INTRODUCTION

Composite materials a wonder of modern Science can be defined as a mixer of

two or more more distinct elements in order to get a resulting materials having superior properties
From its parental materials.
In this research work pineapple leaf fibre was considered a rainforced material and
polyester resin was considered as a matrix material.Economically pineapple organic products are
significant and leaves are measured as agro waste materials of a natural product that is existence
utilised for creating common fibres.
PALF is widely grown in Malaysia as well as Asia. It's yield per hactre varies
from 40-60 tones depending upon the variety per short there are approximately 40-50 leaves or
2.3kg of pineapple leaves as agro waste. Originated in Brazil ,Asia( Philippines ,Thailand,
Indonesia India and China) and African( Nigeria and South Africa) are the main producers.
PALF is available white in colour sleek and shiny.Generally it is 3 feet long with 2-3 inch
width.PALF fibre loading up to 30% by weight with polyester should significant increment in in
flexural strength ,tensile strength and impact strength.
In this thesis work PALF had been chosen because of its advantages.It is cost
effective, light weight, better Mechanical behaviour, low density, easy to processing,renewability,
non fictional to materials and health friendly. moreover they are biodegradable which means
environmentally safe.PALF has better mechanical strength than the jute and it is used in making
of fine.
The major problem of PALF as a reinforced material is improper contact of adherent
surface and polymer Matrix with a bad interaction load transformation from matrix to fibre.PALF
has hydrophilic nature which causes negative impact. The chemical composition of PALF
constitute holocellulose (70-80%),lignin(5-12%),ash(1.1%).PALF is ahead of other fibres due to
its high cellulose content. moreover they have better mechanical strength compared to other natural
fibres along with biodegradability.These positive aspects of PALF have been made it superior to
be chosen for composite fabrication.
Polymer matrix is a very vital part of fibrous composites.Polyester resin are the most
common metrics used in natural fibre composites because they are Lightweight and can be
processed at low temperatures.Matrix phase supports the fibres and keeps them in their position
transfers the load to strong fibres, protects the fibres from damage and prevents cracks initiated
at fibre from propagating. polymer matrix are the most popular thermoplastics and thermosets can
be processed to useful shapes.

LITERATURE REVIEW

PALF
Natural fibres are produced from renewable resources, they are biodegradable and relatively
inexpensive compared to the traditionally used synthetic fibres [1]. Fibres of this type are
beginning to find their way into commercial applications such as in automotive industries and
household applications, for example, hemp and flax, are successfully used as packaging material,
interior panels in vehicles, and building components, among others. In addition, natural fibres like
banana, sisal, hemp and flax, jute, coconut, local fibres and oil palm have attracted technologist
and scientist in consumer goods, low costs housing and other civil structures [2]. There are many
plant fibres available which has potential to be applied in industries as raw materials such as
pineapple leaf fibre, kenaf, coir, abaca, sisal, cotton, jute,bamboo, banana, Palmyra, talipot, hemp,
and flex [3]. Every year tonnes of pineapple leaf fibres are being produced, though very small
portions are being used in the field of feedstock and energy production.It is white in colour,
smooth, and glossy as silk, medium length fibre with high tensile strength. It has a softer surface
than other natural fibres and it absorbs and maintains a good colour [37].it ishydrophilic in nature
due to high cellulose content [38, 39].PALF is obtained from the pineapple plant‘s leaves. Major
compounds of PALF are cellulose (70–80%), lignin (5–12%), and ash (1.1) [71]. The recent study
proved that byusing different surface modified pineapple leaf fibres as reinforcing material can be
used for polyester matrix. PALF fibre loading up to 30% by weight with polyester showed
significant increment in flexural strength, tensile strength, and impact strength. Toughness of
composite material isreached up to the benchmark of engineering materials. Surface modification
by chemical treatment can enhance the strength of individual fibers and it can help to develop
better mechanical strength PALF/polyester composite for commercial purpose. The primary
advantages of using these fibers as reinforce-ments in polymer composites are listed as follows:
(1) lowdensity, (2) low cost, (3) nonabrasive nature, (4) high filling level possible, (5) low energy
consumption, (6) high specific properties, (7) biodegradability, and (generation of
rural/agricultural-based economy.PALF/sisal fiber-reinforced composites generally have poor
interface and moisture resistance properties. The properties of composites depend on those of the
individual components and on their interfacial compatibility. The adhesion between the fiber and
the matrix is obtained by the mechanical anchoring of the fiber surface ends into the matrix. The
absorption of moisture by untreated fibers, poor wettability, and insufficient adhesion between the
polymer matrix and fiber leads in time to debonding.[38–40] Without effective wetting of the
fiber,strong interfacial adhesion cannot exist leading to internal strains,[41] porosity, and
environmental degradation.[42,43] Therefore, the modification of the fiber is a key area of research
at present to obtain optimum fiber-matrix properties. Properties of reinforcing fiber can be
modified and tailored to different fashions and degrees by some chemical and physical methods.

