3 Continuous-Time Fourier consti me peta a tarot Fourier ‘ a Rrequency Domain Representation of a Signal (Line spect) a Roorier Series In Tegaometric Fourier Series RAnalysis of a Non-periodic Pantin over Entire Intervals ‘ de Continuous-time Fourier Transform RSxe Useful Functions and Ay a Rosser Transforms BPoperties of — Fourier Trnsioem, NS vee Lmportant Fourier . Tanlorm ‘Theorems Lecter Transform of a a Siena Mrelatig Saget lation os between time anand frequency domain “Courier transform ons of existence of ET, properties, magnitude and phase spect Ertheorems, Parsevals theoren Inve Transform (CTFT) ome FT, relation between LT and b ICTION Wo have already discussed in the first chapter that signals may bo classified broadly into two types : Continuous-time signals and diseretostime signals, Hence, if we want to analyze both types of signals with the help of some mathomatical took, we Will have to establish a separate analysis procedure for each of thoge two types of signals, In this chapter, w shall analyze only continuous-time signals with the help of Fourier Series and Pourior transform, Whon wo analyzo continuous-time signal with tho help of Fourier series and Fourier transform, then Fourier series and Fourier transform are called Continuous-time Fourier series and Continuous-time Fourier transform respectively or simply Fourier Series and Fourier transform, Thus, in this chapter, we shall study continuous-time Fourier Series (CTES) and continuous: time Fourier transform (CTFT). ime signal with the ar transform, then cealled discrete: orm But whon wo analyze discrete help of Fourier series and Fou Fourier series and Fourier transform ar time Fourier series and discrete-time Fou respectively, While studying in enginooring field, you must come across different transform techniques Tike Laplace, Fourier, Z ete, In any kind of signal pre with a signal to bo processed. rior ta ave pcosaing study, we begin Pho signal may be subject 247 | Scanned with CamScanner__ Signals and Systems p existing We system and the predict the form of the output for information extr Alternatively, system is to be designed to implement a d isha eal eth oot ea analysis andlor the In all th es, the of analysis and desirability of information aailabl in transform donna provides the motivation for transforming the signal. 4.2 INTRODUCING FOURIER Before we start, with Fourier series and Fourier transform, let us discuss one important phenomena. When we pass beam of white light through a prism, we get bands of colour produced by the prism. It mea that light beam pa ‘sing through the prism its colour component without any change. of colour we normally, light into colour is analysis, Instead of light, our signal waveforms are basically function of time. The role of prism is played by the Fourier analysis tools i.e., Fourier series and Fourier transform, ‘Thus, analysis of signal i important. Most of the times, it is necessary to convert signal from time domain to frequency domain and vice versa. This transformation between time domain and frequency domain ie performed using Fourier transform (FT), Discrete-time Fouri Transform (DTFT), For anal; evaluated: (1) Amplitude al process ‘tion, analysed it into The output band specify as spectrum, or analysis of nothing but form of Frequency lysing the signal, following parameters are Baron Jean-Ba, iste jo one, Fourier (1768-1839) ay The Fourier series and comprise a most be: utiful development, whieh way indispensable instrument treatment of Ae and engary aken bs thebenays °F series that he nat mathematical poem. Inet engineering. it ise ‘tral to the armas Pm. signal proces several other fields, inclu eget his Published as a paper the