3 Tektonik Lempeng

3 PLATE TEKTONIK
GEOLOGI DASAR & STRATIGRAPHY

2021
ARIF RAHUTAMA
www.akamigas.ac.id @PAkamigas PEM Akamigas PEM Akamigas 1

@akamigascepu
Zonation of the Earth – Composition
• Crust
• Mantle
• Core
Plate Tectonics
http://web.eps.utk.edu/~faculty/deane/101.html
Plate Tectonics
“Teori yang mengatakan bahwa kerak bumi tidak bersifat permanen,

tetapi bergerak mengapung”
Plate Tectonics
Pada tahun 1912, Alferd Wegener seorang ahli klimatolgi dan geofisika
menerbitkan buku yang berjudul “The Origin of Continents and Ocean”
PANGEA
Continental Drift
Plate Tectonics
Bukti 1 : Kesesuaian Kontinen (bentuk)

Bukti 2 : Fosil
Bukti 3 : Kesamaan Tipe dan Struktur Batuan
Bukti 4 : Paleoclimatik (iklim lampau)
PANGEA
Plate Tectonics
Integrates evidence from many branches of science

First suggested based on evidence from cartography, geology and
paleontology
Fully embraced after evidence from geophysical measurements
However, the proof of plate tectonics was a long rambling road
Accumulating Evidence
Fossil record
Earth’s crust and mantle
Magnetism and the Earth’s magnetic field
Paleomagnetism
Magnetic reversals
Polar wandering
The topography of the seafloor
Age of the seafloor
Seafloor spreading
Atlantic Coastline
300-400 years ago (after accurate

maps became available) it was
noticed that the coastline on
both sides of the Atlantic could fit
together like a jigsaw puzzle
Fossil Record
In fact, there are matching fossil records that span across all of the continents
Without continental drift, this is hard to explain
Magnetic Reversals
These magnetic reversals have occurred though out the history of the
Earth
They occur on an irregular basis ranging in time from tens of thousands of
years to millions of years
Magnetic Striping on Seafloor
In the 1950s, the Atlantic

seafloor was found to consist
of alternating stripes of
normal and reversely
magnetized rocks
Topography of the Atlantic
Also, in the 1950s, it was

discovered that an underwater
mountain range ran north-south in
the middle of the north Atlantic
Ocean
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge rises as
high as 2 kilometers (1.5 miles)
above the abyssal plain
Topography of the Atlantic
It was eventually discovered that all of the oceans have mid-oceanic ridges
Plates that Move
In 1965, the Canadian Geologist, J.

Tuzo Wilson proposed the concept
that the crust of the Earth is a mosaic
of interacting plates
He called his hypothesis plate
tectonics
Plates that Move
In 1965, the Canadian Geologist, J. Tuzo
Wilson proposed the concept that the
crust of the Earth is a mosaic of
interacting plates
He called his hypothesis plate tectonics
Wilson explained that these plates move
relative to each other
The continents ride on these plates
Geologic features, such as mountains,
volcanoes and earthquakes occur along
the plate boundaries
Plates that Move
There are 20 large and several micro tectonic plates
Plates Move Slowly
Plate movement is best described as chaotic
Each plate moves at a different speed and in a different direction
Plates Move Slowly
Measured using GPS data
Most plates move from about 15 to
~100 millimeters (1/2 to 4 inches) per
year
Or about the thickness of a fingernail
in one day
However, the Nazca Plate is moving
at ~150 mm (~4 inches) per year
Plate Boundaries
 The red dots show that most major earthquakes occur along plate boundaries
 The black triangles show that volcanoes commonly occur along plate boundaries
 Plate motion causes earthquakes
Present-day tectonic setting
Hall (1996)
3 Types of Plate Boundaries
Wilson proposed that tectonic plates interact in three different
ways along their boundaries
1. Transform 2. Divergent 3. Convergent
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Divergent plate boundaries usually start within
continents
They can grow to become ocean basin
Rifting occurs where
tensional forces thin the
crust, magma ascends
/lempeng benua
and volcanoes form
The crust is pulled apart,

forming a valley
A long, narrow lake or sea forms
Lempeng samudra Eventually, an

Lempeng benua Lempeng benua
expansive ocean basin
and ridge are created
Lempeng benua
Can see the spreading on the

island of Iceland, which sits on
top of the mid-Atlantic Ridge
Continental Rifts
Note that uprise and decompression of
the underlying asthenosphere results in
magma formation
The crust responds by brittle fracture
Early rift sediments are downfaulted
into the developing rift (which is called
a graben)
Erosion takes place on the sides of the
rift valley
Continental Rifts
Two examples are the East African and Rio

Grande Rift Valleys
This can be the beginning of ocean formation
(although it may not get that far)
Rifting often begins at a triple junction
East African Rift Zone
Perhaps the most interesting and spectacular plate tectonic rift zone on
the land surface
The East African Rift has a north-south orientation with the African Plate
moving to the west and the Somali Subplate moving to the east
A triple junction, where three

plates are pulling away from
one another: the Arabian
Plate, and the two parts of the
African Plate (the Nubian and
the Somalian) splitting along
the East African Rift Zone
Is the Earth Expanding?
NO!
The Earth is maintaining a constant diameter

New crust is created at mid-oceanic ridges
The old crust sinks back into the Earth at subduction zones along
convergent plate boundaries
Convergent Boundaries
There are three types of convergent plate boundaries
Oceanic=lempeng Samudra (bersifat basa/mafic), Continent=lempeng Benua
(bersifat asam/felsic)
Oceanic–Oceanic Japanese Islands

