_ + Matural numbers, whole numbers and integers | * torepresent integers on a number line * to compare integers addition and subtraction of integers _ the properties of addition and subtraction of integers You will Learn * multiplication and division of integers * _ the properties of multiplication and division of integers * application of integers in real life situations Inclass VI you leamt about integers and operations on integers, Let us review the number system once again Natural Numbers Counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4,... are known as natural numbers. The set of natural numbers is represented by 'N’. Whole Numbers. ‘When zero is added to the set of natural numbers, we get the set of whole numbers. The numbers 0,1, 2, 3, 4,... are called whole numbers. The set of whole numbers is represented by 'W'. Integers The set of whole numbers and the negatives of natural numbers makes a new set of numbers called integers. Thus, the numbers ..., 4, -3, -2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... are called integers. The set is represented by'Z. 4, -3, -2,-1,0, 1,2,3,4, ..} 1 are called negative integers. are called positive integers. The number zero is neither a positive nor a negative integer. Integers as Directed Numbers We have studied in the previous class that integers are directed numbers, that is, on a number line the numbers are given a sign with respect to zero. If the numbers are to the right of zero, then they are positive, while numbers to the left of zero are shown with a negative sign. Thus, a number (-3) indicates that the number is to the left of zero at a distance of 3 units from zero. Similarly, a number 9 indicates that the number is to the right of zero at a distance of 9 units from zero. TLCWe often come across situations where we use directed numbers Such 3°: : taken as negative. the profit ofa company is taken as postive and the oss incurred is ST” + depositing money in a bank account is shown with a positive sig” while wi 9 MONEY from, og a bank account is sh aes own with a negative sign. " level + the altitudes above sea level are taken as positive while the depth below sea level is taken ag negative. 4 Representation of Integers on the Number Line : ' hn ¢ the centre. The positive numbers arg Integers can be rej tt ine with zero al presented on the number line wit RO a represented from point zero to the right while the negative numbers are represent Point zero to the left. ‘ 5 4 pee ee ie 2 8 ae S Ordering of Integers On the number line, the numbers increase as we move towards the ght and decrease as we move towards left Thus, numbers are in the ascending order on the number line. % —§<4<-3<-2<-1 <0<1<2<3<4<5 + Among the negative integers, the greatest negative integer is -1. : + Zeros greater than every negative integer. we * Every positive integer is greater than every negative integer and zero. ‘ a + The smallest positive integer is 1. Predecessor and Successor of Integers “The predecessor of a given integer is the number to the left of the given integer. For example, the predecessor of -5 is -6. ‘The successor of a given integer is the number to the right of the given integer. For example, the successor of 26 is 27. Addition and Subtraction of Integers Addition of Integers using a Number Line To add integers on the number line remember the following: (On a number line the plus sign indicates moving to the right while the minus sign indicates moving to the left. Addition of integers having same signs When two integers of same sign (either positive or negative) are added, the sum has the same sign 28 the two integers. aeLet us consider the following examples, ‘Add 4 and 3 on the number line, Solution: From zero, move to the first number 4. Since the second number is positive, we move 3 places to the right from 4 to reach 7. 144357 ae Example 21) Add—5 and ~4 on the number line. Solution: From zero, move to the first number 5, since the second number is negative, we move 4 places to the. left from —5 to reach -9. - 5) + (4) =(-9) Addition of one positive and one negative integer When two integers of opposite signs are added, find the difference of the two numbers and assign the sign of the greater number to the answer. Example 3 Add 4 and (-2) on the number line. Solution: Start from zero and move to the first number 4. Since the second number is negative, we move 2 steps left from 4 to reach 2.eerie] Add (4) and 5 on the number line. Solution: From zero, move to the first number -4. Since the second number is positive, we move 5 places to