PUP problem book in relativity and gravitation In their solutions, the authors have attempted to convey a mode of ap- proach to these kinds of problems, re- vealing procedures that can reduce the labor of calculations while avoiding the pitfall of too much or too powerful formalism, Although well suited for in- dividual use, the volume may also be used with one of the modern textbooks in general relativity. At Comell University, Saul A. Teu- kolsky is Associate Professor of Phys- ics. Alan P. Lightman is Staff Scien- tist at Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and William H. Press is Professor of Astronomy and of Physics at Harvard University. Rich ard H, Price is Professor of Physics at the University of Utah, “This work is full of interesting Problems, arranged by subject and graded by difficulty. It is full of intel- Jectual content, and it is much more than modern pedagogy. It is modern physics, much of it at the frontiers, done in modern ways."—John A. Wheeler, Princeton University Important and useful to every stu- dent of relativity, this book is @ unique collection of some 475 problems— with solutions—in the fields of special and general relativity, gravitation, rela~ tivistic astrophysics, "and cosmology. ‘The problems are expressed in broad physical terms to enhance their per- tinence to readers with diverse back- ‘grounds, 4 complete catalog of Princeton ‘mathematics and science books, with prices, is available upon request. Princeton Universtry Press Princeton, New Jersey 08540 problem book in relativity and gravitation Alan P. Lightman William H. Press Richard H. Price Saul A. TeukolskvPROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION ALAN P. LIGHTMAN WILLIAM H. PRESS RICHARD H. PRICE SAUL A. TEUKOLSKY I PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEYCONTENTS PREFACE, NOTATION PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS Special-Relativistic Kinematics... 3 133 ri rincaton University Press ecial-Relativistic Dynamics civay of Con a son Dat wit tions, Invariants and Tensors 4s 173 be found onthe last printed page ofthis book Electromagnetism 23 192 So reaper ey ees Matter and Radiation 28 205 by Princston University Press, Princeton, New Jersey Metzics 37 233 ‘Second printing, with corrections, 1979. ee Curve vncn Oe 40 243 Differential Geometry: Further Concepts ..: 47 263 - Curvature nn : 55 284 Killing Vectors and Symmetries cucsminoue 64 318 |. Angular Momentutt nu 6 327 . Gravitation Generally . oe 346 . Gravitational Field Equations and Linearized Theory... i. 76 364 |. Physics in Curved Spacetime ... 2 386 . The Schwarzschild Geometry... a7 404 . Spherical Symmetry and Relativistic Stellar Structure ~ 2 432 . Black Holes .. . 100 466 . Gravitational Radiation 106 490 Cosmology nn ste} 520 1°20. Experimental Tests 12 360 | 21. Miscellaneous .... 125 575 INDEX 593,PREFACE | This book contains almost 500 problems and solutions in the fields of ‘special relativity, general relativity, gravitation, relativistic astrophysics scaichlenianiiiserscbiaiies ‘and cosmology. The collection is motivated by a simple premise: that the most important content of this field does not lie in its rigorous axio- matic development, nor, necessarily, in its intrinsic aesthetic beauty, but ‘rather does lie in computable results, predictions, and models for pheno- ‘mena in the real universe. Accordingly, we have aimed for problems whose statement is broadly understandable in physical terms and have tried to "make their statement independent of notational conventions. We hope to | awaken the reader's curiosity. (“Now how would one show that...?”) We have steered clear of purely technical problems, found in texts, of the form “prove equation 17.4.38."" In our solutions we also try to show the reader good’? ways to compute things, methods and tricks which can vastly re- duce the labor of a plug-in and grind-away approach, but we also try to avoid the opposi pitfall of introducing too much confusing but powerful " fornialism for an easy problem. There is often a lot of leeway in this ‘balance, and the reader should not be surprised if his solutions use a rather smaller (or larger) set of calculational tools. ‘The first five chapters of this book deal only with special relativity, and are designed for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in any course in modern physies, classical mechanics or electromagnetism. ‘They are arranged roughly in order of increasing sophistication, beginning | at about the easy level of Spacetime Physics by E. F. Taylor and J. A. Wheeler (Freeman, 1963); there are, however, both easy and difficult problems in each chapter.viti PREFACE, i PREFACE, ix seometry, the equations of Einstein's gravitation theory (and some com- | Charles W. Misner, Don Page, Bernard F. Schutz, and our friend and Beting theories), the effect of gravitation on other physical phenomena, | teacher, Kip S. Thorne. ‘and applications to a variety of experimental and astrophysical situations.| We are also grateful to C. R. Alcock, B. C. Barrois, J. Conwell, A final chapter deals with some more formal topics whose applications ere | H. B. French, K. S. Jancaitis, C. Jayaprakash, S. J. Kovacs and less direct. >W. A. Russell for valuable help in improving the problems and solutions. Each chapter begins with an introductory note whose purpose is largely} Our thanks go to Steve Wilson for preparing most of the illustrations in orderly presentation of the material covered in the chapter, but are intended, California Institute of Technology while we were there. Of course, we {0 aid the student femiliar with a notation different from ours. We assume | are responsible for the errors which inevitably must be present in a book that the reader has the benefit of one or more of the following texts (which of this sort. We have tried particularly hard for problems and solutions we have used heavily): ‘which are conceptually free from error, but we also apologize in advance C. W, Misner, K. S. Thorne, and J. A. Wheeler, Gravitation (Freeman, 1973) [cited in this book as “MTW"] . S. Weinberg, Gravitation and Cosmology (Wiley, 1972) [cited in this book as “Weinberg”. R. Adler, M. Bazin, and M. Schiffer, Introduction to General Relativity 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill, 1975), We have also been influenced by the following texts or monographs: for the algebraic slips that the diligent reader will certainly find; we invite his corrections. A. P. LIGHTMAN W. H. PRESS RH. PRICE 8. A. TEUKOLSKY PASADENA, MAY 1974 Anderson, J. L., Principles of Relativity Physics (Academic Press, 1967). Batygin, V. V., and Toptygin, I. N., Problems in Electrodynamics (Academic Press - Infosearch, 1964) . Hawking, S. W., and Ellis, G. F.R., The Large-Scale Structure of Space-Time (Cambridge University Press, 1973) . Landau, L. D., and Lifschitz, E. M., The Classical Theory of Fields, 3rd ed., (Addison-Wesley, 1971). Peebles, P. J. E., Physical Cosmology (Princeton University Press, 1971). Robertson, H. P., and Noonan, T. W., Relativity and Cosmology (Saunders, 1968). Sexl, R. U., and Urbantke, H. K., Gravitation and Kosmologie, 1" (Wiener Berichte iiber Gravitationstheorie, 1973). to define the notation used. These by no means constitute a complete or | this book. We acknowledge support from the Department of Physics at the } t We have cited the primary literature where appropriate.| NOTATION gle notational system will be used exclusively in this book. In almost instances, meanings will be clear from the context. The fetiowing is | ‘alist of the usual meanings of some frequently used symbols and Greek indices range over 0,1,2,3 and represent space- time coordinates, components, etc. Latin indices range over 1,2,3 and represent coordinates etc. in 3-dimensional space Basis vectors (Any bolaface symbol) a spacetime vector, tensor, of form A 3-dimensional veetor Tensor components A vector represented by its components [A vector represented by its time component and spatial part (Caret) indicates unit vector, components in orthonormal basis Occasionally used to represent @ vector (see Introduction to Chapter 7) A vector operating on a function = A“fRapyd por P NOTATION, A one-form por P Outer product, tensor product e, AMBY Wedge product (see Introduction to Chapter 8) Covariant derivative operator (see Introduction to Chapter 1). Also used as in ordinary physics Vx = curl, V? = Laplacian, ete. AB has components Directional derivative (see Introduction to Chapter 7) Covariant derivative along a curve (see Introduction to Chapter 7) Gradient operator as in e.g. the one-form df (see intro- duction to Chapter 8) Lie derivative (see Problem 8.13) Christoffel symbol (see Introduction to Chapter 7) d’Alembertian operator = V? - J?/dt? in Special Relativity Partial derivative Proper time Covariant derivative (gee Introduction to Chapter 7) Be Riemann tensor (see Introduction to Chapter 9) <> ticei tensor = RY, Rice! tensor = Rag ; Ricci scalar = R%,. Also scale factor in Robertson-Walker metric. o> Einstein tensor (see Introduction to Chapter 9) Be ape Weyl conforma) tensor (ee Inrodvston to Chester 9) | Extrinsic curvature tensor (Gee Intoduction to Chapter 9) | Re Pa | Speed of light (usually taken as unity ia the problems) | P&B. Gravitational constant (usually taken as unity in the problems) 4-velocity 4-acceleration = du/dr 4-momentum NOTATION ili Pressure Stress-energy tensor (see Introduction to Chapter 5) Electromagnetic field tensor (see Introduction to Chapter 4) Current density (see Introduction to Chapter 4) Angular momentum tensor (see Problems 11.1, 11.2) Minkowski metric (see Introduction to Chapter 1) Metric perturbations (see Introduction to Chapter 13) Center of momentum frame, center of mass Frequency in cycles per unit time, radians per unit time Lorentz factor = (1-v?/e?)"