Oceanic–Continent Andes Mountains, Java-Sumatra Southern Mountain
Continent–Continent Himalaya Mountains
Convergent Boundaries
First we need to talk about the density of the rock
The continental crust is lighter and has an average density of 2.8
g/cm3
The oceanic crust is heavier and has an average density 3.2 g/cm3
Complicating things is that old oceanic crust is more dense than
young oceanic crust
Oceanic - Oceanic
When two oceanic

plates collide under
the ocean, one plate
slides underneath the
other at a subduction
zone
Oceanic - Oceanic
A deep trench
forms along the
subduction zone
This is caused
by the plate
sinking into the
interior of the
Earth
Oceanic - Oceanic
Magma rises up along the subduction zone creating volcanoes
and forms volcanic island arcs such as the Japanese Islands
Oceanic - Oceanic
What determines which oceanic plate sinks?
The older, more dense oceanic plate will sink beneath the
younger, less dense oceanic plate
Oceanic - Continent
When an oceanic
plate collides with
a continental
plate, the oceanic
plate slides
underneath the
continental plate
Oceanic - Continent
The heaver, more

dense oceanic
plate sinks
beneath the
lighter, less dense
continental plate
Oceanic - Continent
A deep trench
forms along the
subduction zone
This is caused by
the oceanic plate
sinking into the
interior of the
Earth
Oceanic - Continent
The lighter
continental crust is
pushed up and
forms a mountain
range
Oceanic - Continent
Magma rises up along the subduction zone creating volcanoes, which
adds to the size of the mountains and creates a continental volcanic
arc
Volcanic arc
Andes Mountains
The Andes Mountains stretch
over 5500 miles along the
Pacific side of South America
Andes Mountains
The Andes Mountains were and

still are being created by the
Nazca Plate colliding with the
South America Plate
Note that the continent of South
America is essentially riding on
the South America Plate
JAVA BACK-ARC BASIN MODEL
SUMATRA BACK ARC BASIN MODEL
Continent - Continent
Most continental tectonic plates are formed of rock with essentially

the same density
So, when two continental plates collide, one does not sink beneath
the other
Instead, the two plates literally smash into each other
The continental crust is deformed and uplifted, creating mountains
such as the Himalaya Mountains
50 to 90 million years ago the continent of India was an
island a couple thousand miles south of Asia
The continent of India is riding on the

Indian Plate
The Indian Plate has been moving north
for tens of millions of year
Starting around 40-50 million years,
India began to ram into the continent of
Asia
As India smashed into Asia, the continental crust of both
India and Asia were pushed up and deformed, creating what
is currently the greatest mountain range on Earth, the
Himalayas
Why?
Why is Mount Everest over
29,000 feet high?
Because the continent of India
collided with the continent of
Asia
By the way, Mount Everest, the
highest mountain on Earth, is
composed of limestone rock,
which was created at the
bottom of the ocean
Transform Plate Boundaries
A transform fault plate boundary occurs
when two plate slide past each other in
opposite directions
Mid oceanic ridge
Mid oceanic ridge
The most famous example
is the San Andreas Fault
Zone in California
The portion of California
in blue is heading
northwest to Alaska
This is the most studied
fault zone in the world
San Andreas Fault Zone
What Causes the Plates to Move
A driving force for plate tectonics has not been definitely

identified
Each plate weighs trillions upon trillions of tons
Thought to be caused by the convection of the mantle
Friction at base of the lithosphere transfers energy from
the asthenosphere to the lithosphere
Convection may have overturned the asthenosphere 4 to 6
times
Convection in the Mantle
Hot mantle material rises at the spreading mid-oceanic ridges
Some of the magma erupts, but most spreads out under the
lithosphere and drags the crust along
Eventually, the slowly cooling material sinks back into the
mantle
An alternate hypothesis is that the convection process may
involve two convection layers
Or perhaps the convection process behaves in a chaotic
manner
Moving Continents
It is interesting to speculate on
how the Earth looked as the
continents were moved
around...
250 Million Years A.D.
Or in 250 million years...
50 Million Years A.D.
Or what the Earth will look like in 50 million years
TERIMA KASIH
www.akamigas.ac.id @PAkamigas PEM Akamigas PEM Akamigas @akamigascepu

3 Tektonik Lempeng

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3 Tektonik Lempeng

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3 PLATE TEKTONIK

GEOLOGI DASAR & STRATIGRAPHY

www.akamigas.ac.id @PAkamigas PEM Akamigas PEM Akamigas 1

“Teori yang mengatakan bahwa kerak bumi tidak bersifat permanen,

Bukti 1 : Kesesuaian Kontinen (bentuk)

Integrates evidence from many branches of science

However, the proof of plate tectonics was a long rambling road

300-400 years ago (after accurate

In the 1950s, the Atlantic

Also, in the 1950s, it was

In 1965, the Canadian Geologist, J.

1. Transform 2. Divergent 3. Convergent

The crust is pulled apart,

A long, narrow lake or sea forms

Lempeng samudra Eventually, an

Can see the spreading on the

Two examples are the East African and Rio

A triple junction, where three

The Earth is maintaining a constant diameter

Oceanic–Oceanic Japanese Islands

When two oceanic

The heaver, more

The Andes Mountains were and

Most continental tectonic plates are formed of rock with essentially

The continent of India is riding on the

Mid oceanic ridge

Mid oceanic ridge

A driving force for plate tectonics has not been definitely

www.akamigas.ac.id @PAkamigas PEM Akamigas PEM Akamigas @akamigascepu

You might also like