Ohm’s Law

 The statement of ohm’s law is simple and it says that, whenever a potential
difference or voltage is applied across a closed circuit, then current flows
through it. This current flow is directly proportional to the voltage applied,
if temperature and all other factors remain constant. Thus we can
mathematically express it as,

V∝I

 Now putting the constant of proportionality we get,

V = IR.
 This particular equation essentially present the statement for ohm’s law
where where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes,
when the potential difference V is applied across the conductor in units of
volts, and R in Ohm’s is the resistance of the conductor.
Some examples
 Calculate the current
Some examples
 Calculate the voltage
Ohm’s Law: Sample Problems
 How much current flows in a 1000-ohm
resistor when 1.5 volts are impressed
across it?
 How much resistance allows an
impressed voltage of 6 V to produce a
current of 0.006 A?
 What voltage will produce 3 A through
a 15-ohm resistor?
 Ohm’s Law Limitations
 Ohms law is applicable at a constant temperature. The resistance of
a conductor increases with temperature. Hence, for changing
temperature the V-I graph for a conductor will be non-linear (not a
straight line)
 The law cannot be applied to unilateral networks. Unilateral
networks permit the current to flow only in one direction. Examples
of such networks include diodes, transistors etc.
 Additionally, Ohm’s law is ineffectual in case of non-linear objects. In
these components, the current is not proportional to the voltage
applied. This is because for each value of voltage and current, these
components have different resistance values. Examples of non-linear
components include thyristor.
 Ohm’s Law will not work in case of non-metallic conductors.
Circuit Elements
 Branch: A single element with its terminals is usually called
a branch. For example a voltage source or a resistor is a
branch.
 Node: When two or more branches are connected at a
point then that point is called a node.
 Loop: A closed path in a circuit is called a loop.
 Mesh: Mesh is a kind of loop which has no loop inside it. But
you have to remember that all meshes are also loops. But all
loops are not meshes