Càlcul - Enginyeria Biomèdica

Seminar 4
Indefinite Integrals and substitutions (Strang, ch. 5, p. 200.) , Definite Integrals (Strang, ch. 5, p.
206.) , Properties of the Integral and Average Value (Strang, ch. 5, p. 212.) , Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus (Strang, ch. 5, p. 219.) , Integration by Parts (Strang, ch. 7, p. 287.) ,
Trigonometric Substitutions (Strang, ch. 7, p. 299.) , Areas and Volumes by Slices (Strang, ch. 8,
p. 318-320.) , Length of a Plane Curve (Strang, ch. 8, p. 324-325.)

1. True or false, when f is an antiderivative of v:

Z
(a) v (u (x)) dx = f (u (x)) + C.

Sol:
Z False.
1
(b) v 2 (x) dx = f 3 (x) + C.
3
Sol:
Z False.
(c) v (x) (du/dx) dx = f (u (x)) + C.

Sol:
Z False.
1
(d) v (x) (dv/dx) dx = f 2 (x) + C.
2
Sol: False.

2. True or false, when f is an antiderivative of v:

Z
1
(a) f (x) (dv/dx) dx = f 2 (x) + C.
2
Sol:
Z False.
(b) v (v (x)) (dv/dx) dx = f (v (x)) + C.

Sol: True.
(c) Integral is inverse to derivative so f (v (x)) = x.
Sol: False.
(df /dx) dx = f 0 (x).
R
(d) Integral is inverse to derivative so
Sol: False.
R1
3. If df /dx = −v (x) and f (1) = 0, explain f (x) = x v (t) dt.

Sol:
Rb
4. What number v̄ gives a (v (x) − v̄) dx = 0?

Sol: Mean value of v(x) in the interval (a, b).

5. Find the average distance from x = a to points in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. Is the formula different
if a < 2?

Sol: a ≥ 2: a − 1. a ≤ 0: 1 − a. a ∈ (0, 2): a2 /2 − a + 1.

6. If you choose a random point in the square 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, what is the chance that its
coordinates have y 2 ≤ x?

Sol: 2/3

1
 7. Prove from the definition of df /dx that df /dx is an odd function if f (x) is even.

Sol:

8. Find the derivatives of the following functions F (x).

Z x Z x2
(a) cos2 t dt Sol: F 0 (x) = cos2 x. (b) u3 du Sol: F 0 (x) = 2x7 .
1 1
Z
9. Integrate xn eax dx

n
n! xn−k eax
(−1)k
P
Sol: I = (n−k)! ak+1 .
k=0

10. If we use the change of variables x = sin θ, we find

Z Z
1
√ dx = dθ = θ = arcsin x + C.
1 − x2
(a) Use x = cos θ to get a different answer.
(b) How can the same integral give two answers?

Sol: (a) The integral is I = − arccos x + C

(b) Given that − arccos x = arcsin x − π/2, both results are correct.

11. Calculate the definite integrals

Z ap
(a) a2 − x2 dx = area of .
−a
2
Sol: I = πa2 , area of a semicircle of radius a.
Z 1 p
(b) 1 − x2 dx = area of .
1/2
√
π 3
Sol: I = 6 − 8 .

12. Solve the integrals (completing the square)

Z
dx
(a) 2
x − 4x + c
2 (x − 2)2 − 4 + c. Then use
√ the square as: x − 4x + c = √
Sol: Complete √ the change of variables
t = (x − 2)/ c − 4. The integral is I = 1/ c − 4 arctan((x − 2)/ c − 4) + C
Z
dx
(b) 2
2x − x
Sol: Complete the square as: 2x2 − x = 2[(x − 1/4)2 − 1/16]. Then use the change of
variables t = x − 1/4, and the resulting integral can be solved either using partial fractions
or using the change of variables u = 1/4 sec t, and gives I = ln(x − 1/2) − ln x + C.
√
13. Find the mistake. With x = sin θ and 1 − x2 = cos θ, substituting dx = cos θ dθ changes
Z 2π Z 0p
2
cos θ dθ into 1 − x2 dx.
0 0

√
Sol: The identity 1 − x2 = cos θ holds only for θ ∈ (π/2) ∪ (3π/2, 2π).

2
14. Rotate the ellipse x2 /a2 + y 2 /b2 = 1 around the x axis to find the volume of a football. What is
the volume around the y axis? If a = 2 and b = 1, locate a point (x, y, z) that is in one football
but not the other.

Sol: Vx = 34 πb2 a, Vy = 34 πa2 b. For a = 2 and b = 1, the point (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 3/2), is located
inside the second ball but not in the first one.

15. What is the volume of the loaf of bread which comes from rotating y = sin x (0 ≤ x ≤ π) around
the x axis?

Sol: V = π 2 /2.

16. (a) Find the length of x = cos2 t, y = sin2 t, 0 ≤ t ≤ π.

(b) Why does this path stay on the line x + y = 1?
√
(c) Why isn’t the path length equal to 2?
√
Sol: (a) L = 2 2. (b) sin2 t + cos2 t = 1. (c) The curve covers the path (1, 0) → (0, 1) twice.