th 2 irst nut é 5 Tight from ~4 to reach 4, (4) +5= Subtraction of Integers using a Number Line j he additive inverse of the number ition. Subtraction is adding t aire i di Subtraction is the inverse operation of ad‘ ier that is to be subtracted changes to the to be subtracted. Thus in subtraction, the sign of the inte opposite sign. & Thus, subtracting 7 from -9, is the same as adding the additive inverse of 7 to-9. Or-9-7 = (-9) + (-7)=-16. Thus, a—b=a+ (additive inverse of b) = a + (- 5) a~(-b) =a + (additive inverse of (-b)) =a +6 Consider the following examples. Subtract 3 from 5 using a number line. Soluti 5 —3 can be written as 5 + (additive inverse of 3) = 5 + (-3), now this is the same as addition of two integers as studied earlier. From zero, move to the first number 5. Since the second number is negative, we move 3 places to the left from 5 to reach 2. fe "6's 4 es 2 Ont © 20432 4S eee 5+ (-3)=5-3=2 Subtract (—5) from 4 using a number line. i Solution: ) 4—(-5) can be written as 4 + (additive inverse of (-5)) = 4 +5 |From zero, move to the first number 4, Since the second number is positive, we move 5 places 10 the fight from 4 to reach 9. From zero, move to the first number ~6. Since the second number is negative, we move 3 places to the _Ieft from -6 to reach ~ lution: 5) — (-2) can be written as (-5) + (additive inverse of (-2)) = (-6) +2 zero, move to the first number -5. Since the second number is positive, we move 2 places to the ght from -5 to reach -3. ext oe cel Represent the following as integers with the proper sign. is a. Aloan of € 5000 taken from a bank. = -5000. b. Again of kilogram. = +¥kg c. The bank gave an interest of 500 on a deposit. +500 d. The temperature of Shimla is 7 degrees Celsius below zero, ~ 1 2. 285 feet belowsealevel. ~ 95 5Ree: lll 2. Insert the correct sign ‘<’, >’, or ‘= in the boxes given below. 4 a 2[ |s b 4{) 5 ce 3 [eles 4. -9[7]-6 e. 31{_ |-87 f 10[ — |-14 3. Arrange the following integers in the ascending order. a. 26,-45, 92, -74 b. 12,-8,-3,0 4. Arrange the following integers in the descending order. a. 45, 37, -88, 25 b. 152, 169, 104, -117 i 5. Write the predecessor and the successor of the following integers. 4 a. 78 b. (37) c (7) d. 0, | e. (23) am 6. Using a number line evaluate the following. a. 5+(-8) b. (-10) + (-6) c. 1+(-9) d. (-3)—(-11) e. 4-(-7) f (-2)+12 g. 8+(-3)+5 h. (-6)+9 7. Anumber line representing integers is given below. i e P er ¢ lls 5 5 Write the integers represented by A, B, C, D, E. Addition of Integers without using Number Line You have learnt addition and subtraction of integers on the number line. Let us now add integers without using the number line. * To find the sum of two positive integers, add them as natural numbers. * To find the sum of two negative integers, a sign to the sum obtained. ‘add their numerical values and assign a negative + The sum of two integers of opposite sign is the difference in the numerical value of the numbers and has the sign of the larger number. Example 1 Add: 26 + 84 Solution: Since both the addends are positive, the sum will also be positive. 26 + 84= 110 (Exam 55 | ‘Add: 25 + (-34) Solution: Since the addends are of opposite sign, we will find the difference between the numerical value of the numbers and place the sign of the number with a greater numerical value. +, 25 + (-34) =-9 Solution: Since both the addends are negative, the sum, will also be negative. o. (-18) + (-87) =-75 Fi \Example 4 Add: (-65) + 124 Solution: Since the addends are of opposite sign, we will find the difference between the numerical value of the numbers and place the sign of the number with a greater numerical value. +. (65) + 124 = 59Closure Property Properties of Addition of Integers The sum of two faand 6 are two Ifa and b are any integers is always integers, then (a + b) is | two integers, then an integer. Thus, always an integer. (a+ d)is also an (ii) 8-5=3 integers are integer, (wv) -5-7=-12 closed under addition. Commutative Property @ 518=6+5" ‘ If a and 5 are two Ifaand b are any f a @ ‘Two integers can integers, the sum of the | two integers, then | “cdo a San ee be added in any integers remains the a+b=bta, (il) (2) + -9)= (9) +(-2) | order. same whatever may be «LHS = RHS =-11 en the order of integers. (uy C2) F(20)= (20) + 8) «LHS = RHS = 12 Associative Property Ifa, b and ¢ are any three integers, the sum of the integers remains the same whatever may | be the order of integers. | Ifa, b and c are any [(-2) +3] +5=(-2)+(3 +5) =[C2)+5]+3 1+5=(2)+8=3+3=6 three integers then (a+b) +c=a+ (b+) =(atc)tb