#, or photon symbol Lorentz transformation matrix Determinant Trace Average (as in = average energy) Scalar combination of vector and one-form, as in <é, A> (Gee Introduction to Chapter 8) Antisymmetrization (see Problem 3.17) or commutator (see Introduction to Chapter 8) or discontinuity (as in Problem 21.9) ‘Symmetrization (see Problem 3.17) ‘The totally antisymmetric tensor (see Problem 3.20) Duality symbol (see Problem 3.25) Real part Solid angle (as in ff), angular velocity Projection tensor (see Problems 5.18, 6.6) Expansion (see Problem 5.18) Shear (see Problem 5.18) Rotation (see Problem 5.18)he 4 Mg.Roy NOTATION Reduced quadrupole tensor (see Introduction to Chapter 18) Hubble constant Deceteration parameter Mass, radius,--- of sun Redshift factor (see Problem 8.28, Introduction to Chapter 19) Order of magnitude Proportional to (e.g., 9 = t”) or parallel vector to (e.g., A= B) PROBLEMSCHAPTER 1 SPECIAL-RELATIVISTIC KINEMATICS ‘The path of an observer through spacetime is called the worldline of ‘ar observer. The time measured by the observer's own clocks, called proper time r, is given by mdr? = ds? = dt? + dx? + dy? + de? , where t, x, y, z are the observer's (Minkowski) coordinates along his Here, and untess'noted otherwise throughout this book, we use units | imwhich c, the speed of light, is unity. ‘The 4-velocity u, with components (aur, dels, ay/e, ele, and are defined on the worldline, ‘The (contravariant) components of these or _ other 4-vectors are denoted u*, a8, AY, BP, etc., where a Greek index indicates any of the 4 components t, x, y, 2=0,1, 2,3. Latin indices 12, 3. ‘The Einstein summation convention is used, that is, any repeated literal | 4, jy kos are used to indicate only the spatial components x, y, 2 index is assumed to be summed over its range. For example, basis vectors, ¢9 =(1,0,0,0), e, = (0,1,0,0), ete. ‘The invariant dot product of two 4-vectors is, in Minkowski coor v= vile, expresses a vector as a sum of contravariant components multiplied by | i A-B = —a°R°+ atBt + a?p? + aap? be This canbe written 8 A-B= A, where the numbers A, called co- ‘Pasian components of A, are dened by Ag tyyAY, oF Ala fA, 3 i4 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION (also =”). Vectors a Square v-v is positive, negative, or zero. 4-velocities are always time- tie, ‘Two Lotente frames may differ bya relative S-velocty y or by @ tial rotation, or bya combination of eative veleity end station 1,95 are th coordinates of one frme, ten the eoorinses in 2 different frame are usually written t’, x, y’, 2. Similarly, vector com ponents inthe prinedfrane are written AM, By, ete, sad ie bein Vectors a ey The basis vectors andthe componente of vctos in Lereots frases or etn iy ACY, We ABV (Als matrix inverse of AS) where the A's are Lorentz transformation matrices. Of special interest are the “boost” transformations involving changes in velocity with no rotation. For a primed frame with velocity B in the x-direction, y -B 0 6 pale od 7 aap e oy 8 O) yeep? 0 0 o1 ‘The velocity between two frames is sometimes parameterized by 6 = tanh“"B (‘the rapidity parameter”), A particle of rest mass m and 4-velocity u has 4-momentum p= mu. Im observer p= photon energy, p! = p= photon 3-momentum. called spacelike, timelike, or null, according to whether their (photons), p is defined by its components in the frame of any 1, SPECIAL-RELATIVISTIC KINEMATICS 5 Problem 1.1. The 4-velocity u comesponds to 3-velocity v. Express: () u° in terms of |v) (b) WG =1,2,3) in terms of vy (© u° interms of wi (@ d/ar in terms of d/at and y © © W interns of wi © Ly) in terms of u?. i boost v, in the x-direction followed by a boost v, in the y-direction "Show that the boosts performed in the reverse order would give a different transformation, Problem 1.3. If two frames move with 3-velocities y, and vj, show |-that their relative velocity is given by | Problem 1.4. A cart rolls on a long table with velocity . A smaller cart F tolls on the first cart in the same direction with velocity celative to + the first cart. A third eart rolls on the second cart in the same direction with relative velocity , and s0 0m up ton carts. What is the velocity % ofthe ath cart inthe frame of the table? What does v, tend to as basa? "Problem 1.5. A distant camera snaps a photograph of a speeding bullet (velocity v) with length b in its rest frame, Behind the bullet and ~ parallel to its path is a meter stick, at rest with respect to the camera. The direction to the camera is an angle a from the direction of the bullet's velocity. What will be the apparent length of the bullet as seen | in the photo? (je, How much of the meter stick is hidden?), | Problem 1.6. Tachyons are hypothetical particles whose velocity is faster than light. Suppose that a tachyon transmitter emits particles of a constant6 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION velocity u>c ints rest frame. If a tachyonic message is sent to an observer at rest at a distance L, how much time will elapse before a tachyonic reply can be received? How much time will elapse if the distant observer is moving directly away at velocity v, and is at a distance L at the instant he receives the message and replies? (Show that for u> 1+(-v2)#1/v the reply can be received before the signal is sent!) Problem 1.7. Frame S’ moves with velocity v relative to frame 8, A tod in frame $’ makes an angle 6” with respect to the forward ditection of motion. What is this angle 0 as measured in S? Problem 1.8. Frame $’ moves with velocity B relative to frame $. A bullet in frame S’ is fired with velocity y’ at an angle 6” with respect to the forward direction of motion.” S? What if the bullet is a photon? What is this angle as measured in Problem 1.9. distant stars sees an isotropic distribution of stars. angle 4 he sees dN = N(4/4z) stars, where N of stars he can see. Suppose that an observer at rest with respect to the fixed That is, in any solid the total number Suppose now that another observer (whose rest frame is §’) is moving at a relativistic velocity B in the e, direction, What is the distribution of stars seen by this observer? Specifically, what is the distribution function P(9,¢") such that the number of stars seen by this observer in E Ns solid angle aX is PO; #')8O? Check tosee tat {.., .PC8'rt =N, and check that P06) +N as +0. Where wil the cbserver see the stars “bunch up”? “ Problem 1.10. Show thet is a unit timelike vector in ater abe, Special relativity. Show that the angle between A and e, is not real. Problem 1.11. Two rings rotate with equal and opposite angular velocity © about a common center. Suppose Adam rides on one ring and Eve on clocks agree, At the moment they pass, Eve sees Adam’s clock running more the other, and that at some moment they pass each other and t [ i " the particle parallel and perpendicular to y as measured by © 1, SPECIAL-RELATIVISTIC KINEMATICS 7 slowly, so she expects to be ahead the next time they meet. But Adam ‘expects just the reverse. What really happens? Can you reconcile this ith Adam's (or Eve's) observations? Hon of angle @ inthe x,,w plane (i=1,2,3), where @ is a pure imagi- number, corresponds to a pure Lorentz boost in t, x, y, z coordinates. is the boost velocity v related to the angle 6? Problem 1.13. Show that the curve = J rco0s8 cog dk = [rcs sing dd frsind ad Sfra, is a null curve in Special relativity, Under what conditions is it a null geodesic? Problem 1.14. Show that an observer's 4-acceleration du/ér has only 3 independent components, and give the relation of these to the 3 com- | Ponents of ordinary acceleration that he would measure with a Newtonian ‘accelerometer in his local frame. _ Problem 1.15. Write the magnitude of the acceleration measured in the observer's frame as an invariant. Problem 1.16, A particle moves with 3-velocity and 3-acceleration = 4s soen by an inertial observer ©. Another inertial observer ©” has 3-velocity y selative to ©. Show that the components of acceleration of teat? tte pl ‘= Oh, fa, -vx oul - d-y-y?8 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION i 1 APECIAL RELATIVISTIC MINENATIC , Problem 1.17. An observer experiences a uniform acceleration in the x) Problem 1.21. An iron nucleus emits a Méssbauer gamma ray with frequency direction, of magnitude g. Define a coordinate system (,,¥,2) for him in the following way: (i) Let the observer be at ¥= ¥ 0 and let & be his proper time. (ii) Let his hyperplanes of simultaneity agree with '¥q_ as measured in its own rest frame, The nucleus is traveling with the hyperplanes of simultaneity of an instantaneously comoving inertial frame. (iii) Let the other “coordinate stationary observers” (for whom , ¥, Z are constant) move in such a way that they are always at rest with roblem 1.22. An observer receives light from a source of light which is jing with a velocity y; the angle between v and the line between ver and source is 6 at the time the light is emitted. If the observer no net redshift or blueshift, what is 0 in terms of respect to the observer on the hyperplanes of simultaneity. At t= 0 label all spatial points with the same labels as the momentarily comoving i ettial system t= 0, x,y,z Give the coordinate transformation between t, x,y,z and T, ¥, 7, Show that coordinate stationary clocks cannot remain synchronized. Problem 1.18. A mirror moves perpendicular to its plane with a velocity v. With what angle to the normal is @ ray of light reflected, if it is incident at an angle 6? What is the change in the frequency of the light? group of p"” — which leave the components of p unchanged, e.g. a pure Problem 1.19. A mirror is moving parallel to its plane. Show that the “rotation through an angle @ inthe y-z plane ‘angle of incidence of a photon equals the angle of reflection. 10 0 OTE] fe Problem 1.20. A particle of rest mass m and 4-momentum p is examined oo o jel le it ‘i z 0 0 cosa ~sinal{o |"|o by an observer with 4-velocity u. Show that 00 cee ello] Lo. (@) the energy he measures is E= ~p-us () the rest mass he attributes to the particle is m? -PeP Fis such a transformation. Find a sequence of pure boosts and pure rota- (©) the momentum he measures has magnitude |p| = {(p-w)?+p- pl? tions whose product is not a pure rotation in the y-z plane, but is in the (@ the ordinary velocity v he measures has magnitude little group of ‘p. r : + zy (@) the 4-vector v, whose components in the observer's Lorentz Problem 1.24. Two giant frogs are captured, imprisoned in a large metal cylinder, and placed on an airplane. While in flight, the storage doors accidentally open and the cylinder contai 1g the frogs falls out. Sensing frame are selves in the cylinder, they push off from each other and slam simultane- v= 0, vi = (dx /at), Iparticte ~ Ordinary velocity , ously into the ends of the cylinder. ‘They instantly push off from the ends and shoot across the cylinder past each other into the opposite ends. This is given by v= —u — | something amiss, the frogs decide to try to break out. Centering then-10 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION continues until the cylinder hits the ground. Consider how this looks from some other inertial frame, falling at another speed. In this frame, the frogs do not hit the ends of the cylinder simultaneously, so the cylinder jerks back and forth about its mean speed f. The cylinder, however, was at CHAPTER 2 test in one inertial frame. Does this mean that one inertial frame can jerk ‘SPECIAL-RELATIVISTIC DYNAMICS back and forth with respect to another? ‘our laboratory frame, a particle with 4-momentum p has total energy Problem 1.25. Let Jq, Jy» Jz. be infinitesimal rotation operators defined * Je Jy Je oe pet p° and 3-momentum p = pl. If the particle has a nonzero rest mass m, so thet 1+ iJ,0/2 is a rotation by a small angle 9 around the j-axis. 2 i momentum, 4-velocity u and 3velocity y are related by Let K,, K,, K, be infinitesimal boost operators defined so thet a 1+ iK,v/2 is a boost by a small velocity v in the jdirection. Show a-vyF , mu=my.yy), that the following relationships, and all their cyclic permutations, are true: : 2 eee ‘The square of a particle’s 4-momentum, an invariant Up Tl= 2%, Uy Kl = 2K, Uk, Ky] = -2i3, « Find a representation of the Lorentz group in terms of Pauli spin matrices kinetic energy of a particle is T=E — ‘The fundamental dynamical law for particle interactions is that in any me the vector sum of the 4-momenta of all particles is a conserved Gq) Oy: Oqr and the unit matrix, Problem 1.26. Two successive, arbitrary pure Lorentz boosts vy and y, are equivalent to a pure boost v, followed by a pure rotation Oa, where ee Problem 2.1. (Compton scattering.) A photon of wavelength A hits a 1 is a.unit vector. Find the magnitude of 0 in terns of vy and vy and Stationary electron (mass m,) and comes off with wavelength X’ at an show that nv, = 0, “angle 9. Derive the expression Problem 1.27. Show that any proper (non time-reversing, aon parity- Wad reversing) homogeneous Lorentz transformation leaves fixed at least one Se nae ull direction, - Problem 2.2. (@) When a photon scatters off a charged particle which is moving wit Problem 1.28. What is the least number of pure boosts which generate an eo Ce it Pupetaecoaene! eo arbitrary Lorentz transformation? Note: ‘This is a difficult problem! _ speed very nearly that of light, the photon is said to have undergone an inverse Compton scattering. Consider an inverse Compton scattering in _. Which a charged particle of rest mass m and total mass-energy (as seen uw2 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION in the lab frame) E >> m, collides head-on with a photon of frequency v(hv<0, or one that makes B= 0 us R ina unifom B field Be,. (a) Find B in terms of if Bt—E? <0, What if B?