISCHARGE HEAD ON WHICH THE PUMP DRIVER IS MOUNTED. PUMP PARALLEL TO THE SHAFT TAKES SUCTION FROM A PUBLIC OR PRIVATE WATER ‘BOOSTER PUMP ‘SYSTEM FOR THE PURPOSE OF INCREASING THE ‘EFFECTIVE WATER PRESSURE. ‘SUBMERSIBLE ‘A VERTICAL TURBINE PUMP WITH PUMP AND MOTOR PUMP CLOSED COUPLED AND INSTALLED UNDERGROUND THE LEVEL, WITH RESPECT TO THE PUMP, OF OF WATER ran ae FROM WHICH IT TAKES SUCTION WHEN THE PUMP IS NOTIN OPERATION. THE LEVEL, WITH RESPECT TO THE PUMP, OF WATER a prs FROM WHICH IT TAKES SUCTION WHEN THE PUMP IS TN OPERATION. If DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PUMPING WATER LEVEL Daa ‘AND THE STATIC WATER LEVELa (e NOTE: CONIBNE FORNULA BELOW, IF NOE IS. CONSTANT, wis a7 | n= m (A) SAME PUMPS SPECIFIC SPEED VOLUME FLOW RATE Ol=ARER x VELOLAY TOTAL HEAD/ TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD (TDH) PUMP EFFICIENCY THz (2a-23. (2) (We mer ene veo W080 ea Py=sah wae PUP WORK Wee Me Ne = NS. a SPEED, rpm A. CONSTANT DIAMETER VARIABLE SPEED = PELHARGE CPM a ae toon, {* 2 8 {Sy @, \Ni) Wy x) Pm \N SIMILAR PUMPS NI@, . NIG B. CONSTANT SPEED VARIABLE DIAMETER (e) -& Blt Meeeeisemal| oe ee ee . ay ow +R o-(F ae) e ~( C. CONSTANT SPEED VARIABLE DENSITY a pe m ph PISTON DISPLACEMENT VOLUMETRIC EFFICI PoP NEGECTED A w= 2(5)07)N eye ROP CONSIERED f We HOO)N + Fa) Bye 1 Zesur SLIP Sup = \o-Q PERCENT SLIP (% SLIP) Loar = x 100% No-& oFANS AND BLOWERS + FAN ~ APPLY POWER TO A GAS TO INCREASE TTS ENERGY CONTENT THEREBY CAUSING I 0 FLOW oR MOVE. FANS PRESSURE RISE EQUAL TO OF BELOW 4 PSI. + BLOWER ~ AAV USED To FRE aR UNDER pressure winch wemis BLOWERS RESCUE PETE OS RESISTANCE TO GAS FLOW 1 IMPOSED UPN DISCHARGE. COMPRESSORS — PRESSURE RISE ABOVESO PIG. + EXHAUSTER FAN LAWS ~ AFAN USED TO WITHDRAW AIR UNDER PRESSURE WHICH MEANS RESISTANCE TO GAS FLOW IS IMPOSED UPON SUCTION AXIAL FANS PROPELEZ “TWEAXIAL == VANEAXIAL +t ek ol PoxtvEN SeveN —RDMTVEN See ved WIVES VEN CENTRIFUGAL FANS AL FAN SPEED VARIATION FANS IN SERIES/PARALLEL SERIES | Q, 2@2|han=hishe PARALLEL |am=024e I= he STATIC HEAD STATIC FAN EFFICIENCY Puianer = Powe | hg = Behe Pm eg = SMC AIR POWER _ Feo. ove Bwhw = Baho ‘SHAFT FaneZ Pb WELOCITY HEAD MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY hy= es oF Ae em = Ait Foe Paw W= 2g |No= ouner vetoary SAT OUR TOTAL HEAD BERNQULLI’S EQUATION FOR FAN h= hs + hv CAPACITY OF FAN Q= Ao* Vo POWER OUTPUT OF A FAN/ AIR POWER Pan = SanQ*h = One %9*h STATIC AIR POWER Forme aie = Cae X 9 xhsCOMPRESSORS COMPRESSORS WS. PUMPS??? ~ COMPRESSORS ARE SINILAR TO PUMPS, BOTH INCREASE THE PRESSURE ON A FLUID AND TRANSPORT THE FLUID. ~ HOWEVER, GASES ARE COMPRESSIBLE, THUS COMPRESSORS REDUCE THE VOLUME OF THE GAS CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPRESSORS Penne DISPLACEMENT ‘ARE THOSE IN WICH SUCCESSIVE VOLUMES OF AIR ARE CONFINED WITHIN A CLOSED SPACE AND ELEVATED TO A HIGHER PRESSURE + RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS ~ PISTON OR DIAPHRAGM HAS A RECIPROCATING MOTION. ‘+ SCREW (HELICAL OR SPIRAL LOBE) COMPRESSORS = TWO INTERMESHING ROTORS, EACH IN HELICAL CONFIGURATION DISPLACE AND COMPRESS THE AR + SLIDING-VANE COMPRESSORS = AXIAL VANES SLIDE RADIALLY A ROTOR MOTOR MOUNTED ECCENTRICALLY WITHIN A CYLINDRICAL CASING, ‘+ TWO IMPELLER STRAIGHT-LOBE COMPRESSORS ~ LOBES IMPELLERS TRAP THE AIR AND CARRY IT FROM INTAKE TO DISCHARGE. DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS = RAPIDLY ROTATING ELEMENT ACCELERATES THE AIR AS IT PASSES. THROUGH THE ELEMENT, CONVERTING THE VELOCITY HEAD INTO PRESSURE (CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS [ACCELERATION IS OBTAINED THROUGH THE ACTION OF ONE ‘OR MORE ROTATING IMPELLERS ‘ANIAL COMPRESSORS WERE ACCELERATION 1S OBTAINED THROUGH THE ACTION ‘OFA BLADED ROTOR, SHROUDED AT THE BLADE ENDS. SINGLE-STAGE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR P, WV, T RELATIONS Co el MC RECIPROCATING ROTARY CENTRIFUGAL ISENTROAC/ADABATIC p ma Povyteore @_reo mi IsoTHEeNAL 1S A MACHINE USED TO INCREASE THE PRESSURE OF AIR (OR GAS) 8Y DECREASING ITS VOLUME, Low Low HIGH \ coup Ne sears coup tonne |e (h) PISTON DISPLACEMENT PISTON SPEED V=2LN VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY | ey= Itc -c(B)F CaCineONde = ¥E-ACTUAL VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY LESS THAN THE CLEARKE VOL, EFF. BECAUSE OF PRESSURE DROP AT VALVES, HEAT LOSS, AND THE PRESENCE OF RESIDUAL GAS IN THE CYLINDER AT END STROKE COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY _ COMPRESSOR Powe Ce =" BRAKE Powe COMPRESSOR WORK i” -c(B Ay Tam IDEAL INDICATED POWER erstee-e (8) Ht CAPACITY FOER; = PriiVo Y= met ADIABATIC COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY fi ISENTEORIC WORIC Ce ppaeane * ACTUAL FUND WORK WORK FoR GENTROPIC COMPRESSION! "ae NO