Isentropic Processes

For an isentropic process s

1
= s
2
) / exp(
) / exp(
exp
ln
0 ln
1
2 1 2
1
2
1
2 1 2
1
2
1 2 1 2
R s
R s
R
s s
P
P
P
P
R
s s
P
P
R s s s s
o
o o o
o o
o o

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Define relative pressure
( ) R s P
o
r
/ exp
1
2
1
2
r
r
const s
P
P
P
P

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For ideal gas

( )
( )
1 1
2 2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
/
/
r
r
r
r
P T
P T
P
P
T
T
P
P
T
T
v
v

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Define r r
P T v /
, so
1
2
1
2
r
r
const s
v
v
v
v

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Values of P
r
and T
r
as a function of temperature for air are
tabulated in Table A-22
144
Isentropic Process for ideal gas with constant c
v
and c
P

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1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 2
1 ) 0 exp(
sides both of l exponentia Take
ln 0
ln ln 0
ln ln
1
1
0
) 1 /( note
0 ln ln
v
v
T
T
v
v
T
T
v
v
T
T
v
v
T
T
k
R
k R c
v
v
R
T
T
c s s
k
k
k
V
V
1
2
1
1
2

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k
c o n s t c
c o n s t s
v
v
T
T
p
but
1 1
2 2
1
2
v P
v P
T
T

substituting
1
2
1
1 1
2 2

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k
v
v
v P
v P
145
this yields
k
c o n s t c
c o n s t s
v
v
P
P
p

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2
1
1
2
or
k k
v P v P
2 2 1 1

Recall, for a polytropic compression or expansion process
Pv
n
= const, for the special case of an isentropic process
(adiabatic and reversible) n= k
Combining the two equations yields
k
k
const c
const s
k k
P
P
T
T
T
T
P
P
v
v
p
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1

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146
Control volume entropy rate balance
Similar approach to that used to derive conservation of
energy
2
m
3
m
gen
j i e
e e i i
j
j
CV
S s m s m
T
Q
dt
dS

+ +
If temperature in CV is not uniform Tj corresponds to the
temperature at different points on the control surface
where heat is transferred
For steady-state, one inlet and one outlet, isothermal CV
m
S
s s
T
Q
m
gen
out in
CV

+ +
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1
0
147
CONTROL
VOLUME
1
m
Rate of
Entropy
change
Rate of
Entropy
production
Rate of entropy transfer
Isentropic efficiencies of Turbines and Compressors
Recall, for a turbine First Law (steady-state, neglecting
KE and PE effects and heat losses) yields
Expansion (P
2
< P
1
)
0
2 1
> h h
m
W
CV

(W
out
)
An entropy balance yields
0
1 2

m
S
s s
gen

For an actual turbine, irreversibilities are present, so

accessible states are such that s
2
> s
1
The state labeled 2s on the T-s and h-s diagrams would be
attained only in the limit of no irreversibilities, i.e.,
internally reversible expansion (
0
gen
S

) and thus s
2
= s
1
The maximum theoretical amount of turbine work output
is obtained for an isentropic expansion
148
P
2
T
P
1
T
s
1
2
2s
P
1
P
2
W
s
CV
h h
m
W
2 1

Since h
1
- h
2
< h
1
- h
2s
the actual work produced is less
than the ideal isentropic turbine produces
The difference is gauged by the isentropic turbine
efficiency defined by
( )
s s CV
CV
t
h h
h h
m W
m W
2 1
2 1
/
/

Note,
t
< 1
149
Recall, for a compressor First Law (steady-state,
neglecting KE and PE effects and heat losses) yields
Compression (P
2
> P
1
)
0
2 1
< h h
m
W
CV

(W
in
)
An entropy balance yields
0
1 2

m
S
s s
gen

For an actual compressor irreversibilities are always

present so s
2
> s
1

The state labeled 2s on the T-s and h-s diagrams would be
attained only in the limit of no irreversibilities, i.e.,
internally reversible compression where
0
gen
S

and thus s
2
= s
1
The minimum theoretical amount of compressor work
required corresponds to isentropic compression
150
P
1
P
2
C
T
s
1
2
2s
P
2
P
1
W
) (
1 2
h h
m
W
s
CV

Since h
2
h
1
> h
2s
h
1
the actual work input is more than
the ideal isentropic compressor requires
The difference is gauged by the isentropic compressor
efficiency defined by
( )
2 1
2 1
/
/
h h
h h
m W
m W
s
CV
s CV
c

Note,
c
< 1
151
Internally Reversible Steady-State Flow Work
For a single inlet and exit (1-inlet, 2-exit) CV at steady-
state neglecting KE and PE effects conservation of energy
( ) ( )
2 1
2
2
2
1
2 1
2
z z g
V V
h h
m
Q
m
W
CV CV
+

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For an internally reversible process

Tds m Q

/
( )
2 1
2
1
h h Tds
m
W
CV
+

Recall:
( )


2
1 1 2
2
1
vdp h h Tds vdp dh Tds
( ) ( )
2 1
2
1 1 2
h h vdP h h
m
W
CV
+

For pumps, turbines, compressors when KE= PE= 0

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2
1
i n t
v d P
m
W
r e v
C V

Pumps and compressors dP > 0 work done on system

Turbines dP < 0 work done by system
152
Liquids liquid are incompressible, so v
1
=v
2
= v
) (
1 2
2
1
i n t
P P v v d P
m
W
r e v
C V

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Gases - when each unit of gas through the CV undergoes

a polytropic process Pv
n
= const


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2
1
1
1
2
1
i n t
) (
n
n
r e v
C V
P
d P
c o n s t v d P
m
W

For the special case of an ideal gas where Pv = RT

153
Total Work
Total Heat
Transferred

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1
1
1
2 1
i n t
T
T
n
n R T
m
W
r e v
C V

n
1
,
recall, for polytropic process
n
n
P
P
T
T
1
1
2
1
2

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so

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1
1
1
1
2 1
i n t
n
n
r e v
C V
P
P
n
n R T
m
W

n
1
Recall: If the process is internally reversible and adiabatic
(isentropic) for constant c
p
and c
v
Pv
k
= const
Substitute n= k in above equations to get work per unit
mass for isentropic process (implies
) (T f const k
)
For the case of n=1: P
1
v
1
= P
2
v
2
T
1
=T
2
(isothermal)

vdP
gives:
( )
1 2
i n t
l n P P R T
m
W
r e v
C V

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n=1
154
155