Tesis Carbelo - Estudio Del Sentido Del Humor

!

!

"

! !

"

#
$%
#

&

%
'
%
(()*+ !, %
(

-

&
%

&
%
.

)
&
/001%
*
. %

/02/

!

!

" # $ !%
! & $ '
' ($ ' # % %
) %* %' $ '
+ " % &
' ! #
$,
( $

- .
/

-

.
. !
0 1 .
( - % 1
/
- % %
% % % %
- % 2
1 --
1% % 2
3 $$$
4 5
5 " 6 5 7

"4" )*83 +)
* !9!& :!;%::<=<& % "
5 35-
> !
* &

? .
"#$%&'()(*+%(,-'-.('
@ " A " .%=BB:
31 C=B<="4" )*83 +)

"D 0 & =B<=

(678',2'(/6(17,'2'(/+8025
9$/,'$&,Ï1'(81,167580(1723$5$0(',5(/6(17,'2'(/+8025$1È/,6,6'(/
&8(67,21$5,2<685(/$&,Ï1&21(/(675e6
8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OFDOi
'HSDUWDPHQWRGH3VLFRSHGDJRJtD\(GXFDFLyQ)tVLFD
7HVLVGRFWRUDOSUHVHQWDGDSRU
%HJRxD&DUEHOR%DTXHUR
'LULJLGDSRU
'UD3LODU/DFDVD
'UD*HPD0DUWtQ6HRDQH
'(3$57(0$172'(36,&23('$*2*,$
<('8&$&,Ï1)Ë6,&$
$XODULR0DUtDGH*X]PiQ
6DQ&LULORVQ
$OFDOiGH+HQDUHV
7HOHIRQR
)$;
3LODU/DFDVD\*HPD0DUWtQ6HRDQHFRPRFRGLUHFWRUDVGHODWHVLVGH'xD%HJRxD&DUEHORPDQLILHVWDQ
4XH OD WHVLV FLWDGD VH HQFXHQWUD ILQDOL]DGD \ SXHGH SURFHGHUVH D VX GHIHQVD DQWH OD FRPLVLyQ
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
3RUORTXHVHUHILHUHDODVDSRUWDFLRQHVGHHVWDWHVLVTXHUHPRVGHVWDFDU

6XDSUR[LPDFLyQWHyULFDDOHVWXGLRGHOKXPRUUHYLVDQGRGLIHUHQWHVHQIRTXHVTXHVLQWHWL]D\
WUDVFLHQGHHQXQPRGHORSURSLR
(O ULJRU GH VX DQiOLVLV PHWRGROyJLFR TXH OH KD SHUPLWLGR PRVWUDU OD GLPHQVLRQDOLGDG GHO
FRQFHSWRDQDOL]DGR
/D DSRUWDFLyQ GH XQ LQVWUXPHQWR TXH SHUPLWLUi HQ HVWXGLRV IXWXURV DSUR[LPDUVH GH IRUPD
ULJXURVDDORVSURFHVRVGHLQWHUYHQFLyQRULHQWDGRVDIDYRUHFHUHVWDFDSDFLGDGKXPDQD
)GR3LODU/DFDVD )GR*HPD0DUWtQ6HRDQH

9%$QJHO/i]DUR
'LUHFWRUGHO'HSDUWDPHQWR
$OFDOiGH+HQDUHVGHVHSWLHPEUHGH

$PLIDPLOLD\DODVSHUVRQDVTXHVHKDQFUX]DGRHQPLFDPLQR
FRQLQWHUpV\SDVLyQSRUHOKXPRU

$JUDGHFLPLHQWRV
(VWHWUDEDMRQRKDEUtDVLGRSRVLEOHVLQORViQLPRVLQFRQGLFLRQDOHVGHPXFKRVVHUHVKXPDQRVTXHPH
DFRPSDxDQ HQ HO GtD D GtD \ TXH FRQ VXV SDODEUDV \ PXHVWUDV GH DIHFWR KDQ FRQWULEXLGR D VXSHUDU ORV
PRPHQWRV GH GHVDOLHQWR /D D\XGD \ FRODERUDFLyQ GH HVDV SHUVRQDV KDQ DxDGLGR UHIOH[LyQ HVIXHU]R \
ULTXH]DDOWUDEDMR$OJXQRVORVFLWRDTXt\RWURVPXFKRVVDEHQTXHSLHQVRHQHOORV
(Q SULPHU OXJDU D OD 'UD 3LODU /DFDVD \ 'UD *HPD 0DUWtQ SRU OD FODULGDG VHQFLOOH] RULHQWDFLyQ \
FRQWULEXFLRQHV\VREUHWRGRSRUFRQILDUHQHOSUR\HFWR\SRUVXDPLVWDG
$PLVDOLDGRV$QDUL$QWRQLR\0DQHOSRUVXDSR\RVXJHUHQFLDV\FUtWLFD
$ PLV FRPSDxHUDV \ DPLJDV GHO GHSDUWDPHQWR 6RQVROHV &ULVWLQD 0 /X] 0DULYt \ )UDQFLVFD TXH
PHKDQDQLPDGRLPSXOVDGR\DFHSWDGRLQFRQGLFLRQDOPHQWH
$ ' -XDQ *DUFtD \ -RVp /RUHQ]R GH OD )XQGDFLyQ *HQHUDO SRUTXH GHVGH HO SURJUDPD GH KXPRU
JUiILFRKDQDSRUWDGRPXFKDOX]DOKXPRU\XQPDUFRGHHQFXHQWURGHORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV\FRQILDQ]DSOHQD
$ORVSURIHVRUHVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPDTXHPHLQLFLDURQHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ'UD)ORU6iQFKH]
'U9LFHQWH3RQVRGD'U-XOLR2OHD'U$QWRQLR3DUGR\'UD$QD5RGUtJXH]0DUFRV
$OD'UD&RQFHSFLyQ$ORQVRGHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHPDWHPiWLFDVSRUVXVHQVHxDQ]DVDSRUWDFLRQHV\
VREUHWRGRFODULGDGGLGiFWLFD
$ORVKXPRULVWDVJUiILFRVFRQORVTXHKHFRPSDUWLGREXHQRVPRPHQWRV\TXHPHKDQLPSXOVDGRD
WUDEDMDU HQ HO KXPRU VREUH WRGR D ' $QWRQLR )UDJXDV IRUJHV HQWXVLDVWD EXHQ DPLJR \ H[FHOHQWH
FRODERUDGRU
$-LP7KRUVRQSRUTXHVLQpO\VXWUDEDMRHVWRQRKXELHUDVLGRSRVLEOH
$PLIDPLOLD\DPLJRVTXHQXQFDKDQGXGDGR\VLHPSUHKDQHVWDGRDPLODGRFHGLpQGRPHPXFKRV
PRPHQWRVSDUDDYDQ]DUHQHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOKXPRU

Índice

,QWURGXFFLyQ
&DStWXOR $SUR[LPDFLyQKLVWyULFDDOFRQVWUXFWRµKXPRU¶
&DStWXOR (OKXPRUHQHOPDUFRGHODVHPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDV
&DStWXOR 2WUDVOtQHDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQFRQWHPSRUiQHDV
&DStWXOR &RQFHSWR\PHGLGDGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
&DStWXOR 2EMHWLYRVHKLSyWHVLV
&DStWXOR 0pWRGR
&DStWXOR 5HVXOWDGRV
&DStWXOR 'LVFXVLyQ\FRQFOXVLRQHV
5HIHUHQFLDV
ËQGLFHGHILJXUDV
ËQGLFHGHWDEODV
7DEODGHFRQWHQLGRV
$QH[R*ORVDULR

Estudio del sentido del humor
$QH[R(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+6
$QH[R(VFDOD0DVODFK%XUQRXW,QYHQWRU\0%,
5(680(1

Introducción

(OVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUHVXQDFDSDFLGDG~QLFDGHOVHUKXPDQR7RGDVODVFXOWXUDVORKDQYDORUDGR\OH
DWULEX\HQ QXPHURVRV EHQHILFLRV SVLFROyJLFRV SRU HMHPSOR HVWDGRV GH DOHJUtD ELHQHVWDU \ VDWLVIDFFLyQ
PHQRUHVWUpV\GHSUHVLyQ6HOHDVLJQDQWDPELpQEHQHILFLRVItVLFRVFRPRWROHUDQFLDDOGRORUDFWLYDFLyQGHO
VLVWHPD LQPXQH FDUGLRYDVFXODU \ UHVSLUDWRULR \ VRFLDOHV PHMRUD GH OD SURGXFWLYLGDG OD PRWLYDFLyQ OD
FRPXQLFDFLyQHORUGHQ\DUPRQtDVRFLDOHV
'HVGH OD DQWLJHGDG HO KXPRU KD VXVFLWDGR FXULRVLGDG HQ ORV SHQVDGRUHV \ VRQ FRQVLGHUDEOHV ODV
DSRUWDFLRQHV WHyULFDV TXH VH KDQ UHDOL]DGR GHVGH OD )LORVRItD R OD 3VLFRORJtD VL ELHQ HV YHUGDG TXH H[LVWH
FLHUWRSUREOHPDVHPiQWLFRDODKRUDGHDFRWDUODFRPSUHQVLyQGHOWpUPLQRKXPRU\DTXHSXHGHLGHQWLILFDUVH
FRQIHQyPHQRVFRPRODULVDORFyPLFRORGLYHUWLGRRHOLQJHQLR(QORV~OWLPRVYHLQWHDxRVKDQDXPHQWDGR
QRWDEOHPHQWHORVHVWXGLRVHLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV\DXQTXHPXFKRVVRQHQVD\RVRSUXHEDVLQGXGDEOHPHQWHKDQ
VHQWDGRODVEDVHVSDUDLQLFLDUHOLQWHUpVLQYHVWLJDGRUSRUHOWHPD5RHFNHOHLQ
*UDFLDV D ODV FRQWULEXFLRQHV GH WDQWRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV TXH KDQ SXHVWR WRGRV ORV HVIXHU]RV D
GLVSRVLFLyQ GH OD FRPXQLGDG FLHQWtILFD YDQ DXPHQWDQGR ORV WUDEDMRV H[SHULPHQWDOHV TXH HOHYDQ OD
FUHGLELOLGDG\HOFRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWtILFRGHHVWHIHQyPHQR(QODDFWXDOLGDGVHHVWiDPSOLDQGRHOFDPLQRGH
ODVDSOLFDFLRQHV\FDGDYH]DGTXLHUHQPD\RULPSRUWDQFLDORVXVRVWHUDSpXWLFRVHGXFDFLRQDOHV\VRFLDOHVGHO
VHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
3UHVHQWDUpDFRQWLQXDFLyQORVFDSLWXORVTXHRUJDQL]DQHVWDWHVLV
(Q HO FDSLWXOR VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV SULQFLSLRV GHO FRQFHSWR GH KXPRU HQ ORV SULPHURV PRGHORV \ ORV
SUHFXUVRUHVWHyULFRVPiVLQIOX\HQWHVTXHKDQGDGRSDVRDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQSRVWHULRU6HGHVFULEHQODVWHRUtDV
FOiVLFDVDFHUFDGHOKXPRULOXVWUDGRFRQHMHPSORV\VHGHVFULEHGHIRUPDJOREDOFyPRVHKDQFRQVROLGDGR
ORV HVWXGLRV VREUH HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU KDVWD OD DFWXDOLGDG GHVGH OD DQWLJHGDG HO KXPRU KD VXVFLWDGR
FXULRVLGDGHQSHQVDGRUHV\QRVRQHVFDVDVODVDSRUWDFLRQHVWHyULFDVTXHVHKDQUHDOL]DGRGHVGHODILORVRItDR
OD SVLFRORJtD /D WHRUtD GH ORV FXDWUR KXPRUHV GRPLQy GHVGH HO VLJOR 9 D GH & KDVWD GHVSXpV GHO
5HQDFLPLHQWR \ FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH HVWDV FRQWULEXFLRQHV VH KDQ HODERUDGR WHRUtDV H[SOLFDWLYDV DFHUFD
GHOKXPRUTXHSUHYDOHFHQKDVWDQXHVWURVGtDV
/DULVDSXHGHHQWHQGHUVHFRPRODUHDFFLyQPHFiQLFDDQWHXQVXFHVRFyPLFRRGLYHUWLGR/RFyPLFR
OOHJDDUHODFLRQDUVHFRQWUDWDUGHEXVFDUHOGRPLQLRGHODVLWXDFLyQVLQVXFXPELUDHOOD\HOKXPRUVHUtDXQD
FDSDFLGDG KXPDQD TXH EXVFD FRPSUHQGHU GH IRUPD QR FRPSXOVLYD VH OH FRQVLGHUD PiV XQ HVWDGR
HPRFLRQDOTXHVXUJHSDUDOHORDOKHFKRGHGRPLQDUODVLWXDFLyQ

/RVHVWXGLRVVREUHHOKXPRUKDQHVWDGRLQIOXHQFLDGRVSRUGRVWHyULFRVGHOVLJOR;;%HUJVRQ\)UHXG
\ OD PD\RU SDUWH GH ODV DSRUWDFLRQHV SXHGHQ DJUXSDUVH HQ WUHV JUXSRV GH WHRUtD WUDGLFLRQDOHV
LQFRQJUXHQFLDVXSHULRULGDG\OLEHUDFLyQGHWHQVLyQ$OXGLUHPRVDFDGDXQDGHHOODVHQHOFDSLWXOR
(QHO FDSLWXORVHHQFXDGUDQORVHVWXGLRVGHOKXPRUUHDOL]DGRVSRUODSVLFRORJtDHQHOPDUFRGHODV
HPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDV6HOLJPDQ6HSUHVHQWDXQDVSHFWRUHOHYDQWHODWHRUtDGHODOLEUHDFWLYDFLyQXQD
EXHQD EDVH WHyULFD SDUD HO GLVHxR GH SURJUDPDV RULHQWDGRV D IRPHQWDU HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV 6H KDFHQ
UHIHUHQFLDV D WUDEDMRV HPStULFRV TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ XQ DSR\R GLUHFWR H LQGLUHFWR D OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH ODV
HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV \ GHO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU FRPR HPRFLyQ SRVLWLYD )LQDOPHQWH VH SUHVWD DWHQFLyQ D ORV
FRQFHSWRVFRPRFDOLGDGGHYLGDELHQHVWDUVXEMHWLYRRSWLPLVPR LQWHOLJHQWHIHOLFLGDG\KXPRUDFWXDOPHQWH
PiV HQ DXJH \ D ORV TXH OD 3VLFRORJtD SUHVWD VX DWHQFLyQ SDUD PHMRUDU HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR LQGLYLGXDO \
FROHFWLYR
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD ODV UHSHUFXVLRQHV GH OD 3VLFRORJtD 3RVLWLYD VH SXHGH FRQVWDWDU TXH LQFOX\H HO
FRQRFLPLHQWRDFHUFDGHOIHQyPHQRGHOKXPRUDOTXHGHVFULEHFRPRXQDIRUWDOH]DGHOVHUKXPDQR6HOLJPDQ
/DULVDVHFRQVLGHUDFRPR HOQH[RGHXQLyQHQWUHODUHDFFLyQSVLFRILVLROyJLFD\ODVHQVDFLyQLQWHUQD
GHOLQGLYLGXRGHFDUiFWHUVXEMHWLYRGHPDQHUDTXHFXDQGR XQD SHUVRQDUtHVH GHVHQFDGHQDXQDHPRFLyQ
SRVLWLYD)UHGULFNVRQ
(Q HO FDSLWXOR VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV PDUFRV GH UHIHUHQFLD PiV UHOHYDQWHV $XQTXH ORV HVWXGLRV KDQ
WHQLGRHQFXHQWDGLYHUVDVIDFHWDVORVFDPSRVGHODSVLFRORJtD\ODVDOXGVHFHQWUDQHQYHUWLHQWHVGHOKXPRU
UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ UHSHUFXVLRQHV HQ HO VHU KXPDQR FRPR OD ILVLROyJLFD DIHFWLYD FRJQLWLYRFRQGXFWXDO R OD
VRFLDO SDUD XQD UHYLVLyQ YHU &KDSPDQ \ )RRW 5XFK 5RHFNHOHLQ (VWDV SHUVSHFWLYDV
YDUtDQ GH DFXHUGR D ORV VXSXHVWRV TXH DVXPHQ ORV DXWRUHV VREUH OD QDWXUDOH]D GHO VHU KXPDQR HQ VX
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHKXPRU
9HUHPRV DGHPiV HQ pVWH FDStWXOR FyPR HO KXPRU HV XQ FRQVWUXFWR PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO TXH HQ VX
WRWDOLGDGSXHGHVHUXQDIRUPDGHKDFHUQRVPiVUHVLVWHQWHVDODHQIHUPHGDGEHQHILFLDQGRLQFOXVRHOVLVWHPD
LQPXQROyJLFR 7RGDYtD VH QHFHVLWDQ HVWXGLRV DPSOLRV \ FRQVLVWHQWHV TXH DSR\HQ OD LGHD \ GHVFXEUDQ ORV
PHFDQLVPRV SRU ORV TXH VH DXPHQWD OD UHVSXHVWD LQPXQH &RPR PRGHUDGRU GHO HVWUpV \ OD GHSUHVLyQ VH
VDEH TXH KD\ XQD UHODFLyQ HQWUH ORV HYHQWRV HVWUHVDQWHV \ HO PDO KXPRU \ FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH HO EXHQ
KXPRUSURWHJHIUHQWHDOHVWUpV\ODGHSUHVLyQ
([SORUDUHPRV WDPELpQ XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD FRJQLWLYR FyPR HO KXPRU UHVXOWD VHU XQD IRUPD GH
REVHUYDU HO PXQGR XQD DFWLWXG \ XQ HVWLOR XQ PHGLR GH DXWRSURWHFFLyQ \ XQD KHUUDPLHQWD SDUD DIURQWDU
YLGD(QXQVHQWLGRSURIXQGRHVXQDSURWHFFLyQIUHQWHDODDGYHUVLGDGGHODYLGD\FXDQGRODSHUVSHFWLYDHV
VRFLDOXQDPDQHUDGHIDYRUHFHUVXDYL]DU\IRUWDOHFHUODVUHODFLRQHV
(QHOFDSLWXORVHH[SRQHHOFRQFHSWR\GHILQLFLyQGHKXPRULGHQWLILFDQGRODSRVLFLyQWHyULFDTXHVH
DGRSWD HQ HVWH WUDEDMR 7DPELpQ VH PXHVWUDQ ORV PpWRGRV SDUD VX HYDOXDFLyQ 6H LQFOX\H DGHPiV XQD