Frase Revolution, narrowly escaped te Buillotine twice. Ai) Frequency content BP Power and energy densities iv) Periodicity 0 0 Gass Beam of sinigh Fig. 4.1. Se es Tri Sonor ad Scanned with CamScannercity un be obtainc rity ean Per pe signal his to be t ts ie el of FP or Prey IE SPECTRA) domain, to time, vari th ren io hat means t cn “loLime isentled nay Y oinin Fp nation of the signal ia nog i ‘ se nnn Sufficient far i ona rerentaLion of the sigalg the sake of analyin, 1 rain 7 mation, the variable plotted on the Xeasicy reateney Frater thant thease Hn ripe frequency dom called as the line ape Ine seer in vip Amplitude spectrum: A graph of amplitude y {ip Phase spectrum: A graph of phase ‘The signal x(t) and its line Signal represent ine Spectrum consists of a 0 graphs us frequene versus frequency, Spectrum are shown in figure 4.2. , | | Trt > °| bah ag Frequency tal ibe as I I, i) ry Frequency (tie deh epreenaton (une enn Fig. 4.2. ~ The graph of instantaneous signal voltage {sas shown in figure 4.2, The time domain representation gives us the () Shape of the signal (i Its frequency {ti Type of the signal (periodic or non periodic). iv) One eyele period, 1e domain representation, following information: DO YOU KNOW? But we ‘AA frequency-domain represen: € cannot know an tation of a wave shows the thing about what frequency frequency content but does net in what proportion they have | necessarily indicate the shape of inorder toobtain the particular shape ofthesignal. | the waveform or the combined Mths information can be obtained from the line spectrum of Jamplitude of all the input ‘iisnal. Line spectrum shown in figure 4.2 (b) is the | components at any specific time. aon ition of the same signal x(), new in the frequency — tala gb obtained by using either Fourier aces vr Fourier Leaner It consats of the anand phase spectrucns of the signal. The line spectra indicates t amplitude ani eas tnd gs 2auency components present in the given signal. The line spectrum enables sTthesize a signal t consists of the ie. . . Physicist ‘Trigonometric or quadrature Fourier series (ii) Polar fourier sereis Exponential Fourier series. et us discuss them one-by-one. 4.5 TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES. A periodic function x(t) may be expressed in the form of trigonometric fouri following sine and Cosine terms : x(t) = ag + a, cos Wot + ay cos Bengt +. +bj sin'agt +b, sin Bayt + ad er ser 8 compre +a, cos nagt +..., +b, sin nagt +... Ay x = 90+ D (ancosnayt+ dasinnayt) << t)+7) net = Qn Here T= | anda, and b, are the coefficients. (%y is called the fundamental frequency and 2 @), 3 wg, 4 Gp . Equation (4.3) is the trigonometric Fourier Series (to: ty +), ie., over one period, Now, Ay - are called the harmonicsefs, representation of funetion x(t) over anisiey The constant ay corresponds to Tt may be given by the expression, ___ From equation (4.4) it is tlear that 8g is the average value or d.c. component of x (batt interval (to, ty +7). 3 However, the constant by = a O because sin na,t is zero for n = 0. The constant a, is given by : tot? a J x@ecosnagt at to at yi or equivalently a, = 7) *(Ocosnapt at ° The constant b, is given by 4 2 to+T e td J x(t)sin nagt dt fo Scanned with CamScannerj 7 x(Osinnayt dt or equivalentls o 1, Fourier Series Representation of a Periodic Function Over the Enti 4gde rarticle we considered Fourier serio nt periodic function repeats attor a fot Tame for entire interval (2, «) ng for e 's Fepresentations of a periodic hi Particular period T. Hence Fourie ¥ the interval (ty, ty +). (4.8) re Interval (-t sin t are examples of even function. of an even function is symmetrical with i If the function x(t) is odd, then x(+t) Infact, sint, t3, t cost are examples of function. Figure 4.6 shows the odd functions of t. The graph of an odd function ie symmetrical about the origin and in Fi 1 = duct of two or more even of two ic square wave signal ies representation. 