CE 1] EGO i) BWORK, FoR COMPRESSION W= rina | ° + ADIABATIC COMPRESSION ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION MINIMUM WORK ISENTROPIC PROCESS NO COOLING ISOTHERMAL PROCESS PISTON DISPLACEMENT ROO NEGLECTED Vo = (2) E07LN ROD CONSIDERED Vo> Ev*n + F(0*d?)IN Vp=(2\(Bo*LN) ~ Fae un Tee Ls 0 % Se f Vv COMPRESSOR WORK HEAT REJECTED IN THE INTERCOOLER Be = mep-11) week (nv[($) 1] INTERCOOLER PRESSURE b= Ihe %, HEAT ABSORBED BY COOLING WATER Q= Mepwlstn we (BOE lo tok! 5 () |essathMULTI-STAGE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR welt re 7 wel . ee ee \O rae Rh G e wt sierra Fi ro & t % { ' &— i & v COMERESSOR WORE PRESSURE RATIOS (IDEAL CONDITIONS) GENERAL FORMULA Note: "S” 5 No, oF Stages ee 4-4 ee or Woe Jew 1A ] ara TTL Le DL CENTRIRIGAL ROTARY (VANE) eB BASIC CONVERSION OF CONIPRESSION 95. We (A) (@)*-1] CONVERSION FLOM SINGE-STAGE To Z- sPGE SYSTEM Fowler swe = f5- Ky “hott ste = BB wa, 2 CONVERSION FKOM 2-STAGE “D SINAE-SRGE SHSM POWER INceEDSE = K-Fh Za tower macerse = B-Po , ag%, wv Nome Ps= SINE SIE Py= POMBE SIEREFRIGERATION: ~ IS DEFINED AS THE PROCESS OF EXTRACTING HEAT FROM A LOWER-TEMPERATURE HEAT SOURCE, SUBSTANCE, ‘OR COOLING MEDIUM AND TRANSFERRING IT TO A HIGHER-TEMPERATURE HEAT SINK. METHODS: MECHANICAL REF. AIR CYCLE REFRIGERATION ABSORPTION REF. ICE REFRIGERATION STEAM JET REFRIGERATION WATER FIBA ony. 2OAB WY, y 2381-144 BRINE Op BAG Vox uUQquIP = Ls. VEGETABLES op = 318 Yor GER FREEING WATT APTER FREEZING pouty = SBI ign MIB Yn, AGL A= Wt te + 40 LEAN BEEF = BIZBMYign UB Yige 1288, A= mop (tif) 4CLg) + Mew Cg -t0) Siteat SErORE FREEZING HEAT AFTER ~ COMPRESSES THE LOW-PRESSURE REFRIGERANT GAS TO A HIGH- PRESSURE REFRIGERANT GAS AND CAUSE TO TO FLOW IN THE SYSTEM. = HEART OF THE VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEM. TYPES OF COMPRESSORS RECIPROCATING | ROTARY | CENTRIFUGAL CLASSIFICATION OF COMPRESSOR BASED ON ENCLOSURE CRANKSHAFT =—-EXTENDS = THROUGH =—THE| OPEN-TYPE COMPRESSOR HOUSING SO THAT THE MOTOR] CAN BE EXTERNALLY COUPLED TO SHAFT ‘HERMETICALLY COMPRESSOR AND THE MOTOR ARE ENCLOSED IN} ‘SEALED THE SAME HOUSING: H THE CYLINDER HEAD CAN BE REMOVED FR Coleen ‘SERVICING OF THE VALVE AND PISTONS EVAPORATOR ~ LIQUID PORTION EVAPORATES WHILE ABSORBING HEAT FROM: TH suaouNDDGS TYPES OF EVAPORATORS COIL TUBING BETWEEN METERING DEVICE AND COMPRESSOR Fxpansion | "YES 0FORY eirouroRs: (oY ‘A BEAR TYPE — PRIME SURFACE, SLMPLEST {ire) | & materi seers woe Townes C. FIN-TUBE .SHELLAND Con — ALSO cRLLD cHTLER FLOODED ONLY FOR WATER-COOLED CONDENSERS. HIGH evap. | capacry siren, Fish (Tuna) WEY. DB“, Soa MILK Yok 05 MAGNOLIA 69-0985 Ye $9 =105 CONDENSER ~ RECEIVES THE HIGH-PRESSURE REFRIGERANT GAS AND THEN CONDENSES WHILE REJECTING HEAT TO THE COOLING MEDIUM (AIR OR WATER) = LIQUEFY THE REFRIGERANT TYPES OF CONDENSERS COMMON IN SHALL COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS TYPES OF AIR-COOLED CONDENSERS: A NATURAL DRAFT — AMBIENT AIR FORCED DRAFT — PUSHED THROUGH COILS INDUCED AIR DRAFT — PUSHED OVER OILS EXPENSIVE AND CORROSIVE TYPES OF WATER-COOLED CONDENSERS: ‘A. DOUBLE PIPE (TUBE-IN-TUBE) REFRIGERANT THROUGH INNER TUBE AND WATER THROUGH OUTER TUBE. SHELL AND COIL — MADE OF STEEL WITH COPPER TUBES INSIDE VERTICAL SHELL AND TUBE . HORIZONTAL SHELL AND TUBE ‘MUCH LIKE A COOLING TOWER, WATER IS spRRYED (OVER THE CONDENSER AND COOLS IT. AIR-COOLED WATER- COOLED n EVAPORATIVE ACCESORIES 1. SPRAY POND ~ WATER RECIRCULATING DEVICE. WARM WATER 1S SPRAYED THROUGH NOZZLE. 2. COOLING TOWERS TUBINGS most. cons | sveet awn tt) | STAINLESS STEEL ooo pots, ama eckTHROTTLING | EXPANSION DEVICE FLOAT VALVE ~ MAINTAINS LIQUID AT CONSTANT LEVEL ~ REDUCES THE PRESSURE FROM CONDENSER PRESSURE TO = ASFLOAT SWITCH” CLOSES AT MAK, LEVEL EVAPORATOR PRESSURE CONSTANT = AINTAINS CONSTANT PRESSURE AT ITS_OUTLET TE ceTee PRESSURE E.V. (TRANCE 10 evapoRATOR) Pe eesee nnston DERICES, ~ MOST POPULAR FR MODERATESIZE REF. YSTEMS CAPILLARY iwsive oaneree [0.S0mm= 2mm] sypcanent = THERMOSTATIC EN” TUBE CONTROLLED Ev, ~ PEGULATES THE FLOW RATE OF LIQUID RerRteRANT (SMALL REF exci Am -6m TIN PROPORTION TO THE RATE OF EVAPORATION IN SYSTEMS), CAPACITY upto Jo KW THE EVAPORATOR EXPANSION TYPES: TONS OF REFRIGERATION _ AGATE VALVE = ISTHE AMOUNT OF HEAT THAT MUST BE EXTRACTED TO FREEZE TON 2 COSTA ESE EASE (SHORT) OF WATER AT 82 F INTO ICE AT 32 (AT ATH) 1 AY. bed = ALSO CALLED REFRIGERATION TON THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE . THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE W/ Sega EQULER [TORE NSISICIRW, = Zi wi = 0.4 5- Zoo FLOAT VALVE FOR FLOODED EVAPS.) vn 0) REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE HEAT ADDED TEs vincent” Qn = in = KOS HEAT REJECTED Qe= Qour = ThhS COP (HEAT PUMP) = a shete COP (REFRIGERATION) VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEMS ARE THE MOST WIDELY ADOPTED REFRIGERATION. ‘SYSTEMS IN BOTH COMFORT AND PROCESS AIR CONDITTONING. ~ ALSO CALLED REVERSED RANKINE CYCLE.COMPRESSOR WORK COP (COEFFICIENT OF PERF.) so » y We= m(ltz- tn) = her coer _ 4h % OP = oupeeman wi. “We | 2 * R ENTHALPY AT EVAP. ENTRANCE (4) SUN EER (ENERGY EFF. RATIO) zu Wy= Infg + xhhfgy | x-auacrryye | PATIO OF ENERGY REMOVED AT THE EWP. TO THE = Sp a baal ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSUMED, SHALL CONFORM TO THE = REFRIGERATING CAPACITY SEPATHENT Te BIER 3 Re EFFecT _ Ss... Gu= (hi - ha) eRe —Powce war SZC] BE se POWER PER TON REFRIGERATION EFFICIENCY 222 fowa? Pex Ton = —_We___ = CoPexsnen 22 8 "ON OF REF C= Sex 100% EES + x pa | sea VOLUMETRIC EFRCEY MECH’ EFFICIENCY wt = Fi Wwe en= A COMPRESSORS ae 2 DISPLACEMENT RATE OF COMPRESSOR CLEARANCE VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY 12 ee aa Me Vp 4VLNene omy yee Ge = 140-6 (tq) | C= PERCENT Coenen y + (= CONWRESSION RATIO VOLUME FLOW RATE AT SUCTION ve ) For? ANNONA, [vicemvy | \=Sennc Voune @ | Wem IW SPUR NOUINE F | Use k=44 COMPRESSOR AND THE EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE DEGREE SUPERHEATING AND aaa TTT DEGREE SUPERHEATING DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTUAL TEMPERATURE ENTERING THE DEstEE HN = ti-tevar DEGREE SUBCOOLING DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONDENSER TEMPERATURE AND THE ACTUAL TEMPERATURE ENTERING THE EXPANSION VALVE. ADVANTAGES: ~ REDUCES QUALITY OF GAS VAPOR ~_INCREASES REFRIGERATING EFFECT OF SYSTEM °%Ge = tow-ts’ W/ HEAT EXCHANGER HEAT EXCHANGERS = PREVENT. NO LQUID ENTERS COMPRESSOR ~ PREVENT BUBBLES OF VAPOR THROUGH EN. ENERGY BALANCE Wsthe = hth corSe Se THESE ARE REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS WITH TWO OR MORE LOW-SIDE PRESSURES, ~ LOWSIDE PRESSURE IS DEFINED AS THE REFRIGERANT PRESSURE BETWEEN EXPANSION VALVE AND COMPRESSOR INTAKE, + INTERCOOLER — REDUCES THE WORK PER KILOGRAM OF VAPOR BETWEEN TWO STAGES OF COMPRESSION; MAY BE ACCOMPLISHED BY A WATER- COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER OR BY USING A REFRIGERANT. + FLASH TANK — EQUIPMENT IN WHICH VAPOR IS SEPARATED FROM THE LIQUID, 1. TWO STAGE COMPRESSOR, ONE EVAPORATOR f= Thx = ms (hha) ENERGY BALANCE? Agha + mghy= hg + wighy My = my Ms = me COMPRESSOR WORK We = mi (hah) Wen = ms (1 -hg) Wer = Wer + Won CUO Le “ARETE = my 4m Mh = Moho + mshs We = MChe-lv), =m Ng- hy %2=™(h- hy) Tig = m4 me th + mahi = wsles + mzh7 Oy = Me (she) Oe, = Me (nhs) Wenz ims (hi4~ has) Wey = a (In - Ini) = Mt he OP = “loa eweHEAT BALANCE: hy = Mis +(m-m hz |OUNCTION Wear BALANCE: anh =(rm-my)hg + mine Ss ~ COMBINE TWO-VAPOR COMPRESSION UNITS, WITH THE CONDENSER OF THE LOW-TEMPERATURE SYSTEM DISCHARGING ITS HEAT TO THE EVAPORATOR OF THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE SYSTEM, CED EU ee | | CRYOGENICS — THE SCIENCE OF LOW TEMPERATURE Mshs + Mhz = Mshg +mhz ry ( -hg) = ms (ns - he) A= Mm Cry-hg) Wen = msChe-s) | Wror = Wer + Wen Wer= mC he-h) DIRECT CONTACT CASCADE B=[Aee HEAT BALANCE? mg (hs -hs) = ,(n2-hs) “TOTAL COMPRESSOR WORK: We = mi(ng-hi) + ms (hg-hs)Oe a REFRIGERATION EFFECT = IS OPERATING ON THE REVERSE BRAYTON CYCLE ~ TTIS THE ONLY ATR-COOLING PROCESS DEVELOPED COMMERCIALLY WHEREIN A GASEOUS. REFRIGERANT IS USED THROUGHOUT THE CYCLE = IDEALLY SUITED FOR USE IN AIRCRAFT EXPANSION WOR A= MCpa(Ts- TH) HEAT REJECTED | Og = mega (Te-Ts) NET WORK ESSOR WORK Wer = We- We COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE = oe CoP War OE a GENERATOR HEAT BANles Nus -W20" Sse, = A REFRIGERATION WITHOUT COMPRESSOR AND RATHER NO EXTERNAL WORK TO COMPRESS THE REFRIGERANT. ‘A SUBSTITUTE TO THE COMPRESSOR 1S THE [ABSORBER-GENERATOR SET-UP THAT PRODUCES A SOLUTION OF REFRIGERANT AND THE REFRIGERANT 1S SUPERHEATED BY AN EXTERNAL HEAT. COEFFICIENT OF PERF. = Ge _Cuserus oma) cor= — @g_ Cpu nese) ABSORBER HEAT Om +m = Mshs + mhz izh2 + tzhe =Qat mh CONDENSER HEAT MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE Ge= M36 hs- ha) EVAPORATOR HEAT © WAS BALANCE O ENERGY BALANCE Mme mz+mg Ag+ Ge =n + Oe Qe = M3(h5-h4)a WAM WATERS, ~ WATER IS USED AS REFRIGERANT = PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION BASED ON THE FACT THAT WATER WILL BOIL OR YAPORIZE RAPIDLY, AT A-RELATIVELY LOW TEMPERATURE, IF THE PRESSURE ON THE SURFACE 15 REDUCED. MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE EMPIRICAL EQUATION FOR FREEZING TIME Pana ae pre | Ggesr 327 |e eene TaN *r ~ BRINE ~ 1S WATER PLUS SODIUM CHLORIDE AND/OR CALCIUM CHLORIDE MIXTURE WHOSE PURPOSE OF ADDITION OF LAPURITES 1S TO DECREASE THE FLUID FREEZING TEMPERATURE - HEAT OF RESPIRATION (HR)— APPLICABLE ONLY FOR FRUITS AND RESPIRATION TOTAL HEAT LOAD ti= TEMPERATURE ENTERING Es = SORAGE TeNPERATURE R= HEAT OF RESPIEATION HEAT REMOVED FROM WATER TO MAKE ICE ere en | Cbg & Cag -» WATER SPECIFIC HEAT Ai yap MATER MAL ti Se FINAL ALLOWANCE OF HEAT LOSS “USUALLY 10%-20% OF THE HEAT REMOVED, USE HIGHER VALUE Qam = 122 NUMBER OF ICE CANS PER TON OF ICE, N ZOOOFT | Fr= FReEaNG Hares, Ie 24W ye | We = WEGHT GeREFRIGERANTS WO TYPES OF REFRIGERANTS PRIMARY REF.