Introducción
GHVFULSFLyQ GH OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU TXH VHUi GHVDUUROODGD HQ ORV FDStWXORV
SRVWHULRUHV
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD ODV DSRUWDFLRQHV GH DXWRUHV TXH KDQ LPSXOVDGR GHILQLFLRQHV ORV SULQFLSDOHV
GHWHUPLQDQWHVTXHDQXHVWURMXLFLRSRVHHHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUVRQORVVLJXLHQWHVHODIHFWLYRHVGHFLUTXH
HVWDUGHEXHQKXPRUIDYRUHFHHO VHQWLPLHQWRGHVDWLVIDFFLyQRELHQHVWDUHOFRJQLWLYRRLQWHUSUHWDWLYRROR
TXHVHHQWLHQGHSRUFDSDFLGDGGHSHUFLELU\GLVIUXWDUGHORFyPLFR\GLYHUWLGR\ILQDOPHQWHHOGHWHUPLQDQWH
FRQGXFWXDORFRPSRUWDPHQWDOORTXHVHFRQFLEHSRUSHUVRQDVJUDFLRVDV\VLPSiWLFDVFDSDFHVGHKDFHUUHtU
GLVIUD]DUVH R VHU PiV MXJXHWRQDV 3RU WDQWR SRGUtD KDEODUVH HQ WpUPLQRV SVLFROyJLFRV GH GLPHQVLyQ
FRJQLWLYDDIHFWLYD\FRPSRUWDPHQWDOFDUiFWHUPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOTXHHVWiUHODFLRQDGRFRQRWURVDVSHFWRVGH
ODSHUVRQD
(O KXPRU VH H[SORUD FRPR HTXLOLEULR GLQiPLFR HQWUH OR TXH VXFHGH \ OD IRUPD GH LQWHUSUHWDUOR H
LQFOX\HODSHUFHSFLyQGHODVLWXDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHOVXMHWRODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORSHUFLELGR\XQDUHVSXHVWD
HQHVWHFDVRGLYHUWLGDTXHFDSDFLWDDODSHUVRQDSDUDVHUPiVKiELOHQDGDSWDUVHDORTXHOHVXFHGHSHUR
GHPDQHUDVLPSiWLFD\DOHJUH(QHVWHFRQWH[WRHOKXPRUVHSXHGHLQWHJUDUHQXQFRQMXQWRGHHVWUDWHJLDV
KDELOLGDGHV\DXWRPDWLVPRVTXHD\XGDQDODSHUVRQDDGLVIUXWDUGHODYLGDDPDQWHQHUXQHVStULWXDOHJUH\D
SHQVDU HQ SRVLWLYR WUDQVPLWLHQGR FRQILDQ]D DIHFWR \ DFHUFDPLHQWR FRQVLGHUDQGR HO PLVPR FRPR XQD
DFWLWXGYLWDOTXHHQULTXHFHODVYLYHQFLDVSHUVRQDOHVWUDQVPLWLpQGRVHDORVGHPiV
/DVHJXQGDSDUWHFRQORVFDSLWXORVGHHVWHWUDEDMRH[SRQHHOWUDEDMRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHVH
KDOOHYDGRDFDER6HSUHVHQWDQREMHWLYRVHKLSyWHVLVSODQWHDGDVSDUDSURIXQGL]DUHQHOHVWXGLRGHOKXPRU\
TXHQRVOOHYDUiDFRQRFHU VLHO LQVWUXPHQWRTXHSURSRQHPRVHVXQFRPSRQHQWHHVWDEOHHQHOWLHPSRXQD
GLVSRVLFLyQGHODSHUVRQDTXHQRYDUtD\TXHSRGUtDPRVOODPDUUDVJR\VLSRUHOFRQWUDULRHVXQIHQyPHQR
LQHVWDEOHPiVRPHQRVWUDQVLWRULRTXHSXHGHYDULDU\TXHSRGUtDPRVOODPDUHVWDGR
6LHQHOIXWXURTXHUHPRVGHVDUUROODUWUDEDMRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQ HOKXPRUHVQHFHVDULRFRQWDUFRQXQ
LQVWUXPHQWR DO HIHFWR \ DTXt VH HVFRJH XQD HVFDOD FRQVLVWHQWH OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO
+XPRU06+6TXHFXPSOHFRQODVFRQGLFLRQHV\FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSVLFRPpWULFDVGHXQDHVFDODILDEOHSDUDXQD
SREODFLyQDPHULFDQD
(O REMHWLYR JHQHUDO GH HVWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HV YHULILFDU VL OD DGDSWDFLyQ GH OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO
GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO HV XQ LQVWUXPHQWR YiOLGR \ ILDEOH SDUD PHGLU HO
VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU %XVFDPRV DSRUWDU HQ XQ FRQWH[WR GH KDEOD FDVWHOODQD XQ LQVWUXPHQWR GH PHGLGD TXH
SHUPLWDHYDOXDUHOUDVJRRHOHVWDGRGHKXPRU'HVGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDHQKDOOD]JRVSRVWHULRUHVFRQWULEXLUDO
GLVHxRGHHYDOXDFLyQGHOKXPRUSDUDYHULILFDUODHILFDFLDGHSURJUDPDVGHLQWHUYHQFLyQVREUHHO6HQWLGRGHO
+XPRUHQOD&RPXQLGDGGH0DGULGIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQFRQWH[WRVVDQLWDULRV\HGXFDWLYRVYHUFDStWXORV
\
(QHOFDSLWXORVHSUHVHQWDODGLVFXVLyQ\FRQFOXVLRQHV\SRU~OWLPR\FRQREMHWRGHUHDOL]DUIXWXUDV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHVVHSURSRQHQGLVWLQWDVOtQHDVGHWUDEDMRSRUGRQGHSXHGHVHJXLUHOFXUVRGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ

1ª Parte:
Fundamentación teórica

Capítulo 1. Aproximación histórica al constructo ‘humor’

(QHVWHFDSLWXORVHSUHVHQWDQORVSULPHURVPRGHORV\ORVSUHFXUVRUHVWHyULFRVPiVLQIOX\HQWHVTXH
KDQGDGRSDVRDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQSRVWHULRUHQUHODFLyQDOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU6HGHVFULEHQODVWHRUtDVFOiVLFDV
DFHUFD GHO PLVPR \ VH OOHYD D FDER XQD GHVFULSFLyQ JOREDO TXH VH GHVDUUROODUi HQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV FDStWXORV
SDUD FRPSUHQGHU OD FRQVROLGDFLyQ GH ORV HVWXGLRV VREUH HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU KDVWD OD DFWXDOLGDG (Q
FDStWXORVSRVWHULRUHVVHOOHYDDFDERXQDH[SRVLFLyQPiVH[WHQVDGHVXHYROXFLyQ
1.1 Los orígenes y primeros modelos
/D SDODEUD KXPRU VLJQLILFy RULJLQDULDPHQWH KXPHGDG \ GHVLJQy FDGD XQD GH ODV FXDWUR VXVWDQFLDV
OtTXLGDV R VHPLOtTXLGDV GH GLIHUHQWH GHQVLGDG TXH ORV JULHJRV GHVFULELHURQ HQ HO FXHUSR KXPDQR VX
HTXLOLEULR DILUPDURQ HUD OD EDVH GH OD VDOXG VDQJUH SLWXLWD R IOHPD ELOLV DPDULOOD FyOHUD \ ELOLV QHJUD
PHODQFROtD6HFUHtDTXHORVFXDWURKXPRUHVHVWDEDQHQFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDFRQORVFXDWURHOHPHQWRVWLHUUD
DJXD DLUH \ IXHJR \ DVLPLVPR FRQ FXDWUR FXDOLGDGHV IXQGDPHQWDOHV IUtR K~PHGR VHFR \ FDOLHQWH /D
WHRUtDGHORVFXDWURKXPRUHVLQWHUHVyHQGLVFLSOLQDVFRPRODIDUPDFRORJtDODJQRVHRORJtDODVHPLRORJtD\ODV
GRFWULQDVYLWDOLVWDVTXHVHGHVDUUROODURQGXUDQWHORVVLJORV;9,,\;9,,,*LOVRQSS
(VWDGRFWULQDGHORVFXDWURKXPRUHVIXHH[SOLFDGDHQJUDQPHGLGDSRU+LSyFUDWHVD&
SRFRV VLJORV PiV WDUGH IXH GHVDUUROODGD SRU *DOHQR TXH UHODFLRQy HO HTXLOLEULR R GHVHTXLOLEULR
KXPRUDOFRQODVDOXG\ODHQIHUPHGDG3DUDHVWHDXWRU GHODMXVWDPH]FODGHHVWRVFXDWURHOHPHQWRVVXUJH
HO HTXLOLEULR GH WRGD SHUVRQDOLGDG R VDOXG HO EXHQ KXPRU tQGROH R WHPSHUDPHQWR SRU HO FRQWUDULR VL OD
PH]FOD VH DOWHUD DSDUHFH XQ HVWDGR HPRWLYR TXH H[SOLFD OD HQIHUPHGDG \ DO HQIHUPR VH OH GHVLJQD FRPR
PHODQFyOLFRIOHPiWLFRVDQJXtQHRRFROpULFRRHQIHUPRGHOKXPRU0RRQH\
/D DUPRQtD SURSRUFLRQDGD SRU OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH ORV KXPRUHV VH FRUUHVSRQGH FRQ H[SUHVLRQHV GH
tQGROH HPRWLYD SURSHQVLyQ D VHQWLPLHQWRV HTXLOLEUDGRV R HVWDGRV GH iQLPR TXH UHJXODQ OD YLVLyQ GH OD
UHDOLGDGODDUPRQtDVHSLHUGHHQORVPRPHQWRV\FLUFXQVWDQFLDVDGYHUVDVGHODYLGD\FXDQGRODSHUVRQDKD
GHDQDOL]DUVXVHUURUHV/DWHRUtDGHORVFXDWURKXPRUHVGRPLQyHOSHQVDPLHQWRPpGLFRGXUDQWHFDVLGRVPLO
DxRV \ VXSHUy OD (GDG 0HGLD FRQ ODV DSRUWDFLRQHV GH PpGLFRV iUDEHV TXH OD UHODFLRQDQ FRQ ODV
FRQFHSFLRQHVGHOXQLYHUVRRPDFURFRVPRV\FRQODVGHOLQGLYLGXRRPLFURFRVPRV$OJXQDVGHHVWDVLGHDV
HVWiQSUHVHQWHVHQWUDEDMRVDFWXDOHVHQORVTXHVHSLHQVDTXHFXDQGRHOLQGLYLGXRUHIOH[LRQDDFHUFDGHVXV
SRVLELOLGDGHV\OLPLWDFLRQHVDPSOtDVXDXWRFRQRFLPLHQWR\VXDXWRFUtWLFDDSUHQGHDUHFRQRFHUVXVEDUUHUDVH
LQHYLWDEOHVGHELOLGDGHV\YHODVFRVDVHQVXUHODWLYLGDG

/RVILOyVRIRVJULHJRVWXYLHURQVXPiVUHOHYDQWHDSRUWDFLyQHQFRPRVHHQIUHQWDURQDODWUDJLFRPHGLD
GHODYLGDPH]FODGHGRORU\GHJR]R\HQVXVREUDVQRVUHYHODQODDUPRQtD\ODSHUWXUEDFLyQGHOHVWDGRGH
iQLPR&UHVFHQ]RSS/DYLVLyQGHOKXPRUDSDUWLUGHODILORVRItDJULHJDHVODGHOKRPEUHTXH
DIURQWD HTXLOLEUDGDPHQWH VX UHDOLGDG YLWDO WDQWR VL pVWD VH LQFOLQD D OR WUiJLFR FRPR KDFLD SRVWXUDV PiV
RSWLPLVWDV/DFRPHGLD\ODWUDJHGLDWLHQHQVXSURSLDGLQiPLFDVXIXHU]D\VXIXQFLyQVRQXQUHIOHMRGHOD
YLGD /R WUiJLFR \ OR FyPLFR SXHGHQ UHODFLRQDUVH FRQ VLWXDFLRQHV GRQGH HO VHU KXPDQR QR DFLHUWD D
UHVSRQGHUFRQVHQWLGR6LQHPEDUJRPLHQWUDVHQORWUiJLFRQRVHSXHGHGRPLQDUODVLWXDFLyQHQORFyPLFR
VHEXVFDXQVHQWLGRDORTXHSDUHFtDQRWHQHUXQDUHVSXHVWDDGHFXDGDODSHUVRQDQRVHGHMDDUUDVWUDUDO
DELVPR QR VXFXPEH \ SDUHFH FRPR VL HO KXPRU FyPLFR VH SUR\HFWDVH FRPR XQD FDSDFLGDG GH VHU PiV
FRPSUHVLYR FRQ PD\RU DSHUWXUD PHQWDO PiV IOH[LEOH \ PiV WROHUDQWH 3RU HVR HQFRQWUDPRV HQ PXFKRV
WH[WRV UHIHUHQFLD D TXH OD FRPSUHQVLyQ KXPRUtVWLFD QR HV FRPSXOVLYD HV PiV XQ HVWDGR HPRFLRQDO TXH
VXUJHSDUDOHORDOKHFKRGHGRPLQDUODVLWXDFLyQ6yFUDWHVSXVRXQHMHPSORUHILULpQGRVHDVtPLVPRFXDQGR
DFHSWD FRQ KXPRU VX LQMXVWD FRQGHQD D PXHUWH \ DILUPD FRQ XQ DOWR JUDGR GH KXPLOGDG FRPSUHQVLyQ \
IOH[LELOLGDG VyORVpTXHQRVpQDGDR SDUH]FRXQSRFRPiVVDELRTXHORVGHPiVSRUTXHORTXHQRVpFUHR
WDPELpQQRVDEHUOR)HQHORQFLWDGRSRU*LOVRQSS
(VFRQRFLGRTXHGHVGHODILORVRItD\ODOLWHUDWXUDVHKDSUHVWDGRDWHQFLyQDOKXPRU\DOVHQWLGRGHO
KXPRUVLQHPEDUJRDSHVDUGHTXHSRUHMHPSORHQHODxRODUHYLVWD$PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI3V\FKRORJ\
HGLWDUDXQDUWLFXORWLWXODGR 7KHSV\FKRORJ\RIKXPRU.OLQHOD3VLFRORJtDKDWDUGDGRPiVGHDxRV
HQWHQHUHQFXHQWDHOIHQyPHQR\HQUHODFLRQDUORFRQXQDHPRFLyQEiVLFDFRPRHVODDOHJUtD)UHGULFNVRQ
DVSHFWRTXHUHWRPDUHPRVPiVWDUGH
1.2 Precursores en la investigación y teorías acerca del humor
0XFKRV ORV HVWXGLRV VREUH HO KXPRU FRPLHQ]DQ UHFRQRFLHQGR TXH HVWH FDPSR KD HVWDGR PX\
LQIOXHQFLDGRSRUGRVWHyULFRVGHSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJORSDVDGR%HUJVRQ\)UHXG%HUJVRQDXWRUGHO
OLEUR /DULVDVHLQWHUHVDSRUXQDFRQFHSFLyQVRFLDOGHODULVD/DVRFLHGDGLPSRQHXQDVHULHGHH[LJHQFLDV
TXH LPSOLFDQ WHQVLyQ \ IOH[LELOLGDG \ OD SHUVRQD DSUHQGH D FRQIRUPDUVH /D ULVD DFW~D FRPR FRUUHFWRUD
FXDQGR HO LQGLYLGXR QR VH DGDSWD 7DPELpQ )UHXG SRU VX SDUWH HV UHFRQRFLGR SRU GLYHUVRV
LQYHVWLJDGRUHV HQ HVWH FDPSR 7RGRURY )RUQDUL 2UODQGR FLWDGRV SRU $WWDUGR
FRPRXQRGHORVSUHFXUVRUHVHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQVREUHHOKXPRU
/RV WH[WRV TXH KDFHQ UHIHUHQFLD D ODV WHRUtDV GHO KXPRU FRQILUPDQ OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQ SUREOHPD
VHPiQWLFR\DTXHVHUHILHUHQLQGLVWLQWDPHQWHDIHQyPHQRVFRPRODULVDORFyPLFRHOKXPRUORGLYHUWLGRR
HOLQJHQLR\PH]FODQODLURQtDViWLUD\SDUDGRMDVFRQRWURVIRUPDWRV'HWRGDVODVFODVLILFDFLRQHV\WHRUtDV
H[LVWHQWHV DFHUFD GHO KXPRU QLQJXQD HV SHUIHFWDPHQWH VDWLVIDFWRULD 5XFK \ PXFKRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV
FRQFXHUGDQ HQ GHVWDFDU WUHV JUXSRV GH WHRUtD WUDGLFLRQDOHV WHRUtD GH OD LQFRQJUXHQFLD WHRUtD GH OD
VXSHULRULGDG\WHRUtDGHODGHVFDUJDROLEHUDFLyQGHODWHQVLyQ0RQURPX\FLWDGRHQODOLWHUDWXUDDO

El humor en el marco de las emociones positivas
UHVSHFWRRIUHFHXQDFRPELQDFLyQGHODVDSRUWDFLRQHVGHGLVWLQWRVILOyVRIRVTXHDJUXSDODPD\RUSDUWHGHODV
WHRUtDV\TXHVHH[SRQHQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ8QDJUDQSDUWHGHORVH[SHUWRVDVXPHQHVWDVWHRUtDVSDUDH[SOLFDU
SRUTXpODVSHUVRQDVVHUtHQRDOPHQRVSDUDMXVWLILFDUHOFRQWH[WRPXOWLIDFpWLFRGHOIHQyPHQR
Teoría de la incongruencia
(V OD H[SOLFDFLyQ VREUH HO KXPRU PiV SRSXODU 5DVNLQ OD GHQRPLQD WHRUtD FRJQLWLYR
SHUFHSWXDO 6FKRSHQKDXHU DERUGD HO WHPD GH OD WHRUtD GH OD ULVDHQ VX REUD (O PXQGR FRPR
YROXQWDG\UHSUHVHQWDFLyQFLWDGRSRU6XiUH]3DUDH[SOLFDUHOKXPRU\SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHODULVDSRQH
HO pQIDVLV HQ OD VRUSUHVD FRPR HVWDGR GH iQLPR (VWD HV OD EDVH GH OD WHRUtD \ H[SRQH HO KHFKR GH TXH
GHWHUPLQDGRVGHVSURSyVLWRVHLQFRUUHFFLRQHVGHQFRPRUHVXOWDGRDOJRGLYHUWLGR(VWRVHSURGXFHFXDQGRQR
KD\FRQVLVWHQFLDHQWUHHOSHQVDPLHQWR\ODUHDOLGDG/DSHUVRQDHVWiVHULDFXDQGRORTXHVXFHGHFRQFXHUGD
FRQORTXHSLHQVDVLODUHDOLGDGQROHVRUSUHQGH\DFRQWHFHVHJ~QORTXHVHHVSHUDGHHOODHOVHUKXPDQR
QR VH UtH &XDQGR OR TXH VXFHGH QR FRQFXHUGD FRQ OR SHQVDGR SRUTXH SUHVHQWD XQ FDPELR LQHVSHUDGR H
LQFRQJUXHQWHHVGHFLUVLODUHDOLGDGHVLPSUHYLVWD\VRUSUHVLYDHVHFRQWUDVWHSURYRFDODULVD.RHVOHU
DSR\DHVWDWHRUtDEDViQGRVHHQTXHWRGDVODVVLWXDFLRQHVKXPRUtVWLFDVVRQGLVRFLDFLRQHVHQWUHODIRUPD\OD
IXQFLyQYDULDFLRQHVGHOWRGR\GHODVSDUWHV(OKXPRULPSOLFDGLVWRUVLyQGHODIXQFLyQVDOLUGHODQRUPD\
HVDLQFRQJUXHQFLDHVODTXHQRV OODPDODDWHQFLyQQRVDVRPEUD \QRVGHVSLHUWDHOKXPRUQRVKDFHUHtUR
VRQUHtU(VORTXHOODPDGHOLFLRVRFDPELRPHQWDO
$XQTXH H[LVWHQ QXPHURVRV HMHPSORV YHDPRV XQD DQpFGRWD UHVSHFWR D XQD VHULH GH SUHJXQWDV
H[WUDtGDVGHODUHDOLGDG\UHDOL]DGDVSRUDOJXQRVSURIHVLRQDOHVGHODVOH\HV
¢$TXpGLVWDQFLDXQRGHORWURHVWDEDQORVYHKtFXORVHQHOPRPHQWRGHODFROLVLyQ"
(VWXYR9GDOOtKDVWDTXHVHPDUFKy¢(VFLHUWR"
(OODWXYRWUHVKLMRV¢FLHUWR"6L
¢&XiQWRVIXHURQYDURQHV"1LQJXQR
¢+XERDOJXQDPXMHU"
'RFWRU¢FXiQWDVDXWRSVLDVKDUHDOL]DGRYGDSHUVRQDVIDOOHFLGDV"
7RGDVPLVDXWRSVLDVODVKHUHDOL]DGRDSHUVRQDVIDOOHFLGDV
2EVHUYDQGR ORV HMHPSORV VH FRPSUHQGH OR LUUHFRQFLOLDEOH GH ODV SUHJXQWDV FRQ ODV UHVSXHVWDV HQ
FDGD FDVR (V LQHVSHUDGR TXH KDJD SUHJXQWDV LQFRQJUXHQWHV TXLHQ VH VXSRQH TXH GHEH VDEHU IRUPXODUODV
SDUDSUHFLVDUODVLWXDFLyQ 6RQLPSUHYLVWDV\VRUSUHVLYDVSRU HVRUHVXOWDQJUDFLRVDV SRUTXHHOLQWHUORFXWRU
QRHVSHUDTXHXQH[SHUWRFRPHWDHUURUHVLQFRKHUHQWHVLPSURSLRVGHVXFDUJR

