Assignment 1: Introduction to Ancient and Contemporary Masonry (Chapters 1 & 2) Answer P: Clay bricks of 100X100X200 mm size have been used to construct the 600mm high corbelled arch; its front and side view is shown in Fig. 01. The layout of the arch is shown in Fig. 02. e104 7 200 4 : y & 2 * s \ FRONT ViEW SIDE View iF Fig. 01 Fig. 02 Construction procedure: a) Bricks will be placed on a layer basis with 20mm mortar in between successive layers. b) The last brick towards the arch will be placed in such a way that it will be cantilevered for > of its thickness. ) Similarly, step (a) and (b) be followed on the other side of the arch. d) At the apex of the arch, 1 brick will be placed which has support on both sides of the arch. Comments on construction procedure: a) Temporary support is required till the completion of masonry") b) Precision is required to place the bricks at the projection or cantilever location, Strength & Stability of structure: a) Gravity loads are resisted by arch action, and the magnitude is more than lintel or beam action. b) Thrust due to lateral force or gravity force need to be resisted by mortar or the applied binder in between the blocks and successive layers in the form of frictional force; therefore, strong bonds are necessary. c) As this type of arch causes tension force from the gravity loads above, they are ~ sometimes — called “False Arch") Answer P1-B * Modern arches are built by placing a wedge-shaped brick or stone at the apex point of arch to construct or form a semicircular shape; with this type of construction practice contemporary arches can span for longer distances. ‘* Additionally, there will be internal stress which is balanced by the horizontal thrust at the ends of the arches (Abutments). * The overall capacityis also enhanced by the archrise (lever arm between interior and exterior forces), and it is significantly greater than the flat beams or ancient arches. Also, if the abutment masonryunits have cut in the socket shape then the whole arch will be in compression, and the resulting compressive stress is considerably strong in masonry; thus, the overall capacity increases ‘© Some modern arches are Catenary, Parabolic, Semicircular and Pointed, and their images are shown in Fig. 03. SEMICIRCULAR POINTED PARABOLIC (CATENARY Fig. 03 Answer P2 Semicircular and pointed arches were prepared using domestic stationery and their relevant images are shown here in Fig. 04 and Fig, 05 along with the appropriate explanation of the construction post-loading structural analogy. Construction Fig. 04 Fig. 05 ‘* Fig. 04 shows the construction of a semicircular arch using readily available stationery. To build this arch, paper was used, and its joints were connected to a visiting card through glue tape. Black and green boxes were placed tosupportthe arch from lateral direction, and a hard pamphlet paper was utilized to prepare the loading area ‘Similarly, Fig. 05 shows the construction of the pointed arch using the same materials which were used for the semicircular arch. The only difference is the black pamphlet was bentin haff to prepare a visible apex point. Postloading structural analogy ‘+ Amedium scale staplerand a glue stick were used for loading. ‘* Semicircular arch had better response than the pointed arch as it carried more load, and the shape was not, significantly deformed. ‘As shown in Fig. 06 Semicircular arch could resist the load of stapler and the glue stick without having considerable deformation in its shape; however, Fig. 07 shows the visible deflection in vertical as well as horizontal direction due to its pointed shape, and it could take the load of only stapler. A blue glass bottle (right side) anda sunglass case (left) were used to retain the fall of the applied loading. ‘+ Overall observation: Semicircular performed better because of its even shape from all sides which is suitable for the stress transfer, but the horizontal thrust was higher due to less vertical component while pointed arch had 2 curves with the visible apex point which is mostsuitable to transferloads in the vertical direction, but it could bear less load due to less or no side fillings. Nevertheless, as per the theoretical behavior, ifthe side fillings were appropriately placed then it could have born more loads than the semicircular arch.Fig. 06 Fig. 07 Answer P3 Fig. 08 to Fig. 10 shows the various arches which have been adopted in some of the buildings in