— REFRIGERANTS USED IN. VAPOR-COMPRESSION sysTens SECONDARY REF. — ARE LIQUIDS USED FOR TRANSPORTING LOW- TEMPERATURE HEAT ENERGY FROM ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER. ALSO ‘CALLED ANTI-FREEZERS OR BRINES. PRIMARY REFRIGERANTS CTT ~ CONTAINS ONE OR MORE OF THE THREE HALOGENS — CHLORINE, 1 FLUORINE, BROMINE = STANDARDIZED BY RSHRAE Rll R13 Ris wie R-40 Rell4 AUMIBER OF FUIORINE ATOMS HYPROGEN +1. CAoNS) CARBON — 4 CAMS) STANDS FoR RERACERANT INORGANIC COMPOUNDS R77 AMMONIA Naz 2-718 WATER H20 8-729 AIR 0, 4370N2 R-744 (CARBON DIOXIDE coz R- 164 SULFUR DIOXIDE So2 Bane: F wean ae HB CTT SUITABLE REFRIGERANTS ESPECIALLY FOR SERVICE IN THE PETROLEUM ‘AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY RSQ METHANE CHa R170 THANE Colle — R-290 propane Coa penis: GON =| 924 Shree! or. — Fuloewe —> 0 ~ MIXTURE OF TWO DIFFERENT Tr Ris2a R-\70 i a4 (es ee eee) we eas [Ree |e ee ~ ISA SUBSTANCE USED IN. REFRIGERATING MECHANISM, IT ABSORBS HEAT IN EVAPORATOR BY CHANGE OF STATE FROM LIQUID TO GAS. REFRIGERANTS USED TO COOL A SUBSTANCE OR EVAPORATOR AND THE REFRIGERATOR [S THEN RELEASED TO THE ATMOSPHERE 728 LiQUID NITROGEN & 704 Liguin HELIUM 2-744 CARBON DIOXIDE GROUPINGS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF REFRIGERANTS + NRSC ~ NATIONAL REFRIGERATION SAFET CODE = GROUPS ONE TO THREE (1-8) GROUP 4 — SAFEST OF THe REFRIGERANTS (GROUP 2 — TOXIC AND SOMEWHAT FLAMMABLE (GROUP 3 — FLAMMABLE REFRIGERANTS + NBFU ~ NATIONAL BOARD OF FIRE UNDERWITERS = CLASS ONE TO SIX (4-6) CLASS ONEIS MOST TOXIC WHILE CLASS SIX IS LEAST TOXIC RIB PLE | Riz SILVER Riz WHITE 22 REN R-34a ‘SKYBLUE ese — [a R502 R77 SILVER R-13 PALE BLUE [50s [roe SECONDARY REFRIGERANTS ‘COMMONLY USED SECONDARY REFRIGERANTS + CALCIUM CHLORIDE + SODIUM CHLORIDE ‘ETHYLENE GLYCOL + PROPYLENE GLYCOLAIRCONDITIONING THE AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF AN ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT EITHER FOR THE HUMALJANIMAL COMFORT OR FOR THE PROPER PERFORMANCE OF INDUSTRIAL/SCIENTEFIC PROCESS, FUNCTIONS + CONTROL THE TEMPERATURE + CONTROL THE HUMIDITY ‘+ CONTROL THE PURITY (REMOVAL OF DUST AND OTHERS) + CONTROL OF AIR CIRCULATION/ MOVEMENT DEFINITION OF TERMS: STUDIES THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES. OF PSYCHROMETRY — | MOIST AIR AND THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON MATERTALS AND HUNAN COMFORT. A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION. OF THE on, a THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF MOIST AIR, PROCESSES, AND CYCLES psvcunomerer | INSTRUMENT USED TO STUDY THE PROPERTIES OF AIR ATMOSPHERIC ‘A IMIXTURE OF GASES, WATER VAPOR, AND AIR POLLUTANTS: AIR WHERE ANY DECREASE IN TEMPERATURE sarocren | ar ann one A VAPOR INTO LIQUID. meruRaTED AIR CONTAINING SUPERHEATED VAPOR. MOIST AIR ‘VAPOR aA NITROGEN AND OXYGEN. WAPOR CONDENSABLE COMPONENT OF THE MIXTURE AIR DRY AI- NITROGEN =78% By VOL. aware var | OXYGEN = 21% BY Va. 2 21% 10 3% DEPENDS ON WEATHER| 0S POF, 47g AIR CONDITIONING PROPERTIES 1, PRESSURE APPROXIMATE FORMULA 2. TEMPERATURE ‘DRY BULB + ACTUAL TEMP. OF AIR TEMP. ‘tog + MEASURED BY ORDINARY THERMOMETER + TEMPERATURE OF AIR IF IT*S SATURATED WET BULB + MEASURED BY WETTED WICK THERMOMETER TEMP. + TEMPERATURE OF ATM. AIR IN AN ADIABATIC we PROCESS WET BULB _ - DEPRESSION WoD = twe - te DEW POINT WATER VAPOR IN AIR CONDENSES (CONSTANT. TEMP. “eg PRESSURE COOLING) SLING PSYCHROMETER — MADE UP OF TWO THERMOMETERS, ONE DRY BULB AND ONE WET BULB SIDE BY SIDE 3. SPECIFIC VOLUME GT A -& Yo . &T_ 2 VP ta = Pe 4. HUMIDITY RATIO = RATIO OF THE MASS OF WATER VAPOR TO THE MASS OF DRY ALR 0.622 We™ 9622 |C\nwweo (2 Fe-R |” tnwaie 23.97 MASS OF WATER VAPOR IS USUALLY MEASURED IN GRAINS 5. RELATIVE HUMIDITY a Rhea @ VEWPONT TEM Year > Poor @ vey eis TEMP G. ENTHALPY Pe = TOTAL PRESSURE oF ANR-VAPOIe Ya > PARTIAL IRE OF DRY AN Py PARTIAL PRESSURE OF WATER VAG R= Pat & r= hg ® ne wt? % h= Op(tdb) + Whg> DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE — TOTAL PRESSURE OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IS THE SUM OF THE PARTIAL PRESSURES OF DRY ALR AND WATER VAPOR APPROXIMATE FORMULA CPpaR= 1.0K7. PERCENT SATURATION | DEGREE OF SATURATION | HEATING AND HUMDIFYING PROCESS PERCENTAGE HUMIDITY GATURATION = ACTUAL HUNT RATIO ee Bunoiry Bano oF Sar. A poms, ‘wanes Pen %a samuRaTONn = eu[-f— 9] | 3 - | A-Z WEDTING aaa 2-3 HUNIAFYING Becton “SRN ADIABATIC PROCESS 3 Vinee re aon me “mostra \2 ANBAR ALR MIXING & TAHEAT BANE te MOISTURE BOLONGE rs Nb we ens BALAN Wi ni BYPASS FACTOR o-1 | cane THE PORTION OF THE AIR THAT PASSES THROUGH THE COLL WITHOUT 0-2 | HEATNe (Heme) CONTACTING THE COWL SURAACE 0-2 | HUMIIFANG CisoTHERNA. eYER) pee nEsTIP cat 0-4 | venuwrrne te -by 0-5 | GOUNG 2 DewuNuIEMe (alecon) ee 0-6 | HEATING 2 HUNIDIFYNG CCOOUNG TONER) ta te-ta 0-7 | COOUNG ZB HUNI”IFYING CADABENC DAE) 0-8 | HEATING 2 VEINIDIFYING CCHEN'L DENuM!) BF OF COOLING COIL to-te ENTHALPY DEVIATION — DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ACTUAL/TRUE oy | OF Ke SPECIFIC ENTHALPY AND THE SPECIFIC ENTHALPY OF SATURATED AIR AT GIVEN WET BULB TEMPERATURE. cou ractor | gp> aeAPPLICATIONS OF PSYCHROMETRY (METHODS OF AIR HANDLING TO A CONDITIONED SPACE TW AREAS WHOSE OUTSIDE CONDITIONS ARE CLOSE IN TEMPERATURES AND HUMIDITY TO THE SPACE BEING MAINTAINED. EXPANSION \PRESSOZ P =x ae. Os © ‘eonroeate © conmonce “™ a. og = OWERS TEMA & Human OF AZ . bach TIM IL MMR te a Su= mac w-lte) | “yore ECONOMICAL THAN AL OUSIDE A, SINCE HE BECCUATED AR RATE OF yj) TEMPERATURE 15 CLOSER TO THE CONDITIONED SPACE: OT FOR AREAS Me meeuRe ma (WW) WHERE TOXIC ODORS ARISE. Va= may) — Pius AIR CONDITIONING CALCULATIONS as ve Aue convmowae a cont Se (Teeuwen Ale ETT PART OF THE RECIRCULATED AIR 1S CONTROLLED BY DAMPER. ACTION ‘MAKING IT BYPASS THE CONDITIONER, g a AE CONDTONER Nove sNesuE FAN Qe ‘Wor SENSIBLE HEAT Qs = mep (tz -t) LATENT MEAT LOAD DEFINITION OF TERMS: 7 zi WSE5 RATIO OF ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT TO THE = (WoW) * hy v= 24424 | Aeareneron | SUMMATION OF ROOM SNE aD Room LATENT HEAT TOTAL HEAT LOAD RATIO OFTHE TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT TO THE Q1=As+Q vee GRAND TOTAL HEAT, INCLUDING THE UTDOOR ATR HEAT Lonos. SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO a ese 90H | ne nee sa DiR= asta ~ ar Fact HEAT TO THE EFFECTIVE TOTAL HEAT AIRCONDITIONING CAPACITY Ms=Mr+mo —> Mehz + Whe =msh4 Qwwacon= mC Mg- hi) AIRCONDITIONING CAPACITY — NO MIXING PLENUM met nM Cmormrihy +Qee. Qpacon = Mo Chg -hi) + mC hg hi)COOLING REDECT HEAT BY REDUCING THE TEMPERATURE OF WATER CIRCULATED THROUGH CONDENSERS. ‘+ RECIRCULATING WATER FROM A CONDENSER 15 EVAPORATIVELY CCODLED BY CONTACT WITH ATMOSPHERIC AR Ce ae CCU ‘CONDENSER WATER IS DISTRIBUTED AT THE TOP OF THE TOWER, INTO THE SHELL, THEN COLLECTED AT THE Pau HOT WATER, AlZIN He DRAFT TOWER ‘USES WATER EVAPORATION FOR COOLING, THE DIFFERENCE 15 THAT A FAN PUSHES THE AIR INTO THE SHELL cel OUT Fant Hot —> 20 AIR cone, Ww CT aes) ‘MOST POPULAR TOWERS USED IN THE CITIES. TWO OR MORE FANS INSTAL O THE TOP OF TE DRIFT EuMINABeS air, # Re ‘DRIFT ELIMINATORS ~ THE ELIMUNATORS PREVENT THE WATER DROPLETS ‘AND MIST FROM ESCAPING THE COOLING TOWER. COOLING POND ‘A-MAN-MADE BODY OF WATER FORMED FOR THE PURPOSE OF COOLING HEATED WATER TO A NEARBY POWER PLANT OR INDUSTRIAL FACILITY a hor —> Hao tala ta Our AR copuse 1 Orn TOWERS ANALYSIS: NAKE-UP WATE; | RANGE te TENP. DIFFERENCE OF WATER ENTERING OR LEAVING THE TOWER te= RANGE = ta- tp APPROACH ts TEMP, DIFFERENCE OF WATER LEAVING THE TOWER AND WET BULB TEMP. OF ENTERING ALR ta = APPROACH = th - tw [RATE OF MOISTURE REMOVED | MAKE-UP WATER REQUIREMENT WOISTIKE _ a Mm = Ma-mo Rencven= MeN) Nance — en REMOVED HEAT BALANCE a= Su MMi Cz -hn) = Mg Cpy Cta-ty) ENERGY BALANCE mh + Maha +Mmhm = Mzhe + Moly QUANTITY OF WATER LOST BY BLEED OFF |pverme ” G52 Se us QUAY OF Ngo Lost BY EED-OFF COOLING TOWER SPECIFICATION oneans ta = 40°C zw ty = Bee bwloy> 20°CDRYERS ‘MOST COMMONLY USED DRYER ‘+ CONSISTS OF A ROTATING CYLINDER WHERE MATERIALS FLOW WHILE GETTING IN CONTACT WITH THE HOT GASES; THE CYLINDER IS TILTED AT A SLIGHT ANGLE + COPRA, SAND, WOOD CHIPS ROTARY DRYER ‘+ WET FEED IS INTRODUCED AT THE TOP AND FALLS DOWNWARD WHILE COMING IN CONTACT WITH THE HOT AIR ‘+ PALAY, WHEAT, GRAINS TOWER DRYER ‘+ MATERIAL TO BE DRIED IS SUPPORTED ON A FLOOR THROUGH WHICH THE HOT GASES PASS ‘+ COPRA, COAL, ENAMEL WARES HEARTH DRYER + CENTRIFUGE REVOLVING AT HIGH SPEEDS CENTRIFUGAL CAUSING THE SEPARATION, BY CENTRIFUGAL DRYER FORCE, OF THE WATER FROM THE MATERIAL ‘+ DRYING FERTILIZER, SALT, SUGAR + TRAYS, CARRYING THE WET MATERIALS, TRAY DRYER PLACED IN COMPARTMENT CONVEYOR ‘+ TPIL-IPIL LEAVES, GRAINS ‘+ INFRARED LAMPS. ARE DIRECTED TO. THE INFRARED RAY | ” sericies 10 Be DRIED oven ‘+ DURING PAINTED ARTICLES LIKE CARS FREEZE- + SUBLIMATION OF WATER VAPOR FROM ICE DRYING UNDER HIGH VACUUM AT TEMP. BELOW O DEGREE CELSWS. ‘+ HEATED ETAL ROLLS ON THE OUTSIDE OF WAICH A THIN LAYER OF LIQUID 1S DRYED. HYGROSCOPIC MATERIALS ARE SUBSTANCES WHICH ARE VARIABLE IN THE MOISTURE CONTENT