0 (a) +t 0 (o) Fig. 4.5. Graphs of even functions xt) 4 x(t) 1 (a) Fig. 4.6. Graphs of odd functions (b) an even-function. I. which is symmetrical with respect to Scanned with CamScannerpression for Fou Xi) = M+ Y (a,cosnant + by sinnoyt) wo SUS THE Ever wavelarm he symmetseal about the vertical axle jon a x(t) = x0, so, in Fourier series representation only cosine terms are present. This means that b,, =O. . Innis hen watlormineymtrie bout boron axis, the average area is zero and hence the de. term y= 0. * Putting the value of ay and b, in equation @) 7 ny = Saycosnayt ot Also, from figure, the function x(t) is given by “iy Mt) = A, for ~T2 Bx “ting all the values in equation (i), we get 1 x) = ? F {osu ~ ons tant + oss + Scanned with CamScannerSignals and Systems 4.5.3 Polar Fot ‘The polar Fourier Series is the modified form of the trigonometric Fourier Sq Fourier series may be derived from trigonometric Fourier series as follows : TMCS. The Trigonometric Fourier series is given as r Series Representation x(t) = ay + F (a, cosmagt +b, sinnegt) wet SF b, or x(t) = ag+ DS Ja? +b? | —22—cosnayt +——Pa__g 0 2 Jenn arin . An LA Putting Eve =o Mm and Tae =sind, Sothat tang, = » b, or = tan] 2n wool] x(t) = ag+ ae +b§ [cosnapt cos 4, + sin nogt sing, ] a X() = a9 + Y Ya, +b3 -cos(nagt -¢,,) eh Now, Let Dg = ay and D, +be So that x0) = Do + YD, cos(nagt —6,) 18 nel af, = tan?) 20 noun) 2 ; 2% Important Note: = The coefficients D,, are called it he ns pectral amplitudes. This means that D, is the ampitue spectral component Dj cos(nayt— 6,) having a frequency ni, Equivalently, D8 ac plitude Spectrum of function x(t). 6, specifies the phase information of the spectral » Equivalently: ¢, is also called as phase spectrum of function s(t) Po 5.4 Complex Fourier Exponential Series QW erurtrat fore” The exponential form of Fourier Series je «i 1 pence thi” widely used in signal analysis, ‘ries is simpler and more compact and. a We will derive an expression for complex Fourier Exponential series with the helP oft Fourier series. | The trigonometric Fourier series is given as ip xb = 89 + 2, an cosnagt +b, sinnayt Y } Scanned with CamScannerDO YOU KNOW? Spectral analysis of signals can reveal information that is difficult to detect using time-domain methods. i sin nayt = ——3;—— sabstivuting the values of cos nddyt and sin not in equation (4.17), we get . = (cient 5 gninat einagt — g-inuyt eb,| <== —— 2 x(t) = aot Dan nel 2 F [Cena iba Je" | (ay + da Jem’ E x) = 0+ D [oem ot es (4.18) let here ., is the complex conjugate of C,,. c, = fon, Substituting these values in equation (4.18), we obtain x(t) = Cy + Y Cae + SC, emt nal n=l 2. ws _ : 7 . x(t) = Cyt YGy-ei+ F Cems = D Ce ae ye ¢ net tees me “ pate included under the E sign by using the values of n = 0. ‘ Sostituting expression for coefficients a, and b, in the expression, we have 1, m2 5 2 (4a ~ ibn) =i J x@)[cosnapt — jsinnopt}at < =xl2 “3 m2 z J xe im at | es (4.19) one . m2 aT J xbeirtat 7 (4.20) Td, — Scanned with CamScanner| BaETED Find the waveform symmetry of the {following waveforms (Fig. E162). fh of Fig. £162 SourTion. By inspection, for Fig: E162(a) the given. "waveform is an odd function, while for Fig. E1620), the given waveform is also another odd function. For Fig, E16.2(0), the given waveform is an odd function but for Fig. E16.2(d), the given waveform is an even function. Exaneie 163 Find the amplitude of the 5" harmonic of the given waveform (Fig. E163). AY ig. £16.3, SOLUTION. Since the given waveform is an even function, only cosine terms would be present. 