Composite
Composite materials based on renewable agricultural and biomass raw materials are increasingly
being used as these products greatly offset the use of fossil fuels and minimise greenhouse gas
emissions compared to conventional petroleum-based materials. However, there are many
obstacles to the use of natural fibres in polymers, such as poor thermal properties and excessive
water absorption, which must be addressed to produce products with properties comparable to
conventional composites. Some natural fibres are equivalent to those of glass fibres in terms of
specific modules and specific strength. Instead, in contrast with that of the glass fibre, the density
is lower, ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus [15–18]. . A composite material produces
a new material with outstanding mechanical and thermal qualities that a single material cannot
match. Natural fibre reinforced polymer composites are becoming increasingly popular for low-
cost constructions and building applications. In many areas where natural fibres are abundant,
scientists and engineers use appropriate technology to economically employ such fibres in the
development of high-quality fibre reinforced polymer resin composites for construction and other
applications.The fibres should be totally segregated from one other and surrounded by polymer
matrix in a suitable distribution. As a result, there is a demand for the development of fibre
reinforced polymer composites as a substitute for rare wood and synthetic fibres. Natural fibres
have a low density, which means they are more efficient and emit less pollution than other
materials. Composites are made up of a polyester resin matrix and natural fibres as reinforcement
medium in this Among them Pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) is one of the waste materials in
agriculture sector, which is widely grown in India as well as Asia. After banana and citrus,
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the most essential tropical fruits in the world [17].
Commercially pineapple fruits are very important and leaves are considered as waste materials of
fruit which is being used for producing natural fibr Polyester is a synthetic fibre derived from coal,
air, water, and petroleum. It is used in the manufacture of many products, clothing, home
furnishings, industrial fabrics, computer and recording tapes, automobile bumpers and electrical
insulation. Polyester has several advantages over traditional fabrics such as cotton. It does not
absorb moisture, but does absorb oil; this quality makes polyester the perfect fabric for the
application of water-, soil-, and fire-resistant finishes [17]. However, Polyester have some
limitations which includes; high thermal expansion, poor weathering resistance, subject to stress
cracking, difficult to bond and poor temperature capability, low tensile strength, brittle. These
limitations can be improved on by adding natural fibre to its product during production. This will
enhance its properties such as impact strength, flexural strength, tensile strength and hardness and
water adsorption property [18]. The creation of fiber-reinforced composites is a multi-step process.
First the PALF is extracted from its leaf and then, chemical treatment is used to reduce it to its
fibrous form. Next it is chopped to appropriate size and combined with synthetic polymer
materials. A series of steps including extrusion and plastic molding techniques are used to develop
the final product. PALF reinforced thermoplastic composite has material properties similar to that
of conventional plastic products. The environmental benefits of the fiber-reinforced composite are
appealing to producers, consumers, and industry alike. The goal of this study is to characterize and
determine the effects of treatment on the performance of PALF reinforced.

Agrowastge
Agriculture is an important sector in Malaysian economy. Traditionally, agricultural materials
have been shipped away for processing, or disposed of postharvest. Diversification of the industry
is crucial in encouraging economic stability and growth. Value-added processing would helps in
agricultural diversification. Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF), the subject of the present study, is a
waste product of pineapple cultivation. Hence, pineapple fibre can be obtained for industrial
purposes without any additional cost otal yearly worldwide post harvest waste in the agricultural
is approximately 1.3 Pg. Most part of it is burnt, thrown, and at very few times it is used as organic
crop fertilizer. But all these processes are not generating additional lucrative income. In fact, most
of the conventional agro waste post-harvesting treatment processes creates pollution. This post-
harvest waste could be used for the extraction of natural fibres in micro and nano-sized particles
as.

GCN(Graphitic Carbon Nitride)

The graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has emerged as a polymeric photocatalyst recently [1], is
an inorganic material. Graphitic carbon nitride has a great potential to resist indentation due to its
ultrahard property [2]. Unlike other conventional organic materials, g-C3N4 shows chemical
resistance and scratch resistance. The aim of this current research is to determine the erosion rate
of composites of different weight percentages of filler material (g-C3N4) in epoxy.

Wood
People have been using natural objects, such as tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the
beginning of human civilization and continues today in some households/campsites.
Archaeological research shows that from around 30,000 years ago, people started to construct and
carve their own furniture, using wood, stone, and animal bones. Early furniture from this period is
known from artwork such as a Venus figurine found in Russia, The wood furniture industry
includes manufacturing of furniture parts and their assembly with appropriate finishing operations.
Basic materials in the industry are wood and wood-based materials (plywood, hardboard, MDF,
HDF, OSB, etc.). Other materials, such as metal, foam, cloth, and plastic, are also used.