THEY CAN HOLD AT DIFFERENT TLMES. BANA: SPONGE DRUM DRYERS BONE ORY WEIGHT FINAL CONSTANT WEIGHT ATTAINED BY ANY HYGROSCOPIC SUBSTANCE ATER BEING DRIED OUT. GROSS WEIGHT Gees weictt (Wr) = Sm +6W REGAIN THE HYGROSCOPIC MOISTURE CONTENT OF A SUBSTANCE EXPRESSED AS THE RATIO OF THE MOISTURE WEIGHT TO THE BONE DRY WEIGHT. MOISTURE WeicuT WE REGAN = Gone Oy Welalt ~ — 2p MOISTURE CONTENT ISTURE WI, hostute contest = area ~ “We TYPICAL LAYOUT OF DRYING A PRODUCT Fees oO PROPUCT Wg BENON-AIABATIC. DevER CACTUAL) WADIABATIC Dever BRISOTHERNAL h2= Am=ma(Ws-Wa) DRYER DRY BASIS WET BASIS A NosuRE Mnge ne Samy = OL eM mg +B7N “TotaLmass <~ MOISTURE BALANCE MATERALS MOISUIZE REMOVED = AIRS MOIST APVED Vea — Wie = Ma (Ws - Wa) HEAT SUPPLIED IN THE HEATER Qa = maChe-m) ; EFFICIENCY eFricieny oF HER ABsOR_ he DRYER HEAT suru nz - hyARE USED EITHER TO REMOVE THE WATER FROM A LIQUID SUBSTANCE, LIKE SUGAR SIUICE, OR TO PRODUCE DISTILLED WATER BY CONDENSING THE STEAM, DR ANALYSIS: DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATORS CL TaD h@ hs 1ST ERE vame + FoR NON-VISCOUS LIQUIDS THAT DO a RTE NOT DEPOSIT SALT OR SCALE STANDARD + FoR LIQUIDS THAT DEPOSIT SALT oR VERTICAL TUBE ‘SCALE DURING EVAPORATION. + CONSISTS OF LONG TUBES SO THAT THE LIQUOR PASSES THROUGH THE LONG TUBE, EVAPORATOR BUT ONCE Nar ccuTOn | Ti IN SLIGO EVAPORATOR SCALING LauIDs (rep) . 4 +e, + CAN BE USED WITH HIGH VISCOSITIES @ STE aM CiNLET) ed + OME OF THE CHEAPEST TYPES Kaw ware (ae 7 tow @ vara cpeonucr) hy > hfs, SPRAY OF WATER FALLS ON HIGH fy 2 hg Otn FILM TYPE TEMPERATURE TUBES BECAUSE OF STEAM Reine ON THE msiDe. heh Sh@ oe WHERE THE TUBE BUNDLE 15 SUBMERGED SUBMERGED TYPE | WERE TI MASS BALANCE ON FIRST EFFECT Mshe + Merwe, = my hy, + ma\My, GUT, ms = MW, 5 my, = Moy ims Chg = hw) i cena RELIEVING RATES y= OF = THE VELOCITY AT WHICH THE VAPOR LEAVES THE WATER SURFACE MASS BALANCE ON 2ND EFFECT RELIEVING SURFACE = THE WIDTH OF THE WATER SURFACE IN THE SHELL MULTIPLIED By Maloy, + Mews lee = Myghvg + Mwe hie THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TUBE SHEETS eur, m= mae > ney mew, rin hvi~ he Pisenepaine pitch = (ABET OF Het) 5 sper. youn We = hg - Pg UEVING SURFACE = EVAPORATOR ECONOMY HEAT HEAD aL ~DIFERENCE BETWEEN. THE SATURATION. TEMPERATURE OF THE | EyaraqeatoR Exonanny= XABERROPUED, MMi + MW NNOTIVATING FLUID AND THE SATURATION TEMPERATURE OF THE SreAM SUPPLY mg vapor SO Le msERes aFARAWeL var, AST EFEX vam cy DRAINS ROW WATER DEANS eon wore INSCONVEYORS EITHER FIXED OR PORTABLE DEVICES FOR MOVING MATERIALS BETWEEN ‘TWO POINTS AT THE SAME OR DIFFERENT ELEVATIONS, WITH CONTINUOUS ‘OR INTERMITTENT FORWARD MOVEMENT TT oa + THEY LENE THE BOILER AISLE FREE FROM OBSTRUCTION BELT ‘CONTINUOUS SYSTEM BELT USUALLY TROUGHED + HIGH CAPACITIES POSSIBLE + CONL COPR, OARS, PRCKAGES SPIRAL | + EoLESs HELICOID ScREW IN A TROUGH ScREW — | = puvezizeD com, Lou, GRAINS FLIGHT / | + LOW IN FIRST COST BUT LARGE ENERGY SCRAPER CONSUMPTION. CONSTDERBLE WEAR, CAUSED BY ABRASION + SERIES OF METAL FLIGHTS: ATTACHED aT INTERVALS TO CHAIN + PREKAES, BOXES, OPRR PIVOTED — | + wATERINL 1S. CARRIED AND BUCKETS ARE Buck SUPPORTED ON ROLLERS CARR + THE PIVOTED BUCKET CARIES CAN BOTH ELEVATE An conve, + COPRA, COAL, GRINS LARRIES | SUSPENDED RAIL TYPES ARE GENERALLY USED Re FORCE TO NOE: eeu OF mats B= TOTAL CHAIN PULL BR+ e+e |, oe fOWER= TOTAL CHAIN x VELoUTY | 2.2 fa TAL Cuan Sageeage ‘SCREW CONVEYORS DESIGN CONSIDERATION ‘+ SCREW CONVEYORS SHALL BE GUARDED TO PREVENT PERSONNEL FROM ‘COMING INTO CONTACT WITH THE SCREW. GUARDS OF HORIZONTAL BARS SPACED TO ALLOW MATERIAL TO BE FED INTO THE CONVEYOR SHALL BE NOT MORE THAN 2,440 MIM APART. ‘+ 2,100 MIME OR LESS ABOVE FLOOR OR OTHER WORKING LEVEL SHALL BE ‘COMPLETELY COVERED WITH SUBSTANTIAL LIDS. + BOO MM OR LESS ABOVE THE FLOUR MAY BE GUARDED BY STANDARD RAILING GUARDS 08 SUBSTANTIAL COVERS OR GRATINGS. CRANES AND HOISTING EQUIPMENT BOOM | TELESCOPIC 08 FIXED AR, USED TO MOVE OBJECTS BUFFER | CUSHIONING DEVICE, MININIZE SHOCK OF COLLISON BUMPER | STOPS THE MOVING PART AT THE LINIT OF TRAVEL OF A CRANE, PREVENTS MOTION BEYOND A POINT cae HOUSES THE OPERATOR, HOISTING MECHANISH, AND EQUIPMENT CONTROLLING THE CRANE CAGE | HOUSES THE OPERATOR, AND EQUIPMENT CONTROLLING THE CRME OVERHEAD * ON A PAIR OF PARALLEL ELEVATED RUNWAYS, TRAVELING/ LIFTS AND LOWERS A LOAD AND CARRY IT BRIDGE CRANE HORIZONTALLY PARALLEL TO, OR AT RIGHT ANGLES TO + TTS. OPERATION LIMITED TO THE AREA BETWEEN THE RUNWAYS ‘+ MAINTENANCE SHOPS, ICE PLANTS FOR HOISTING, DOES NOT INCLUDE A HOISTWAY WOR A CAR OR PLATFORM TRAVELING THROUGH GUIDES LOADING IN SHIPS, HANDLING MATERIALS IN SHIPS DERRICK CRANE JIB CRANE + FIXED CRANE, SUPPORTED BY A VERTICAL MEMBER FROM WHICH EXTENDS HORIZONTAL SWINGING ARMS CARRYING A TROLLEY