Three or more integers can be grouped in any ‘order to find their sum. | Additive Identity | zero. | | | Additive inverse of (-24) is 24. =(a)+(@). | The number 0 when Ifaisany integer, | (i) 10+0=10 The sum of any added to an integer then (i) (15) + 0=(-15) inte and a4 does not alter the value | ¢+0 (ii) 0 + (100) = -100 Seas aes of the integer. So, it is G00) is the additive | said to be the additive Identity, for, | identity for integers. integers. Additive Inverse () 10+ 10)=0; epee The additive For any integer ‘a’, there | If.ais any integer | additive inverse of 10 is —10. | inverse for all lexi Aaa | Seer PCa ig ma | (i) (24) +24 =0; integers, is the such that their sumis | (a) + (-a)=0 | eenncanig given integer. (the additive inverse of 0s 0 tsett, ) Subtraction of Integers without using Number Line We have studied earlier, that subtraction is the inverse process of addition. Ifa and b are two integers then, ab =a + (additive inverse of 5) or a— b= a+ (-b)Solution: solutior 56 = (-45) + (additive inverse of 56) Subtracting 17 from 35 can be considered as (-45)— ‘adding the additive inverse of 17 to 35- = (-45) + (56) t: (45) - 56 Bamps) Subtract: 35 - 17 (Bare) Soe ae) 4 Therefore, 35 — 17 = 35 + (adaitve inverse of 17) =-101 = 35+ (-17)=18 E Properties of Subtraction of Integers . General rule with Pyempies Thusiwe lear Property literals ae The difference of ck (i) 3-4= 4 ¥ josure property Y « two integers is also If aand 4 are integers Ifaandbare any | (ji) 3-(-4)=7 an integer. Thus, then a Bis also an Saal (i) (-3)-4=-7 integers are closed integer. nee (w-3)- under subtraction, Commutative property | () 3-4#4-3 ibtr i Ifaand bare integers, the | !faand » are 2-141 eo dee of difference of two integers | integers, then Oey er cael af (i) 6) - 4) 4 -4)- ) | commutative. changes when the order | q—b#b-a. of the integers is changed. 242 LHS # RS Associative property 2-(-7)#(2-5)-7 Ha, bandcare integers, | f a & and c are | > 2-(-2)#(-3)—7 eee the difference of the integers, then 3 dda A al. | associative. integers changes when a-(b-c)#(a-6)-¢ | h the order of the integers eo eens | is changed. El The temperature at noon on a winter day was 2°C. At midnight, the temperature had [Example] dropped to -5°C, what was the drop in temperature? Solutio Temperature at noon = 2°C Temperature at midnight = -5°C mere in temperature = -5°C ~ 2°C =-7°C sega Asubmarine hovers at 1240 metres below sea level. Ifit descends 160 metres and they | ascends 390 metres, what is its new position? Solution: Initial depth of the submarine = -1240 m Descend by the submarine =-160mAscend by the submarine = +390 m New depth of the submarine =-1240~ 169 4 390 =-1010 m Thus, the submarine is at a depth of 1010 m below sea level ' Exampia" Sunita went © 8 shopping mail and spent & 1220 on books, spent another € 500 on Stationery and won a cash prize of & 550 in an art competition. if er current balance is. %'3650, how much money did she originally have? Solution: Let Sunita have @ x initially. Money spent on books = (~1220) Money spent on stationery = & (500) Total money spent =~ (1220 + 500) = = (-1720) Money received as prize = & (+ 550) Current balance = x -% 1720 +8 550 == 1170 Given current balance = & (+3650) + x= 1170 = 3650 => x = 3650 + 1170 = 4820 Thus, Sunita had % 4820 originally Exercise 1.2 1. Fill in the blanks. a. (-38)+1 16 + (-38) b. 77+ =0 c. (-69)+ d. 40+ [11 + (43) = [40+ __11 J+ (43) 2. Use the sign * in the box to make the statements true. a. (-23) + (-12) (ea (-23)-(-12) b. 15 +(-11)+ co] (45) - (40) c. 47+(-33)+76[ |(-47)+(-33)+76 d, 169-(-111)+ 183] |] 183 +(-111)-(-169) 3. Find the additive inverse of the following numbers. 45 b. -86 ce. 67 d. -90 e. -41 25 4. Add the following. a. 23+45 b. (-85) + (-67) ©. 154 +(-47) d. 169 + (-132) e. 215+173 f. 147 + (-242) g. (+158) + 267 h. (-285) + (-198) a. 71-(-52) b. 47-(-68) ce. (-245)— 214 4. 209-(-17) tliat | 5. Subtract the following.6. Verity the following and also name the property that is used. a. 16 + (-25) = (-25) + 16 b. 65+ [45 + (-86)] = [65 + 45] + (-86) integers such that : b._ the difference of the two integers is zero, d. the difference of the two integers is a integer. 7. White a pair a. the sum of the two integers is zero. ¢. the difference of the two integers is 7. 8 Write a pair of integers whose difference is 10. 9, Subtract 67 from the sum of 78 and -54. 40. From the sum of 45 and 89 subtract the sum of 32 and (-78). a, 41. Is subtraction of integers commutative? Give an example to support your answer. 