9LJDUD7DXVWHLOXVWUDFRQRWURVHMHPSORVVHPHMDQWHVUHVSXHVWDVFKRFDQWHV
¢0HGLFHODKRUD"
¢6yORODKRUDRTXLHUHWDPELpQORVPLQXWRV"

¢3DGHFHXVWHGDOJXQDHQIHUPHGDG"
6LGHFHUYLFDOHV
<VXWHQVLyQ¢TXpWDO"
7UHVFLHQWRVHXURV
(QHOiPELWRGHODVDOXGWDPELpQORVSDFLHQWHVRIUHFHQIUDVHVMRFRVDVRVLWXDFLRQHVTXHVHH[SOLFDQ
FRPRLQFRQJUXHQWHV
8QDHQIHUPHUDLEDFRQXQDEDWHDHQODPDQRGLVSXHVWDDUHSDUWLUODPHGLFDFLyQRUDOFRPRHV
XVXDOSDUDHVWHWLSRGHWDUHDV$OHQWUDUHQXQDGHODVKDELWDFLRQHVOHSUHJXQWDXQSDFLHQWH
¢/OHYDVWLMHUDVDKt"1HFHVLWRWLMHUDV
3XHVQRVRORSDVWLOODV
(QWRQFHVQRWHFRPSURQDGD
(QHVWHFDVRODUHVSXHVWDLQHVSHUDGDODDSRUWDHOSDFLHQWHTXHDVDELHQGDVGHTXHODHQIHUPHUDQR
OOHYDWLMHUDV\ORTXHKDFHHVUHSDUWLUODPHGLFDFLyQODGLFH QRWHFRPSURQDGDUHVSXHVWDTXHSXHGHKDFHU
UHtU R VRQUHtU D OD HQIHUPHUD \D TXH DPERV VDEHQ TXH QR VH WUDVSRUWDQ WLMHUDV $GHPiV OD IUDVH QR WH
FRPSURQDGDSHUPLWHHQFDMDUODIUXVWUDFLyQGHQRFRQVHJXLUHOREMHWRUHTXHULGRSRUHOSDFLHQWHODVWLMHUDV
+R\HQGtDSUHYDOHFHHVWDWHRUtDSDUWLFXODUPHQWHHQHOFDPSRSVLFRDQDOtWLFR\DXWRUHVQRWDEOHVKDQ
GHIHQGLGRODYDOLGH]GHODWHRUtDYHU$UULEDV
Teoría de la superioridad
(VODPiVDQWLJXDGHODVWHRUtDV\IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHVHILMDHQODULVDFXDQGRVXVFDXVDVVXUJHQD
SDUWLUGHODVGHVJUDFLDV3ODWyQHQVXV 'LiORJRV \$ULVWyWHOHVHQ eWLFDD1LFyPDFR IXHURQORVSULPHURVHQ
LQLFLDUHVWDWHRUtD3RUHMHPSOR3ODWyQH[SOLFyTXHODULVDHVHOHIHFWRPiVGLUHFWRGHORFyPLFR\PDQWXYR
TXHODPDOLFLDRODHQYLGLDVRQODUDt]GHODGLYHUVLyQFyPLFDSRUHMHPSORQRVUHtPRVFRQODVGHVJUDFLDVGH
ORVGHPiVGHODVSHFWRULGtFXORGHORWURVREUHWRGRDODOHJUDUQRVGHQRFRPSDUWLUOR3ODWyQDWULEX\HDODULVD

XQ FDUiFWHU SHOLJURVR VREUH WRGR SRUTXH OD ULVD H[FHVLYD SURGXFH XQD GHVFDUJD HPRFLRQDO \ SRU
FRQVLJXLHQWHXQDSpUGLGDGHFRQWURO
+D\ XQ SDUDOHOLVPR HQ DPEDV LGHDV HO TXH OD ULVD HV OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD EXUOD KDFLD DOJXLHQ TXH
SDUHFH LQIHULRU 6LQ HPEDUJR $ULVWyWHOHV DxDGH XQ PDWL] DVRFLDQGR OD ULVD \ OR FyPLFR FRPR SDUWHV
LQWHJUDQWHVGHOHTXLOLEULRKXPDQRDxDGLHQGRXQWRQRGHRUGHQFXDQWLWDWLYRHOJUDGRGHFRPLFLGDGGHEHVHU
ELHQPHGLGRSRUTXHXQH[FHVRGHEURPDVREXUODVDOFDQ]DODYXOJDULGDG\XQGpILFLWGHORPLVPRDFDUUHD
DEXUULPLHQWR\DXVWHULGDG
+REEHVILOyVRIRHPSLULVWDLQJOpVGHVFULEHHOIHQyPHQRGHODULVDFRPRXQHVWDGRGH

DXWRYDORUDFLyQ \ GH DXWRVXILFLHQFLD IUHQWH D ODV GLILFXOWDGHV R HUURUHV GHO SUyMLPR \ HVWH VHQWLPLHQWR GH
YDQLGDGV~ELWDSURYRFDUHJRFLMR\ULVD-X]JDPRVFyPLFDXQDVLWXDFLyQ FXDQGR YHPRVTXHHORWUR IUDFDVD
PLHQWUDV SHQVDPRV TXH QRVRWURV OD VXSHUDUtDPRV FRQ PiV SRVLELOLGDGHV HVWR HV OR TXH FRQVLGHUDPRV
GLYHUWLGR (VWD WHRUtD H[SOLFD TXH ORV HVWtPXORV UHSHQWLQRV QRV FRPSODFHQ \ QRV KDFHQ VHQWLU VXSHULRUHV R
PHMRUHVTXHRWURVRPHMRUHVGHORTXHpUDPRVDQWHV&XDQGRVHGHVFULEHHOHOHPHQWRDJUHVLYRTXHSXHGD
H[LVWLU HQ HO KXPRU HV FXDQGR VH KDFH UHIHUHQFLD DO VHQWLPLHQWR GH VXSHULRULGDG DXQTXH VHD HQ
FLUFXQVWDQFLDVHVSHFLDOHV
%HUJVRQVHxDOyODULVDFRPRXQIHQyPHQRH[WUDxRDLVODGR\VLQUHODFLyQFRQHOUHVWRGHOD

DFWLYLGDGKXPDQD(QVXRSLQLyQQRVUHtPRVGHXQDSHUVRQDFXDQGRQRVFDXVDXQDLPSUHVLyQGHWHUPLQDGD
SRUTXH DFW~D GH PDQHUD LQIOH[LEOH UtJLGD R PHFiQLFD (O DXWRPDWLVPR QRV FRQYLHUWH HQ LPLWDEOHV \D TXH
LPLWDUDDOJXLHQFRQVLVWHHQH[WUDHUODSDUWHGHDXWRPDWLVPRTXHHVHDOJXLHQKDGHMDGRTXHVHLQWURGX]FDHQ
VX SHUVRQD 3RU HVR ODV LPLWDFLRQHV LPSUHVLRQDQ VRUSUHQGHQ \ KDFHQ UHtU /D H[SOLFDFLyQ HV TXH
PHQWDOPHQWH VXSHUSRQHPRV ORV SHUVRQDMHV \ DO QR H[LVWLU XQD FRQFRUGDQFLD QRV DVRPEUD \ VXUJH OD ULVD
%HUJVRQPDWL]yWDPELpQTXHHQODULVDKD\XQDYHODGDLQWHQFLyQGHKXPLOODU\DYHFHVGHFRUUHJLUDOSUyMLPR
\GHVGHVXFRQFHSFLyQGHODULVDFRQFUHWyTXHHVXQSURFHVRPHFiQLFRORTXHODGHVHQFDGHQD8QFXHUSR
UtJLGRTXHWURSLH]DSURGXFHULVDDOJRTXHVHUHSLWHSURGXFHULVD\ODIDOWDGHHODVWLFLGDGWDPELpQSURYRFD
ULVD(VWRVFULWHULRVVHKDQDVXPLGRWDPELpQPiVUHFLHQWHPHQWH*DVDOOD\/ySH]GH/HWRQD
(Q HO PDUFR GH HVWD WHRUtD SXHGHQ LQWHUSUHWDUVH DOJXQDV GH ODV YLxHWDV GH KXPRU JUiILFR TXH
DSDUHFHQ FRWLGLDQDPHQWH HQ ORV GLDULRV FUtWLFD SROtWLFD R VRFLDO GHO PRPHQWR 9HDPRV FyPR OD SURIHVRUD
9LJDUD7DXVWHLOXVWUDDOJXQRVHMHPSORV
(QXQSXHEORXQDOFDOGHOHGLFHDOFRQFHMDODYHUSRQXQFDUWHOHQODSXHUWDGHOD\XQWDPLHQWR
TXHGLJDHOYLHUQHVDODVWUHVGHODWDUGHUHXQLyQGHFRQFHMDOHV
¢9LHUQHVFRQERFRQY"
%XHQRSXHVSDUDHOPDUWHV

2EVHUYHPRV HQ HO HMHPSOR DQWHULRU FyPR HO SHUVRQDMH TXHGD HQ HYLGHQFLD VH H[SRQH +D\ XQD
YHODGDLQWHQFLyQGHKXPLOODUGHODTXHVDOHDLURVRHVRHVORKLODUDQWH$TXtHOHUURUGHOSUyMLPRHVTXHQR
VHSDVLHQGRDOFDOGHVLYLHUQHVYDFRQERFRQY/DVLWXDFLyQHVFyPLFDSRUTXHYHPRVTXHHORWURIUDFDVD
PLHQWUDVSHQVDPRVTXHQRVRWURVODVXSHUDUtDPRVFRQPiVSRVLELOLGDGHVHVRVHUtDORGLYHUWLGR
Teoría de la liberación de la tensión
(VWD WHRUtD H[DPLQD XQ DVSHFWR DOJR GLIHUHQWH D ODV GRV DQWHULRUHV LQWHQWDQGR FRPSOHPHQWDU
DOJXQDVODJXQDVGHMDGDVSRUODWHRUtDGHODLQFRQJUXHQFLD\ODGHODVXSHULRULGDG6HGLVWLQJXHQGRVWLSRVGH
WHQVLyQItVLFD\SVLFROyJLFD/DOLEHUDFLyQGHWHQVLyQItVLFDIXHGHVFULWDSRU6SHQFHUTXHLQWHQWy
H[SOLFDUHOKXPRUHQWpUPLQRVGHDOLYLRItVLFRDXQTXHXQDPD\RUtDGHDXWRUHVGHILHQGHQTXHODOLEHUDFLyQGH
ODWHQVLyQFRQVLVWHHQODOLEHUDFLyQGHODVHPRFLRQHV(OVHUKXPDQRDFW~DVRPHWLGRDOHVIXHU]RODOXFKD\OD
WHQVLyQ\HVWRH[FLWDHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRTXHKDGHFDQDOL]DUODGHVFDUJDDRWUDHVWUXFWXUDGHORUJDQLVPRR
SRU PHGLR GH PRYLPLHQWRV PXVFXODUHV $Vt VH SURGXFH OD ULVD TXH SURSRUFLRQD XQ DOLYLR SDUD OD WHQVLyQ
QHUYLRVDRSVtTXLFDDVHJXUDQGRXQUHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHOHTXLOLEULR
8QHMHPSORFRWLGLDQRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUHQODVSiJLQDVGHOGLDULR(O3DtVFRQHODXWRU(O5RWRSiJLQD
GH³0DGULG´
7DEOD(O5RWR'LiULR³(O3DtV´
(VWD PXHVWUD GH YLxHWD VH FUHD HQ XQ PRPHQWR HQ HO TXH ODV QRWLFLDV VH FHQWUDEDQ HQ ODV ODUJDV
OLVWDVGHHVSHUDGHORVSDFLHQWHVSDUDVHURSHUDGRVVREUHWRGRHQOD&RPXQLGDGGH0DGULG(O3DtVMXHYHV
GHMXQLRGH/DIUDVHGHOPpGLFR ³+DWHQLGRYGVXHUWHSDUDDOLYLDUODVOLVWDVGHHVSHUDOHYDDRSHUDU

HOJHUHQWH´UHVXPHWHQVLyQSRUODHYLGHQFLDGHODFDQWLGDGGHWLHPSRGHHVSHUDSRUSDUWHGHOSDFLHQWHSDUD
VHURSHUDGR\VHJXQGRPiVWHQVLyQVLFDEHSRUODVROXFLyQGHTXHSXHGHRSHUDUHOJHUHQWHPiVSUHSDUDGR
SDUDRWUDVWDUHDV
2WURHMHPSORDOJRPiVOLYLDQRSHURHQODPLVPDOtQHDGHFUtWLFDVRFLDOORDSRUWD$QWRQLR)UDJXDV
)RUJHVHQHO3DtV(QHVWHFDVRVHSRQHHQHYLGHQFLDODVLWXDFLyQVRFLDOGHORVMyYHQHV
7DEOD)RUJHV'LiULR³(O3DtV´
(QVXPDORVHMHPSORVDQWHULRUHVPXHVWUDQTXHHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUYHQGUtDGHVHQFDGHQDGRSRUOD
WRPD GH FRQFLHQFLD HQWUH HO FRQWUDVWH GH ODV WHQVLRQHV \ OD GHVFDUJD GH OD VROXFLyQ /D ULVD R OD VRQULVD
DSDUHFHYLQFXODGDDODOLYLRHVGHFLUXQLGDDODOLEHUDFLyQSRUODVROXFLyQDSRUWDGD(QHOSULPHUFDVRHVPiV
H[WUHPDHVPiVVDWtULFDSRUTXH ODViWLUDHVHQFLHUWRVHQWLGRXQDOLYLRGHODWHQVLyQIUHQWHDODRSUHVLyQ
VRFLDOFXDQGRSXHGHH[SUHVDUVH ODFUtWLFDOLEUHPHQWHSRUTXHVLUYHSDUDDOJRHVODYiOYXODGHHVFDSHDQWH
WHQVLRQHV\GHVHTXLOLEULRVDFXPXODGRV
3RUWDQWRHVWDWHRUtDYLHQHDH[SOLFDUTXHFXDQWDPiVWHQVLyQKD\HQXQJUXSRXQDSHTXHxDEURPD
RLURQtDFRQHVFDVDVFRQVHFXHQFLDVVXHOHDOLYLDUODWHQVLyQ\SHUPLWHHQFDMDUODVLWXDFLyQSDUDTXH QRGXHOD
WDQWR R LQFOXVR SXHGH HVFDSDUVH OD ULVD R FDUFDMDGD VROR \ H[FOXVLYDPHQWH FRPR XQ DOLYLR VLQ PRWLYR QL
GHVHQFDGHQDQWH
3RUHMHPSORHQXQDDXGLFLyQGHP~VLFDHQHOVLOHQFLRGHOWHDWURVHHVFXFKDXQHVWRUQXGROD
LQWHQVLGDGGHODDWHQFLyQSXHVWDHQODHVFXFKD\ORLQHVSHUDGRGHOHVWRUQXGRKDFHQTXHGHFDLJD
UiSLGDPHQWH OD DWHQFLyQ SXGLHQGR DOJXLHQ GHVFDUJDU OD WHQVLyQ SRU PHGLR GH OD ULVD 0XFKDV
SHUVRQDV KDQ H[SHULPHQWDGR HVWH HMHPSOR HQ RWUDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV PiV VHULDV FRPR ORV

YHODWRULRV R IXQHUDOHV SRUTXH DGHPiV OD H[SUHVLyQ GHO KXPRU HQ HVWDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV VXSRQH
XQDOLYLRREiOVDPRDQWHODVLWXDFLyQ

([LVWHXQDDQpFGRWDGHXQDHQIHUPHUDTXHHVWDEDSUHSDUDQGRDXQDSDFLHQWHSDUDTXLUyIDQR\
YLQRDYLVLWDUODHODQHVWHVLVWDSDUDSDXWDUODSUHPHGLFDFLyQ(OPpGLFRSUHJXQWyTXpWDOOD\SHVR
FDOFXODEDTXHWHQtDODHQIHUPD&RPRODSDFLHQWHHVWDEDHQODFDPDQRSRGtDFDOFXODUELHQVX
WDOODVHDFHUFyFRQXQDFLQWDPpWULFD\FUH\HQGRTXHGRUPtDSXVRDFLQWDHQSDUDOHORDODFDPD
SDUD PHGLUOD $O LQVWDQWH OD SDFLHQWH OD PLUD \ GLFH ¢4Xp HVWiV PLGLHQGR SDUD OD FDMD"
5RELQVRQ
)UHXGHQORUHODWLYRDHVWDWHRUtDGHVDUUROOyDOJXQRVSXQWRVHVHQFLDOHVSDUDSURIXQGL]DUHQ

ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHOKXPRU\GHODULVD)UHXGHQFRQWUyXQDEDVHFRP~QHQORVFKLVWHVHVWRHVHOSODFHUTXH
VXVFLWDQ(VWHSODFHUFRUUHVSRQGHUtDDODKRUURGHOHVIXHU]RSVtTXLFRSRUHMHPSORH[LVWHXQWLSRGHHQHUJtD
FUHDGD \ XWLOL]DGD SDUD UHSULPLU SHQVDPLHQWRV VH[XDOHV X KRVWLOHV VHJ~Q ODV QRUPDV TXH QRV LPSRQH OD
VRFLHGDG HO FRQWDU FKLVWHV R JDVWDU EURPDV VHUYLUtD FRPR YiOYXOD GH HVFDSH SDUD HVRV VHQWLPLHQWRV
SURKLELGRV X RWURV WLSRV GH LQKLELFLRQHV &XDQGR VH FXHQWDQ FKLVWHV OD HQHUJtD GHVWLQDGD D UHSULPLU
SHQVDPLHQWRV\VHQWLPLHQWRVVH[XDOHVDJUHVLYRVVHOLEHUDHQIRUPDGHULVD\HVWRSURGXFHSODFHU
/DVFRQWULEXFLRQHVTXHKDQVXSXHVWRHVWDVWHRUtDVKDQVHUYLGRSDUDFRQRFHUHOWySLFRKXPRU\KDQ
FRQWULEXLGRDVHQWDUODVEDVHVSDUDREVHUYDUHOIHQyPHQRGHVGHGLVWLQWRVSXQWRVGHYLVWD
1.3 Evolución y consolidación de los estudios
'HVGH ORV HVWXGLRV SVLFROyJLFRV VREUH HO KXPRU VH KDQ UHDOL]DGR SURSXHVWDV \ WHQWDWLYDV GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQPX\ULFDVVLQHPEDUJRHVGLItFLOHYDOXDUFRQFODULGDGRKDFHUXQEDODQFHJOREDOHQWpUPLQRV
GHOtPLWHV\SRVLELOLGDGHV\DTXHHOLQWHUpVIXQGDPHQWDOGHORVHVWXGLRVVREUHHOKXPRUVHKDFHQWUDGRHQ
LQWHQWDU HQWHQGHU OD DFWLYLGDG FRJQLWLYD \ KD\ TXH WHQHU HQ FXHQWD TXH ODV UHYLVLRQHV GHO HVWDGR GH OD
FXHVWLyQVRQHVFDVDV5RHFNHOHLQ
8Q EUHYH PDSD FURQROyJLFR D\XGDUi D VLQWHWL]DU DOJXQRV ORJURV DGTXLULGRV GXUDQWH DxRV GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ+D\TXHUHFRQRFHUTXHODPD\RUtDGHHVWRVHVWXGLRVVRQHQVD\RV\SUXHEDVTXHKDQFUHFLGR
HQ SURJUHVLyQ JHRPpWULFD GHVGH ORV DxRV VHWHQWD KDVWD OD DFWXDOLGDG H LQGXGDEOHPHQWH KDQ VHQWDGR ODV
EDVHVSDUDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ(QODDFWXDOLGDGHOLQWHUpVLQYHVWLJDGRUSRUHOWHPDHVWiSUHVHQWHHQQXPHURVRV
GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH PXFKDV XQLYHUVLGDGHV GHO PXQGR 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 0LQQHVRWD 7HQQHVVHH &DOLIRUQLD
6FKRRO RI 3URIHVVLRQDO 3V\FKRORJ\ 0DU\ODQG )ORULGD .DQVDV *HRUJLD 'XVVHOGRUI %RORJQLD 9DOODGROLG
/OHLGDHWF\HVWRSUHYpXQEXHQIXWXURSDUDHOGHVDUUROOR\FRQRFLPLHQWRGHOKXPRU