—E?~0 in addition to E-B~ 0? eq, m and «, the angular frequency. (b) The speed of the particle is tant since the B field can do no work on the particle. An observer Problem 4.7. A collection of charged particles of charges e, has ng at velocity le,, however, does not ee the epeed as constant Bevelocities v, and trajectories x = z(t). The 4-current has components| isu" measured by this observer? (c) Calculate du /dr and thus 7° =3e3%lx-2,(0h J'= Ze, v8%x-z,(0]. Show that this can be i eee a "/ér. Explain how the energy of the particle can change since the B 1 written J E fo, 28 Cf where uf is the 4velocity of particle k, does no work on it. lem 4.14. A small test particle (mass m, positive charge q) makes Problem 4.8. Show by explicit examination of components that the ular orbits around a “fixed”? (i.e. very massive) body of positive ge Q. A uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to the orbital plane fes to keep the particle in orbit, In the inertial frame in which the equations Fapiy* Fpya* Pya,p~° al body is at reat the test charge is seen to circle in the plane pe rndicular tothe B field with on angular frequency o. What is the | etarge to mass rato of the test particle in terms of «, R, By Q? reduce to Maxwell’s equations:26 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 4. BLECTROMAGNETISM 27 4 feats rear) ce field is divergenceless (i.e, T!,, = 0) in the absence of charge source or) Problem 4.16. Show that the stress-energy tensor for the electromagnetic} 4.23. Find the equation for the convective time rate of change ic field which is “frozen in” perfectly conducting fluid, in the expansion, shear, and rotation of the fluid. (See Problem 5.18 ions of these quantities.) field, show that mM, (CEB) + QE BY Yr? Problem 4.18. Write Ohm's law J = cE inv © and uM (the 4-velocity of the conducting element). Probiem 4.1 Derive the Lorentz force lw fra chased particle fom action fJMA,d*x—m/dr, where J is the 4-current, A, the vector , i mnap etal potential, and dr? Problem 4.20. (@) Show that E>-B and B+E under the “duality transformatio ae (b) Show that if F is a solution of the free-space Maxwell equations so is *F and also e@F =F cosa ++F sina for arbitrary a. (F + eH is called a “duality rotation”.) Problem 4.21. If one believes that esthetics should be en important con- sideration in physical laws, then by symmetry Maxwell's laws should read PHY = day FEY = ar ke What would the significance of K be? Problem 4.22. In Minkowski spacetime, there is an electromagnetic current J"(x"). Show that the solution to Maxwell’s equation is “if5. MATTER AND RADIATION 29 CHAPTER 5 , d in their comoving frame. Assume a high,density of particles and MATTER AND RADIATION| in the continuum approximation. [Ating of N similar particles of mass m rotating counter- A proper description of the energy, momentum and stress of a relati- vistic fluid or field uses the symmetr tensor T, the stress-energy tense x velocity ©. (The width of the ring is much less than a.) Do (also called the energy-momentum tensor). ‘The components of this tensor de the stress-energy of whatever forces keep them in orbit, Assume in the Lorentz frame of an observer are related to the measurements made! ‘enough that one can treat the particles as being continuously by that observer in the following way: 70 yi panies et eee ete reece ‘Two such rings of particles, one rotating clockwise, the other fri ea meee lockwise, at the same radius a. The particles do not collide or = j-component of energy-fltux eee uml T's components of the ordinary stress tensor (e.g. T** = x-compond 5.2. What is the stress energy of a gas with a proper number of pressure). Ge noninteracting particles of mass m, if the particles all have the . number density as measured in the local rest frame of the gas) If 1 describes all fields, fluids, particles ete. present in a systen the interrelation of momentum flow and energy change is summarized by th rd umereneouet cel a (oacoc epemmel ccc) equations of motion: a froblem 5.3. In the rest frame of a perfect fluid its stress energy tensor, of mass-energy density p and pressure p, is the diagonal tensor ‘The basic concepts of relativistic thermodynamics and hydrodynamics ° 0 which follow from this are developed in the problems. _ > With a view to developments later in the book, several problems in thi - Pe chapter use covariant differentiation, denoted by a semicolon, The readet a P, not yet familiar with this may replace all semicolons by commas (partial [Ug uid element of proper density and pressure, p and p i moving differentiation in Minkowski coordinates), Also, the V_ notation is intro- eS ae duced; e.g. VS for Sg, VE for fq, V-T for TH, ete. oblem 5.4. Find the stress-energy tensor for a uniform magnetic field. tis the average stress-energy if the B field is static but “chaotic” the direction of the B eld varies, and is isotropic on the average? 2830 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 5, MATTER AND RADIATION 31 Problem 5.5. A rod has cross sectional area A and mass per unit length 5.10. The specific intensity 1,, of radiation measures the in- 1. Write down the stress-energy tensor inside the rod when the rod is iy of radiation at a particular frequency v ina particular direction, under a tension F. (Assume that the tension is uniformly distributed ned as the flux per unit frequency interval, per unit solid angle. over the cross section.) 1/9 is a Lorentz invariant. Problem 8.5. A rope of mass per unit length hs a static breaking me 5.11. A star emits radiation isotropically in its own rest frame, strength F. What is the maximum F can be without violating the “weald wosity L (energy per unit time). Ata particular instant, as energy condition that T°? should be positive to all observers? How clo ged from the earth, the star is at a distance R, and is moving with is steel cable to this theoretical maximum strength? ity v which makes an angle @ with respect to the direction from fo the star. What is the flux of radiation (energy per unit time Problem 5.7. An is eel eeagateey Gonerey vt at each of its ends. The center of the rod is fixed in the laboratory and tesimally thin rod of length 2a has a point mass y : b area) seen by an observer on the earth in terms of R, v and @ ted at the instant the radiation was emitted? the rod rotates about this point with a relativistic angular velocity «. a G.e. wf is comparable with c). Assume the rad is massless. What is 5.12. Consider a spherical particle of mass m which scatters ‘THY for the rod and particle system? gnetic radiation incident on it, isotropically in its rest frame. be the effective cross sectional area ofthe particle. Find the Problem 5.8. A parallel plate capacitor consists of two large plates of ‘ 7 ® of motion of the particle in a constant radiation field of intensity area A, perpendicular to the x-direction, separated by a small distance : gy per tine per area), and solve it for the case ofa particle initially ‘The capacitor is charged so that a uniform electric field of mageitude E | . est. (Poynting-Robertson effect). is present between the plates; fringe effects at the edge of the plate can be neglected. The “electrostatic mass” of this capacitor is E7Ad/8x 5.13. A thermally-conducting black sphere with a thermometer in the rest frame of the capacitor. Show that the electrostatic energy is shed moves with velocity v through a black body radiation field of smaller if the capacitor is moving in the x-direction! Consider now that ature To. What does the thermometer read? the plates must be held apart. Let the plates be held apart by aa ideal lem 5.14. In an electron gas of temperature T << myc?/e a photon ‘gas of proper density po. Show that the fotal energy (electrostatic + gas} ete A cee ' a ae p “ ener mmc? undergoes collisions and is Compton scattered. of the capacitor increases with velocity in the x-direction in precisely preerey E << mas ae ° th eee that, to lowest order in E and the average energy lost by a on in a collision is Problem 5.9. Consider a system of discrete particles of charge q, and = (E/m,c?)(E—4KT) . mass m, interacting through electromagnetic forces. From the explicit em 5.15. Show that in special relativity the stress-energy of on expression for TM of the particles show that the total TH” (particles ted physical system of finite extent obeys the tensor virial theorem that TH, = 0, free $8 freee. é plus field) is conserved,32 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION Problem 5.16. Show that the stress-energy tensor TH” has a timelike eigenvector if and only if there is a physical observer who sees no net energy flux in any direction. What is the Problem 5.17. (@) Consider a stressed medium which mbves through a particular {nestial frame with velocity |y| << 1, Show that to first order in the velocity, the spatial components of the momentum density are ai mikyk, where mi, the “inertial mass per unit volume’” is ik 7 0°0'pik in terms of TY’ the components of the stress-energy in the rest frame of the medium. What is mi for a perfect fluid? () Consider an isolated, stressed body at rest and in equilibrium (1B, = 0) in the laboratory frame. Show that its total inertial mass, defined by f 5 mY dxdyde stressed ‘body is isotropic and equals the rest mass of the body, i.e. show that wii = of 1acayae Problem 5.18, If w is the 4-velocity of a fluid show that Vu can be decomposed as 1 tai ~ %ep+ %p* t Pap - aig where a is the '4-acceleration” of the fluid ype? > 0 is the “expansion” of the fluid world lines nificance of the eigenvalue? 5. MATTER AND RADIATION 33 Oa Venn, Pap = apt tate Projects a vector onto the 3-surface perpendicular tou. 5.19. Write the first law of thermodynamics for a relativistic ‘Ge. Write the law of conservation of mass-energy for a fluid lem 5.20. Use the equations of motion (TH, of a perfect fluid is isentropic. = 0) to show that the m 5.21. For a perfect fluid with equation of state p = p(n) (where f= baryon density) show that TM, the trace of the stress-energy tensor tive if and only if d log p/d log n < 4/3. fg ina relativistic per- For a high temperature relativistic gas with an equation of state p ~ 3P sentially that for @ photon gas) show that v, 1/3. oblem 5.23. The velocity of sound in a fluid is v2 = dp/dpl that vF=Pyp/(p+p) where I’, is the adiabatic index Ty = 0 tog p/ tog al34 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 5. MATTER AND RADIATION 35 Problem 5.24. What is the speed of sound in an ideal Fermi gas at zero y and ¢ are respectively the coefficients of shear and bulk temperature? sity. The definitions of o%®, 0, P* are those of Problem 5.18. ssure and density are p and p, Show that the viscous terms Problem 5.25. A relativistic wind tunnel is to be fed from a tank of perf Se prot io io t a roduction of entropy at @ rate adiabatic compressed gas. Suppose the gas has an equation of state pxni per a with y constant, and the speed of sound in the ut is a. What is the largest wind velocity vag, which can be obtaindd? (No gravitational St = CP +20, FP YT fis the temperature of the fluid. (Hint: First show that S4q = Mo +p)I/T for « fluid without heat flow, then differentiate pub = me to get do/ér.) forces; isentropic flow.) Problem 5.26. An idealized description of heat flow in a fluid uses the heat flux 4-vector q with components in the fluid rest frame q° = 0, m 5.31. From the stress-onergy 728 = potul + ppt — anoAB — CopB , a} = (enerey per unit time crossing @ unit surface perpendicular to ej, in the positive j direction). What is the stress-energy tensor associated vith the heat flow? the equations of motion derived from TP g = 0 reduce to the Problem 5.27. Let s, 1 and q be respectively entropy per baryon, “Stokes equations in the nonrelativistic limit. aunber density of beryons, and heat flux, all measured in the proper frame of the fluid. In this proper frame q is purely spatial. Let $ be ee ed edad ee ee ay eee beat ofa gas at constant volume and constant pressure by asu+q/T , where u is the 4-velocity of the fluid rest frame, Gs peroct Maxwell Bottznann gas, show that o, <0 +. (Here k= Problem 5.28. A fluid is “‘perfect” except for admitting some heat con- snn’s constant.) Show that the adiabatic index duction, described by a heat flow 4-vector q. Calculate the local rate of dken, entropy generation V-S. T* Tiogn's Problem 5.29. In a uniformly accelerating system, show thet the condition for thermal equilibrium is not T= constant = Ty but rather is T = Ty exp(-a-x) om 5.33. For a perfect Maxwell-Boltzmann gas, show that if y is where x is coordinate position in the accelerating frame. FE cimately constant in sone regime of interest, then p= KaY ond Problem 5.30. The stress energy tensor of a viscous fluid is = mn + KnY/(y—1) under adiabatic conditions. (K = constant, m= mass TAO = puta + ppB — rnotB — CopeB36 PROBLEM BOOK OF RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION, Problem 5.34. ‘The invariant equilibrium distribution function of a relati- | vistic gas is Nip x2) = IN (21+ 1)/n> ae ” Sel Pao) ce @xaP — expl—FR—) — Here J~= spin of particles, h= Planck's constant, u=mean 4-velocity | of ¢05, €=1,0 of 1 for Bose-Einstein, Mdswell-Boltzmenn or Ferti- Die statistics respectively. The parameter @ is independent of P. CHAPTER 6 METRICS ‘The first two moments of TL are ue = fo as) me = f reer oe gic geometry, geometry specified by a distance formula ds? = fdxP, is the foundation for general relativity and for most of the ‘chapters in this book. The most important metric is of course a Se ne ee eee eerie eee metric, formally a metric which can locally be transformed to eski metric, i.e. for every point P in the spacetime, there is Hee aut, THY = (pe ppultel + pel” « dinate transformation which makes gqg~ "gg et P. (this is the kinetic-theory definition of 9, p, p.) (@) Obtain I-dimensional integrals for n, p and p- () Show that dp = (p+p)/TAT + nk TAS. (©) Use the first law of thermodynamics to identify KTO as the chemi cal potential y= (p+p)/a — TS. (@) Show that for a Maxwell-Boltzmann gas, p= nkT for all T. = n(m+$ kT) is an approximation valid only for KT << m, Find the exact expression 0 ——0—— 0 ——0 0 —— 0 —_0 —_ om 6.1. Prove that the 2-dimensional metric space described by ds? = dv? - v?du? a the flat 2-dimensional Minkowski space usually described by (©) Show that for a Maxwell-Boltzmann gas, ds? = dx? —at? . @ for p/n. What is p/n for KT >> m? (Here m is the mass of a by finding the coordinate transformations x(v,u) and t(v, u) take the metric (2) into the form (1). {@) For an undccelerated particle, show that the component of the jentum P, is constant, but that P, is not. ‘gas particle.) Problem 5.35. For a perfect Maxwell-Boltzmann gas, find y(T), the ratio of specific heats, as a function of temperature. oblom 6.2. Show that the line element ds? = R¥lda? + sin?a (P+ sin*0dg%)] ssents a hypersphere of radius R in Buclidean 4-space, ive. a locus points a distance R from a given point. 3738 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 6. METRICS 39 Problem 6.3. The metric for the surface of a globe of the Earth is Jeorresponding projection operator. Show that there is no unique ds? = oa operator orthogonal to a null vector. P(N? + cos*add?) where \ is the latitude and ¢ is the longitude, ‘The metric of a flat 2 6.7. Show that a conformal transformation of a metric, i.e. gap vay g for an arbitrary funétion £, preserves all angles. (Figure out nmap of the world, with Cartesian coordinates x andy is da? =dx however we are not interested in this geometry, bat in that of the globe it define angles!) Show that all null curves remain null curves. represents. What is the metric of the globe expressed in x and y coordi IE. One can put « metric on the velocity spece of a particle by nates for (a) a cylindrical projection, and (b) a stereographic projection the distance between two nearby velocities as their relative map of the world? Show that the metric can be written in the form Problem 6.4. Mercater’s projection is defined as follows: The map ds? = ay? + sinh?y (G6? +sin20ag) . coordinates are rectangular Cartesian coordinates (x,y) such that @ ; Straight line on the map is a line of constant compass bearing on the globe ‘the magnitude of the velocity is v= tanh x. is = : Lo, where () Show that the map is defined by x=, y= logcot 50, whe 6:9. A manifold which has the topology of a 2-sphere has — in a (@,$) are the polar coordinates of a point on the globe. echood of 0 4, y= 0 ~ the metric (©) What is the metric of the globe in (x,y) coordinates? 2 (6) Show that the great citcles are given by sinh y =a sin(x+A) dat = a6 + 6-8 a (except for the special cases y= 0 or x= constant). jmanifold has precisely one point which is ot locally flat, and that Problem 6.5. A space purports to be 3-dimensional, with coordinates lgicpeesig euncatenity | Show, chet there are taro diteeren Saas 5 [analytic extensions ofthe mote, ie, thet there are two different ways ding the metric, and satisfying the condition that there is only one ds? = dx + dy? 4 de? (3 ax + hays Bae) cal singularity. Note that this shows that a metric in a local coordi- fe patch does not always pin down the globel nature of the manifold Show that it is really @ two-dimensional space, and find two new coordi- consider the periodicity of they cocedinate,) nates ¢ and 7 for which the line element takes the form lem 6.10. Find the most general form for a spacetime metric that is Seer patially) spherically symmetric. Problem 6.6. Show that a contraction of a vector V_ with the “projection tensor” P= g+ueu projects V into the 3-surface orthogonal to the ‘velocity vector u. If nis a unit spacelike vector show that Pp g-nen| 7. COVARIANT DIFFERENTIATION AND GEODESIC CURVES 4] ¥.0 = tor happens to be a basis vector, one writes CHAPTER 7 4 Seen OVARIANT DIFI ATION DI COVARI 'FERENTIATION AND GEODESIC CURVES ‘of the basis vectors, the connection coefficients can be written ‘The partial derivatives of a vector or tensor with respect to the coordi 5 Veta = Mage, of Ting ~ ey Vpty » nates of a space (e.g. AML, ot QF.) are not themselves com Bea = Tob n taf ~ &n” VB%a ponents of a tensor, Rather, the cutvilineatity of the coordinates (optional lant derivative operator V obeys all of the nice rules expected in flat space, but inevitable in a curved space) must be taken into account] tive operator, except that in curved space V,V,4V,V, (see 9. ‘= is the tangent vector toa curve, a tensor ( is said to be leading to the idea of covariant differentiation, ‘The tensor formed by differentiating a tensor Q with components GPs... is denoted VO and has components denoted propagated along the curve if V0 = tangent vector is itself parsllel propagated, Vu = 0 where there is one ‘‘correction’” term for every index of Q. The I's are vector “‘covariantly constant”) the curve is a geodesic, the called Christoffel symbols or {affine] connection coefficients. In a coordi- galization of a straight line in flat space. If x"(h) is the geodesic uf = dx"/dA) then the components of this geodesic equation are basis they are related to the partial derivatives of the metric by y ray = <1 ep st 9- A PM py = OT apy = 2 ON upy* Bay 8 BBD 0 = Wyte fiat equity dotines he T's ae sets of numbers, bu Genome ee Sapp ™ ‘6 * A must be an affine parameter along the curve; for non-null curves they are not components of a tensor. (They do not transform lke a tensor.) A covariant derivative which is dotted into a vector is called a direc- WO-u = V0 = Fs. yu” tional derivative: a vector V is said to be Fermi-Walker transported along u if VV = (vea—a0n)-¥ If the vector u is tangent to @ curve parameterized by A, one sometimes i writes u=d/d\ for u® = dx"/Ad and 4043 42 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION ____ 7. COVARIANT DIFFERENTIATION AND GEODESIC CURVES Problem 7.1. Show that the connection coeificients Tp, do not obey the tensor transformation law. Problem 7.2. For a 2-dimensional flat, Euclidean space described by polar coordinates r, @, assume that the geodesics are the usual straight lines. eZ (@) Find the connection coefficients T'%g,, using your knowledge of 7.4. For the 2-dimensional metric ds” » (dx? —at?)/t?, find all coefficients Tyg, and find all timelike geodesic curves these geodesics, and the geodesic equation Bet, at a re og 7.6. For a diagonal metric, prove that (in a coordinate frame) the a?) ds ds ap7o- ffel symbols are given by a 1 (©) Next, in the coordinates x, y which ere related to r, 0 in the Marn : 7 yy aut usual way, take the covariant structure to be given by T%,, =I% Using the transformation law for connection coefficients find the connec- TH = & (oy 2), He OG é ; Pha = A onda) > 32; OoR bya) tion coefficients in the , @ coordinates. ds? + :40? find the Christoffel symbols, in the usual way, as derivatives of the metric coeffi- (©) Finally, from the line element ds” cients g,,- (All three methods, of course, must give the same Christoffel symbols.) 3 FO tac © 8-146 18, ge E® tq ~- expe a= 0 tp, 0 Problem 7.3. Consider the familiar metric space ds? = ar? + Pag? (@) Write the 2 equations that result from the geolesic equation, and © F%4p= (or al?) ,g ina coordinate frame. show that the following are first integrals of these equations: . Lath), ina coordinate frame 2 40 tal? Ro = constant aw = (el¥A%), ina coordinate frame. 2 (ay +2 @ - (b) Use the results in (a) to get a first-order differential equation for! (al? AP) g Phy Ay" in a coordinate frame . i) at y= 1 (ig) 4%) ¢ ina coordinate frame, if A 19). (That is: Eliminate s as a parameter and replace by 6] © 8 Me aera symmetric, lel? (©) Using the fact that the metric space is just flat 2-dimensional 7 G) a8 =s,j#=—1 (Ig]#g"Ps 4), ina coordinate frame. tal?44 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION Problem 7.8. Let A let(Ajy) Where Ay, i8 @ second rank tensor. Show that A is not a scalar. (i.e. Show that its value changes under” coordinate transformations.) Since A is not a scalar one cannot define Ayq= Aq How should A,, be defined (in terms of A, and AY? Problem 7.9. If a geodesic is timelike at a given/foint P, show that it is timelike everywhere along its length, and similarly for spacelike ot null, geodesics. 7 Bethe least fuel. What is the ship's smallest velocity relative to the change? J A rocket ship in interstellar space with velocity V, (with respect h) changes its velocity to a new velocity Vy, in a manner that Problem 7.10. Derive the geodesic equation from the definition of a 7.16. On the surtace of a two-sphere, ds? = dé? + sin?64é?, A is equal to eg at 0» 09, 6=0. What is A after it is transported around the circle @ =? What is the magnitude of A? geodesic as a curve of extremal length Problem 7.11. An affine parameter A is one for which the equation of geodesic motion has the form 7-17. Consider an observer with 4-velocity u who transports his a? , pa, aT fa vectors ¢, along wth ha according tothe traneport lam ‘APep. What i the most genera form of AP it Show that all affine parameters are related by linear transformations with the basis vectors are to be orthonormal? constant coefficients in addition eg = u? (i.e. the frame is his rest-frame). saw forth ii) in addition the spatial vectors are to be nonrotating? (i.e. He -roblem .ow that in flat spacetime, the conservation law for the . Problem 7.12, Show that in flat spacetime, the : sees a freely-falling particle move with no Coriolis forces.) 4-momentum of a freely moving particle can be written Vp = 0. Show that particles with nonzero rest mass move along timelike geodesics. 7.18. Show that the scalar product of two vectors is not altered 1 are both Fermi-Walker transported along a curve ©. Problem 7.13. Suppose the coordinate x1 is a cyclic coordinate, i.e. the metric functions gg ate independent of x1. If p is the momentum of eblem 7.19. Show that Fermi-Walker transport along # geodesic curve ‘an unacceletated particle, show that the component p, is constant along same as parallel transport, the particle world line. em 7.20. Write the following expressions in index-free notation ©) U,,gU% ©) vip u8 — ur _ ve = © Tapa VweuY @ weB vp. uy | © wypuut. we, 7,08 — ut gw8 uy Problem 7.14, Prove the general relativity version of Fermat’s principle: In any static metric (G9) = &p,0~ 0, consider all null curves between , Each such null curve x(t) two points in space, x! =a) and x) = requires a particular coordinate time At to get from a’ to b’, Show that the curves of extremal time At are null geodesies of the spacetine. oélem 7.21. Show that the paths of light rays in a static, isotropic pacetime can be described by taking the space to have a certain spatially46 PROBLEM ROOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION varying “index of refraction”” n(), What is nin terms of gg? Assug Bap as the form aoa gat? — tds sax +x. Problem 7.22. An inebristed astronaut pulses his rocket, fring in a random direction for each pulse. As measured jes momentarily comoving. CHAPTER 8 frame, each pulse corresponds toa velocity boost of Av <<. Find the probability distribution of his resultant velocity after n boosts, where is a very large number. Show that the drunk estronaut achieves highly B is related to its contravariant components BH by relativistic velocities less efficiently than a sober astronaut (who fires BB, his rocket always in the same direction), and takes on the average 3c/A times as many pulses to achieve the same velocity. 4 ste basis vectors. The covariant components B, repre- Same vecté but represent it as a different type of “vector”, ‘one-form. (Loosely, one-forms are often called “covariant For one-forms the analog of the above equation is Problem 7.23. (@) Suppose a vector field k -is orthogonal to a family of hypersurface (‘hypersurface-orthogonal”?). Show that this implies kp,,, ky] = 9. (b) What is the geometric interpretation if Ky] also vanishes? B= Bot, ;~ indicates a one-form and Gl are basis one-forms with covariant ats (1,0,0,0), (0,1,0,0), ete. For an arbitrary tensor T, with 8 Tp, Problem 7.24. Prove that any congruence of null curves that is hypersurf orthogonal consists of null geodesics. Problem 7.25. Show that the variational principle 5 feggitiPras =0 gives the same geodesics as the defining property for geodesics fe, 2258)? ds = 0 when sis proper length (not an arbitrary parameterization) and % = axt/és. Ey = (6,g57%°)?, show that 5 frees -0 2g gives the same geodesics for any monotonic function F(y). T= Tyg.,P a Pon ey 0058- scalar product of two vectors, or of two one-forms, involves the tensor, and is denoted by a “dot” ap AB = gy Ala? AB = gt) AB- oA, . et is the matrix inverse of g,,,.) The sealer product of a vector tha one-form does not involve the metric, oaly a summetion over an . This is sometimes distinguished notationally as BA = = Bale,48 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 8. DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY: FURTHER CONCEPTS 49 H, the basis GM is said to be “dual” to the basis ty: TB and A axe oneforme conetponing to vectors B and A we have, ofcourse, AB= AB = =. ‘A one-form of particular usefulness is df, the gradient of any scalar funetion f, When combined with a vector v, it gives the directional for of rank p with all of its indices covariant, and which is derivative of £ along v. 4 symmettic on all indices, is called a p-form. A totally anti- d direct product of forms is denoted by a wedge “a”

= Vyi=fqv? ‘The basis vectors e, corresponding to a coordinate system are tangent to the coordinate lines. This motivates the notation for a coordi~ nate basis vector a oe } A spacetime has costilinates x with basis vectors 3/dx and Similarly, the coordinate basis one-forms are gradients of the coordinate forms dx". What are the values of: surfaces, ie. 5, a/dx° >, < Te? a/0x°>, (@/0x°)- (8/8), Hx? Tat, Te9 TRO? Alternatively, since a spacetime metric can locally be transformed to the Minkowski metric, it is always possible to find a set of orthonormal | basis vectors and one-forms at every point. These are not necessarily. tangents to or gradients of the coordinates; they are denoted by €>,!, where. ~ indicates orthonormality. Note that the relations <@*,¢, 3%p, eg'ep = Bap and 8 = 28 always hold. When the basis is orthonormal, then in addition gg = "ap and a*P = 7°68. If local orthonormal frame in spacetime is freely falling (ie. the basis is that of freely falling observer), then all the P'%,, vanish at the center of the ep = 8 ‘the function f such that a = df and prove that there does not ie: ‘afunction g such that Do this without imposing any ‘on the polar coordinates. frame. sm 8.3. In 3-dimensional Euclidean space, what is « necessary and ‘The commutator of two bests-vector elds sient condition on @ field of one-forms @ for there to exist a function eg) = caps, at = dE? ¥e,08 ~ Vegta = aeepl * Sap" ch that lem 8.4. If 2, is a p-formand @, 2 q-form, show that vanishes identically, gp” =0, if and only if e, and eg are the q 2 tangent vectors to come coordinate system (a coordinate basis). In a 202, = CIP, 09,50 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 8, DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY: FURTHER CONCEPTS 31 Problem 8.5. The exterior derivative of a differential form @ can be defined axiomatically by the following properties: @ If @ isa p-form, dQ isa (p+1)-form; | Gi) dR, +By) = dQ, +42; . (ii) For a zero form £ (scalar), dF is defined by =V\f for any v5 (iv) dy n&,) = d2 AB, + (-1)PQ, AdQ, where Q, is a p-orm; Iote: If p=0 Ge. £ a scalar) this reads: dQ) = dia + £42.) (©) dd@= 0 for any 2. An alternative definition notes that a p-form is a completely antisymmet independent of the parametrization x = x!(e,b,e) used to S. [See Problem 3.30 for the definition of d*3,,.] 8.10. (Note: This problem assumes a fomiliarity with the Cartan beyond the scope of most relativity texts. Succeeding problems BX depend on it.] In the language of differential forms the generalized # theorem is fi de - fo? : t does this theorem reduce, in the following cases a) 0 is 3-dimensional, @ = 175, Q is Adimensional, @ = £4495, . HO) 0 is 3.dimensional, = FHY4?E,,, where Fis antisymmetric covariant tensor of rank p, and defines the exterior derivative as the co pletely antisymmetrized covariant derivative. Show that these definitions] are equivalent, Problem 8.6. Consider a 2-form in n-dimensional space: Hoh eat det a de? Suppose for some region of space including x1 = 0, that ae : bs : Use the generalized Stokes theorem to derive the familiar relation fa e- fo as 8.11. Show that there exists no tensor with components con- da = 0 Construct the L-form 1 A [= fee, 2, sn] h a and show that & Problem 8.7. ‘The components of the Maxwell tensor Fag can be regard as the components of a 2-form F. Show that Maxwell's equations in vacuum can be written dF «0, d¥F = 0, Problem 8.8. A 3-surface in spacetime is spacelike, timelike, or null, if its normal vector is timelike, spacelike, or null respectively. It is desire to find three orthogonal linesrly independent vectors in a 3-surface. Sho that for a spacelike surface, these are all spacelike; for a timelike surfad52 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 8, DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY: FURTHER CONCEPTS 53 Lie differentiation as Sy = {x,y]=V,y — V,x. ‘The Lie derivative obe; paSlem 8.18. It is desited to transport a vector v along a curve with all the usual rules for a derivative operator and always gives a tensor of at vector u, Which of the following are necessary for parallel the same rank as the tensor differentisted. (@) What is the Lie derivative of a 1-for () What is the Lie derivative of a tensor whose components are Ty ort? ~ for Fermi-Walker transport? — for Lie transport?: metric; connection; u(x) defined off the curve. 8.19. You are given a vector field vi = (~y,x,2%), constant, Problem 8.14. Suppose A= d/Ah is the tangent vector field to a com Fa Space with metric ds? = ax? + dy? + dz. A certain vector w gruence (set of curves) x*= x%(A) and B is a vector field. Show that the geometrical interpretation “fe transport law £,B~0 is that B lel transported back to A by the reverse route. For what value of « connects points of equal A on feighboring curves of the congruence, ‘2 9 which is always left unchanged by this process? Problem 8.15. Show that Lie differentiation commutes with the operation of contraction, SBlem 8.20. Find the most general vector field which is everywhere pagated along itself, Fermi-Walker transported along itself. ported along itself. 8.21. If & isa pform, show that & (dQ) = d(22). Proton 8.16. Show tat 28-82, = 89+ Problem 8.17. Another definition of the Lie derivative of a geometric object @AEMH(PY] (A represents all the tensor indices, x!(P) are the coordinates of @ point P) is as follows: Make an infinitesimal point transformation Py + Px by xP) = x!(Py) + E(Py). (Since BH is | infinitesimal, it can in fact be evaluated at either Pg or Py.) Also make! 8.22. Vector analysis in 3-dimensional orthogonal curvilinear tes is a special case of tensor analysis where ¢,=h?8,, (aot d). The h,’s are functions of the coordinates called “scale Vector components are often referred to the (“physical”) ortho- basis. & VxY, (iii) V-Y and (iv) V?S, where $ is a scalar field and Y dit (aot sumed). Derive expressions for (i) VS, an infinitesimal coordinate transformation that makes the numerical values | SS eld of the coordinates of Pyy the same as those of Py in the original 4.23. Derive expressions for Y-A and VxA in spherical polar (Py) = xP) linates. coordinates: ‘Thea define Aysyr Prove that Ffyy,}= 0. 8.24. TE yy = Aya — Ay LeOA(P,) = Lim AP) -9A(P, I) Eo om 8.25. In an arbitrary spacetime manifold (not necessarily homoge- ‘or isotropic), pick an initial spacelike hypersurface S,, place an i 1? xd) zeodesic world lines Show that this definition is equivalent to that of Problem 8.13 by examining} trary coordinate grid (!,x?,x3) on it, eject geod 1d Bad) the cases (i) ®*=ascalarfield (ii) O4= A, Git) OM = 7,” ogonal to it, and give these world lines the coordinates (x! x?,x3) tant, x°=t=t, +7 where + is proper time along the world line,54 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION beginning with r~ 0 on S,. Show that in this coordinate system (“Gaussian normal coordinates") the metric takes on the synchronous form ds? = ~ dt? + gydetde! . CHAPTER 9 Problem 8.26. CURVATURE, () IF ayy, and By, ate the components of two symmetric tensors, show that Sy Fy Py study of curvature is based on the Riemann curvature tensor: fe the components of a tensor. Here the Is and T's are Christoffel | ; oe Symbols formed from the tensors g and ¥ in the usual way. oa Rab * a RB (©) Suppose £,,, and Fz, have the same geodesics. Then show i ements tte Rota ene coordinate frame. ‘The covatiant components of the Riemann that Sy = AY, oY, nected by several symmetries where W,, are the components of a vector. Bays * Rapy ~ Ryap+ — Rapy® Problem 8.27. Compute the connection coefficients of the following metrid Repys = ~Repby> — Ralyal = °- ic) Ricei tensor and the Ricci scalar ere formed from the in an orthonormal frame ds? = — edt? + Bar? + 22946? + sina) Rap = aus R=R- a,8,y = functions of and t. Problem 8.28. ‘The redshift between two observers (with 4-velocities uy and up) can be defined in two ways: (i) by the energies of a photon Weyl tensor, (4-momentum p) travelling along a null geodesic between them: 142 = 1 eygRw ~ Bae BoxRiv) Ryu ~ FER pe Bx Rar ~ Bye Be Bye Bho UA" P/ig*P, oF (ii) by the proper time between two null geodesics, Crane = Bryne — 2 Srv Sw at emitted Ar, apart and received Arg apart, 1+ 22 Ar,/Afg. Show th + EG ype Bch) these definitions are equivalent. a also called the conformal tensor due to its invariance under conformal sansformations. It vanishes if and only if the metric is conformally flat : 1c. reducible to Minkowski space by a conformal transformation). “The extrinsic curvature tensor of hypersurface which has unit nxmel Ee and which is spanned by basis vectors ¢,¢,-+ is denoted K, with “components Ky = ein56 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 9, CURVATURE 87 Problem 9.1. On a sphere of radius a try to construct # local Cartesian (b) Express the Riemann tensor for a 2-dimensional space in terms ‘the metric and the Ricci scalar | (©) Express the Riemann tensor for @ 3-dimensional space in terms system in two ways () from geodesics and (b) from the (orthogonal) lines of longitude and latitude, Rither way there will be deviations from a good Cartesian system (e.g, the sum of the angles in a coordinate bor | will differ from 2n, or the fractional difference in length between “parallel” sides of a coordinate box will not vanish). Show that such lem 9.8. Prove the relation deviations are of order [Area of coordinate patch/a”]. Problem 9.2. How many independent components does the Riemann tensor | find its generalization to the commutator of second derivatives for @ & have in n dimensions? esor of arbitrary rank T,../ Problem 9.3. Mathematical manipulations with the Riemann tensor are ; lem 9.9. Show that the second derivatives of a scaler field commute often done with computers. Rather than calculate and store the 4* = 256 S.gq): For third derivatives S,qy, compute components of the tensor as R(,J,K,L) with 1,J,K,L=0,1,2,3, the sym metries of the Riemann tensor can be used to reduce the size of the store« show that Sia py 9nd SyalByh Froblem 9.10. Prove that for any second rank tensor array. Design a subprogram which stores or recalls all components of RG,J-K,L) ina linear array of dimensions < 21 He A Ae ae = oe Problem 9. tensor Rijyy (hil = 8,9) for the 2-sphere metric Compute all the nonvanishing components of the Riemann Jom 9.11. An infinitesimal circuit in the shape of a parallelogram can . specified by the differential displacements a, ¥ representing the sides 2. 246? + sintedg? aol = HOES sites) the parallelogram. Let a vector Abe parallel transported around this , =v.) Show that the it. (i.e. Displace it successively by w, v, ~' wage in A due to the transport around this circuit is Problem 9.5. Find the Christoffel symbols and Riemann curvature com- ponents for the two dimensional spacetime: Bat = = ds? = dv? — Pau? fa,paharv? . also be computed with the Riemann Problem 9.6, Set up a coordinate system on a torus (the 2-dimensional oblem 9.12, Riemann curvature ca surface of « doughnut in Esclidean 3space). Calculate all components of MME epecator eee BR werstor Baca, pyc = (aM p—VBVA-Viayede Sr Mop and Rapys- Ge show thatthe value of Rat a point P is linear inthe arguments Problem 9.7. Ina space of fewer than 4 dimensions simple expressions : can be given for the Riemann tensor. A,B,C. and depends only on their values at P and not on the way in (a) What is the Riemann tensor in e I-dimensional space? ‘which they vary around P.58 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 9, CURVATURE 59 (b) Show that -m 9.16. Show that Bianchi identities imply that the Einstein tensor @A,B)OF ~ Ryo" B” 1 Gy * Rwy - Problem 9.13. Two nearby geodesics have affine parameters such that vanishing divergence (i.e. GM, vp = nearby points on the two geodesics have very close values of affine parameter A. Let u“ = dx7/d\ be the tangent to one of the geodesics, sm 9.17. Show that the vanishing of the Riemana tensor is a suffi- and let n be the differential vector connecting points of equal affine” at condition for a spacetime to be Minkowskian, i.e. a coordinate trans- parameter on the two geodesics. Prove the equation of geodesic deviation Bor? = 0. tion will bring Gy, into the form Nyy: pint Rt 9.18. Abe i Sf i Bia + Ryo sm 9.18. A beam of light has a circular cross section at some point gits path. Show that the beam experiences no shear (i.e. the cross Problem 9.14. In a suitable coordinate system the gravitational field of = not deforned into an ellipac) when the Weyl tensor 1s xero. the Barth is approximately (to lowest nontrivial order in M/s) : m 9.19. Compute the Riemann tensor, Ricei tensor, and scalar ds? = —(1—2M/s)dt? + (1+-2M/1) (dx? + dy? + dz?) = rte? M = mass of Earth (c= ure of the conformally-flat metric g,,,~ en, where = G(x!) wr Py a arbitrary function. ee lem 9.20. Compute the Riemann tensor of the following metric in an ‘Suppose a Skylab satellite orbits the Earth in a circular equatorial orbit. normal frame: What is the orbital period? An astronaut jettisons a bag of garbage into a | da? = ea? + e2Ba + ©2946? + aintoag?y nearby orbit and watches it move relative to the satellite, At a given time ] a,B,y = functions of +, the separation of the Skylab and its garbage is described by the vector Buy t is the Ricci tensor for this metric? The scalar curvature? The Einstein tensox? g = x! (garbage) — x! (ehylab) - Using the equation of geodesic deviation, find the components of the rela- lem 9.21. Consider a Riemann tensor representing a plane gravita- tive motion £* as a function of time. der aR presenting a plane gravits wave, ie. Rygys = Rapyp(e)» where w is “retarded time” Problem 9.15. Prove the cyclic identity 0), Find the number of independent components of such a Rie~ tensor, De aot assume that Rg satisfies the Einstein field Rapyd * Raby * Royo tio, Be and the Bianch identities ae blem 9.22. At a given instant, the coordinate accelerations of n nearby RudByv + Rabypiy * Radyvi8 * 9 gst particles are measured. What is the smallest n required to measure HL components of Fl”? of RM pq?60 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 9, CURVATURE 61 Protea 9.29, Lat A ani B be two ltesly independent vectors tng AP BY yen atalare? Gupta ea Eppa K Show that K is unchanged if A and B are replaced by linear combina=j tions of A and B. surface, as defined in Problem 9.23. If A and B are two vectors tanged at a point to the two surface, and A is parallel transported around a sma circuit lying in the 2-surface, show that the change in the angle between’ A and B is of magnitude = Ao = \KAZ| Jem 9.28." Suppose at a point q ina surface X two curves are where AE is the area enclosed by the circuit, @ Cy acurve in the S-surtace and (ii) C a geodesic of the Problem 9.25. Suppose that the curvature K ata point P, as defined is sional space in which Xi embedded. Let a Be the unit al to X. The vector £¢= but. gul (where w is the tangent Problem 9.23, does not depend on the 2-surface which is chosen through / ctor to Cs) measures the rate at which C anc separate. Show that point. Show then that . =) tn it which C and Cy separate. Shi the rate of separation n+ & is Rypyd * Kleay®p5~ 8a 8By) * Lig out 8 wb = EK yp ate? Problem 9.26. Ifthe Riemann curvature is isotropic, the Riemann curra- epee en ee ee Kap. is the extrinsic curvature tensor for elon 9.29. What is the extrinsic curvature ofthe r= constant slice of Repyd = Kay 865 ~ ad 8By) sed 7 50 ta nar? + 2) yy ata metric, ds’ Use the Bianchi identities to show (Schur’s theorem) that K must be « cblem 9.30. Prove that the extrinsic curvature of a timelike hypersurface constant. ep ue e h unit normal vector n is ~}£,P,g, where Pap = tap ~ "ate Problem 9.27. Show that a space is conformally flat if the Riemann tensox] projection tensor into the hypersurface can be written as E Ryn ~ Ke\u yx he Baw) * 4 Problem 9.31. If we neglect gravity, the potential energy due to surface Jon of a soap film is proportional to its area. ‘Thus in equilibrium =62 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 9. CURVATURE 6 soap film spenning a fixed closed wire loop will assume a shape of mini- eblem 9.35. Show that if is a 2dimensional surface in a flat mum area, Show that this implies that the surface is one whose ‘‘mean e, then the scalar curvature of Eis curvature” K Ope Fra Problem 9.32. Let n be the unit normal toa hypersurface 3, with Py and pz are the principal radii of curvature of 3. What is the ogous formula for a 3-surface embedded ina flat 4-space? nen =e=41 or —1 if ¥ is timelike or spacelike respectively. In Gaussian normal coordinates (see Problem 8.25) based on 3, the metric ds? = edn? + gy drtax! - Derive the Gauss-Codazzi equations RM sy = OR yy + OK KeP KK) pa ORT EK yl) Kish Here 4 and 3 refer respectively to the spacetime geometry and to the geometry of 3; a slash denotes covariant differentiation with respect to gy; then index denotes the component on the n basis vector. Also derive the equation forthe remaining componeat of the Riemann tensor OR a = © Bia Kin RD Problem 9.33. Using the results of Problem 9.32, derive expressions for Mate, the components of the Einstein tensor, in Gaussian normal coordinates. Problem 9.34, The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the extrinsic curva- ture tensor are called the principal curvatures and principal directions, Find the principal curvatures and directions for the following surfaces em- bedded ina 3-dimensional Euclidean space. (sphere: x? ¢y? +27 = a2, (i) cylinder: x? + y? (ui) quaditicsuface compute at ngin ony): 2 = F(a? 2g te if10, KILLING VECTORS AND SYMMETRIES 6 fem 10.5. The metric for an axially symmetric rotating star admits 0 Killing vectors, Gio and Eigy Assume there are no other indepen- Killing vectors. Prove that Eq and G,g) commute. eblem 10.6. Show that any Killing vector is a solution of the equation CHAPTER 10 KILLING VECTORS AND SYMMETRIES EVA + RY ET=0. a Lagrangian-type variational principle from which this equation can derived. Suppose that a geometry has a symmetry such that a vector field & exists with the following property: If any set of points is displaced by §d\ (4 a small number) then all distance relationships are unchanged. cblem 10.7, If § is a Killing vector, prove that ‘The vector field is then called a Killing vector for the geometry, and it Sap ~ Rypau ®” + Jem 10.8. A metric is “stationary” if and only if it has a Killing satisfies Killing’s equation 1 Scaspy = 3 asp + §Bial ~ 4 fr field & which is timelike at infinity (the “time” ditection is — 000 —_0 0 0 —_ 0 —_ /a). ‘There are two ways to define a static” metric: Problom 10.1. Solve Killing’s equations to find the Killing vector fields of the 2-spher (@ stationary and invariant under time reversal, 0/dt + ~ 4/4, or Gi) stationary and. 4/3 is hypersusface orthogonal (see Problem ds? = 46? + sin?@dg? a) y i ae a 7.23), Show that the two definitions are equivalent. Probiom 10,2. Show that Killing’s eqation &, + &p,q=0 is equivalent i Seem e cares ee Problem 10.9, In flat Minkowski spacetime find ten Killing vectors that to &ge- 0, where g is the metric tensor. Interpret this result geometri- cally, Problem 10.3. (@) Show that the commutator of two Killing vector fields is a Killing vector field E Problem 10.11. If € is a Killing vector and Tis the stress-energy (b) Show that a linear combination of Killing vectors with constant ‘tensor, show that J = TE”, is a conserved quantity ie. JM, = 0. coefficients is a Killing vector. Interpret J when § is @ timelike Killing vector. Problem 10.4. In Euclidean 3-space show that the 3 Killing vectors Problem 10.12. If T is the energy-momentum tensor, and § is a time Killing vector, show that the integral over a whole spacelike hypersurface f Tp cha s, r {is independent of the choice of spacelike hypersurface F. describing rotations around the x, y, and z axes are linearly dependent ‘at any given point but that no constant coefficient combination of them is zero, Show that the generators of the rotation group (3) are thus 2-surface forming, even though the group is 3-dimensional. Explain. 6466 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION, Problem 10.13. Given a divergenceless stress energy tensor in flat spaces time, ie, ’ HY 0 Rays = show that one may construct ten global conservation laws and hence ten conserved quantities. Problem 10.14. If § is a timelike Killing vector and u =§/|§-€|? ZV og |g-€1. 4velocity, prove that a = Vyu Problem 10.15. In a stationary metric with time Killing vector § the “energy at infinity” E=—p-§ of a test particle with 4-momentum p is conserved. Find the minimum value of E/ (where 4 = particle mass) that the particle can have at a given point in the spacetime, in terms of the norm of €. Problem 10.16. Show that a Killing vector is an admissil Le solution for the vector potential of Maxwell's equations for a test field in a vacuum spacetime. What electromagnetic field corresponds to the Killing vector 0/85 in Minkowski space? CHAPTER 11 ANGULAR MOMENTUM ‘This chapter contains problems dealing with rotation, angular momen- spin, ete. in general relativity. Definitions are developed in the tems. oblem 11.1. In special ivity, when a particle at an event B and has momentum p, its angular mentum about event A J = Axop-poax ere Ax is the 4-vector mevent A toevent B @_ Show that for a freely moving (ie. uunaccelerated) particle J is con- served i.e, dJ/ar=0. Gi, Suppose that several particles collide at an event B, thereby producing several other particles. Show that the sum of the angular momenta of the particles about an event A is the same after the collision as before:68 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION Dhedleser ” Doletor * ry w 11, ANGULAR MOMENTUM. 69 ding they stick together to form a composite body C (spin Sq). ulate Sq interms of Py, Py. Sq and Sp Problem 11.2. Show lem 11.7. Thomas Precession: Consider a ("classical") spinning earns tae erence aeeennat ec ee meicere ciate nat ron which Fermi-Walker transports its spin angular momentum, S, as orcs re = f x (27808 72) moves in a circular orbit around an atomic nucleus. As seen in the tory frame, the electron moves in a circular orbit of radius + in the plane with constant angular velocity, ©. Calculate S(t), the spin as is a conserved tensor (when TP = 0), but ri function of laboratory time. (b) that it is not invariant under the coordinate translation x + xs: Show also that (©) the spin 4-vector defined by lem 11.8. A nonspherical spinning body in an inhomogeneous gravita- nal field experiences a torque which causes its intrinsic spin 4-vector L By BS B to change with time. If u is the 4-velocity of the center of mass of 2 “apy V object, freely moving along a geodesic, show that is both conserved and 4velocity” u* = P*/(-PPPg)* and P* is the total momentum PA fax 12° wre tg, is the “reduced quadrupole moment tensor”” t= fpGhd — FL 255))ab« in the rest frame of the center of mass, "Py, 0 and the Problem 11.3. Show that a system's intrinsic spin 4-vector S, is orthog- Riemann tensor is generated externally to the bedy in question and is onal to its velocity w, ssumed to be approximately constant over the body. Problem 11.4. Show that a gyroscope with no applied torques Fermi- stem 11.9. Calculate the period of precession of the Earth’s axis due Waller trans ports its spin vector. the coupling of tidal forces from the sun and moon with the quadrupole Problem 11. tof the (slightly nonspherical) Earth, (@) If angular momentum is computed about the center of mass of Proton 1110, Consors family of station observers i statins sysien sa at Jago rence ie, teis veloc ie proptonl tthe tine Killing veto @) In this cate show that the angular momentum (‘“ntrinsi¢ angular '€. Each observer arranges his spatial basis vectors so that they connect tite anne neighboring obrervos forall tine t, where &~ Ec) show that 2geg=0, where og 18 # basis vector ofthe stationary momentum”) can be found from the spin vector as stB =~ Jeon. 2B sup « observer. = @) Show that the rate of change of the components of any tensor quantity Q as measured by the stationary observer in units of t is Problem 11.6. Two bodies A and B have momenta P, and Pp and spin ‘4 and Sp; their centers of mass are on a collision course. After70 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION age Pe, oF 8, What is ag # a e (9) The stationary observer caries a gyroscope with him applying no torques to it. Show that the gyroscope’s spin vector precesses (Lens ‘Thirting effect) with an angular velocity relative to the stationary CHAPTER 12 dearer! oe mesbared'a tat’ pope: GBs; GRAVITATION GENERALLY avoh a Eon 2e7E, of ‘This chapter contains problems dealing with the physical consequences gravitational interactions. Most of the problems use the Newtonian (4) Show that it, in which gravity is represented by a scalar potential U satisfying if the spacetime is static, and not merely stationary. § a Problem 11.11. A gyroscope is placed in a circular orbit about the Earth V2 and no torques are applied to it. What is the angular velocity of preces- generating a gravitational acceleration sion for its spin vector relative to a reference frame fixed with respect to vu. the distant stars? (“geodetic precession” and “Lens-Thiting effect’”.) lternatively, one sometimes uses a potential @ =—U.) Tidal forces spend on 4%0/dx'dx* in Newtonian theory; these forces appear as the Rjouo terms of the Riemann tensor in the appropriate limit of the-equation geodesic deviation in general relativity. Some of the problems explore ‘consequences of gravity’s spin-2 nature, and of its weakness in comparison —— 0 —_ 0 —_0 0 —__ 0 0 0 —_ Problem 12.1. A small satellite has a circular frequency @ in an orbit of radius ¢ about a central object of mass m. From the known value of @ | show that it is possible to determine neither + nor m individually, but only the effective “Kepler density” 3m/4n1° of the object as averaged over a sphere of the same radius as the orbit. Give the formula for wo? in terms of this Kepler density. na| E E n PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 12, GRAVITATION GENERALLY B av, ed Problem 12.3. If the amplitude of solid-earth tides as a function of time is fourier transformed, there are peaks at certain frequencies. What are - A turw the frequencies (or periods) of the 10 strongest peaks? Oe Problem 12.4. The position of the sun in the sky can in principle be measured by a sensitive tidal gravimeter. What is the angular difference ety, 1s the ordinary 3-dimensional stress ‘ensor. between this position and its position as measured optically? If the actual oblem 12.9. Consider an extended body of mass _M_ with several forces Position of the sun were at its optical position, there would he @ force in acting on it. Using the equivalence of gravitational mass and energy the direction-of the earth's motion. (Why?) If this-wete the case find the that the condition for equilibrium of the body is Daa is the acceleration of gravity and x, denotes the point of applic Kation of each of the forces, measured in a local Lorentz frame. radius of the earth’s orbit as a function of time 2 x,/0) = —Mg Problem 12.5. The “Bak M is defined as the luminosity at which outward light pressure just igton limit” for the luminosity of a star of mass balances inward gravitational force everywhere within the star. Calculate the luminesity. (You may assume that all matter is fully ionized hydrogen.) cblem 12.10. From the result of Problem 12.9 show that the equation of Problem 12.6. Show that an electron does not fall down when releesed in drostatic equilibrium in @ star is the center of an evacuated perfectly conducting clased container in a uni- dp _ GMO G4 p/e? F -- BPE + ere form gravitational field. (‘Perfect conductor” = perfectly rigid positive Se eee “where M(t) is defined as the ‘‘active’” mass interior to the fluid shell at “effective inertial mass” densit Problem 12.7. A tall, cylindrical, insulated bottle of height his filled Gradius :. This shows that ina fluid the “effect tial density is jepend on the field equations with air at 300°K. It is then sealed and set on a scale at sea level. The 2. Notice that this result does not depend on the field eat is p+p/c?. scale reads @ weight W. For what range of fh does the weight W © of general relativity ae ae eee area eed F Problem 12.11. Show that the Newtonian equation of motion of a test partic » cle in a Newtonian gravitational potential ® can be written as @ geodesic Problem 12.8, Define a stress tensor for the Newtonian gravitational Compute the Christoffel symbols eee ‘equation in 4-dimensional spacetime. Sony the Riomana tensor, and show thot they are sot derivable from a metric Tye = OU FAV QU) - Peoblom 12.12. By examining the relative acceleration ofa family of test trevity and comparing withthe Newtonian Show that the Newtonian equations of motion for stressed matter with particle trajectories in Newt limit of the equation of geodesic deviation, derive the correspondence PO Oeax* proper density pq and velocity y can be written in the form Rjoxo74 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 12, GRAVITATION GENERALLY 5 between the Newtonian potential and the Riemann tensor. (A Newtonian ‘oblem 12.18. Form “natural” units of mass, length, and time out of the test particle is acted on only by gravity; a test particle in « relativistic hysical constants +t, G, and c. theory of gravity follows a geodesic.) fem 12.19. Estimate the Bohr radius of a “gravitational atom”, e.g. Problem 12.13. Write a Newtonian gravitational force law in covariant © neutrons bound by their gravitational attraction in their lowest enerey 4-dimensional language, using a scalar field as the universal Newtonian ie. time function. Show that the resulting theory is consistent with special relativity. Show that signals can be sent faster than the speed of light. Is the theory acausal, i.e. can an observer send signals into his own past? Problem 12.14. Consider two particles of equal mass in a freely falling elevator, One carries @ charge q and the other is neutral. ‘There is a vertical electrical field E in the elevator. Write an equation for the separation of the particles as a function of time, including tidal and electrical effects. Reconcile the existence of both terms with the equiva- Ience principle, Problem 12.15. New particles of mass mg are crested which carry anew kind of charge, evidenced by a classical inverse-square force law. A con tainer holds a perfect monatomic gas of these particles in thermal equilibi- rum. The total charge Q in the container is measured by the average force on test particles outside, and it is observed to vary with temperature as Q= Qo(1+6KT/mg). What is the spin of the new force field? Problem 12.16. Show (nonrigorously) that gravity is the only classical, infinite range (massless quanta) pure spin-2 field; i.e. that any other field ‘would couple identically to bulk matter and would thus be indistinguishable from gravity. Problem 12.17. In “geometrized units of length” (units in which the gravitational constant G, the speed of light ¢ and the Boltzmann con- stant k are all taken to be unity) give the values of the following, expressed in terms of centimeters: ft; the charge of an electron; e/m for an electron; the mass of the sun; the luminosity of the sun; 300°K; one year; one volt.13, GRAVITATIONAL FIELD EQUATIONS 7 Ry ~ By) R= BeT yy e @ is some dimensionless constant. Show that if a is not } field equations disagree with experiment, even in the Newtonian limit, CHAPTER 13 GRAVITATIONAL FIELD EQUATIONS AND LINEARIZED THEORY The gravitational field, described by the metric of spacetine gy,» is generated by the stress-energy TH” of matter. Various field equations R= Hg, 7! , relating gy, to THY have been proposed. The most successful to date are the Einstein equations which are the foundation of general relativity te ed tenon at tee eae the Nome it and with the proper choice of x, agrees with Newtonian gravitation Guy > Ry — F Gy R= BT yy @ ory, but that this theory predicts no deflection of starlight passing near Sun. Does this theory agree with the Pound-Rebka experiments, i.e. where Rj, and Rare the Ricci tensor and scalar curvature derived from 4 ee are eee the metric gy and Gy, is the Einstein tensor. The equations are non- Linear, since the left hand side is not a linear function of the metri (Problem 13.3. In the Brans-Dicke theory of gravity (see MTW p. 1070 or Meinberg p. 160 for field equations), the locally measured Newtonian Some other (less successful) field equations are discussed in the problems, but unless specifically stated, the Einstein field equations are to be assumed. ‘The equations of motion TH”, = 0 are a consequence of Equation (1). | Other desirable properties of T!”, called “‘energy conditions”, must be independently postulated on physical grounds. When the gravitational field is weak, the geometry of spacetime is nearly flat and one writes g © Problem 19.4. In relativistic quantum mechai where all [yl are << 1. In this case Equation (1) can be solved ‘approximately, by keeping only first-order terms in hy,- A aumber of problems make use of this “Linearized theory.”” —o —_o —— —o—o-——. Problem 13.1. A somewhat generalized form of the Einstein field equa- tions is 6 (1) What form must the vacuum stress-energy tensor take, if there is to be no preferred vacuum frame? Show that there is a resulting term in the field equations which can be interpreted as an effective cosmological constant. | @) Suppose that the vacuum energy is due to the rest mass of virtualB PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 18, GRAVITATIONAL FIELD EQUATIONS 79 protons or electrons, produced with an average spacing of their Comp- | oblem 13.9. A static metric is generated by a perfect fluid. Show that ton wavelength. Is such vacuum stress-energy ruled out by observa- fluid 4-velocity is parallel to the tine Killing vector. tions? em 13.10. At each point on an initial Cauchy hypersurface how many (3) Ya. B. Zel’dovich has suggested that the mass-energy density should ® ye sbers must be specified, to determine uniquely the evolution of the sce eeieain fv MMM ri, i Pist l out by observation? se] Problem 13.5. In a local region of spacetime, an observer finds that the a spehiem 13.12. For the ‘neatly Newtoalan”’ metric Ricci curvature scalar is neatly constant, R © + 1/<2. Why will the ds? = = (1+ 20)al + 20)8 dx! da® Problem 13.6. Normally it is assumed that a physically possible TH” must satisfy the (weak) energy condition, T° > 0 for all physical ob- 306), Assume that the field is changing so slowly in time that time ivatives of ® can be neglected compared to spatial derivatives. servers. Assume that TH!” has a timelike eigenvector; how can a given ; single observer determine whether the TH!” he measures satisfies the oblem 13.12. A gauge transformation is an infinitesimal coordinate condition? snsformation which relabels the coordinates of a point P according to ty (P) = x g(P) + EMP) Problem 13.7. The “dominant energy condition” on TH” requires that the weak eiergy condition be satisfied (all observers see a nonnegative Foch transformations induce changes, to frst onfer in &, of the functional aera aan ateie ageeeacaee seleceiea ieee forms of tensors. Find the gauge transformation laws for scalars, and com- sale aa unalue ce eeeael anes haahdiener eases ponents of vectors and second rank tensors. For the linearized metric the statement wCTP a0 E perturbations gy.) = Nyy * Hy Show in particular that for all nonspacelike vectors a reduces to the weak energy condition for 22m Ge) = boHGg) — HS) = Wl) — 2 Ey yy n= 1 and to the dominant energy condition for n= 2, What about n> 2? Ulere (1%), = 7,7 Toy, and so forth} Problem 13.13. Show that in linearized theory the components of the Problem 13.8. Is it possible to have a Solution of the Riemann tensor are ‘equations in which space is empty to the past of some surface of constant Rope * F Cav nB* Bra Mw a8 Pappu? time nut in which there is a nonvanishin; Jo the future of, 0, but in which th hing Ty, to the fut this eurface? Also show explicitly that this Riemann tensor is invariant under a gauge transformation.80 PROBLEM BOOK IN RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 13, GRAVITATIONAL FIELD EQUATIONS a1 Problom 19.14, Ta linearized theory one often uses the “ace reversed” ap ~E Tap’. Show that thew aways exists a gage trnsforation to the “Lorentz gauge”, in which gular velocity of dragging of i per in OR << 1. Show that tial frames inside the shell, to first form of the metric perturbations Fag fos 4 MO, Gea2p?. the divergence of Tig vanishes. Is this gauge transformation unique? ~ ap” 3 * OR’), Problem 13.15. Show that in the Lorentz gauge (see Problem 13.14) the ich is constant everywhere inside the shell. (The constancy of © in linearized field equations reduce to cavity has been interpreted by some to mean that Einstein’s equations fy Mach’s principle to some degree.) of, ff =~ 167 Bar = Bara Vor Tay + where Fyy la trace-reversed yy. blem 13.19. In the linearized gravitational theory, show that the equa- le of motion for matter T#,,, « 0 are inconsistent with the field equa- for the metzic perturbation. Show that this inconsistency is of in empty spacetime can be represented as the real part of @ complex ex- ond order in the metric perturbation, hence negligible to first order pression se at Fy = RelAye@ Jom 13.20. A hypothetical particle of negative gravitational mass —M released from rest at a distance €>>M from another fixed particle of whete Aj, iS a constant tensor. Show that k must be a null vector, equal positive mass +M. As seen by a static observer, what is the magni- and that A is orthogonal tok, Htade and direction of the acceleration of each particle? Calculate the For a particular observer with 4-velocity » the “transverse-traceless | motion of the particles after they are released, making any reasonable gauge (« further specialization of the Lorentz gauge) is defined in the ‘approximations necessary. observer's unperturbed rest frame (u°=1, u'=0) such that Tyo # 0, Byiteo. Find the gauge transformation which accomplishes this. Does A remain orthogonal tok? Problem 13.17. Show that in linearized theory there is no attractive gravitational force between two thin parallel beams of light. Problem 13.18. A rigid spherical shell of radius Rand total mass M istributed uniformly on the shell), with negligible thickness, rotates slowly with constant angular velocity with respect to inertial frames far away. Use the linearized equations of gravity to determine @, the14, PHYSICS IN CURVED SPACETIME, 83 tic equilibrium in a gravitetional field can never have a free surface e. a surface where p +0). pea 14.6, Two Wentca! contsioors in a static unifom gravitaiona] CHAPTER 14 ea ee PHYSICS IN CURVED SPACETIME, field contain different substances. The containers and contents have eatical time-independent densities of mass-energy, but different (and sibly anisotropic) stresses. Do the containers weigh the same if sighed on the same scale? ‘This chapter deals with the generalization of the laws of special- relativistic physics (e.g. hydrodynamics, electrodynamics) to curved spacetime, Often this generalization involves only the replacement of oblem 14.7. Tt w is the 4-velocity of a perfect ges undergoing adiabatic partial differentiation by covariant differentiation (‘‘comma-goes-to- ationaty flow in a stationary gravitational field, prove (the relativistic semicolon rule”); for example the generalization of the equations of 0 to TH, colons, includes the effects of gravity. io noulli equation) that along the flow lines motion is from TH = 0; this latter equation, with semi- uy = constant x n/(p+p), —— 0 0 0 —_0 —__0 —__ 0 —_ 0 —_. Pwhere n= baryon number density. Problem 14.1. Write the stress-energy tensor for a single free particle, Problem 14.8. Show that the relativistic Bernoulli equation of Problem 14.7 =0. Ereduces to the correct Newtonian limit for slow velocities and weak gravi- and show that the equation of geodesic motion follows from TH”, tational fields. Problem 14.2. Show that the condition for thermal equilibrium of a stati system in general relativity is E Problom 14.9. Consider a moving medium with four-vel.city u(x). Choose 7 two arbitary neighboring particles A and B. At each event along the Tet 0)? constant world line of A define the four-vector separation of B from A, §, as (where Tis the temperature measured by a local static observer) rather follows: (i) § is an infinitesimal vector from a given event on A's thon the Newtonian relation T= constant. world line to B's world line; (i) § has vanishing tine component, 5.0, relative to the othonomal tetrad carried by A. (@) Detine the motion of the medium to be a rigid-body motion if and E only if the distance, (-§)#, between any two neighboring particles — Problem 14.3. Derive the Euler equation (p+p)Vyu = -(Vp+(V,p)ul from TH, = 0, and show that this equation has the correct Newtonian limit ‘ eg., A and B above — is constant for all time. Show that a medium undergoes rigid body motion if and only if ogg =0 and @~ 0, where E o,p ond @ are the quantities defined in Problem 5.18. (b) How many independent equations do these conditions constitute? Problem 14.4. Derive the general relativistic equation of hydrostatic equilibrium, 4 : = ~ (or) © tox eo9)? oaY ax” a and compare it to the Newtonian equation. How many degrees of freedom are there in relativistic rigid-body motion?

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