London, Ontario Fig. 08 Fig. 09 Fig, 10 Fig. 07 shows the main entrance of St. Andrews United Church which was constructed in 1925 and renovated specific area of it in 1935. This church is located at 350 Queens Ave, London!) The structure is mainly brick masonry except for large openings or edges where the stone masonry has been utilized. On a preliminary basis, the photograph depicts the construction of a gothic or pointed arch with certain amount of projection its minor direction. The gravity load is carried by the arch, and it transfers the load to stone columns. Moreover, itseems that the overall thrust would be less as compared to vertical loading due to arch’s shape. Fig. 08 shows the side access view of renowned “Angelo’s Italian Bakery and Market” which was constructed in 1990s, andit is situated at 755 Wonderland Road, London". This buildings a ground+1 storey building with brick masonry construction along with RC frame elements at certain locations. The given photograph shows the construction of a semicircular arch with its noticeable wedge -shaped stone/brick to at crown/apex point to maintain the size; also, a beam is constructed beneath the arch which acts as tension as well as flexural member which — also —helps arch to maintain its shape and transfer the forces/loads through thrust. Fig, 09 shows the main entrance of "Westview funeral chapel” which was constructed in March 1997, and itis located at 709 Wonderland Road, London"!, The structure is a combination of RC frame and masonry. The given photograph indicates the stone made pointed arch (similarto gothic arch) which contains partial wedge-shaped stones for maintaining the shape the structure; also, it carries the load of front facade as well as walls, in curvature which can be seen in photo. This load is transferred to column through stone arch. Answer P4 Height of brick (H) = 0.057m Width of brick (b) = 0.09m Length of brick (L) = 0.190m Density of brick (p) = 20 kN/m? Mortar thickness(T) = 0.01m Number of bricks in 1m length= 5 Nos (Assumption) NOTE: Critical sectional area will be between2" and 3” layer of brick due to cantilever action is initiated from 3° layer of brick. Also, Mortar thicknessis includedin calculation Calculation of Resistive moment (Ms} a) Weight of top 5 brick layers (W,) = 1 x0.335 x 0.19 x 20 = 1.273 kN Eccentricity (e,) = (190 ~ 25 - 25 ~ 25) /2= 0.057m Moment (M,)=0.072 kN.m b) Weight of 6* layer from top (We) = 1 x 0.067 x 0.19 x 20 = 0.254 kN Eccentricity (e:) = (190 - 25 - 25) /2 = 0.07m Moment (Ms) =0.017 kN.m ) Weight of 7 layer from top (Ws) = 1 x 0.067 x 0.19 x 20 = 0.254 kN Eccentricity (es) = (190 — 25) / 2= 0.0825m Moment (Ms) = 0.021 kN.m Total Resistive moment(M,)=0.11 kN.m Calculation of Overturning Moment. a) Total weight of bricks (Ws) = 1 x 0.469 x 0.19 x 20 = Eccentricity (es) =(190 - 25) /2= 0.0825m Moment (Ms) =0.147 KN.m 254 kN F.0.S. against overturning = Answer P5 Height of the wall (H) = 3m Length of the wall (L) = 1.2m Thickness of the wall (T) = 0.2m Density of the wall (p)=20kN/m? —_ Elastic modulus of masonry (E,) = 10,000 MPa Volume of the wall (V)=Hx LxT=0.72 m? Weight of the wall (W) = Vx D= 14.4 kN (a) Case 1: Uniform compressive stress at base P=OkN b) Case 2: Triangular stress distribution with zero stress at one end and maximum stress at other end ‘Triangular full bearing is - generally - achieved when the eccentricity(e) is T/6. Hence, e = 0.033m Moment of Inertial) = Lx 3/12 =8 x 10% mm* = 8x 104 m* Base Area (A)=0.2 x1.2= 0.24 m? W_M ~~ 144_ P x0.033 x01 a7 77 un Tcto 7 P= 1454 RN(b) o Observation Shear Modulus (6) =0.4 x E Deflection (A) = Bending deflection + sheardeflection, PL G _ 144 x 1000 x3000? 3El El 3 x 10,000 x8 x 10° 04 XE Case 3: Half base section cracked with triangular stress distribution on the other half. The triangular half bearingis - generally - achieved when the eccentricity(e) is T/3. Hence, e = 0.067m Effective moment of inertia for load P (Iss) =0.4 x |, (Reference 8) =3,2 x 10° mm* = 3.2 x 10¢ m* Base Area (A)=0.2 x1.2 x 0.5 = 0.12 m? Tension condition is” + “= 0 ata WM (144 P2 x 0.067 x 0.05 Az 0.42 32 x 10 Acting P = 14.54 + 11.46 = 26.00 kN + P = -11.46 kN (T) Case 4: Full cracked section Full cracked section or overturning achieved when the eccentricity(e) is T/2. Hence, e= 0.1m Effective moment of Inertia (Ie) =0.01% 104 m* =0 m* Effective bearingarea(A.y) = 0.01 m? = 0m? Effective neutralaxis (Y.y) = 0.001 m =O m wom Tension condition