Etapa precursora
(QHVWHSHULRGRVHSXHGHQGHVWDFDUORVWUDEDMRVGH+D\ZRUWK/DQGLV\5RVV(\VHQFN

\ &RVHU 8QR GH ORV SULPHURV WUDEDMRV HQ SVLFRORJtD DO UHVSHFWR OODPy OD DWHQFLyQ GH ORV
SVLFyORJRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHKDFLDODULVD\ODVRQULVD VHxDODQGR ODQHFHVLGDGGHSXQWXDOL]DU XQDWHRUtDGHOD
FRPXQLFDFLyQ TXH H[SOLFDUD HO IHQyPHQR \ TXH LQFOX\HUD OD ULVD HQ WRGDV ODV FRQGLFLRQHV HQ YH] GH
GHVSOD]DUHVWHDVSHFWRGHODYLGDREVHUYiQGRORFRPRXQPHURVLJQRYRFDOHODXWRUSURSXVRTXHVHSUHVWDUD
DWHQFLyQDODULVDFRPRXQFRPSRQHQWHGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQ+D\ZRUWK
/DQGLV \ 5RVV HQ XQD DSUR[LPDFLyQ DO HVWXGLR GHO WySLFR LQYHVWLJDURQ ODV GLIHUHQFLDV
LQGLYLGXDOHV HQ HO KXPRU \ SURIXQGL]DURQ HQ OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH ORV FKLVWHV \ HQ OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH
SUHIHUHQFLDV SRU GLVWLQWRV WLSRV GH FKLVWHV \ UDVJRV GH SHUVRQDOLGDG LQWHOLJHQFLD LQWURYHUVLyQ $VLJQDURQ
GLIHUHQWHVFDWHJRUtDVDORVFKLVWHVH[DJHUDFLyQLQFRQJUXHQFLDVRUSUHVDYHUGDGVXSHULRULGDGUHSUHVLyQ\
ULGtFXOR \ HVWXGLDURQ ODV GLIHUHQWHV PDQHUDV HQ TXH ODV SHUVRQDV DVLJQDEDQ ORV FKLVWHV D ODV GLIHUHQWHV
FDWHJRUtDVGLIHUtDHQIXQFLyQGHOVH[R\HOJUXSRVRFLDODOTXHSHUWHQHFtDQ
3RVWHULRUPHQWH (\VHQFN SXVR GH PDQLILHVWR OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH ORV IDFWRUHV FRJQLWLYRV
DIHFWLYRV \ FRQDWLYRV SDUD OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO FKLVWH (O SODQWHDPLHQWR GH OD PD\RUtD GH ODV WHRUtDV
GHVDUUROODGDVHQODDFWXDOLGDGDFHUFDGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUWLHQHQHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQHVWHPRGHORH[SOLFDWLYR
\ FRQVLGHUDQ TXH XQD SHUVRQD TXH UHFLEH XQ HVWtPXOR GLYHUWLGR OR SURFHVD \ OD LQWHUDFFLyQ GHO HVWtPXOR
SHUFLELGR FRQ OD HVWUXFWXUD LQWHUQD GHO LQGLYLGXR GHWHUPLQDQWHV GH FRQGXFWD SHUVRQDOLGDG PRWLYRV
UHFXHUGRV H[SHULHQFLDV HWF \ OD LQIOXHQFLD GHO PHGLR H[WHUQR FXOWXUD JUXSR VRFLDO FODVH VRFLDO
GHWHUPLQDQODYLYHQFLDRFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVLWXDFLyQFRPRGLYHUWLGDRQR
$OJR PiV WDUGH &RVHU GHIHQGLy OD ULVD FRPR XQ IHQyPHQR VRFLDO \ DWULEX\y DO KXPRU XQ
SDSHO VHPHMDQWH D XQD YiOYXOD GH HVFDSH TXH GLVPLQX\H OD WHQVLyQ HQWUHWLHQH FRPXQLFD \ IDFLOLWD OD
FRKHVLyQGHOJUXSRWUDQVIRUPDQGRORLQGLYLGXDOHQXQDH[SHULHQFLDFROHFWLYD([SOLFyTXHXQDKLVWRULDELHQ
FRQWDGD GHVHQFDGHQD XQRV PLQXWRV GH HQWUHWHQLPLHQWR OOHYD D XQD PD\RU WUDQTXLOLGDG \ UHOD[
FRQWULEX\HQGRDVtDOFXLGDGRGHODVDOXG\FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHDSUHYHQLUODHQIHUPHGDG
(VFRPSUHQVLEOHTXHORVWUDEDMRVPiVVREUHVDOLHQWHVHQHVWDpSRFDWXYLHUDQHQFXHQWDODLQWHUDFFLyQ
VRFLDO \D TXH HUD OD YHUWLHQWH KHJHPyQLFD D PHGLDGRV GHO VLJOR ;; /RV DQiOLVLV HVWiQ GLULJLGRV
IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHPiVDODVFRQGLFLRQHVH[WHUQDVGHOLQGLYLGXR\DORVFRQGLFLRQDQWHVGHOJUXSRVRFLDO(O
SDSHOPiVGHVWDFDGRFRPRDXWRUSUHFXUVRUGHOSDSHOGHOKXPRUHQHOFRQWH[WRVRFLDOVHOHDWULEX\HD&RVHU
5RHFNHOHLQ
La apertura de los años 70
/D HWDSD GH ORV DxRV GHO SDVDGR VLJOR LQLFLy XQD PD\RU DFHOHUDFLyQ GH OtQHDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
VREUH HO KXPRU \ DSDUHFLHURQ WUDEDMRV GH PD\RU HQYHUJDGXUD 8QR GH ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV GH PD\RU

UHOHYDQFLDHV3DXO0F*KHHTXHWUDEDMyFRQQLxRVVREUHODKLSyWHVLVGHOSHQVDPLHQWRRSHUDWRULRHQ

DOJXQDVVLWXDFLRQHVKXPRUtVWLFDV/DPD\RUDSRUWDFLyQGHHVWHDXWRUIXHVXLQWHQWRGHUHODFLRQDUGHPDQHUD
VLVWHPiWLFDODVHVWUXFWXUDVFRJQLWLYDVGHOVXMHWR FRQ HOGHVHPSHxR KXPRUtVWLFR&RQVLGHUyHO KXPRUFRPR
XQDFRQVWUXFFLyQTXHUHTXLHUHFLHUWRQLYHOGHGHVDUUROOROLQJtVWLFR\FRJQLWLYR/DVDSRUWDFLRQHVGHOWUDEDMR
FRQ QLxRV IXHURQ XQD PDQHUD H[SHULPHQWDO GH LGHQWLILFDU HO GHVDUUROOR GH KDELOLGDGHV KXPRUtVWLFDV \ XQ
LQWHQWR GH UHFRQRFHU HO KXPRU FRPR XQ LQGLFDGRU GH OD DFWLYLGDG FRJQLWLYD $Vt OD ULVD TXH DSDUHFH HQ HO
MXHJR\HOHVWtPXORGHOKXPRUFRPLHQ]DQDVHUiUHDVWtSLFDVGHODVRFLRORJtDORTXHOOHYDDTXHDSDUWLUGH
pVH PRPHQWR GLYHUVDV iUHDV GH OD VRFLRORJtD YD\DQ WRPDQGR SDUWH DFWLYD HQ OD H[SHULPHQWDFLyQ \
DSUHFLDFLyQGHOKXPRU'DYLV\)DULQD'DYLHV
(QHVWRVDxRVDSDUHFHQQXPHURVDVWHVLVGRFWRUDOHVHQGLVWLQWDVXQLYHUVLGDGHVDPHULFDQDVDFHUFDGHO
KXPRUHQXQDIiQGHFRPSUHQGHUHOIHQyPHQRYHU5RHFNHOHLQ\WDPELpQRWURWLSRGHWUDEDMRVXQRV
UHODFLRQDQGRHOKXPRUFRQHOQLYHOGHDQVLHGDG6PLWK$VFRXJK(WWLQJHU\1HOVRQRWURVH[DPLQDQGR
ODV FRQGLFLRQHV SDUD HVWLPXODU OD ULVD HQ QLxRV 5RWKEDUW R UHYLVDQGR DOJXQDV GH ODV SHUVSHFWLYDV
WHyULFDV 0F*KHH 7DPELpQ VH UHDOL]DQ HVWXGLRV GH OD IXQFLyQ FRJQLWLYD GH OD ULVD HQ JUXSRV
LQIRUPDOHVDVRFLDQGRODPLVPDDODHILFLHQFLDHQODFRPXQLFDFLyQ:RORVLQ\VHGHVDUUROODQHQIRTXHV
SVLFRPpWULFRV\FRUUHODFLRQDOHVGHOKXPRUFRQODLQWHOLJHQFLD:LHU]ELFNL\<RXQJ
8QD UHIHUHQFLD HVSHFLDO HQ HVWD HWDSD PHUHFH HO HVWXGLR GH 6YHEDN D (VWH DXWRU H[SOLFD HO
VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU FRPR SUHGLFWRU GH OD ULVD \ SRVWHULRUPHQWH GHVDUUROOD \ DGDSWD XQD HVFDOD E
F SDUD ILQDOPHQWH UHYLVDUOD \ DGHFXDUOD D XQD QXHYD YHUVLyQ HQ 0iV WDUGH DSDUHFHUiQ RWURV
LQVWUXPHQWRV SDUD OD PHGLGD GHO KXPRU DVt FRPR VXV UHODFLRQHV FRQ RWURV LQGLFDGRUHV D ORV TXH VH KDUi
UHIHUHQFLDHQDOFDSLWXOR0DUWtQ\/HIFRXUW.RURWNRY5XFK'HFNHUV\5XFK
(VWD HWDSD SXHGH UHODFLRQDUVH FRQ XQ HVIXHU]R LPSRUWDQWH GH ORV H[SHULPHQWDGRUHV SDUD
VLVWHPDWL]DU \ IRUPDOL]DU VLWXDFLRQHV SURWRWtSLFDV GH IRUPD TXH ORV GDWRV SXHGDQ VHU FRPSDUDEOHV \
H[WUDSRODEOHV/RVPDWHULDOHVXWLOL]DGRVVRQGHGLYHUVDQDWXUDOH]DDGLYLQDQ]DVMXHJRVGHSDODEUDVRFKLVWHV
YHUEDOHV (O LQWHUpV SRU HVWRV WLSRV GH SURGXFFLyQ KXPRUtVWLFD FRQWUDVWD FRQ ORV HVFDVRV WUDEDMRV FRQ
HVWtPXORVJUiILFRVVLELHQFRPLHQ]DQDXWLOL]DUVHSURJUDPDVGHWHOHYLVLyQ\JUDEDFLRQHVGHFKLVWHVSDUDVHU
SUHVHQWDGRVDORVVXMHWRV(OKXPRUYHUEDOYDDWHQHUXQDLPSRUWDQFLDFDSLWDOFRPRLQGLFDGRUSULQFLSDOGHOD
DFWLYLGDGFRJQLWLYD\QRIDOWDQHQIRTXHVSVLFRPpWULFRV\FRUUHODFLRQDOHVEXVFDQGRODUHODFLyQGHOKXPRUFRQ
RWUDVKDELOLGDGHVFRJQLWLYDV&XSFKLN\/HYHQWDO&DQWRU&KDSPDQ\:ULJKW
(Q HVWD pSRFD FRPLHQ]DQ ODV DSOLFDFLRQHV HGXFDFLRQDOHV GHO KXPRU TXH VRQ WDQ YDULDGDV FRPR
~WLOHV (O KXPRU HV XWLOL]DGR SDUD IDFLOLWDU ORV SURFHVRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH HQ HO QLxR %U\DQW &KRPLVN\ \
=LOOPDQQ\VHWUDEDMDHOKXPRUFRQVLGHUiQGRORXQYHKtFXORSDUDDOFDQ]DUORVREMHWLYRV\HQDOJXQRV
FDVRVFRPRXQPpWRGRFRUUHFWLYRGHFRQGXFWDVLQGHVHDEOHV%U\DQW&KRPLVN\&UDQH\=LOOPDQQ1R
IDOWDQHVWXGLRVTXHVHUHILHUHQDOKXPRUFRPRJHQHUDGRUGHXQDPD\RUVHQVLELOLGDGKDFLDORVRWURV.URJK
R FRPR XQD GHULYDFLyQ GH DFWLYLGDGHV ItVLFRPRWULFHV GHQWUR GHO FRQWH[WR GH OD LQWHUDFFLyQ JUXSDO
6KHUPDQ

2WUR GH ORV DXWRUHV UHFRQRFLGRV GH OD GpFDGD GH ORV VHWHQWD HV $YQHU =LY TXH SODQWHD OD UHODFLyQ
HQWUH OD ULVD \ HO SHQVDPLHQWR GLYHUJHQWH FUHDWLYR =LY (VWH DXWRU VXJLULy TXH ODV UHVSXHVWDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHXQ SHQVDPLHQWRFUHDWLYRHVWiQPX\FHUFDQDVDODVUHVSXHVWDVKXPRUtVWLFDV\TXHDPERV
VH FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU GRV HOHPHQWRV SULQFLSDOHV OD RULJLQDOLGDG \ IOH[LELOLGDG 7UDEDMy FRQ DGROHVFHQWHV \ VX
LQWHUpV SULQFLSDO DO DERUGDU HO KXPRU IXH GHVDUUROODU XQD SHUVSHFWLYD HGXFDFLRQDO (VWH DXWRU H[SORUy ODV
UHODFLRQHV GHO KXPRU FRQ RWURV SURFHVRV SVtTXLFRV FRPR SRU HMHPSOR OD FUHDWLYLGDG HO DXWRFRQFHSWR R OD
VDWLVIDFFLyQ
El panorama de los años 90
(VWDHWDSDGHOVLJOR;;VHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUFLHUWDHVFDVH]GHHVWXGLRVFRPSUHQVLYRV\JOREDOHVIDOWD
GH YLVLRQHV XQLILFDGDV GH ORV DYDQFHV \ UHV~PHQHV GH ODV GLILFXOWDGHV 7DPSRFR VH UHDOL]DQ DQiOLVLV GH OD
FXHVWLyQ GHO KXPRU WDQ SUHVHQWHV HQ RWUDV GLVFLSOLQDV HQ ORV TXH VH DERUGHQ ORV SURJUHVRV HPStULFRV \
FRQFHSWXDOHVORJUDGRV\TXHD\XGHQDORVTXHLQLFLDQVXVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVDGLVSRQHUGHXQDYLVLyQJHQHUDO
VREUHHOWHPD(QFXDOTXLHUFDVRHVWDHWDSDSXHGHUHODFLRQDUVHFRQXQHVIXHU]RJHQHUDOUHDOL]DGRSRUORV
HVWXGLRVRVGHOKXPRUSDUDLQWHQWDUFRQFHSWXDUOR(QHVWHPDUFRGHVWDFDQGRVHVWXGLRVTXHVHGHVFULEHQD
FRQWLQXDFLyQ
(OSULPHUWUDEDMRDVHxDODUHVHOGH:\HU\&ROOLQVTXHEXVFDURQHVSHFLILFDUODVFRQGLFLRQHV

HQ ODV FXDOHV VH SXHGH H[SHULPHQWDU KXPRU D SDUWLU GH FRQWH[WRV VRFLDOHV \ QR VRFLDOHV /RV DXWRUHV
SURSRQHQ XQD WHRUtD JHQHUDO GH OD HOLFLWDFLyQ TXH DQDOL]D WDQWR ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ODV VLWXDFLRQHV \
HVWtPXORVKXPRUtVWLFRVFRPRORVDVSHFWRVLQWUtQVHFRVGHOVXMHWRDVSHFWRVFRJQLWLYRVH[SHFWDWLYDVOHQJXDMH
\RWURVLQYROXFUDGRVHQODDSUHFLDFLyQGHOKXPRU/DLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOHVWtPXORSRUSDUWHGHOVXMHWRHVXQ
HYHQWR QHFHVDULR SDUD HOLFLWDU HO KXPRU 8QD GH VXV DSRUWDFLRQHV PiV LQWHUHVDQWHV HV OD HODERUDFLyQ
FRJQLWLYD GH FDGD XQR GH ORV IDFWRUHV GH OD UHVSXHVWD DO KXPRU \ FRPR SXHGHQ LQIOXLU HQ HO VXMHWR /RV
DXWRUHV SURSRQHQ TXH HO KXPRU VH GHVHQFDGHQD GHSHQGLHQGR GHO SURFHVDPLHQWR GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ \ GHO
PRPHQWR HQ TXH VH SUHVHQWD HO HVWtPXOR HQ HO VXMHWR /D DWHQFLyQ \ OD SHUFHSFLyQ VRQ ORV GRV SURFHVRV
FRJQLWLYRV PiV FRPSURPHWLGRV HQ OD UHVSXHVWD GH FRPSUHQVLyQ \ HODERUDFLyQ SDUD HO HVWtPXOR KXPRU
$XQTXH HVWRV DXWRUHV QR DSRUWDQ GDWRV SURSLRV KDFHQ UHIHUHQFLD D GLYHUVRV KDOOD]JRV GH LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
HPStULFDV\WLHQHQHOPpULWRGHLQWHJUDUHOHPHQWRVGLVSHUVRVHQYDULDVWHRUtDVDVtFRPRGHGDUFXHQWDGHORV
IDFWRUHVTXHLQFLGHQSRVLWLYD\QHJDWLYDPHQWHHQODHOLFLWDFLyQGHOKXPRU
2WUR WUDEDMR LQWHUHVDQWH HV XQ HQVD\R TXH VXJLHUH OD IRUPD HQ TXH XQD WHRUtD OLQJtVWLFD SXHGH
FRQWULEXLUDH[SOLFDUODVUD]RQHVSRUODFXDOHVORVFKLVWHVYHUEDOHVIDOODQFXDQGRVHRIUHFHQDXQDDXGLHQFLD
HVSHFtILFD&DUUHOO/DDXWRUDSDUWHGHODVQRFLRQHVGHFRPSHWHQFLDSDUDHOGHVHPSHxRGHOKXPRU/D
FRPSHWHQFLDSDUDHOFKLVWHHV±VHJ~Q&DUUHOOODKDELOLGDGGHOKDEODQWHSDUDUHFRQRFHUXQGHWHUPLQDGRWH[WR
FRPR XQ FKLVWH \ KD\ TXH GHVWDFDU GRV DVSHFWRV FODUDPHQWH GHOLPLWDGRV XQR HO WH[WR TXH SXHGH VHU
FKLVWRVR R QR \ TXH OR LQVWLWX\H HO KDEODQWH \ RWUR HO R\HQWH GHO WH[WR (O ³WH[WR FKLVWH´ SRGUtD GHILQLUVH

FRPRXQWpUPLQRQHXWUDOTXHSXHGHVHUFKLVWRVRRQR\HOKXPRUVHUtDHOVHQWLGRGHORFKLVWRVRHQHOTXHVH
HQFXHQWUDLQVFULWR\TXHHOR\HQWHMX]JDFRPRWDO/DFRPSHWHQFLDKXPRUtVWLFDHVXQFRPSRQHQWHGLVFUHWR\
QHFHVDULRGHODFRPSHWHQFLDOLQJtVWLFDTXHGHSHQGHGHOFRQWH[WRGHODVLWXDFLyQ\GHOGHVDUUROORFRJQLWLYR
DOFDQ]DGRSRUODFRPSHWHQFLDOLQJtVWLFD
(VWD HWDSD HV LPSRUWDQWH SRUTXH LQFRUSRUD DOJXQRV HOHPHQWRV SUHVHQWHV HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG SRU
HMHPSOR HO FRQFHSWR GH DWHQFLyQ \ SHUFHSFLyQ HO PRPHQWR HQ HO TXH VXFHGH HO HVWLPXOR \ HO WHUPLQR
FRPSHWHQFLDTXHVXJLHUHODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHHOKXPRUSXHGDVHUGHVDUUROODGR\DSUHQGLGR
En la actualidad
$FWXDOPHQWH VH YLHQH SURGXFLHQGR XQ HYLGHQWH LQFUHPHQWR GH 8QLYHUVLGDGHV TXH VH GHGLFDQ DO
HVWXGLRGHOKXPRUHQGLVWLQWDVDSOLFDFLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODSVLFRORJtDYHU5XVVHOO/DULVD
VHHQWLHQGHFRPRSURFHVRSVLFROyJLFR\VHEXVFDHVWDEOHFHUDOJXQDFRQH[LyQHQWUHHOHIHFWR\VXFDXVDOD
ULVD\VXFDXVD(QpVWHSHULRGRHOKXPRUVHDQDOL]DFRQPpWRGRVH[SHULPHQWDOHV\GHVGHDSUR[LPDFLRQHV
SURSLDV GH OD FLHQFLD SRVLWLYLVWD GHWHUPLQLVPR JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ KLSyWHVLV WHRUtDV PRGHORV DQiOLVLV \
UHGXFFLRQLVPR (OPHV .DQWRZLW] \ 5RHGLJHU .DQWRZLW] 5RHGLJHU \ (OPHV $EUD
*RRGZLQ
1RVGHWHQGUHPRVXQPRPHQWRHQDOJXQDVGHODVDSRUWDFLRQHVGHHVWRVWUDEDMRV/RVHVWXGLRVTXH
EXVFDQH[SOLFDFLRQHVDFXiOHVVRQORVHIHFWRVGHODULVDVHLQFUHPHQWDQ(YDQV\(JHUWRQ5RVHQNUDQ]
\ FROV \ H[LVWH XQD FRQVLGHUDEOH HYLGHQFLD VREUH OD FRUUHODFLyQ HQWUH ORV HVWDGRV HPRFLRQDOHV
SRVLWLYRV\ODIXQFLyQLQPXQHTXHGHVWDFDUHPRVHQXQFDSLWXORSRVWHULRU
/RVWHPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOKXPRUVHDPSOtDQSRUHMHPSORORVHVWDGRVDIHFWLYRV
TXH GHVHQFDGHQD OD PHGLGD GH ODV HPRFLRQHV LQFOXLGD OD PHGLGD GHO KXPRU HO HVWXGLR GH OD LQPXQLGDG
VREUH WRGR ORV DQWLFXHUSRV \ FLWRTXLQDV OD DFWLYDFLyQ GHO OyEXOR SUHIURQWDO GHUHFKR PHGLDQWH UHJLVWUR
HOHFWURHQFHIDORJUiILFRHOFRQWUROGHOHVWUpV\VRQLQQXPHUDEOHVORVHVWXGLRVFXDOLWDWLYRVTXHVHDSUR[LPDQDO
DQiOLVLV\ODUHIOH[LyQGHORVSRVLEOHVHIHFWRVGHO IHQyPHQR3DUDOHODPHQWHVHEXVFDQUHODFLRQHVGHOKXPRU
FRQ HO GHVDUUROOR FRJQLWLYR \ WDPELpQ VH PDQWLHQH HO LQWHUpV SRU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORV PHFDQLVPRV TXH
VXE\DFHQDODFRPSUHQVLyQKXPRUtVWLFD
(Q HO PRPHQWR DFWXDO GHVWDFD HVSHFLDOPHQWH HO PRYLPLHQWR OODPDGR 3VLFRORJtD 3RVLWLYD GHILQLGD
FRPR HO HVWXGLR GH ODV HPRFLRQHV ORV HVWDGRV \ ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV *UDFLDV D VX UHSUHVHQWDQWH
6HOLJPDQ\VXVFRODERUDGRUHVHOKXPRUJR]DGHXQQDFLHQWH\QRWDEOHFDPSRGHHVWXGLR3DUDORV
SVLFyORJRV SRVLWLYRV HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU HV XQD GH ODV IRUWDOH]DV KXPDQDV TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ PD\RU
ELHQHVWDU %XVFDQ FRPSUHQGHU \ DSRUWDU QXHYRV FRQRFLPLHQWRV DFHUFD GH pVWD \ RWUDV IRUWDOH]DV GHO VHU
KXPDQR

$Vt SRU HMHPSOR HQ ORV H[SHULPHQWRV GH ODERUDWRULR GH SVLFyORJRV SRVLWLYRV FRPR %DUEDUD
)UHGULFNVRQORVYLGHRVFyPLFRVVRQXQDKHUUDPLHQWDGHWUDEDMRLPSUHVFLQGLEOHSRUODIDFLOLGDGFRQOD
TXHSXHGHQSURYRFDUHPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDVHQORVVXMHWRV6LQHPEDUJRD~QVRQSRFRVORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV\
WHyULFRVGHODSVLFRORJtDSRVLWLYDTXHKDQWUDWDGRHVWRVIHQyPHQRVHQGHWDOOH HQSDUWHSRUTXHODULVD\HO
KXPRUVLJXHQUHVLVWLpQGRVHDXQDGHILQLFLyQWHyULFD\DOHVWXGLRHPStULFR(QOD5RPD$QWLJXD4XLQWLOLDQRVH
ODPHQWDEDGHTXH QDGLHKDFRQVHJXLGRH[SOLFDUODULVDGHXQDPDQHUDVDWLVIDFWRULDDXQTXHPXFKRVORKDQ
LQWHQWDGR+R\HQGtDDXQTXHFRQRFHPRVPXFKRVPiVGDWRVVREUHODULVDRODHVWUXFWXUDGHORVFKLVWHVRORV
SURFHVRVQHXURTXtPLFRVDVRFLDGRVVHJXLPRVHQXQDVLWXDFLyQSDUHFLGD
1.4 Conclusiones
'HVGH OD DQWLJHGDG HO KXPRU KD VXVFLWDGR FXULRVLGDG HQ SHQVDGRUHV \ QR VRQ HVFDVDV ODV
DSRUWDFLRQHVWHyULFDVTXHVHKDQUHDOL]DGRGHVGHODILORVRItDRODSVLFRORJtD/DWHRUtDGHORVFXDWURKXPRUHV
GRPLQy GHVGH HO VLJOR 9 D GH & KDVWD GHVSXpV GHO 5HQDFLPLHQWR \ FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH HVWDV
FRQWULEXFLRQHVVHKDQHODERUDGRWHRUtDVH[SOLFDWLYDVDFHUFDGHOKXPRUTXHSUHYDOHFHQKDVWDQXHVWURVGtDV
8QR GH ORV DVSHFWRV D GHVWDFDU HV TXH H[LVWH FLHUWR SUREOHPD VHPiQWLFR D OD KRUD GH DFRWDU OD
FRPSUHQVLyQGHOWpUPLQRKXPRU\DTXHVHOHLGHQWLILFDFRQIHQyPHQRVFRPRODULVDORFyPLFRORGLYHUWLGRR
LQJHQLRVR /D ULVD SXHGH HQWHQGHUVH FRPR OD UHDFFLyQ PHFiQLFD DQWH XQ VXFHVR FyPLFR R GLYHUWLGR /R
FyPLFRHVWUDWDUGHEXVFDUHOGRPLQLR FRPSXOVLYRGH ODVLWXDFLyQ VLQVXFXPELUDHOOD\HOKXPRU VHUtDXQD
FDSDFLGDG KXPDQD TXH EXVFD FRPSUHQGHU GH IRUPD QR FRPSXOVLYD VH OH FRQVLGHUD PiV XQ HVWDGR
HPRFLRQDOTXHVXUJHSDUDOHORDOKHFKRGHGRPLQDUODVLWXDFLyQ
/RVHVWXGLRVVREUHHOKXPRUKDQHVWDGRLQIOXHQFLDGRVSRUGRVWHyULFRVGHOVLJOR;;%HUJVRQ\)UHXG
\ OD PD\RU SDUWH GH ODV DSRUWDFLRQHV SXHGHQ DJUXSDUVH HQ WUHV JUXSRV GH WHRUtD WUDGLFLRQDOHV
LQFRQJUXHQFLDVXSHULRULGDG\OLEHUDFLyQGHWHQVLyQ
(Q FXDQWR D OD HYROXFLyQ \ FRQVROLGDFLyQ GH ORV HVWXGLRV UHVSHFWR DO KXPRU VH REVHUYD FLHUWD
GLILFXOWDG SDUD SRGHU KDFHU XQ EDODQFH JOREDO \ HO LQWHUpV VH KD FHQWUDGR HQ LQWHQWDU FRPSUHQGHU OD
DFWLYLGDG FRJQLWLYD 'HVGH ORV SUHFXUVRUHV TXH VH EDVDEDQ HQ WHRUtDV GH OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ SDUD H[SOLFDU HO
IHQyPHQR R ORV HVWXGLRV TXH WHQtDQ HQ FXHQWD OD LQWHUDFFLyQ VRFLDO KDVWD OD DFWXDOLGDG FRQ WUDEDMRV TXH
QRV DSUR[LPDQ DO DQiOLVLV \ OD UHIOH[LyQ GHO FRQVWUXFWR \ ODV DSRUWDFLRQHV GH OD 3VLFRORJtD 3RVLWLYD FRQ HO
HVWXGLRGHODVHPRFLRQHVODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVVHSXHGHFRQVWDWDUTXHKDQDXPHQWDGRQRWDEOHPHQWH7RGDV
HVWDV FRQWULEXFLRQHV LQGXGDEOHPHQWH KDQ VHQWDGR ODV EDVHV SDUD TXH H[LVWD XQ LQWHUpV FUHFLHQWH SRU HO
WHPDDOTXHVHVXPDQGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH8QLYHUVLGDGHVGHWRGRHOPXQGR
/DULTXH]DTXHJXDUGDHOKXPRUHQVtPLVPR\ODVSRVLELOLGDGHVLQH[SORUDGDVTXHPDQWLHQHVXVFLWDQ
ODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVDFWXDOHVSDUDDPSOLDUHOFDPLQRGHVXVDSOLFDFLRQHV\XVRVWHUDSpXWLFRVHGXFDFLRQDOHV\
VRFLDOHV6HSXHGHDSRVWDUSRUHOSUHVHQWH\HOIXWXURLQPHGLDWRHQORVHVWXGLRVVREUHHOKXPRU

Capítulo 2. El humor en el marco de las emociones positivas

(Q pVWH FDSLWXOR VH SUHVHQWD XQ DVSHFWR UHOHYDQWH OD WHRUtD GH OD OLEUH DFWLYDFLyQ \D TXH SRGUtD
UHVXOWDUXQDEXHQDEDVHSDUDHOGLVHxRGHSURJUDPDVRULHQWDGRVDIRPHQWDUHPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDV6HKDFHQ
UHIHUHQFLDV D WUDEDMRV HPStULFRV TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ XQ DSR\R GLUHFWR H LQGLUHFWR D OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH ODV
HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV 6H SUHVWD DWHQFLyQ D OD DSDULFLyQ GH FRQFHSWRV FRPR FDOLGDG GH YLGD ELHQHVWDU
VXEMHWLYRRSWLPLVPRLQWHOLJHQWHIHOLFLGDG\KXPRUDFWXDOPHQWHPiVHQDXJHGHVWDFDQGRTXHOD3VLFRORJtD
HVWiHQGLVSRVLFLyQGHGLULJLUVXDWHQFLyQKDFLDDSOLFDFLRQHVHLQWHUYHQFLRQHVTXHPHMRUDQHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR
LQGLYLGXDO\FROHFWLYRTXHDXPHQWDQHOELHQHVWDUSVLFROyJLFRODVDWLVIDFFLyQ\ODVDOXGSHUVRQDO\QRWDQWR
HQSUREOHPDV\SDWRORJtDVGHODPHQWH
2.1 Planteamientos actuales en el estudio de las emociones: Seligman y la nueva corriente en

psicología
0DUWtQ 6HOLJPDQ SVLFyORJR H LQYHVWLJDGRU KD VLGR HOFUHDGRU GH XQR GH ORV FRQFHSWRV FODYH GH ORV
WUDVWRUQRV GHSUHVLYRV OD LQGHIHQVLyQ DSUHQGLGD +D GHGLFDGR JUDQ SDUWH GH VX FDUUHUD D OD HQIHUPHGDG
PHQWDO \ HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV SDUHFH KDEHU GDGR XQ JLUR UDGLFDO HQ VX RULHQWDFLyQ HODERUDQGR \
SURPRYLHQGRXQDFRQFHSFLyQKXPDQDPiVSRVLWLYD6LHQGRSUHVLGHQWHGHOD$3$ $PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLFDO
$VVRFLDWLRQ 6HOLJPDQ VRVWLHQH TXH OD IHOLFLGDG OHMRV GH GHSHQGHU GH OD VXHUWH \ GH ORV JHQHV SXHGH
FXOWLYDUVH XWLOL]DQGR OR TXH GHQRPLQD IRUWDOH]DV (QWUH ODV IRUWDOH]DV TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ PD\RU ELHQHVWDU VH
HQFXHQWUDQ HO RSWLPLVPR DOWUXLVPR SUHYLVLyQ OD FDSDFLGDG SDUD DSOD]DU OD JUDWLILFDFLyQ \ HO VHQWLGR GHO
KXPRU6HOLJPDQ
3DUD6HOLJPDQHOFRQFHSWRGH 3VLFRORJtD3RVLWLYDQR HVWDQQXHYRHQODGLVFLSOLQD$UJXPHQWDTXH

DQWHVGHOD6HJXQGD*XHUUD0XQGLDOORVREMHWLYRVSULQFLSDOHVGHODSVLFRORJtDHUDQWUHVFXUDUODHQIHUPHGDG
PHQWDOKDFHUODVYLGDVGHODVSHUVRQDVPiVSURGXFWLYDVHLGHQWLILFDU\GHVDUUROODUVXWDOHQWR6LQHPEDUJR
WUDVODVHJXQGDJXHUUDPXQGLDOGLIHUHQWHVHYHQWRV\FLUFXQVWDQFLDVOOHYDURQDODSVLFRORJtDDROYLGDUGRVGH
HVRV REMHWLYRV \ VH FHQWUy H[FOXVLYDPHQWH HQ OD HQIHUPHGDG PHQWDO \ HO VXIULPLHQWR KXPDQR 6HOLJPDQ \
&VLNV]HQWPLKDO\L
/D 3VLFRORJtD 3RVLWLYD WLHQH FRPR REMHWLYR PHMRUDU OD FDOLGDG GH YLGD \ SUHYHQLU OD DSDULFLyQ GH
WUDVWRUQRV PHQWDOHV \ SDWRORJtDV (VWD QXHYD SVLFRORJtD EDVDGD HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH FRPSHWHQFLDV
GHVSOD]D HO LQWHUpV D OD SUHYHQFLyQ \ D UHIRU]DU HO FDPELR HQ HO IRFR GH OD SVLFRORJtD GHVGH OD PHUD

SUHRFXSDFLyQSRUODUHSDUDFLyQGHORPDORGHODYLGDKDFLDODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHFXDOLGDGHVSRVLWLYDV6HOLJPDQ
\&VLNV]HQWPLKDO\L
/DVHPRFLRQHVHVWiQSRUGHILQLFLyQDVRFLDGDVDLPSXOVRVGHDFFLyQHQFLHUUDQXQYDORUDGDSWDWLYR\
UHSUHVHQWDQVROXFLRQHVHILFLHQWHVDORVSUREOHPDVDORVTXHVHKDYHQLGRHQIUHQWDQGRHOKRPEUHGHVGHVXV
RUtJHQHV(O YDORUDGDSWDWLYRGHODVHPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDVHV FRPSOHMRGHH[SOLFDUSRUHVRGXUDQWHDxRVKD
VLGR LJQRUDGD OD E~VTXHGD GH H[SOLFDFLyQ DO SRU TXp XQD SHUVRQD FXDQGR H[SHULPHQWD DOHJUtD SXHGH GDU
VDOWRVUHtUD\XGDUDRWURVRJDVWDUEURPDV)UHGULFNVRQ
(O HVWXGLR GH HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV KD VLGR FRQVLGHUDGR GHVGH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FLHQWtILFD FRPR XQD
DFWLYLGDGFDVLIUtYRODGHHVFDVDDWHQFLyQKDVWDHOPRPHQWRSRUSDUWHGHLQYHVWLJDGRUHV)UHGULFNVRQ
$OJXQDVGHODVUD]RQHVTXHH[SOLFDQHOROYLGRDOTXHKDQVLGRUHOHJDGDVODVHPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDVHQOD
FLHQFLDVRQSRUHMHPSORODWHQGHQFLDQDWXUDODHVWXGLDUDTXHOORTXHDPHQD]DHOELHQHVWDUGHOVHUKXPDQR
OOHYDQGRDFHQWUDUHOLQWHUpVHQODVHPRFLRQHVTXHD\XGDQDKDFHUIUHQWHDSHOLJURVRSUREOHPDVLQPLQHQWHV
3RU RWUR ODGR WDPELpQ HV FLHUWR TXH ODV HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV VRQ GLItFLOHV GH HVWXGLDU GHELGR D TXH VRQ
FRPSDUDWLYDPHQWHPHQRVHQFDQWLGDGDODVQHJDWLYDV\PiVGLItFLOHVGHGLVWLQJXLU(QHVWHVHQWLGRHVIiFLO
GDUVH FXHQWD GH HVWH KHFKR VL WHQHPRV HQ FXHQWD OD IRUPD HQ TXH SHQVDPRV HQ ODV HPRFLRQHV $Vt
FRQVLGHUDQGR ODV WD[RQRPtDV FLHQWtILFDV GH ODV HPRFLRQHV EiVLFDV SRGHPRV LGHQWLILFDU R HPRFLRQHV
QHJDWLYDVSRUFDGDHPRFLyQSRVLWLYDEDODQFHQHJDWLYRTXHTXHGDUHIOHMDGRHQHOSURSLROHQJXDMHFRWLGLDQR
GH IRUPD TXH FXDOTXLHU SHUVRQD VLHPSUH WLHQH PD\RU GLILFXOWDG HQ QRPEUDU HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV TXH
QHJDWLYDV)UHGULFNVRQ
/DV HPRFLRQHV QHJDWLYDV GLVSRQHQ GH FRQILJXUDFLRQHV IDFLDOHV HVSHFtILFDV \ SURSLDV TXH KDFHQ
SRVLEOH VX UHFRQRFLPLHQWR XQLYHUVDO (NPDQ 3RU HO FRQWUDULR ODV HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV QR
SRVHHQ H[SUHVLRQHV IDFLDOHV ~QLFDV \ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ,QFOXVR D QLYHO QHXUROyJLFR ODV HPRFLRQHV QHJDWLYDV
LQGXFHQ GLIHUHQWHV UHVSXHVWDV HQ HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR DXWyQRPR PLHQWUDV TXH ODV HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV QR
SURYRFDQUHVSXHVWDVGLIHUHQFLDGDV2WUDUD]yQTXHH[SOLFDHOGHVHTXLOLEULRODSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUHQODIRUPD
GH DERUGDU VX HVWXGLR $Vt FXDQGR ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV VH KDQ DSUR[LPDGR DO HVWXGLR GH ODV HPRFLRQHV
SRVLWLYDV OR KDQ KHFKR VLHPSUH GHVGH HO PDUFR WHyULFR SURSLR GH ODV HPRFLRQHV QHJDWLYDV )ULMGD
(NPDQ2DWOH\\-HQNLQV)UHGULFNVRQ
/DV SDUWLFXODULGDGHV GHO VHU KXPDQR FRPR DOHJUtD RSWLPLVPR HVSHUDQ]D FUHDWLYLGDG KXPRU R
LOXVLyQKDQVLGRH[SOLFDGDVVXSHUILFLDOPHQWHHQEDVHDWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHLPSXOVRV\HPRFLRQHVQHJDWLYDV
FRQXQDIRFDOL]DFLyQFDVLH[FOXVLYDHQORQHJDWLYRTXHKDGRPLQDGRDOD3VLFRORJtDGXUDQWHEDVWDQWHWLHPSR
(VWRV SODQWHDPLHQWRV KDQ FRQWULEXLGR D VHVJDU ORV PRGHORV \ WHRUtDV SVLFROyJLFDV 3RU HMHPSOR LQFOXVR
DTXHOODV TXH LQWHQWDQ H[SOLFDU ODV PLVPDV SDWRORJtDV FRPR VRQ ORV WUDVWRUQRV GHSUHVLYRV VRQ
GHILFLHQWHPHQWH H[SOLFDGRV GHVGH XQ PRGHOR EDVDGR H[FOXVLYDPHQWH HQ HPRFLRQHV QHJDWLYDV SRUTXH OD
GHSUHVLyQ QR HV VROR SUHVHQFLD GH HPRFLRQHV QHJDWLYDV VLQR DXVHQFLD GH HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV *LOKDP \
6HOLJPDQ6HOLJPDQ\&VLNV]HQWPLKDO\L

$IRUWXQDGDPHQWH VRQ PXFKRV ORV H[SHUWRV TXH KDQ FRPHQ]DGR D LQYHVWLJDU \ WHRUL]DU HQ HVWH
FDPSR WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD HO GHVDUUROOR GH KDELOLGDGHV \ FRPSHWHQFLDV TXH SXHGHQ OOHJDU D VHU PX\
YDOLRVDV HQ PRPHQWRV GH HVFDVH] \ FRQIOLFWR HQ GLVWLQWRV SHULRGRV HYROXWLYRV )UHGULFNVRQ 'DQQHU
6QRZGRQ\)ULHVHQ)UHGULFNVRQ)UHGULFNVRQ\7XJDGH&RKHQ'R\OH7XUQHU$OSHU\
6NRQHU
8QHMHPSORGHFyPRSXHGHLQIOXLUODFRPSHWHQFLDRSWLPLVPRVREUHODSHUVRQDYLHQHH[SXHVWDHQXQD
HGLWRULDOGHODUHYLVWD0D\R&OLQLF3URFHHGLQJV(OWUDEDMRILUPDGRSRU0DUXWD&ROOLJDQ0DOLQFKRF \2IIRUG
DXWRUHV TXH WUDV H[DPLQDU ODV KLVWRULDV PpGLFDV GH LQGLYLGXRV HQ ODV TXH VH LQFOXtDQ WHVW GH
SHUVRQDOLGDGWUD]DQODKLSyWHVLVGHTXHDIURQWDUODYLGDFRQRSWLPLVPRSHUPLWHDOFDQ]DUPD\RUORQJHYLGDG
/RVUHVXOWDGRVGHOHVWXGLRPXHVWUDQTXHODVSHUVRQDVFODVLILFDGDVFRPRRSWLPLVWDVYLYHQPiVDxRVTXHODV
FRQVLGHUDGDVSHVLPLVWDV6HOLJPDQHGLWRULDOLVWDGHOWUDEDMRGH0DUXWD\FROVKDFHXQDSXQWXDOL]DFLyQ
HQFXDQWRDODPRUWDOLGDG\H[SOLFDTXHORVSHVLPLVWDVVRQPiVSDVLYRVUHDOL]DQPHQRVDFFLRQHVSUHYHQWLYDV
GH OD VDOXG FRPR DEDQGRQDU HO KiELWR GH IXPDU VRQ PiV GHSUHVLYRV \ ILQDOPHQWH HO VLVWHPD LQPXQH VH
YXHOYHPHQRVHILFD]TXHHOGHORVRSWLPLVWDV
(O SHVLPLVPR VH LGHQWLILFD D HGDG WHPSUDQD \ WLHQH XQ FDUiFWHU PROGHDEOH HVWR HV VH SXHGH
FDPELDU(VRH[SOLFDUtDTXHODVLQWHUYHQFLRQHVPHGLDQWHWHUDSLDFRJQLWLYDD\XGDQDSUHYHQLUORVULHVJRVGH
ODVSHUVRQDVSHVLPLVWDVTXHSXHGHQDSUHQGHUIRUPDVGHSHQVDUPHQRVGHVDQLPDGDV6HOLJPDQ3RU
RWURODGRVHVDEHTXHHORSWLPLVPRRSHUDGHIRUPDSDUHFLGDDFRPRORKDFHHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUHVGHFLU
FRPR XQD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GLVSRVLFLRQDO GH OD SHUVRQD TXH KDFH GH PHGLDGRUD HQWUH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV
H[WHUQRV\ODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQSHUVRQDOGHORVPLVPRV'HKHFKRORVLQGLYLGXRVPiVRSWLPLVWDVWLHQGHQDWHQHU
PHMRU KXPRU VRQ PiV SHUVHYHUDQWHV \ H[LWRVRV H LQFOXVR OOHJDQ D WHQHU PHMRU HVWDGR GH VDOXG ItVLFD
6HOLJPDQ
/RV GDWRV GH RWUR UHYHODGRU HVWXGLR ORQJLWXGLQDO OOHYDGR D FDER FRQ XQ JUXSR GH PRQMDV 'DQQHU
6QRZGRQ \ )ULHVHQ GHPRVWUDURQ TXH ODV PRQMDV PiV RSWLPLVWDV \ ODV TXH KDEtDQ H[SUHVDGR
HPRFLRQHVPiVSRVLWLYDVHQVXVPDQXVFULWRVGHLQJUHVRDOFRQYHQWRSUHVHQWDEDQXQDORQJHYLGDGDxRV
VXSHULRU D ODV TXH H[SUHVDURQ PHQRV HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV DO HQWUDU HQ HO FRQYHQWR (VWH HVWXGLR SXHGH
SDUHFHU DQHFGyWLFR SHUR OR FLHUWR HV TXH QR HV XQ KHFKR DLVODGR 2WUDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV KDQ HQFRQWUDGR
UHODFLRQHVSDUHFLGDVHQWUHRSWLPLVPRFDOLGDGGHYLGD\PD\RUORQJHYLGDGVLELHQD~QQRVHKDDFODUDGRSRU
TXpPHFDQLVPRRFXUUH\DWUDYpVGHTXHSURFHVRV6HOLJPDQ6WHHQ3DUN3HWHUVRQ
2WURV LQWHUHVDQWHV HVWXGLRV DXQTXH QR WDQ UHFLHQWHV KDQ FHQWUDGR HO LQWHUpV VREUH OD DOHJUtD \ OD
VDWLVIDFFLyQ6RQDXWRUHVTXHGXUDQWHDxRVKDQGHIHQGLGRTXHVRQDVSHFWRVTXHFRQWULEX\HQDDXPHQWDUOD
FDOLGDG GH YLGD GH ODV SHUVRQDV 'LHQHU \ /DUVHQ 0\HUV \ 'LHQHU (O KXPRU HVWi PX\
UHODFLRQDGR FRQ OD HPRFLyQ EiVLFD DOHJUtD \ YLHQH GHWHUPLQDGR SRU XQ HVWDGR GH VDWLVIDFFLyQ SUHVHQWH \
SRVWHULRU $Vt TXH HVWRV DXWRUHV FRQWULEX\HURQ GH DOJXQD PDQHUD D OODPDU OD DWHQFLyQ VREUH HVWDV
UHODFLRQHV \ VREUH XQR GH ORV PHFDQLVPRV SRU ORV TXH HO KXPRU OODPD OD DWHQFLyQ HO HVWDGR HPRFLRQDO
SRVLWLYRTXHDFRPSDxDDODULVD(GZDUGV\&RRSHU$UJ\OH)ULMGDGHILQLyHVWHHVWDGR

HPRFLRQDO FRPR SUHGLVSRVLFLyQ D MXJDU D H[WHQGHU HO XPEUDO GH ORV OtPLWHV \ DVHU FUHDWLYR (V XQ HVWDGR
TXH SHUPLWH HO GHVDUUROOR \ HQWUHQDPLHQWR GH KDELOLGDGHV SVLFROyJLFDV LQWHOHFWXDOHV \ VRFLDOHV \ HQ
PRPHQWRVGHFRQIOLFWRD\XGDQDUHVLVWLU
3DUDILQDOL]DUHVWHDSDUWDGRVHxDODUHPRVTXHHVWHSXQWRGHYLVWDD\XGDDFRQFHSWXDOL]DUHOKXPRU
FRPRGHVHQFDGHQDQWHGHXQDHPRFLyQSRVLWLYDPX\UHODFLRQDGRFRQODGLYHUVLyQ5XFK6HDPSOtDHO
IRFR GH DWHQFLyQ DEULHQGR XQ DEDQLFR GH SRVLELOLGDGHV GH SHQVDPLHQWR \ DFFLyQ TXH VH GHEH WHQHU HQ
FXHQWDSDUDHOIXWXURGHVDUUROORGHOPLVPR'HUU\EHUU\\7XFNHU
2.2 Teoría de la libre activación: El juego, la alegría y el humor
(VWDWHRUtDHVWDEOHFHXQSDUDOHOLVPRHQWUHORVDVSHFWRVMXHJRDOHJUtD\KXPRU3DUDDSUR[LPDUQRVDO
DSDUWDGRFRPHQ]DUHPRVH[DPLQDQGRODWHRUtDGHORVFXDWURKXPRUHVGHVFULWDHQHO FDSLWXORDQWHULRU \VX
UHODFLyQFRQODVHPRFLRQHV7DEOD
+
Melancólico Colérico
Emociones Emociones en ambas
desagradables tendencias
negativa
- Emocionalidad positiv a
+
Emocionalidad
Flemático Sanguíneo
Pocas emociones de Experiencias
cualquier tipo sensoriales positivas
-

7DEOD'LDJUDPDGHFRPELQDFLRQHVGHODWHRUtDGHORVFXDWURKXPRUHV$YLD\9D]TXH]
/DV UHSUHVHQWDPRV HQ XQ JUiILFR TXH SHUPLWD VX DQiOLVLV FRORFDQGR HO HVWDGR HPRFLRQDO
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH\DVHDSRVLWLYRRQHJDWLYR$YLD\9i]TXH]
&RPRVHPXHVWUDHQHOGLDJUDPDSXHGHDSUHFLDUVHTXHODVHPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDV\QHJDWLYDVQRVRQ
H[WUHPRV GH XQ FRQWLQXR VLQR DVSHFWRV KDVWD FLHUWR SXQWR LQGHSHQGLHQWHV 3RGHPRV HQWHQGHU ELHQ D ODV
SHUVRQDV TXH VH VLW~DQ HQ ORV FXDGUDQWHV \ HV GHFLU WRGDV ODV SHUVRQDV TXH H[SHULPHQWDQ PXFKDV
HPRFLRQHVQHJDWLYDV\SRFDVSRVLWLYDVTXHWHQGUiQSRUORJHQHUDOXQHVWDGRSRFRSODFHQWHUR\HOVHJXQGR
FDVR ORV DIRUWXQDGRV \ YLWDOHV TXH VLHQWHQ PXFKDV HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV \ SRFDV QHJDWLYDV /RV SULPHURV
WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH OODPDGRV PHODQFyOLFRV \ ORV VHJXQGRV VDQJXtQHRV (VWRV GRV JUXSRV SDUHFHQ DSR\DU OD
LGHDGHTXHTXLHQVXIUHHPRFLRQHVGHVDJUDGDEOHVVXHOHQVHQWLUSRFDVDJUDGDEOHV\YLFHYHUVD1RVXFHGHOR
PLVPR FRQ ORV RWURV GRV FXDGUDQWHV TXH SXHGHQ VXIULU HPRFLRQHV GH DPEDV WHQGHQFLDV (O TXH ODV

HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV \ QHJDWLYDV QR VHDQ VLPSOHPHQWH JUDGRV H[WUHPRV GH XQ PLVPR FRQWLQXR SDUHFH
FRQWUDULR D OR TXH QRV GLFH OD SURSLD LQWXLFLyQ \ OD H[SHULHQFLD FRWLGLDQD SDUHFH LPSRVLEOH WHQHU D OD YH]
HPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDV\QHJDWLYDV$YLD\9i]TXH]
(VWRD\XGDDFRPSUHQGHUODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHODVHPRFLRQHVSRUTXHDOD FXDOLGDGGHODVHPRFLRQHV
KD\ TXH DxDGLU HO JUDGR GH DFWLYDFLyQ R LQWHQVLGDG (V GHFLU TXH OR TXH LGHQWLILFDPRV FRPR H[SHULHQFLD
HPRFLRQDOGHEHLQFOXLUVLHOLQGLYLGXRHVWiPX\DFWLYDGRRQR
3RU HMHPSOR OD WULVWH]D FRQOOHYD EDMR JUDGR GH DFWLYDFLyQ 6LQ HPEDUJR KD\ HPRFLRQHV TXH
FRQOOHYDQXQDOWRJUDGRGHDFWLYDFLyQHQWUHHOODVVHHQFXHQWUDODDOHJUtD/DDOHJUtDDIHFWDSRVLWLYDPHQWHDO
LQGLYLGXR\OOHYDDFWLYDFLyQ¢FyPRDVRFLDUODDOKXPRU"(OVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUSXHGHOOHYDUGLYHUVLyQDVRFLDGD
OOHYDDYHFHVDUHtU\FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHHVWDUPiVDOHJUHV(VWDDOHJUtDHVHVWLPXODFLyQTXHDFRPSDxDDOD
ULVD TXH D YHFHV VH WUDGXFH HQ HXIRULD \ FRQWHQWR 'H 5LYHUD 3RVVHO 9HUHWWH \ :HLQHU /D]DUXV
5XFK /R TXH OOHYD D SHQVDU TXH DFWLYDQGR DO LQGLYLGXR SXHGH OOHJDU D VHQWLU XQ HVWDGR
DVLPLODEOHDODGLYHUVLyQ\VHJXLGDPHQWHSURGXFLUVHXQHVWDGRHPRFLRQDOVHPHMDQWHDODDOHJUtD(VWHHVWDGR
SXHGH FRLQFLGLU FRQ ORV HIHFWRV GH ODV HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV \ SXHGHQ DGHPiV GHVHQFDGHQDU LGHDV R
SHQVDPLHQWRV(QHVWHFRQWH[WRSRGHPRVGHVWDFDUORVVLJXLHQWHVDVSHFWRV
&XDQGRHOHVWDGRGHiQLPRHVEXHQRHOMXLFLRWLHQGHDVHUEHQpYROR FRQXQR PLVPR\ FRQORV

GHPiV0D\HU
(O KHFKR GH HVWDU FRQWHQWR WUDH D OD PHPRULD UHFXHUGRV GH FRVDV EXHQDV TXH FRUURERUD
SURORQJD\FRQVROLGDHOELHQHVWDU1DVE\\<DQGR7HDVGDOH\)RJDUW\
/RVHVWDGRVGHiQLPRSRVLWLYRVJHQHUDQIRUPDVGHSHQVDUPiVIOH[LEOHV\PHQRVUtJLGDV1DVE\\
<DQGR7HDVGDOH\)RJDUW\
6HWLHQGHDVHUPiVFUHDWLYR\DGDUUHVSXHVWDVPiVQRYHGRVDVHLPDJLQDWLYDV1DVE\\<DQGR
7HDVGDOH\)RJDUW\
&XDQGR VH WLHQH EXHQ iQLPR VH WLHQHQ WDPELpQ PHQRV GXGDV \ VH WDUGD PHQRV HQ WRPDU
GHFLVLRQHV1DVE\\<DQGR7HDVGDOH\)RJDUW\
7D\ORUSUHVHQWyPX\GLGiFWLFDPHQWHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVIDYRUDEOHVGHODVHPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDV

HQHOLPSXOVRDHPEDUFDUVHHQGLYHUVRVSUR\HFWRVYLWDOHVTXHYDQDFRQVXPLU PXFKRWLHPSR \HQHUJtD \
VHxDODTXHSDUDUHDOL]DUFRQp[LWRFXDOTXLHUWDUHDVRQQHFHVDULDVWUHVKDELOLGDGHVGLIHUHQWHV
D 6DEHUHOHJLUDGHFXDGDPHQWHODWDUHDTXHXQRYDDGHVHPSHxDU
E 0DQWHQHUFRQVWDQWHODPRWLYDFLyQSDUDUHDOL]DUOD
F 7HQHUXQDFLHUWDRUJDQL]DFLyQSDUDOOHYDUODDFDER
/RVHVWDGRVGHiQLPRSRVLWLYRVIDFLOLWDQORVWUHVDVSHFWRV\HVSHFLDOPHQWHHOVHJXQGR/DPD\RUtDGH
ORVSODQHVUHTXLHUHQSHUVHYHUDQFLDUHVLVWHQFLDDODVGLILFXOWDGHVLOXVLyQ\FRQILDQ]D\XQDYH]XQRDOFDQ]D

ORV REMHWLYRV HO ELHQHVWDU SRU HO WUDEDMR ELHQ KHFKR R OD VDWLVIDFFLyQ GH DOFDQ]DU OD PHWDV LPSUHJQD GH
DOHJUtDTXHVHWUDGXFHHQEXHQKXPRU2WUDVYHFHVVRQORVHVWDGRVQHJDWLYRVORVTXHLPSXOVDQDODDFFLyQ
\ HO GHVFRQWHQWR FRQ OD VLWXDFLyQ HQ TXH XQR YLYH HV HO PRWRU TXH LPSXOVD D ODV SHUVRQDV D PHMRUDU D
VXSHUDUVHDVLPLVPDV\DUHPRQWDUORVSUREOHPDV6LODSHUFHSFLyQHVSRVLWLYDHOLQGLYLGXRLGHQWLILFDTXHVX
HVWDGRHVWiELHQHQHVHPRPHQWR\TXHQRKD\TXH KDFHUHVIXHU]RVFRJQLWLYRVSDUDDOFDQ]DURWUDVPHWDV
DFWLYDVHQHVHPRPHQWR6FKZDU]
)ULMGDHVWDEOHFLyODEDVHSDUDLQWHUSUHWDUODWHQGHQFLDDODDFFLyQDVRFLDGDDOGHVHQFDGHQDQWH

GHODDOHJUtDTXHOODPyOLEUHDFWLYDFLyQGLVSRVLFLyQSDUDDERUGDUFXDOTXLHULQWHUDFFLyQSUHVHQWH\GLVSRVLFLyQ
SDUD ORV SODFHUHV /D DOHJUtD FUHD OD XUJHQFLD SDUD MXJDU \ VHU MXJXHWyQ HQ HO VHQWLGR PiV DPSOLR GH OD
SDODEUDDEDUFDQGRHOMXHJRItVLFRVRFLDOLQWHOHFWXDO\DUWtVWLFR-XJDUHVSHFLDOPHQWHFRQMXHJRVLPDJLQDWLYRV
TXH LQFOX\HQ H[SORUDFLyQ LQYHQFLyQ R KDFHU ³HO WRQWR´ /D DOHJUtD \ ODV JDQDV GH MXJDU SXHGHQ VHU XQD
DPSOLDFLyQ GHO UHSHUWRULR SHQVDPLHQWRDFFLyQ GH XQ LQGLYLGXR TXH OOHYD D SURPRYHU OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH
GHVWUH]DV (VWR KD VLGR DUJXPHQWDGR DPSOLDPHQWH SRU ORV HWyORJRV TXH H[SOLFDQ TXH ODV GHVWUH]DV ItVLFDV
VRQ GHVDUUROODGDV \ SUDFWLFDGDV HQ MXHJRV WRVFRV FRQ FDtGDV ODV GHVWUH]DV PDQLSXODGRUDVFRJQLWLYDV VRQ
GHVDUUROODGDV \ SUDFWLFDGDV HQ MXHJRV GH REMHWR \ ODV GHVWUH]DV VRFLDODIHFWLYDV VRQ GHVDUUROODGDV \
SUDFWLFDGDVHQORVMXHJRVVRFLDOHV'ROKLQRZ\%LVKRS%RXOWRQ\6PLWK
/DHPRFLyQDVLPLODEOHDODDOHJUtDTXHVHGHVSLHUWDWUDVYLVXDOL]DUXQDSHOtFXODGLYHUWLGDRORVHIHFWRV
TXHSURGXFHXQDPDUFDGDVRQULVDTXHOOHJDQLQFOXVRDDFHOHUDU ODUHFXSHUDFLyQGHORVHIHFWRVVHFXQGDULRV
FDUGLRYDVFXODUHV GHO PLHGR DQVLHGDG R WULVWH]D GHEHQ WHQHUVH HQ FXHQWD 1R VROR VXSRQH XQD D\XGD
HILFLHQWH SDUD HO RUJDQLVPR GHVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD ILVLROyJLFR (V TXH FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH H[LVWH XQD
UHVWDXUDFLyQ GHO SHQVDPLHQWR OOHJDQGR D VLWXDUOR HQ XQD SRVLFLyQ PiV IOH[LEOH )UHGULFNVRQ /D
DOHJUtDQRVRORDPSOLDHOUHSHUWRULRGHSHQVDPLHQWRDFFLyQPRPHQWiQHRDWUDYpVGHODVJDQDVGHMXJDUVLQR
TXH FRQ HO WLHPSR \ FRPR SURGXFWR GHO MXHJR UHFXUUHQWH SXHGH OOHJDU D WHQHU HO HIHFWR LQFLGHQWDO GH
FRQVWUXLU GHVWUH]DV ItVLFDV LQWHOHFWXDOHV \ VRFLDOHV HQ HO LQGLYLGXR /D HPRFLyQ EiVLFD FRPR OD DOHJUtD
GHVHQFDGHQDHOKXPRU\DPSOtDHOUHSHUWRULRGHSHQVDPLHQWRDFFLyQPRPHQWiQHDPHQWH
(O KHFKR GH UHtU R WHQHU XQ PDUFDGR HVWLOR TXH XWLOL]D FRPR UHFXUVR HO KXPRU VH DVRFLD FRQ OD
FDSDFLGDG SDUD GLVWDQFLDUVH GH VXFHVRV DQJXVWLRVRV 0DUWtQ .XLSHU 2OLQJHU \ 'DQFH .HOWQHU \
%RQDQR FRGLILFDURQ OD FRQGXFWD GH ORV VXMHWRV DIOLJLGRV \ HQFRQWUDURQ TXH OD ULVD 'XFKHQQH TXH
LQFOX\H VRQULVD PiV DFFLyQ PXVFXODU DOUHGHGRU GH ORV RMRV \ GH OD ERFD VH FRUUHODFLRQD FRQ XQD UHGXFLGD
FRQFLHQFLDGHDQJXVWLD(VWRVKDOOD]JRVDXPHQWDQODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHODJHQWHSXHGDDXPHQWDUHOFRQWURO
VREUHVXSURSLDVDOXGItVLFDVLFXOWLYDH[SHULHQFLDVSRVLWLYDVHOMXHJRODDOHJUtD\HOEXHQKXPRU(OSDSHOGHO
VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU FRPR OLEHUDGRU GH OD WHQVLyQ HPRFLRQDO KD VLGR GHVWDFDGR DQWH OR VREUHFRJHGRU GH
DOJXQDV VLWXDFLRQHV GHVDJUDGDEOHV R LQWROHUDEOHV :RRWHQ :RRWHQ OR TXH OOHYD D OD
UHVLVWHQFLDDQWHODDGYHUVLGDG\DUHVLVWLUSVLFROyJLFDPHQWH&DUYHU$VSLQZDOO


2.3 El sentido del humor como emoción positiva
7DO\FRPRVHKDVHxDODGRHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUPHUHFHSURWDJRQLVPRGHQWURGHOFDPSRGHHVWXGLR
GH ODV HPRFLRQHV \ HQ OD 3VLFRORJtD 3RVLWLYD /RV HVWXGLRV RULHQWDGRV HQ HVWD QXHYD IRUPD GH HQWHQGHU OD
SVLFRORJtDVHUHILHUHQDOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU\VXVGLVWLQWRVEHQHILFLRVSVLFROyJLFRVFRPRVHQVDFLyQGHDOHJUtD
ELHQHVWDUVDWLVIDFFLyQDFWLYDFLyQ\DUPRQtD(QODPDQHUDHQ TXHVHGHVFULEHQODVHPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDVHO
VHQWLGRGHOKXPRUHVXQDIRUWDOH]D\SURYRFDXQDVHQVDFLyQSODFHQWHUDSRVLWLYDGHJUDWLILFDFLyQ3HWHUVRQ
\6HOLJPDQHVDFRQWULEXFLyQDKDFHUHOVHUKXPDQRPiVIXHUWH\ORVVHQWLPLHQWRVDVRFLDGRVSHUPLWHQ
HTXLSDUDU DO KXPRU FRQ HO YDORU OD KXPDQLGDG HO LQJHQLR OD FXULRVLGDG R OD SHUVHYHUDQFLD SRU SRQHU
DOJXQRVHMHPSORVGHIRUWDOH]DV
3RURWURODGRFUHFHHOLQWHUpVHQXWLOL]DUHQORVH[SHULPHQWRVGHODERUDWRULRGHSVLFyORJRVSRVLWLYRV
FRPR )UHGULFNVRQ ORV YLGHRV FyPLFRV FRPR XQD KHUUDPLHQWD GH WUDEDMR LPSUHVFLQGLEOH HVWR
HVSRUODIDFLOLGDGFRQODTXH SXHGHQSURYRFDUHPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDVHQORVVXMHWRV\SRUODFRPRGLGDGGH
SRGHUREVHUYDUHOGHVHQFDGHQDQWHGHULVDHQODVREVHUYDFLRQHV
6LXQYLGHRGLYHUWLGRSXHGHGHVHQFDGHQDUXQDHPRFLyQSRVLWLYDEXHQDSDUWHGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVTXH
GHVHQFDGHQDQ HO ³EXHQ KXPRU´ HVWDGR GH DOHJUtD R VDWLVIDFFLyQ X RSWLPLVPR VH UHILHUHQ D OD FDSDFLGDG
SDUDH[SHULPHQWDU\RHVWLPXODUXQDUHDFFLyQHVSHFtILFDODULVD\GHHVWDPDQHUDFRQVHJXLURPDQWHQHUXQ
HVWDGRGHiQLPRSRVLWLYR
(VWHUHFXUVRGHOYLGHRHVPX\IUHFXHQWHPHQWHHPSOHDGRSDUDREVHUYDUHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHULVD\
VXV HIHFWRV /RV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV GH OD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6RFLHW\ IRU +XPRU 6WXGLHV $VRFLDFLyQ ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH
(VWXGLRV VREUH HO +XPRU WDPELpQ FRQVLGHUDQ D OD ULVD FRPR HO QH[R GH XQLyQ SDUD PHGLU HO VHQWLGR GHO
KXPRU\HVWRVHHYLGHQFLDSRUTXHHQODVUHIHUHQFLDVWDOOHUHVVHPLQDULRVRHVFDODVGHPHGLGDVHUHILHUHQD
HOOD FRPR SXQWR GH SDUWLGD D YHFHV FRPR XQ ~QLFR SXQWR H[SUHVDGR GH GLIHUHQWHV PDQHUDV FRPR WHQHU
FDSDFLGDG SDUD UHtU R KDFHU UHtU R GLYHUWLU D RWUDV SHUVRQDV HQ GLIHUHQWHV VLWXDFLRQHV 1RV GHWHQGUHPRV
SXQWXDOPHQWHHQHOWHPDGHODULVD
/D ULVD VH SXHGH HQWHQGHU FRPR XQD UHDFFLyQ SVLFRILVLROyJLFD FDUDFWHUL]DGD SRU ORV VLJXLHQWHV
UDVJRV H[WHUQDPHQWH SRU YRFDOL]DFLRQHV UHSHWLWLYDV H[SUHVLyQ IDFLDO IiFLOPHQWH UHFRQRFLEOH PRYLPLHQWRV
FRUSRUDOHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFRVGHODEGRPHQKRPEURVFDEH]D\HQFDVRVGHULVDLQWHQVDHQWRGRHOFXHUSR \
XQD VHULH GH SURFHVRV QHXURILVLROyJLFRV FRQFUHWRV FDPELRV UHVSLUDWRULRV \ FLUFXODWRULRV DFWLYDFLyQ GHO
VLVWHPD GRSDPLQpUJLFR \ RWURV FLUFXLWRV QHXURTXtPLFRV HWF LQWHUQDPHQWH SRU XQD VHQVDFLyQ VXEMHWLYD
UHFRQRFLEOHTXHOODPDPRVKLODULGDGGHFDUiFWHUSODFHQWHURHQPD\RURPHQRUPHGLGD3HURODULVDHVDOJR
PiVHVFRQVLGHUDGDGHVHQFDGHQDQWHGHXQDHPRFLyQSRVLWLYDRSRUORPHQRVODFDXVDRUHIOHMRH[WHUQRGH
XQDHPRFLyQSRVLWLYDODKLODULGDGTXHHQPD\RURPHQRUPHGLGDSURGXFHSODFHU(OJRFHTXHSURSRUFLRQD
VH KD FRPSDUDGR FRQ RWUDV UHDFFLRQHV SODFHQWHUDV GHO RUJDQLVPR \ GH KHFKR DFWLYD HO VLVWHPD GH
UHFRPSHQVDV PHVROtPELFR GRSDPLQpUJLFR DVRFLDGR D RWURV GLYHUVRV SODFHUHV KHGyQLFRV R SODFHQWHURV
5HLVV0REEV*UHLFLXV(LPDQ\0HQRQ

5HWRPDQGR HO WHUPLQR KXPRU HV HO TXH UHILHUH ODV GLYHUVDV FDXVDV GH OD ULVD TXH HV WDPELpQ OD
DFHSFLyQPiVFRP~QHQHOLGLRPDRUGLQDULR\HQGHILQLWLYDSRGHPRVGHILQLUFRPRKXPRUFDSDFLGDGRHVWDGR
TXH IDFLOLWD TXH XQ HVWtPXOR SXHGD SURYRFDU OD ULVD GH XQ VXMHWR MXHJRV EURPDV FKLVWHV YLxHWDV
VLWXDFLRQHV HPEDUD]RVDV LQFRQJUXHQFLDV LQRFHQWDGDV R FRVTXLOODV D ODV TXH VH UHILHUHQ 3XFKH \ /R]DQR
FRPRIRUPDWRV
(OKXPRUFXDQGRHVLGHQWLILFDGRFRPRHPRFLyQSRVLWLYDLPSOLFDXQWLSRGHKXPRUTXHSURYRFDXQD
ULVDLQRIHQVLYDSURSLDRDMHQDVLQRIHQGHURDJUHGLUDQDGLHDOPHQRVHQLQWHQFLyQ\GLIHUHQFLDEOHGHRWURV
WLSRVGHKXPRUPiVQHJDWLYRRDJUHVLYRXRIHQVLYRTXHEXVFDSURYRFDUODULVDLQFOXVRDFRVWDGHORVGHPiV
5XFK
(O KXPRU FRQVLGHUDGR GHVGH OD SVLFRORJtD SRVLWLYD HQFLHUUD OD H[SOLFDFLyQ DO SRU TXp PXFKDV
SHUVRQDVVHHVIXHU]DQSRUWHQHUDOJ~QFRPHQWDULRLQJHQLRVRHQVLWXDFLRQHVGHULHVJRSHUVRQDO:HLQVWHLQ\
.OHLQ R TXH RWUDV WDQWDV SHUVRQDV FXDQGR DSDUHFHQ GLILFXOWDGHV LPSRUWDQWHV GH VDOXG HVWiQ
GLVSXHVWDVDFRQRFHUHVRVSUREOHPDVDXQTXHVHDQJUDYHV\UHIOHMDQXQDSUHGLVSRVLFLyQHVSHFLDOSDUDDVXPLU
HO ULHVJR UHVSHFWR D VX HQIHUPHGDG FRQ XQ KXPRU SRVLWLYR \ VRUSUHQGHQWHPHQWH VDOXGDEOH 5RWKPDQ \
6DORYH\ $XQTXH QR H[LVWHQ GDWRV TXH FRQILUPHQ GLUHFWDPHQWH HO YtQFXOR HQWUH H[SHULHQFLDV
HPRFLRQDOHV SRVLWLYDV FRPR OD DOHJUtD \ HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU \ OD SXHVWD HQ PDUFKD GH SRWHQWHV UHFXUVRV
SVLFROyJLFRVVLH[LVWHQLQGLFLRVFRQVLVWHQWHVFRQHVWDSHUVSHFWLYD6LUYDFRPRHMHPSORTXHHOKXPRUD\XGDD
ODJHQWHDDIURQWDUPiVHIHFWLYDPHQWHODVWHQVLRQHVYLWDOHV\ODVH[SUHVLRQHVGHKXPRUTXHODVSHUVRQDVVH
HVIXHU]DQHQPDQLIHVWDUSDUHFHQPRGHUDUODVDVRFLDFLRQHVHQWUHVXFHVRVYLWDOHVQHJDWLYRV\ORVGHVyUGHQHV
DQtPLFRV0DUWLQ\/HIFRXUWD0DUWLQ\/HIFRXUWE1H]X1H]X\%OLVVHW
(VWRVKDOOD]JRVSODQWHDQXQKHFKRLPSRUWDQWHDFRQVLGHUDUGHVGHHOWHUUHQRGHODLQWHUYHQFLyQ6H
SXHGH D\XGDU D ODV SHUVRQDV D JHQHUDU PHQVDMHV SRVLWLYRV H LQFOXVR FRQWHQLGRV GH KXPRU TXH SXHGDQ
DXPHQWDU OD VXSHUDFLyQ GH KHFKRV QHJDWLYRV \ GH FLUFXQVWDQFLDV YLWDOHV DGYHUVDV (VWH DVSHFWR \D OR
DUJXPHQWDURQ KDFH DxRV SDUD SRGHU DPSOLDU OD WROHUDQFLD GH ODV SHUVRQDV \ D\XGDUODV D TXH SXGLHUDQ
DIURQWDU PD\RUHV QLYHOHV GH PDOHVWDU ItVLFR &RJDQ &RJDQ :DOW] \ 0F&XH (VWR OOHYD D SODQWHDUVH
RWUD SUHJXQWD ¢FyPR VH VXSRQH TXH HO HVWDGR SRVLWLYR GH OD PHQWH SXHGH FDSDFLWDU D ODV SHUVRQDV SDUD
FRQVLGHUDUODLQIRUPDFLyQGHVIDYRUDEOH"3DUHFHYHURVtPLOTXHXQHVWDGRPHQWDOSRVLWLYRSUHSDUD\D\XGDDO
DIURQWDPLHQWRGHVLWXDFLRQHVTXHGHVGHXQHVWDGRPHQWDOQHJDWLYROOHJDQDVHULQVRSRUWDEOHV6LVHJHQHUDQ
H[SHULHQFLDVSRVLWLYDVLQGXFLHQGRDUHFRUGDUDSHUVRQDVDFWRVSDVDGRVGHDPDELOLGDGXRWURVUHFXHUGRVTXH
VHDQ SRVLWLYRV HVWR SHUPLWH D ORV LQGLYLGXRV DFHSWDU LQIRUPDFLRQHV LQFOXVR GH ULHVJR VDQLWDULR PHQRV
GHIHQVLYDPHQWHTXHVLQR VHOHV LQGXFHDODH[SHULHQFLDSRVLWLYD SRUHOUHFXHUGR5HHG\$VSLQZDOO
7URSH \ 3RPHUDQW] (VWR SXHGH SDUHFHU VRUSUHQGHQWH SHUR SRU HMHPSOR HQ XQ HVWXGLR VREUH
FUHHQFLDV \ HVWDGR HPRFLRQDO VH REVHUYy TXH ODV SHUVRQDV FRQ FUHHQFLDV RSWLPLVWDV DFHUFD GH VX VDOXG
XWLOL]DQ PiV WLHPSR OH\HQGR LQIRUPDFLyQ GHVIDYRUDEOH TXH LQIRUPDFLyQ IDYRUDEOH DFHUFD GH ORV ULHVJRV \
FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHWLHQHQPHMRUPHPRULDGHHVWDLQIRUPDFLyQ$VSLQZDOO\%UXQKDUW