2t L3 2 =4 22) 51d ; "s ae r os( #)¢ 7 4 x (cos Sa Ie “Be Exam ET6A A square waveform is shown in Fig. E164. Obtain the Fourier series. v Fig. £16.4 Sotumion. It may be observed that in the interval 0 The Fourier series of the given waveform is EXAMPLE 16.5 Find the Fourier expansion of the given ‘waveform (Fig. E16.5). oe © Fig. E165 »SoLuTION. By inspection, the given function is having odd symmetry. 4 =0;a, =0. Also, Ty =(2n)rad_ It may be revealed that if the period 0-2 xis considered, the function and integration are to be carried out in two parts, ie, from 0 to mand again from r to 2m since the function is different for the two spans. On the other hand, from to+ z,in one way, the full period is covered and also, the function has one form and hence there will be one ~ 714 Gieeu ty integral, from =r 0m the wavelotm i straight line equation with a zero j having the value of A at + mrad). A “ Lw)=2 (00, moc since the equation is in the form y = mx Using equation 16.6 (b) (i), 6,22 f Fwsinyay x 24 for n=3,b, =*4, for n=3,b, == and so on; (with the knowledge that for n= even number, cos is +1 and for n= odd numbers cos nx=-1), ‘The Fourier series becomes £()=74 sin ot -24 sin ot 24 sind ot © Qn on = 74 sinot ~Heintot +Leindot —Leindat | ™ giladot + ssindat — EXAMPLE 166 Determine the Fourier series of the wate shown in Fig. E16.6. ql ™ 1 3m 7 Fig. £16.6 SOLUTION. By inspection, it may be seen that F0)= Avhend stsT. aot {f asin( aaa alee T 2n T 5 opened Similarly, 1? 2 2nt 2ant a Asin( 224) ol eat 2 2417 an? aos rm a A T 2 . ean em] 2 rele {eos [x(1~m)] -»} I=n For n odd, cos [n(1+n)]=cos|x(1-n)]=1 and for n even, cos[n(1 + 1)] =cos(x(1~n)]=-1 ‘0 for all cases when n is odd. Scanned with CamScannerIna similar way 24 60S Ot - =F cos3.agt For all n, except = sin [x (1 ~n)] =sin[x(1 + m)] = 24 nla [z+ m]=0 as well asd, =0. x v C08 Soyt + sna Be Vs v ~ zy Sin2agt+ ¥ sindayt-— zat as 2a 3x form=t 024 F sin? 22) y deal, J ( 7) 7 4 -47 tres( 2) ld numbers the series contains Ty cd sine and cosis ine terms. Thus for n = odd, Scanned with CamScanner[— 1 fourier Anois m7 1 lp, BA) the Hourier vere I given by Vino inane AY 1% 5 A Sn sin 5 af bs. nly odd harmonics ne spectrum would onies and is given by Since the weries contains (p, terms for hon) ence Appear ony a une axl ™ Fig. 116.8(e) represents the line spectrum, Fig. £16. 6.8(c), the required Fourier series iven by For Fig. waveform is 2AT ty i. 1-241 sin ot -2 sin? ot +4 sin 301 140-22] snap nz ol rs sind ot + | 4 ‘Thus it is evident that the coefficients any dlvcrease by } and the series does not cont 1" cosine term. The required line spectrum is shown in Fig. £16.8(). | Fig. 616.8 (1 ExaniPLi6.5 Find a and b coefficients of Fourier series of the given waveform (Fig. E16.9). ae Fig. £169 SOLUTION. it 4 a 0 i sa) " ay J Aond(on {sonar / 0 vite (ot? i. 1 Qn 4 "2a 2 (wl)? [ 6 z el 714 26 An 6 aon n 2 2x 2 Qn 32 aan ee a 2786 32 lo % My =2 j J (U)cos (not) dC) 00 2% = ae f{(0)cos (not) dt 2 z F(t)cos(not)alt 1 ® i 0 fo cos (nw!) dot ° 17s += f 0.cos (mort) d (ot) mie 1 +4 J (-6)cos(n ot) d(wt) ajsn 28 74K ] 4 a 6 an — [sin nx]+—[sin: =| sinn— A tsinnn]+Stsinnane~ [sin] 40 4 {sin nat nm = ginn, 2, [+ sin nn=0 for n=1,2,... D however sin n x0 for iny fraction] Similarly, 4, ons 2 f sysinaos dca) zi + mys . = 2] asingnon cot) +2 1 osingno yor) 0 +7: 1% +4 J -6sin(n of) d(ot). Toes Scanned with CamScanner c 4 A Pp T E R[a (-cos net)}* cos net \|"" fc ——— +0-6( ===") Py n 0 n 7al4 7 ~i ls (cos nn—1)+6{ 1-cos =) nt 4 v Thus we obtained, @y =1276; a, ot sin 1 * ut nih 1 b, = L | ~4(0s ne +6[ 1-c08 | Scanned with CamScanner