HOIST ‘CONSTRUCTION WORKS, MATNTENANCE SHOPS GANTRY CRANE | + SIMILAR TO AN OVERHEAD TRAVELING, EXPECT THAT THE BRIDGE FOR CARRYING THE TROLLEYS 1S SUPPORTED ON TWO OR MORE MOVABLE LEGS: + MINING, PIERS PILLAR CRANE — | + FIXED CRANE, VERTICAL MEMBER HELD. AT THE BASE, WITH HORIZONTAL REVOLVING ARM CARRYING A TROLLEY + MAINTENANCE SHOPS, PERS J1B ~ A HORIZONTAL ARM, FOR SUPPORTING A TROLLEY OR FALL BLOCK. ARM EXTENSION OF THE HERD OF THE BOOM TROLLEY = A TRUCK OR CARRIAGE ON WHICH THE HOISTING MECHANISM 15, MOUNTED AND WHICH TRAVELS ON AN OVERHEAD BEAM OR TRACK.PIPE — 1S A TUBE WITH A ROUND CROSS SECTION CONFORMING TO THE DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR NOMINAL PIPE SIZE AS TABULATED IN TABLE FOR PIPE SCHEDULES. MEDIUM PRESSURE Fimnes, vaves sec. BLACK PIPE (CARBON STEEL PIPE GALVANIZED PIPE WROUGHT PIPE BELL AND SPIGOT JOINT BUTT WELD JOINT COMPRESSION JOINT ‘SOCKET WELD BULL HEAD TEA MANIFOLD ‘CROSS-OVER EXPANSION LOOP STREET ELBOW ‘SADDLE FLANGE CHECK VALVE GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE RELIEF WALVE ‘STEEL PIPE THAT HAS NOT BEEN GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE WITH PROPERTIES CHIEFLY OF CARBON CCORTED WITH ZINC TO RESIST CORROSION REFERS TO BOTH WROUGHT STEEL AND WROUGHT ‘IRON, WROUGHT IN THIS SENSE MEANS WORKED. COMMONLY USED JOINT IN CAST-IRON PIPE EACH PIECE 1S MADE WITH ENLARGED DIAMETER OR ‘BELL AT ONE END INTO WHICH THE PLAIN OR SPIGOT END OF ANOTHER PIECE 1S INSERTED JOINT IS THEN TIGHTENED BY CEMENT, OAKUM, LEAD oR RUBBER, WELDED PIPE JOINT. WHERE ENDS OF THE TWO PIPES BUTTING EACH OTHER (AROUND PERIPHERY) ‘A-MULTI-PIECE JOINT WITH CUP SHAPED THREADED NUTS. WHEN TIGHTENED COMPRESS TAPERED SLEEVES SO THAT THEY FORM JOINT (PERIPHERY) USE OF A SOCKET WELD FITTING WHICH HAS A PREPARED FEMALE END OR SOCKET FOR INSERTION OF THE PIPE THEN WELDED. BRANCH OF WHICH IS LARGER THAN THE RUN LARGE PIPE OR DRUM WHERE EACH OF A GROUP OF BOILERS 1S CONNECTED FITTING WITH BRANCHES IN LINE CONNECTING TO A SMALLER PIPES ‘AU INTERCHANGEABLE TERM WITH HEADER ‘WITH DOUBLE OFFSET, OR U — SHAPED WITH ENDS TURNED OUT. LARGE RADIUS BEND IN A PIPE LINE TO PREVENT EXPANSION IN THE PIPE LINE DUE TO HEAT MALE AND FEMALE THREAD ON EACH ENDS FLANGE CURVED TO FIT A BOILER/TANK AND ATTACHED TO A THREADED PIPE, RIVETED/WELDED To BOILER/TANK. SO THE FLUID TO PASS IN ONE DIRECTION ONLY ‘ALLOWS FLUID TO FLOW WHEN THE GATE 15 LIFTED FROM THE SEAT. LESS RESISTANCE TO FLOW THAN GLOBE VALVES. GLOBE SHAPED BODY WHICH WHEN CLOSED RESTS ON A SEAT SO AS TO PREVENT PASSAGE OF k FLUID OPEN AUTOMATICALLY TO RELIEVE EXCESS PRESSURE WORKING PRESSURE : | Be2 = 1207 Kha (125-175) STANDARD PRESSURE Primes’ Wteere ex. Max. STEAM WORKING PRESAKE = (262 Ke MILL LENGTH ~_ALSO KNOWN AS RANDOM LENGTH RIN- OFF ILL PE 714) 8800m|=(GOOOmm eae Nia”; 9,450 mm = 10,6750 FLUID FLOW VELOCITIES Eee Gauss Dae cee) ON ao IDENTIFICATION COLOR FOR PIPES WATER GREEN STEAM SILVER-GRAY OIL-MINERAL (VEGETABLE/ANIMAL) J sown | GASES (GASES/LIQUID FORM), FUMES | YElLOW OCRE AIR LUGHT BLUE OTHER FLUIDS, DRAINAGE FIRE FIGHTING MATERIALS HAZARDOUS SERVICES Samer ELON ELECTRICITY COMMUNICATIONS SCHEDULE NUMBER LUGHT ORANGE WaITE 700 +P CHED, Now SCHED. No. = Po 2s5+yP WE WAWL THCK. 5 Tam AX. INTERNAL. SERVE PRES. 5 m= +c D> ounsive B 5 min . S= ALONABLE ‘STRESS; KFa C= ALLOWANCE FoR THREADNG £0. ‘Suayecr " izis* vara+ USED FoR DRAINAGE GRST IRON | gesisTMr To cotastN a ARATON STEEL + LOM-COST AND STRONS + OWE THEIR SPECIAL PROPERTIES TO ALLOYING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN ARON WROUGHT + TWO-COMPONENT METAL CONSISTING OF TRON ADDED WITH 4% TO IRON ‘354 OF FINELY DIVIDED AND UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED IRON SILICATE. COPPER AND | + USED WHERE FLEXIBILITY, APPEARANCE, OR CORROSION RESISTANT 1S WROUGHT | + MOST POWER PLANT PIPING ALLOY STEELS | BRASS IMPORTANT. HOWEVER, COSTLY. PIPE CONNECTIONS (JOINTS) PACKED LEADED BELL-AND-SPIGOT, PLAIN AND COUPLING ‘SCREWED ‘COUPLINGS AND UNIONS FLANGED COMPANION FLANGES (LOOSE OR SCREWED), SHRUNK, RIVETED, OR WELDED TO PIPE WELDED ‘FUSION PROCESS USING GAS OR METAL ARC WELDERS: SPECIAL WALWES SAFETY WALVES -BOILER SAFETY VALVES, THE ULTIMATE LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST THE ‘OCCURRENCE OF HAZARDOUS STEAM PRESSURES IN THE BOILER. + RELIEF VALVES —A FORM OF SAFETY VALVE, GUT USUALLY INTENDED FOR LESS SEVERE SERVICE, + BLOW-OFF VALVES —10 RID THE MUD DRUMS OF SEDIMENT ACCUMULATIONS, TO DRAIN ‘THE AND REDUCE CONCENTRATION OF BOILER, AND TO RAPIDLY LOWER THE BOILER WATER LEVEL + CONTROL AND REGULATING VALVES — aXe FOR WATER LEVEL, STEAM PRESSURE, ‘WATER FLOW, ETC, (THERNOSTATICALLY OR MECHANICALLY CONTROLLED) + BOILER OUTLET VALVES —STOP-CHECK OR AUTOMATIC NON-RETURN TYPE. TO PREVENT