3} 42. ina magic square, each row, column and diagonal have the same sum. Find the et [o} missing numbers denoted by A, B, C, D and E in the given magic square. =| [oj 48. Observe the given number line and write the temperature of the cities marked on it in the tap given below. Srinagar Delhi -30 ram 20.090 ORM H+} t t +t HHH Shimla Ooty "Temperature Srinagar a. Find the temperature difference between the hottest and the coldest cities. b. Whatis the temperature difference between Ooty and Gangtok? The minimum temperature recorded in a city on Tuesday was -9°C. The next day the temperature fell further by 4°C. What was the minimum temperature on Wednesday? 4 submarine is positioned at a distance of 1675 m below the sea level. If it ascends 400 m, wha vill be its new position? \ car begins from a point and moves in the North direction for 26 km and then takes a U-tum and noves back along the same road in the South direction for 7 km. Whats the total distance travelled y the car? If the distance in the North direction is represented by a positive integer, what will b sign for the distance travelled in the South direction? ita deposited ® 8000 in her bank account on Monday. On Tuesday she withdrew ® 1500. Sh posited € 1200 on Wednesday. Find the balance in Sarita's account on Wednesday.level is at the Awell has 20 steps inside it, A frog is sitting at the first step. The water level is at tenth step. ‘. In every move the frog jumps 4 steps down and then jumps 3 steps up. Find the number of jumps in which he will reach the water level. 5. After reaching the water level, the frog jumps 4 steps up and 3 steps down in every move. In how many jumps will it return to the original position? Multiplication of Integers | ‘We have already leat to add and subtract integers. Let us learn how to multiply integers. Multiplication of Two Positive Integers Multiplication is repeated addition. For example, (343434 =4x3=12 (i)8+8+8=3x8=24 Let us verify 4 x 3 using a number line. 4 fsa ree tees 12-4 fee a 10-9 -8 7 6 54-324 } 4 From the above example, we can observe that ( Positive integer x Positive integer = Positive integer ) ation of a Positive and a Negative Integer Consider the following examples, () 3) + 3) = 2 x (-3) = (6) (4) + (A) + (4) = 3 * (4) = (12) Let us study the verification of examples (i) and (ji) using a number line. ie. 2 * (-3) = (6) Sere t+ tt 12-11-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 5 4-3 -2-1 012 3 Similarly, 3 « (4) = (-12) | On -O -@ EE HH + ++ +4 12-11-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 4 -3-2-1 012 3 Ste enle t tay 40 11 12 o From the above examples we can observe that ( Positive integer x Negative integer = Negative integer ) LCL a |Let us find the product of a positive integer and a negative integer without using a number ‘alg The product of 2 x (—3) can be calculated in a different way. ie. 2x (-3)=—(2« 3) =-6 Similarly, 3 x (~4) = {3 x 4) =-12 So far, we multiplied integers as positive integer x negative integer, let us now multiply them ag integer * positive integer. Let us find the product of (2) x 3 and (3) 4. Observe the following multiplication patterns. 2x35 3x4=12 1x3=3=6-3 2x4=8=12-4 0x3=0=3-3 1x4=4=8-4 0x4=0=4-4 -1x3= -2x3= Thus, 2 * (~ 3) = (-2)x 3 =-(2x3)=-6 -3x4=-12=-8-4 Thus, 3x (4) = (-3) x4=-(3 «4 | In the above patterns, we can observe that ( Negative integer x Positive integer = Negative integer ) Thus, the product of two integers with unlike signs is a negative integer. When a positive integer multiplied with a negative integer, we multiply them as whole numbers and put a minus sign before product. Multiplication of Two Negative Integers Let us study the multiplication of two negative integers. Consider (-4) x (-3) and observe the given pattern. -12 (eo (4) x2 =-8 =-12-(-4) (A)x1=-4=-8-(-4) (-4)x0=0=-4-(-4) (4) x (-1)=4=0-(-4)=0+4 (-4) x (-2)=8=4-(4)=444 (4) x (-3)=12=8-(-4)=8 +4 Here, we observe that the multiplicand (~4) remains the same, the multiplier decreases by 1 and product increases by 4 at each step.( Negative integer x Negative integer = Positive integer ) When two positive integers are ™ultiplied, the product is a positive integer. Plus *’plus = plus For example, 12 11 = 132 When two negative integers are multiplied, the Product is a positive integer. minus x minus = plus For example, (3) x 9) = 417 Whi ei) aNd Positive integer and one negative integer are multiplied, the product is a negative minus * plus = minus For example, (-8) x 14.= (112) plus * minus = minus For example, 25 x (-25) = (625) Product of Three or more Negative Integers In the previous example, we observed that the product of two negative integers is a positive integer. What will be the product of 3 negative integers? Let us find out the product of 3 negative integers, 4 negative integers and so on. Consider the following examples. @) (1)xC2)=2 (i) (1) * (2) * 3) = [-1) * (-2)] x (3) = 2 « (-3)=-6 Aili) (1) (2) (3) x (4) = (1) » (-2) x (-3)] x (4) = (-6) « (4) = 24 (iv) (A) * (2) » (8) (4) x (5) = (1) % 2) « 3) x AY] x (65) = 24 x (5) = -120 From the above products we can draw the following conclusions. * _ Ifan even number of negative integers (as seen in example (i) and (ii) are multiplied together then the product obtained is a positive integer. * If an odd number of negative integers (as seen in example (ji) and (iv)) are multiplied together then the product obtained is a negative integer. Properties of Multiplication of Integers Let us understand the properties of multiplication of integers. General rule Eropenty, with literals Examples Thus we learn Closure property | Ifaand bare integers, | faand bare any | (i) 2x4=8 The product of two a bis also an | Thus, integers are closed integer. ats | under multiplication, thena x bisalsoan __| two integers, then | (iy §*(-4) =-20 integers is also an integer. |Commutative property faand 6 are integers, then the product of the integers remains the same whatever May be the order of Multiplication. Ifaand b are any two integers, then axb=b%a. (i) 5) x3 = 15) (ii) (4) x 8 = -32 (vy 8 * (4) = 32 Associative property Ifa, b and c are integers then the product of the integers remains the same whatever may be the order of multiplication. Ifa, band care integers, then ax (bx c)= (ax b)x. (i) 2% [2 * (6) =-24 (i) (22) * (6) =-24 Multiplicative Identity Hany integer is multiplied by 1, the product is the same integer. Ifais an integer, thenax1=a () 10% 1=10 (ii) (756) * 1 = (-758) (ii) 1 * (324) = 324 Multiplication by zero isan integer, | (i) (-37)*0=0 Ifan integer is multiplied Hee aaa Ks ) by zero the product is (il) 0 x (84) =0 zero. (ii) -9 x0=0 Distributive property of multiplication over addition For example, 2 x [3 + (-5)] = 2 x (-2) = (4) and 2 « 3 + [2 x (-5)] =6 + v2 * [3 + (-5)] = (2 * 3) + (2* (5) ( In general, if a, b and c are any three integers then a x (b + « This is called distributive law of multiplication over addition. Distributive property of multiplication over subtraction For example, 3 x (4 - 6) = 3 x (-2) = (-6) and 3 x 4-3 x6 = 12-18 = “3% (4-6)=3x4-3x6 ( In general, if a, b and c are any three integers then a x (b— This is called distributive law of multiplication over subtraction.The grouping of three integers can be done in any of the ways [| eryxcztaxet(xe (a—8) x= (a o)— (0% 0) Grouping of integers helps to simplify multiplication [Beampie i) Multiply: 101 * 45 Multiply: 41 « 97 Solutio Solutio We can write 101 as 100 + 1 97 can be written as (100 - 3) = 101 x 45 = (100 + 1) x 45 241% 97 = 41 x (100-3) Using distributive property of multiplication over __Using distributive property of multiplication over addition, we have subtraction (100 + 1) x 45 = (100 x 45) + (1 « 45) A1 x (100-3)=41 x 100-41 x3 = 4500 + 45 = 4100 - 123 = 4545 = 3977 101 x 45 = 4545 41 x 97 = 3977 ample 3 Find the product of 561 x (-33) + 561 x (-67) using suitable properties. Solution: Using distributive property of multiplication, we get 561 x (-33) + 561 x (67) = 561 x [-33 + (-67)] = 561 x (-33 - 67) = 561 x (-100) = -56100 Commutative and associative properties of multiplication help to make multiplication simpler. Example 6 Multiply: 20 x 58 x 5 Solution: 20 x 58 x 5 = (20 x 5) x 58 (we can pair 20 and 5 to make calculation simpler) = 100 x 58 = 5800 In a class test of 20 questions, 5 marks were given for every correct answer and (3) Example 7 vere given for every incorrect answer. Sanjana attempted all the questions, but only 42 of her answers were correct. What is her total score? Anisha also attempted all the questions but gets only 10 answers correct. What is her total score? Solution: Marks given for 1 correct answer = 5 Marks obtained by Sanjana for 12 correct answers = 5 x 12 = 60 Marks given for 1 incorrect answer = -3 | Marks obtained by Sanjana for 8 incorrect answers = 8 (-3) Sanjana’s total score = 60 + (-24) = 36 =-24;s= 10%5=50 Marks obtained by Anisha for 10 comet ansWe"> (5) = 30 Marks obtained by Anisha for 10 incorrect answer =20 \ Anisha’s total score = 50 + (30) from the ground into a mine shi An elevator descends utes. EE icon oom otrsore Solution: re i inute =-5M Change in the position of the elevator 0 mi = (5) x40 =-200™ below the ground level. The position of the elevator after 40 minutes ‘aft at the rate of 5 m per Exercise 1.3 4. Fillin the blanks using properties of integers Pre ently for multiplication of 1nt©Ge™S FS a: \ b, 154x0= c. 452%1= I d. 23% (-34)= x23 Find the following products using patterns. 2 a. Starting from (-3) * 6, find (-3) * (4). b. Starting from (-2) * (-4), find 2 * (4). 3. Find the following products. | a. (-12)*7 b. 22 (-33) cc. 43% (-17) d. (56) x (-9) e. (15) x (-38) f (65) * 85 g. 64% 12 h. 11x (78) f 4, What will be the sign of the product if we multiply ‘a._ seven negative integers together? b._ sixnegative integers and one positive integer? c. ten positive integers and three negative integers? 5. Find the product using suitable properties. a. 57x 104 b. (-36) x 99 c. 10586 dd. 25x 7x8x4 fe. 125%(-98) f. 78x45+22x45 g. 8x (50-4) h. (124) x (35) +(-124)x 6. Verify the following and name the property verified. b. (-82) x (100 + 4) = (52) 100 + (-52) a. (45) 14 = 14 « (45) c. 4x [(-5)* 2] =[4 x (-5)] *2 Ina competitive exam, 5 marks are awarded for every correct answer and (-2) marks are award id, for every incorrect answer and 0 for questions not attempted. In all there were 10 questions. d. (21) x (38-19) = (-21) x 38 — (-21)x Reshma gets five correct answers and five incorrect answers, what is her score? = a. b. Heena gets two correct and five incorrect answers out of seven questions she attempts. is her score?8. A food court eams a profit of & 5 per sandwich and a loss of @ 3 pet Frankie sold. loss. fa, Ifthere isa sale of 75 sandwiches and 160 Frankie, in a day, calculate the total profit and her b. If 160 Frankies were sold, how many more sandwiches should be sold in order to have neit a profit nor a loss? 9. To conduct an experiment, it is required to decrease the temperature from 35°C at the rate of 5°C Per hour. What will be the temperature 9 hours after the process begins? Division of Integers In the ear r classes we have learnt that division is the inverse operation of multiplication. For every multiplication fact, there are two corresponding division facts as given below. Multiplication Statement | Corresponding Division ‘Statement (i) 7x9 63+7=9;63+7=9 (i) (8)x6=( nen (48) #6 = 8) 48) + C8) =6 (ili) (12) x 14 = (132) | (132) + (412) = 41; (132) = 11 = (12) From the above table we draw the following conclusions: * Ifthe divisor and dividend are of the same sign, the quotient is positive. ‘+ If the divisor and dividend are of opposite signs, the quotient is negative. Properties of Division of Integers 7 T General rule with | \ Examples property, literals Thus we learn | Closure property | Ifa and b are any two integers, then a+b is [not always an integer. \() 4*2=2 belongs toZ \(i) 7 +3 =2.333.. does not [belong toZ (ii) 20 + (-4) = -5 belongs to Z | 36 +4 Integers are not closed under division. | Ifa and b are integers, | then a +5 may or may not be an integer. fe Commutative property | | Ifaand b are integers Dive Bree | Ifaand b are integers, vision is not then the quotient Ra ac. 4+ 36= ‘commutative for integers. changes when the bral divisor and the dividend 9 Or 36 +444 +36 are interchanged. | |ifa,b |then ja+(b+c)# (a+b) tc. and care integers |(27+9)+3=3+3=1 27 +(9+3)=27+3=9 1#9 (27 +9) +3 #27 +(9+3) Division is not associative for integers.Property of one Mais any integer, then |Ifais any integer, then (3) * da) Any integ @*1 gives the sam, H) «c (li) 24+1=24 divide by, number, ee ate gives the ; integer. Property of zero Ifais any integer, then | fais any integer, then | (i) 0+ (-2)=0 When Zero 0+ ais zero, Q+a20 (i) 0+ 18=0 divided by integer the is always ([ovsien of any integer by zero is not defined. J [Banpeyy The temperature in the noon was 9°C above zero. It descends at the rate of 3+ hour until mid-night. At what time would the temperature be 6°C below zero? would be the temperature at mid-night? Solution: Temperature in the morning = 9°C Required temperature = 6°C below zero = -6°C ~. Total decrease in temperature = 9°C — (-6°C) = 15°C As temperature is decreasing at the rate of 3°C per hour, Required time = (15 + 3) hours = 5 hours +. The time at 5 hours passed noon = 5 p.m. Total decrease in temperature until mid-night = 12 x 3°C = 36°C <. Temperature at mid-night = 9°C - 36°C = -27°C In a quiz competition, 4 marks are given for every correct answer and (2) marks a given for every incorrect answer. a. Reshma scored 28 marks. If she got 10 correct answers, how many questions did she answ incorrectly? b. Rahul got 5 correct answers. If he scored (-16) marks in the competition, how many questions he answer incorrectly? Solution: a. Marks scored for 10 correct answers = 4 x 10 = 40 marks Reshma's score = 40 marks <. Marks obtained for incorrect answers = 28 — 40 = -12 2 Marks given for one incorrect answer ©. The number of incorrect answersb. Marks scored for 5 correct answers = 4 x § = 20 Rahul's score = -16 +. Marks obtained for incorrect answers = -16 - 20 =-36 Marks given for one incorrect answer = —2 +. The number of incorrect answers = (36) + (-2) = 18 Exercise 1.4 1. Find the quotient of the following. a. (-25) + (-5) b. 36+(-9) c, (-135) +15 d. (-98)+(-14) e. 48+(4) f (58) + 1-57) + C1) 9. 1-144) +12) +4 h. [(-84) +7] + [21 + 10) 2. Fill in the blanks to make the statements true. a. 169+ b. (76) + A c. (-64)+ a. +(-21)=5 e. 0+(-67) f. +7=(-7) 3. Verify the following properties for each of the given values of a, b and c. Property 1:4 * (b+ c)# (a+b) +c Property 2: a x (b+ c) = (ax b) + (axc) Property 3: a * (bc) = (a b) — (ac) a. a=-1,b=Mandc=2 b. a=-3,b=1andc=—4 4. Division of integers is not closed. What do you understand by the statement? Give an example to show the same. The product of two numbers is 928. If one of the numbers is ~16, find the other number. An athlete is practicing high jump. He starts by jumping at a height of 0.8 m and increases his jump by a height of 6 cm every day. What will be the height of his jump after 8 days? 7. Ina competitive exam 5 marks are given for every correct answer and (2) marks are given for every incorrect answer and no marks for not attempting any question a. Sara scored 24 marks. How many questions has she attempted incorrectly if she got 14 correct answers? b. Though Neha got 9 correct answers she scored (~7) marks in the exam. Find the number of questions attempted by her incorrectly. 8. Ashopkeeper earns a profit of € 2 by selling one marker pen and incurs a loss of @ 1 per eraser. a. Inthe month of January, he incurs a loss of 5. In that month, he sold 40 marker pens. How many erasers did he sell in the month of January? b. Inthe next month, he earns neither a profit nor a loss. If he sold 65 marker pens, how many erasers did he sell?the rate of 7 m/min. If the descend starts from 4 ich the shaft 340 m below the ground le 1¢ of 6 m per minute. After some time it ich time will the submaring shaft at ill it take to rea" er at the rate be represented? How mu 9. An elevator descends into a mine above the ground level, how !ond 10. Asubmarine starts moving down in wa 8 depth of 60 m, How will this distance to reach this level? Math Lab Activity Dot game of integers Objective: To apply the knowledge of ‘addition of integers. ec,” Materials required: Dotted page aS Procedure: Choose a partner to play this game- ss 9 aw, 0 Each player will draw one line between two dots. jome eats Each time a player closes a box with the fourth side: the player | on a! | wena takes the box, and writes down the given integer In the box ong ‘sheet of paper. 7 Felten player's score, add the wvtegers wrtter Inne box. Player with the maximum scorg the winner. t Recollections + Integers are a collection of numbers number line with the zero at the centre. The positive integers + Integers are represented on the : represented on the right side of the zero while the negative integers are represented on the lef the zero. consisting of whole numbers and negative of natural num ascending order on the number line as we move from the left to the right. * Numbers are in the + -1s the largest negative integer and 1 is the smallest positive integer. Zero is neither a positive nor a negative integer. * To find the sum of two positive integers add their numerical values and assign a positive sign to value. ro find the sum of two negative integers add their numerical values and assign a negative sign the value. The sum of two integers of opposite sign is the difference in the numerical value of the numbs and has the sign of the larger number. ‘* The product and quotient of two integers having same signs is positive. The product and quotient of two integers having different signs is negative. When zero is divided by any number except zero, the answer is always zero. Anumber divided by itself, except 0, always gives 1 as the quotient.3 ig pee | Subtraction | multiplica [cena ae | Ifaand 6 are Vaand bare Ifa and b are fa and b are integers, then integers, then integers, then a * 5 | integers, then a+bisalsoan /a—bisalsoan | is also aninteger. | a+b isnot integer. integer. always an integer. | Commutative | Ifa and are Ifaand bare ifaand bare Ifaand b are | integers, then _| integers, then integers, then integers, then te a beb+a |a-b#b-a. |axb=bxa. [es statetont Associative = if, bandc.are | Subtraction is not | Ifa, b and c are Ifa, b and ¢ are integers then associative for _| integers then integers then at(b+c)= integers. ax (bx c)= at(b+c)# _[@tare (a* 6) x. Identity | If ais any integer | There is no If ais any integer | then, identity for then, identity for | |a+0=0+a=a | subtractionof |ax1=1xa=a | division of Qis the additive | integers. | tisthe integers. identity of | multiplicative integers. | identity for integers. Check Your Understanding 1. Choose the correct option. a. The greatest negative integer is 5 ii, -2 iil, b. Apair of integers whose sum is -9 is i, -10 and—-1 ii, -9ando iit, The difference between 5 and (-50) is i 45 ii, 45 iil, Ifa, bare integers then a+ b= 6 +a represents i. identity ii, inverse ii, 2 (12-21) + (-3)is equal to i 3 i. -1 ii, Fill in the blanks. a. The multiplicative identity of an integer is b. The value of [(-56) + (-8)] + (-7) is ea Integers possess distributive property of multiplication over addition and subtraction. 0 iv. 1 -9 and 9 iv. 12 and-3 55 iv, 55 property of addition, associative iv. commutative -9 iv. 3© On a number tine the integers are placed in oe" #5 we. ™0¥® ffOm the to the right. d. The product of two negative integers is —————— €. The sum of 14 + (-5 3. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F)- The difference of two negative integers cannot be a positive integer. ‘The product of six negative integers is a positive integer. 1 is not the additive identity of integers. The value of 5 x (—11) is 55. 4. Simplify the following using properties of integers. a. 36x44+4x24 b, 98*31 ° a. b. ©. Closure property holds true for division of integers. d. 8. 25x73%4 d. 56x 45-52 Review Exercise 1. Write all integers between: a. -Sand3 b. -9and—4 c. —Sand1 d. ~32 and-24 2. Write the following numbers in the ascending order. a. —4,-5,0,-8,8 b. 1,0, -5,-3,-1 3. Write the following numbers in the descending order. a. 25,-25, —1, 69, -69 b. 54,51, 31, 52, -31 4, Write the predecessor and successor of the following numbers. a. -29 b. 41 c. 30 d. 11 5. Using a number line, evaluate the following. a (-4)+8 b. 0-5 cc (-2)+4 d. (6)+(-4) © 6 (5) f (3)-( 6. Find the additive inverse of the following numbers. a 12 b. 35 ce. -96 d. 214 7. Subtract the following. a. 78—(-85) b. -53-(-74) c. 166-142 198 - 189 8. Add the following. a. 52+(-68) b. (84) +12 c. 145 + (125) d. (84) + (-216) 9. Write a pair of integers whose difference gives 8. 10. Write a negative integer and a positive integer whose sum is ~4. ss oa1. ag} 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. 19, 20. 2 22. 23. of integers such that ‘Write a pai a. the product of two Integers is 1 the quotient of the two Integers 's =f @._ the sum of two integers Is -1 4. the diference between the two Integers Is A trom the sum of 46 and 78, subtract the eum of 56 and -106- the following. Find the product of the ig. sebe f annie yx) a. 6x (-7)*(-9) b, 8x5*(-7) co 5*C Evaluate by proper regrouping. a. 63%12*5 b. (54) x 15*6 Verify the following and also name the property verified. = +36 x (-3) a. 11+(-19)=(-19) +11 b. 96 « [(-4) + (-3)] = 96 * 4) wt G12 * (45) = (45) * 12 d. 210 + [52 + (-28)] = [210 * 52] + (-28) Find the quotient. a. 117+(-9) b. (148) + (73) c. 124+31 4. (-276)* (23) ‘The product of 3 integers is (-604). If two of them are 4 and (2), find the third integer. Fill in the missing numbers. Eee G7/=(190) see =29=(1) © x 43 = (129) d. 0+ 426 = ____—_ e. 74x (-1)=— f. (5)* _= (-55) g. + 52. h. (-678)+678=. Inagame show, Mandira earned 900 points in round 1 and lost 250 points in round 2. and again lost ints. What is her final score? 340 points in round 3. In round 4 she won 540 pol ‘Acgroup of hikers is descending a mountain at a rate of 130 metre per hour. What is the change in the elevation of the hikers after 5 hours? In Kulu Manali, the temperature was ~10°C in the morning and dropped by 2° in the evening: ‘What was the temperature in the evening? Monica travelled a distance of 58 km in a car towards the east of Jaipur and then a distance of 182 km towards the west of Jaipur. How far was she from Jaipur finally? (Hint: Distance towards east is represented by a positive integer) ‘submarine is diving from the surface of the water at the rate depth of the submarine after 8 minutes? of 39 m per minute. What will be the Weblinks hittps://www.ipracticemath.com/learn/integer https:/www.mathsisfun.com/whole-numbers.htm! As on 22.01.2019