is“ + 2 =0 woM 144 P2 x01 x 0.001 AZ 001 001 x 10-* > P =-144KN (T) Acting P = 26.00 + 14.4 = 40.40 kN load P; hence, derived values are added in 2" case's value. Answer P6 Fig. 11 shows the reaction (thrust) line (in red-dash line) forthe answers of PS. Case a (1): The eccentricity is 0 mm as this is a gravity load case where the compressional stress is equal at base. Case b (2): The eccentricity is 33.33 mm because the compressionalstressis zeroat one end while maximum, on the otherside. Case c (3): The eccentricity is 66.67 mm since the compressional tressis zero at the middle (center) line whie it is maximumon the otherside. Case d (4): the eccentricity is 100 mm as this is the case of overturning and this, generally, happens when the reaction line is on the other end of the wall ‘ase 1 is gravity condition where equal compressive stress will be noticed, and ~ therefore — deflection and lateral load will not take place. In case 3 and 4 has tension is observed which justifies that increment in lateral200- _f-200— +200 200— 4200— 4200— 4200- | | 100-4 Fig. 12 Answer P7 Fig, 12 showsthe 3 different walls, and certain assumptions are taken for bending stress calculations which are given here. Additionally, all the units are in mm in the given figure. © Wythe thicknessis 100 mm ‘Loading: 5 kN/m; therefore, the acting moment is (WL?/24) = 0.208 kN.m ‘+ Support conditions: Simply supportat both ends. ‘+ Metalstiches in diaphragm wall are placed at 1 m e/¢. ‘Masonry tiesiin cavity wall are placed at 1m c/c © Walls are continuingand fixed at both ends. * Modulus of elasticity (E) = 10, 000 MPa e t 0 1 sec ee eee 8 8 I I SOLID WALL CAVITY WALL DIAPHRAGM WALL Fig, 12 (a Bendingstressin Solid wall Momentof Inertia (I) = 1.3 x10? mm* Distance from the neutral axis (y) = 125 mm Bending stress (o;) = M x / | =0.208 x 10F x 125 / 1.3 x 10° = 0.02 N/mm? Stiffness (S) = Load / Deflection 384 XE XI _ 384 x 10,000 x13 x 10° a - 10008 = 49 kN/m (b) Bending stress in Cavity wall Moment of Inertia I) = 8.33 x 107 mm’ Distance from the neutral axis (y) = 50 mm. Bending stress for 1 wythe (aq) =M x ¥ /1 = 0.208 x10 x 50 / 8.33 x 10? = Total bending tress (a2) = (a + oq) =0.24 N/mm? 1.12 N/mm?Stiffness (S) = Load / Deflection _P_ 384. XE x1 _ 384 x 10,000 x (2 x 833 x 107) a E 10007 (c) Bending tress in Diaphragm wall Moment of Inertia (I) = 1.68 x 10° mm* Distance from the neutral axis y) = 125 mm Bending stress (a3)= M x /1=0.208 x 10° x 112.5 / 1.68 x 10" = 0.14 N/mm* Stiffness(S) = Load / Deflection AP _ 384 XE XI _ 384 x 10,000 1.68 x 10) yay “a0 FB 10007 = fm ‘© Observation: The overall bending stress is minimum in solid wall followed by diaphragm wall while cavity wall has maximum bending stress which indicates that the cavity wall has lower load carrying capacity which would ‘not be beneficial for multi-storey building structure or heavy loading industrial or institutional structure. Reference 1. Roberts P., Arch designs: Corbels_ and Catenaries, Blogger, 11 May 2010, [http://masonrydesign.blogspot.com/2010/05/arch-designs-corbels-and-catenaries.html], Accessed 10 May 2022. 2. Management team, Westview Funeral Chapel, [https://www.westviewfuneralchapel.com/our- team/t#:~:text=Westview%20opened%20in%20March%201997,our%20products%20from%20Can adian%20manufacturers], Accessed 11 May 2022. 3. London Family Health Team, [http://www.londonfht.ca/], Accessed 11 May 2022. 4, Talker, Angelo’s Bakery and Deli 6. London’s Abandoned Places, 10 May 2015, [https://www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com/ontario/london/angelos-bakery-deli], Accessed 11 May 2022. McGregor G., The Revenand William Proudfoot... An Auld Acquittance, 2011, [https://www.fsaunited.com/ files/ugd/25fec5_3a2a0b63a8ff4a9tb9f3ad10366419b8.pdf], Accessed 16'" May 2022. Uzodimma ©., Shear deformation of beam using virtual work method, Structville integrated service, 02 May 2022, [https://structville.com/2017/07/solved-examples-on-shear-deformation- of-one-span-beams-using-virtual-work-method.html], Accessed 16 May 2022 Anonymous, Chapter 5 - Flex, Sag & Wobble: Stiffness limited design, TU Delf, [https://ocw.tudelft.nl/wp-content/uploads/Materiaalkunde_1 slides chapter5.pdfJ, Accessed 16" May 2022. Klingner R., Masonry Structural Design, Mc Graw Hill, United States, 2010, ISBN: 978-0-07-163831- 9. Hamid A., Schuller M., Assessment and Retrofit of Masonry Structures, The Masonry Society, United States, 2019, ISBN: 1-929081-60-8.