BOILERS IN PARALLEL RECEIVING BACKFLOW FROM THE OTHERS WHEN ITS PRESSURE BECOMES ‘SUBSTANDARD. te LL CONTINUOUS FLOATS | FLOAT-OPERATED VALVE, SIMPLE IN PRINCIPLE AND OPERATION, INTERMITTENT FLOATS | THE BUCKET TAP ISA WELL-KNOWN EXAMPLE UPRIGHT BUCKET FLOATS ON THE INCOIAING CONDENSATION AND HOLDS. THE DISCHARGE VALVE CLOSED UNTIL THE WATER RISES IN THE TRAP BODY FAR ENOUGH TO SPILL INTO THE BUCKET. INVERTED BUCKET | VENTS BOTHTHE CONDENSATE AND ALR THROUGH THE MAIN VALVE THERMOSTATIC USES. TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE ELEMENT TO DETECT WHETHER STEAM OR CONDENSATE SURROUNDS IT EXPANSION, ORIFICE | HAVE A FLASH CHAMBER, OR EXPANSION CHAMBER, BETWEEN TWO TRAPS RESTRICTIONS IN THE FLOW LINE.FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM FRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING — INVOLVES DESIGNING DEVICES, SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES TO PROTECT PEOPLE, PROPERTY AND BUSINESS OPERATIONS FROM THE RESULTS OF FIRE COMMODITY CLASSIFICATION CLASS 1 IMeTAL PRODUCTS, Fooos CLASS 2 INCANDESCENT LAMPS. BEER/WINE UP TO 20 PERCENT ALCOHOL CLASS 3 WOOD DRESSED WITH PLASTIC DRAWERS, ETC ESSENTIALLY NON COMBUSTIBLE PRODUCT ON ‘WOOD PALLETS, OR IN ORDINARY CARTONS, 08 {IN ORDINARY PAPER WRAPPING, ALL ON WOOD PALLETS PRODUCTS IN. SLATTED WOODEN CRATES, SOLID WOODEN BOXES, OR EQUIVALENT COMBUSTIBLE PACKAGING MATERIALS ON ‘WOOD PALLETS ‘WOOD, PAPER, NATURAL FIBER CLOTH, PLASTIC PRODUCTS ON WOOD PALLETS, PRODUCTS MAY CONTAIN A LIMITED AMOUNT OF PLASTICS. CLASS 4 PRODUCTS CONTAINING AN —APPRECIABLE SMALL APPLIANCES AMOUNT OF PLASTICS IN PAPER BOARD WITH PLASTIC PARTS | CARTONS ON WOOD PALLETS DEFINITIONS AVAILABLE MAXIMUM, HEIGHT AT. WHICH COMMODITIES HEIGHT FOR (CAN BE STORED ABOVE THE FLOOR AND STILL STORAGE MAINTAIN CLEARANCE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS AND SPRINKLERS EXPOSURE THE EXTERIOR PRESENCE OF COMBUSTIBLES WHICH, IF IGNITED, COULD CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE STORAGE BUILDING OR ITS CONTENTS FIRE WALL PREVENT THE SPREAD OF FIRE. HAVING A FIRE RESISTANCE RATING OF NOT LESS THAN 4 HOURS HORIZONTAL ‘ANY UNINTERRUPTED. SPACE IN EXCESS OF CHANNEL 1524 M I LENGTH BETWEEN HORIZONTAL LAYERS OF STORED COMMODITIES ORDINARY HAVE HEATS OF COMBUSTION SIMILAR TO COMBUSTIBLES EXTRA COMBUSTIBLE MODERATE COMBUSTIBLE KON- COMBUSTIBLES ‘WoOD, CLOTH OR PAPER ANID WHICH PRODUCE FIRES THAT CAN BE EXTINGUISHED BY THE ‘COOLING EFFECT OF WATER. HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO TGNITION AND WILL CONTRIBUTE TO THE INTENSITY AND RAPID ‘SPREAD OF FIRE. WILL CONTRIBUTE FUEL TO FIRE NOT IGNITE, BURN OR LIBERATE. FLAMMABLE GASES WHEN HEATED TO A TEMPERATURE OF 745 C FOR FIVE MINUTES. LOCAL FIRE CODE (PD. NO. 1185) IRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES FIRE CLASSIFICATION (ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS SUCH AS WOOD, CLOTH, PAPER, RUBBER AND PLASTICS CLASS B FIRE IN FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS AND GASES CLASS FIRE INVOLVING ENERGIZED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT CLASS D FIRE INVOLVING COMBUSTIBLE METALS, SUCH AS MAGNESIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, TITANIUM, AND OTHER SIMILAR METALS DRY STAND PIPE | pipes ARE NOT NORMALLY FILLED WITH WATER FIRE SERVICE — | AN ORGANIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE FIRE DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL —IN-CHARGE CISSION: FIRE PROTECTION) MEANS OF ‘A CONTINUOUS AND UNOBSTRUCTED ROUTE OF EGRESS EXIT FROM ANY POINT IN A BUILDING OCCUPANT LOAD | THE MAXIHUM NUNBER OF PERSONS THAT MAY BE ALLOWED TO OCCUPY A PARTICULAR BUILDING BITTE era ae TYPE ‘+ STORED OVER 4,550 MM BUT NOT MORE THAN 6,400 IMM HIGH IN SOLID PILES + OVER 9650 MM BUT NOT MORE THAN 6,400 MM HIGH IN PILES THAT CONTAIN. HORIZONTAL CHANNELS, ‘STORED NOT OVER 4,500 MM HIGH IN SOLD PILES + NOT OVER 3,650 MM HIGH IN PILES THAT CONTAIN HORIZONTAL CHANNELS, TYPES IS THAT IN WHICH THE STORED COMMODITIES ARE NONCOMBUSTIBLE OR CONTAIN ONLY A SMALL CONCENTRATION OF CONBUSTIBLES WHICH ARE INCAPABLE OF PRODUCING A FIRE THAT WOULD CAUSE APPRECIABLE DAMAGE TYPE2 ‘+ WET PIPE SYSTEM — A SYSTEM EMPLOYING AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS ATTACHED TO A PIPING SYSTEM CONTAINING WATER AND CONNECTED TOA WATER SUPPLY. MOSTLY USED IN OUR COUNTRY + DELUGE SYSTEM — USING OPEN SPRAY HEADS ATTACHED TO A PIPING SYSTEM THAT IS CONNECTED TO A WATER SUPPLY THROUGH A VALVE THAT IS OPENED BY MEANS OF A DETECTION SYSTEM. INSTALLED IN THE SAME AREA AS THE SPRAY HEADS, HALON 1301 (BROMOTROFLOURROMETHANE CBaF3) ~ COLORLESS, ODORLESS, ELECTRICALLY NOM-CONDUCTIVE. GAS, AN EFFECTIVE MEDIUM FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES