CSC 408 - MANAGEMENT INFORMATION

SYSTEM

ASSIGNMENT 1

NAME : SYED AHMAD HASREE BIN SYED YUSSOF

STUDENT NO : 2018821414
CLASS : KBASP4A
SEMESTER : MARCH - JULY 2020
QUESTION 1
A) Distinguish between data and information using an Information System example.
What is Data ?
- Data is a raw and unorganized fact that required to be processed to make it meaningful. Data
can be simple at the same time unorganized unless it is organized.

Generally, data comprises facts, observations, perceptions numbers, characters, symbols,

image, etc. Data is always interpreted, by a human or machine, to derive meaning. So, data is
meaningless. Data contains numbers, statements, and characters in a raw form.

What is Information ?
- Information is a set of data which is processed in a meaningful way according to the given
requirement. Information is processed, structured, or presented in a given context to make it
meaningful and useful.

It is processed data which includes data that possess context, relevance, and purpose. It also
involves manipulation of raw data.

Information assigns meaning and improves the reliability of the data. It helps to ensure
undesirability and reduces uncertainty. So, when the data is transformed into information, it
never has any useless details.
The key difference between data and information as below :
 Data is a raw and unorganized fact that is required to be processed to make it meaningful
whereas Information is a set of data that is processed in a meaningful way according to
the given requirement.
 Data does not have any specific purpose whereas Information carries a meaning that has
been assigned by interpreting data.
 Data alone has no significance while Information is significant by itself.
 Data never depends on Information while Information is dependent on Data.
 Data measured in bits and bytes, on the other hand, Information is measured in
meaningful units like time, quantity, etc.
 Data can be structured, tabular data, graph, data tree whereas Information is language,
ideas, and thoughts based on the given data.

B) Distinguish between the Traditional File Organisation (or Flat files) and DBMS.
DBMS
- Database means a huge amount of inter-related data is stored, retrieved and collect at one
place in the database. In short, it is a collection of inter-related data stored in the database.
Management is a collection of the program for security manage, retrieved and stored the data.
- DBMS is a collection of interrelated data's stored in a database server; these data's will be
stored in the form of tables. The aim of the database is to provide a way to store and retrieve
database information in a fast and efficient manner. Database system not only contains data's
but it contains a complete definition or description of the database structure and constraints.
 Traditional File
- Before the use of a computer, a manual file system was used to maintain the records and
files. Data were stored and processed using a traditional file system and it makes it easy to
find any information. In this traditional file system, each file is independent of other file and
data in the different file can be integrated only by writing an individual program for each
application. The data and application program that uses the data are arranged that any change
to data requires modification of all the programs that use the data. Sometimes, it is not
possible to identify all the programs using data and identified on trial and error basis. All
functional areas in the organization create, processes its own files.

The files such as inventory and payroll generate separate files and do not communicate with
each other. The organization was simple to generate and had better local control but the data
of an organization is dispersed throughout the functional subsystem.

The key difference as below :

 DBMS is very expensive but, the traditional file system is cheap.
 DBMS is good for the large system but, the traditional file system is good for a small
system having a small number of items.
 DBMS required lots of effort for designing but, the traditional file system is very low
design efforts.
 DBMS is highly secured but, the traditional file system is not secure.
 DBMS is data sharable but, the traditional file system is isolated data sharable.
 DBMS is flexible but, the traditional file system has a lack of flexibility and has many
limitations.

QUESTION 2
A) Ethical concerns associated with storing and analysing user data ?
- Companies collect and store a wealth of information about customer in their
databases.