Summary – Block Diagram Algebra

One objective of this chapter has been for you to learn how to represent multiple subsystems
via block diagrams or signal-flow graphs. Another objective has been to be able to reduce either the
block diagram representation or the signal-flow graph representation to a single transfer function.

We saw that the block diagram of a linear, time-invariant system consisted of four elements:
signals, systems, summing junctions, and pickoff points. These elements were assembled into three
basic forms: cascade, parallel, and feedback. Some basic operations were then derived: moving systems
across summing junctions and across pickoff points.

Once we recognized the basic forms and operations, we could reduce a complicated block
diagram to a single transfer function relating input to output. Then we applied the methods of Chapter 4
for analyzing and designing a second-order system for transient behavior. We saw that adjusting the
gain of a feedback control system gave us partial control of the transient response.

The signal-flow representation of linear, time-invariant systems consists of two elements: nodes,
which represent signals, and lines with arrows, which represent subsystems. Summing junctions and
pickoff points are implicit in signal-flow graphs. These graphs are helpful in visualizing the meaning of
the state variables. Also, they can be drawn first as an aid to obtaining the state equations for a system.

Mason’s rule was used to derive the system’s transfer function from the signal flow graph. This
formula replaced block diagram reduction techniques. Mason’s rule seems complicated, but its use is
simplified if there are no non-touching loops. In many of these cases, the transfer function can be
written by inspection, with less labor than in the block diagram reduction technique.

Finally, we saw that systems in state space can be represented using different sets of variables.
In the last three chapters, we have covered phase-variable, cascade,parallel, controller canonical, and
observer canonical forms. A particular representation may be chosen because one set of state variables
has a different physical meaning than another set, or because of the ease with which particular state
equations can be solved.