&XDQGR ODV SHUVRQDV FRQ HVWDGRV HPRFLRQDOHV RSWLPLVWDV EXVFDQ LQIRUPDFLyQ DFHUFD GH VX VDOXG
SRUTXH VH VLHQWHQ LPSOLFDGDV DXQTXH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VHD DPHQD]DQWH WLHQHQ WHQGHQFLD D HVWDU
HVSHUDQ]DGDVSRUTXHFRQVLGHUDQEXHQRHVWDUPiVLQIRUPDGDVDFHUFDGHSRWHQFLDOHVULHVJRVVDQLWDULRV TXH
SXHGHQ RFXUULU HQ HO IXWXUR 6Q\GHU ,UYLQJ \ $QGHUVRQ 6Q\GHU ,UYLQJ 6Q\GHU \ &URZVRQ
7RGDV HVWDV UHODFLRQHV VRQ FRQVLVWHQWHV FRQ OD SUHPLVD GH TXH ORV HVWDGRV HPRFLRQDOHV SRVLWLYRV
IDFLOLWDQODSUiFWLFDGHFRQGXFWDVVDOXGDEOHV\ODDIHFWLYLGDGSRVLWLYDHVXQDPHGLDGRUDHQWUHODHVSHUDQ]D\
ODVFRQGXFWDVVDOXGDEOHV¢\TXHWLHQHHVWRGHUHODFLyQFRQHOKXPRU"$ORODUJRGHORVDxRVVHUHFRQRFH
TXHXQDPHQWHRSWLPLVWD\XQHVStULWXKXPRUtVWLFRDFRPSDxDDXQFXHUSRVDQR6LVHOOHYDDODVSHUVRQDVD
XQ HVWDGR PiV SRVLWLYR PiV RSWLPLVWD \ VRQ FDSDFHV GH HQFDMDU LQIRUPDFLyQ GH ULHVJR SDUD VX VDOXG \
FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHVHFXLGDQPiVVXFRQGXFWDOOHJDDVHUPiVVDOXGDEOH
+D\ XQD KLVWRULD \D FOiVLFD TXH FDGD HVWXGLDQWH GH SVLFRORJtD FOtQLFD KD HVFXFKDGR \ HV OD
H[SHULHQFLD GH FyPR HO SHULRGLVWD 1RUPDQ &RXVLQV DWULEX\y VX UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH XQD HVSRQGLOLWLV
DQTXLORVDQWH XQD HQIHUPHGDG GHO FROiJHQR SRWHQFLDOPHQWH PRUWDO FRQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ DFWLYD GH OD ULVD
6DORYH\ 5RWKPDQ 'HWZHLOHU \ 6WHZDUG &RXVLQV FRPSUREy TXH GLH] PLQXWRV GH ULVD OH
SURSRUFLRQDEDQGRVKRUDVGHVXHxROLEUHGHGRORU\TXHODLQIODPDFLyQGHORVWHMLGRVDIHFWDGRVVHUHGXFtD
GHVSXpVGHHVWDVVHVLRQHV/RPiVFXULRVRHQHVWDFR\XQWXUDHV TXHORVDYDQFHVWHyULFRV\PHWRGROyJLFRV
GH ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV SHUPLWHQ PRYHUVH GHVGH HVWRV UHODWRV DQHFGyWLFRV KDVWD TXH VHD SRVLEOH XQD
H[SORUDFLyQPiVULJXURVDGHORVHIHFWRVGHODVHPRFLRQHVHQHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRILVLROyJLFR\HQODVDOXG(Q
HO VLJOR ;;, ORV PHFDQLVPRV ELRSVLFRVRFLDOHV TXH H[SOLFDQ HVWDV FRUUHODFLRQHV H[WUDRUGLQDULDV SHUPLWLUi
GHVHQWUDxDUODV\HVWRVDYDQFHVFLHQWtILFRVSXHGHQHQWRQFHVVHUYLUSDUDH[WHQGHUODEDVHGHODSUiFWLFDFOtQLFD
PiVUHOHYDQWH6DORYH\5RWKPDQ'HWZHLOHU\6WHZDUG
2.4 Conclusiones
(QODDFWXDOLGDGOD3VLFRORJtDVHSUHRFXSD\DSRUDVXPLUPRGHORVTXHH[SOLFDQODH[LVWHQFLDKXPDQD
WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSRVLWLYDVGHODVSHUVRQDVFRQHOPLVPRULJRUFRQHOTXHWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH
VHKDRFXSDGRGHWUDWDUFXUDUHLQWHUYHQLUHQODVHQIHUPHGDGHVGHODPHQWH
/D 3VLFRORJtD3RVLWLYDHVXQDFRUULHQWHTXHWLHQHFRPRREMHWLYRPHMRUDUODFDOLGDGGHYLGD\SUHYHQLU
OD DSDULFLyQ GH WUDVWRUQRV PHQWDOHV \ SDWRORJtDV (VWD QXHYD SVLFRORJtD EDVDGD HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH
FRPSHWHQFLDVGHVSOD]DHOLQWHUpVDODSUHYHQFLyQ\DUHIRU]DUHOFDPELRHQHOIRFRGHODSVLFRORJtDGHVGHOD
PHUD SUHRFXSDFLyQ SRU OD UHSDUDFLyQ GH OR PDOR GH OD YLGD KDFLD OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH FXDOLGDGHV SRVLWLYDV
1XPHURVRV H[SHUWRV KDQ FRPHQ]DGR D WHRUL]DU H LQYHVWLJDU HQ HVWH FDPSR $VL VH FRPLHQ]D D WHQHU HQ
FXHQWDHOGHVDUUROORGHKDELOLGDGHV\FRPSHWHQFLDVTXHSXHGHQOOHJDUDVHUPX\YDOLRVDVHQPRPHQWRVGH
HVFDVH] \ FRQIOLFWR HQ GLVWLQWRV SHULRGRV HYROXWLYRV GH ODV SHUVRQDV DVt FRPR D FRQVLGHUDU OD ULVD FRPR
GHVHQFDGHQDQWH GH XQD HPRFLyQ SRVLWLYD R SRU OR PHQRV OD FDXVD R UHIOHMR H[WHUQR GH XQD HPRFLyQ

SRVLWLYD TXH HQ PD\RU R PHQRU PHGLGD SURGXFH SODFHU (O JRFH TXH SURSRUFLRQD VH KD FRPSDUDGR FRQ
RWUDVUHDFFLRQHVSODFHQWHUDVGHORUJDQLVPR
(OHVWXGLRGHODVHPRFLRQHVD\XGDDFRPSUHQGHUVX RUJDQL]DFLyQ QRVRORHQOR TXHVHUHILHUHDOD

FXDOLGDG VLQR D VX JUDGR GH DFWLYDFLyQ R LQWHQVLGDG HV GHFLU OD H[SHULHQFLD HPRFLRQDO GHEH LQFOXLU VL OD
HPRFLyQHVSRVLWLYDRQHJDWLYD FRQTXHLQWHQVLGDGVHSURGXFHDTXHOOD\WDPELpQVLHOLQGLYLGXRHVWiPX\
DFWLYDGRRQR+D\HPRFLRQHVTXHFRQOOHYDQXQDOWRJUDGRGHDFWLYDFLyQHQWUHHOODVVHHQFXHQWUDODDOHJUtD
/DDOHJUtDDIHFWDSRVLWLYDPHQWHDOLQGLYLGXR\OOHYDDFWLYDFLyQ(VWHHVWDGRHIHFWRSXHGHGHVHQFDGHQDULGHDV
H LQIOXLU HQ HO SHQVDPLHQWR ([LVWH XQ SDUDOHOLVPR HQWUH OD HPRFLyQ SRVLWLYD \ HO KXPRU OD DOHJUtD TXH VH
GHVSLHUWDWUDVYLVXDOL]DUXQDSHOtFXODGLYHUWLGDRORVHIHFWRVTXHSURGXFHXQDPDUFDGDVRQULVDGHEHQWHQHUVH
HQFXHQWDHQHOHVWXGLRGHODVHPRFLRQHV
7DO\FRPRVHGHVFULEHQODVHPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDVHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUHVXQDIRUWDOH]DTXHSURYRFD
XQDVHQVDFLyQSODFHQWHUDGHJUDWLILFDFLyQ\QRVKDFHUHVLVWHQWHV\SRURWURODGRHQFLHUUDODH[SOLFDFLyQDO
SRU TXp PXFKDV SHUVRQDV VH HVIXHU]DQ SRU WHQHU DOJ~Q FRPHQWDULR LQJHQLRVR HQ VLWXDFLRQHV GH ULHVJR
SHUVRQDO 2WUDV WDQWDV SHUVRQDV FXDQGR DSDUHFHQ GLILFXOWDGHV LPSRUWDQWHV GH VDOXG HVWiQ GLVSXHVWDV D
FRQRFHU HVRV SUREOHPDV DXQTXH VHDQ JUDYHV \ UHIOHMDQ XQD SUHGLVSRVLFLyQ HVSHFLDO SDUD DVXPLU HO ULHVJR
UHVSHFWRDVXHQIHUPHGDGFRQXQKXPRUSRVLWLYR\VRUSUHQGHQWHPHQWHVDOXGDEOH

Capítulo 3. Otras líneas de investigación contemporáneas

(Q HVWH FDSLWXOR VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV PDUFRV GH UHIHUHQFLD TXH SXHGHQ FRQVLGHUDUVH HVSHFLDOPHQWH
UHOHYDQWHV HQ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GHO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU HQ UHODFLyQ D DVSHFWRV ILVLROyJLFRV SVLFROyJLFRV \
FRJQLWLYRFRQGXFWXDOHV GHO VHU KXPDQR $XQTXH ORV HVWXGLRV KDQ WHQLGR HQ FXHQWD GLYHUVDV IDFHWDV ORV
FDPSRV GH OD SVLFRORJtD \ OD VDOXG VH FHQWUDQ HQ YHUWLHQWHV FRQ UHSHUFXVLRQHV HQ HO VHU KXPDQR FRPR OD
ILVLROyJLFD DIHFWLYD FRJQLWLYRFRQGXFWXDO R OD VRFLDO SDUD XQD UHYLVLyQ YHU &KDSPDQ \ )RRW 5XFK
5RHFNHOHLQ(VWDVSHUVSHFWLYDV YDUtDQGHDFXHUGRDORVVXSXHVWRVVREUHODQDWXUDOH]DGHOVHU
KXPDQR HQ VX FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH KXPRU \ ORV KDOOD]JRV TXH VH GHVFULEHQ VRQ ORV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV SRU
FRQVLVWHQWHV\QRWDEOHVSDUDDOFDQ]DUXQDYLVLyQGHFRQMXQWR
3.1 Investigaciones sobre aspectos fisiológicos
'HQWUR GHO FDPSR GH OD ILVLRORJtD ORV GHVFXEULPLHQWRV TXH KDQ WHQLGR PD\RU UHSHUFXVLyQ VREUH HO
HVWXGLRGHOKXPRUVRQORVGHOiUHDGHODLQPXQRORJtD(OGHVDItRHVGHPRVWUDUTXHORVYtQFXORVHQWUHiQLPR
QHJDWLYR \ HQIHUPHGDG HVWiQ PHGLDGRV SRU FDPELRV HQ SDUiPHWURV LQPXQROyJLFRV (Q HVWH DSDUWDGR QRV
FHQWUDUHPRV FRQFUHWDPHQWH HQ HO VLVWHPD LQPXQH \D TXH ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV FDUGLRYDVFXODUHV GH XQD
H[DOWDFLyQ HPRFLRQDO HVSHFLDOPHQWH OD LUD KDQ VLGR GLVFXWLGDV H[WHQVDPHQWH HQ RWURV FRQWH[WRV FRPR OD
ELRORJtDILVLRORJtDRSDWRORJtD.DPDUFN\-HQQLQJV)ULHGPDQ6PLWK
/DVFRQVHFXHQFLDV ILVLROyJLFDVDVRFLDGDVDODVH[SHULHQFLDVHPRFLRQDOHVSURSRUFLRQDQORVSULQFLSLRV
SDUDREVHUYDUFyPRORVHVWDGRVHPRFLRQDOHVSXHGHQLQIOXLUHQODVDOXGItVLFD$XQTXHSVLFyORJRVFOtQLFRV\D
SURSXVLHURQ TXH ODV H[SHULHQFLDV HPRFLRQDOHV QHJDWLYDV IDYRUHFHQ OD YXOQHUDELOLGDG D OD HQIHUPHGDG
)ULHGPDQ\%RRWK.HZOH\VyORGXUDQWHORV~OWLPRVDxRVORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVKDQVLGRFDSDFHVGH
FRQILUPDU HVWDV SUHGLFFLRQHV PiV GLUHFWDPHQWH (Q JHQHUDO VH SHQVDED TXH ORV HVWDGRV HPRFLRQDOHV
QHJDWLYRV HVWDEDQ DVRFLDGRV D PRGHORV LQVDQRV GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR ILVLROyJLFR %RRWK.HZOH\ \ )ULHGPDQ
+HUEHUW\&RKHQ&RKHQ\5RGUtJXH]*UHHQEHUJ:RUWPDQ\6WRQHPLHQWUDVTXH
ORVHVWDGRVHPRFLRQDOHVSRVLWLYRVHVWDEDQDVRFLDGRVDPRGHORVPiVVDOXGDEOHVGHUHVSXHVWDHQODDFWLYLGDG
FDUGLRYDVFXODU \ HO VLVWHPD LQPXQH 6WRQH &R[ 9DOGLPDUVGRWWLU -DQGRUI \ 1HDOH 6WRQH 5HHG \
1HDOH 6WRQH 1HDOH &R[ 1DSROL 9DOGLPDUVGRWWLU \ .HQQHG\0RRUH /RV LQIRUPHV KDQ
PRVWUDGRHVWDUDVRFLDGRVFRQODOLEHUDFLyQGHLQPXQRJOREXOLQD$VHFUHWDGD6,J$DQWLFXHUSRFRQVLGHUDGR
FRPR HQ OD SULPHUD OtQHD GH GHIHQVD FRQWUD HO UHVIULDGR FRP~Q HV GHFLU ODV SHUVRQDV FRQ HVWDGRV
HPRFLRQDOHV SRVLWLYRV PDQWHQLGRV GXUDQWH WLHPSR VRQ PiV UHVLVWHQWHV D HQIHUPHGDGHV EHQLJQDV FRPR HO

Otras líneas de investigación contemporáneas
FDWDUURFRP~QRHOFRPLHQ]RGHXQDHQIHUPHGDGUHVSLUDWRULD6WRQH5HHG\1HDOH(YDQV\(GJHUWRQ
6WRQH0DUFR&UXLVH&R[\1HDOH
/RV WUDEDMRV GH &RKHQ \ FROV KDQ SURSRUFLRQDGR HYLGHQFLD DFHUFD GH TXH ORV HVWDGRV GH iQLPR
QHJDWLYRVDXPHQWDQODVXVFHSWLELOLGDGGHODJHQWHSDUDHQIHUPDU&RKHQ\5RGUtJXH]&RKHQ'R\OH
6NRQHU )LUHPDQ *ZDOWQH\ \ 1HZVRP (Q XQ HVWXGLR H[SHULPHQWDO HQ HO TXH ODV SHUVRQDV HUDQ
H[SXHVWDVVLVWHPiWLFDPHQWHDXQYLUXVUHVSLUDWRULRODVTXHH[SHULPHQWDEDQPD\RUiQLPRQHJDWLYRGXUDQWH
HOWLHPSRGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHVDUUROODURQXQDHQIHUPHGDGPiVVHYHUDHQUHVSXHVWDDOYLUXVTXHDTXHOORV
FX\RiQLPRIXHPiVSRVLWLYR&RKHQ\FROV
(VWXGLRV GH ODERUDWRULR ±HVWDGtVWLFDPHQWH VLJQLILFDWLYRV TXH PDQLSXODQ HO iQLPR GH IRUPD
H[SHULPHQWDO SURSRUFLRQDQ DOJXQD HYLGHQFLD FRQYHUJHQWH HQ FXDQWR D OD LQIOXHQFLD FDXVDO GH ORV HVWDGRV
DIHFWLYRVHQHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOVLVWHPDLQPXQH/DERWW\FROVHVWXGLDURQDPXMHUHVVDQDVGHVSXpVGH
YLVXDOL]DUGRVYtGHRVXQRGLYHUWLGR\RWURWULVWH/DERWW$KOHPDQ:ROHYHU\0DUWLQ(OQLYHOGH6,J$
DXPHQWyGHVSXpVGHYHUHOYLGHRKXPRUtVWLFRORTXHSHUPLWHVXJHULUTXHH[LVWLyXQDXPHQWRGHODDFWLYLGDG
GHO VLVWHPD LQPXQH \ FD\y GHVSXpV GH YHU HO YLGHR WULVWH LQGLFDQGR TXH OD DFWLYLGDG GHO VLVWHPD LQPXQH
TXHGySUiFWLFDPHQWHVXSULPLGD
/DV FRQVHFXHQFLDV LQPXQROyJLFDV DVRFLDGDV D HVWDGRV GH iQLPR QHJDWLYRV SXHGHQ WDPELpQ VHUYLU
SDUDH[SOLFDUHOKDOOD]JRGHTXHORVLQGLYLGXRVTXHSDGHFHQWHQVLRQHVVHYHUDVGXUDQWHPiVGHXQPHVVRQ
VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH PiV VHQVLEOHV D ORV FRQVWLSDGRV LQGXFLGRV H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH &RKHQ )UDQN 'R\OH
6NRQHU 5DELQ \ *ZDOWQH\ /D UHODFLyQ REVHUYDGD HQWUH VDOXG ItVLFD \ RWURV HVWDGRV FRPR HO
RSWLPLVPR 3HWHUVRQ 9DLOODQW \ 6HOLJPDQ 6FKHLHU \ &DUYHU 7D\ORU .HPHQ\ 5HHG %RZHU \
*UXHQHZDOG KRVWLOLGDG 0LOOHU 6PLWK 7XUQHU *XLMDUUR \ +DOOHW \ GXUH]D .REDVD 0DGGL \
.DKQ SXHGH VHU GHELGD HQ SDUWH D ORV HVWDGRV DQtPLFRV FUyQLFRV JHQHUDGRV SRU HO WLSR GH
SHUVRQDOLGDG \ VX LPSDFWR UHVXOWDQWH VREUH HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR ILVLROyJLFR 6HJHUVWURP 6RORPRQ .HPHQ\ \
)DKH\6HJHUVWURP7D\ORU.HPHQ\\)DKH\
(O HVWXGLR GH ORV HIHFWRV GH ODV H[SHULHQFLDV HPRFLRQDOHV VREUH HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO VLVWHPD
LQPXQHHVPHWRGROyJLFDPHQWHFRPSURPHWLGR8QRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVSULQFLSLRVGHODSVLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtD
HV TXH OD LQPXQRVXSUHVLyQ R HO LQPXQRFUHFLPLHQWR GHEH VHU FDOFXODGR SRU PHGLR GH P~OWLSOHV HQVD\RV
SRUTXHODVGLYHUVDVPHGLGDVGHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOVLVWHPDLQPXQHQRHVWiQVLHPSUHUHODFLRQDGDVXQDVFRQ
RWUDV 7D\ORU 1R REVWDQWH HQ ORV HVWXGLRV TXH VH KDQ FLWDGR ORV HIHFWRV SRVLWLYRV SDUHFHQ HVWDU
DVRFLDGRVFRQXQPHMRUIXQFLRQDPLHQWRLQPXQHEDVDGRVHQXQD~QLFDPHGLGDOD6,J$\VHUtDFRQYHQLHQWH
TXHODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVUHIRU]DUDQpVWRVKDOOD]JRVFRQPHGLGDVVHQFLOODVQRWDQWRFRPRODPHGLGDGHOD,J$
HQVDOLYDSHURIDFWLEOHVFRPRODWRPDGHPXHVWUDVHQVDQJUHGHRWUDVLQPXQRJOREXOLQDVVpULFDV,J0,J(R
,J*TXHDILDQ]DUDQORVKDOOD]JRVHQ,J$
8Q WUDEDMR GH UHYLVLyQ OOHYDGR D FDER SRU .LHOFRW*ODVHU 0F*XLUH 5REOHV \ *ODVHU KDFH
UHIHUHQFLDDORVIDFWRUHVSVLFROyJLFRVTXHLQIOX\HQHQODIXQFLyQLQPXQHFRPRODGXUDFLyQGHORVHVWUHVRUHV

\ FyPR HVWRV JHQHUDQ FDPELRV REVHUYDEOHV \ TXH FRQVHFXHQFLDV SVLFRVRFLDOHV PHGLDQ HQ OD GHVUHJXODFLyQ
LQPXQH (O WUDEDMR SRQH GH UHOLHYH OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH ODV HPRFLRQHV \ DIHFWRV QHJDWLYRV \ VX UHODFLyQ H
LQFLGHQFLD VREUH HO HTXLOLEULR GH OD SHUVRQD DSRUWDQGR GDWRV VREUH OD HQIHUPHGDG FDUGLRYDVFXODU DUWULWLV
RVWHRSRURVLVGLDEHWHVWLSR%\FLHUWRVWLSRVGHFiQFHU
8Q EXHQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO VLVWHPD LQPXQH HV SULPRUGLDO SDUD WHQHU XQD EXHQD VDOXG /DV
DOWHUDFLRQHVHQHOVLVWHPDLQPXQHGDQXQDJUDQYDULHGDGGHGHVyUGHQHV\HQIHUPHGDGHV5DELQ(O
FDPSR GH OD SVLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtD HV XQD SURPHVD DPSOLD \ ULFD SDUD D\XGDU D FRPSUHQGHU ODV
LQWHUFRQH[LRQHV HQWUH HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR SVLFROyJLFR ODV HPRFLRQHV TXH H[SHULPHQWD HO VXMHWR \ VXV
UHSHUFXVLRQHVVREUHODVDOXG
'DGR TXH ORV HVWDGRV HPRFLRQDOHV QHJDWLYRV HVWiQ DVRFLDGRV D OD GLVPLQXFLyQ GH OD DFWLYLGDG
LQPXQH \ DO DXPHQWR GH OD VXVFHSWLELOLGDG D OD HQIHUPHGDG VH SRGUtD LQIHULU TXH OD JHQWH VH EHQHILFLDUtD
PLQLPL]DQGRRVXSULPLHQGRFXDOTXLHUVHQWLPLHQWRQHJDWLYRTXHSXGLHUDWHQHU'HKHFKRPXMHUHVTXHIXHURQ
LQVWUXLGDV SDUD VXSULPLU VXV UHDFFLRQHV HPRFLRQDOHV IUHQWH D XQD SHOtFXOD WULVWH HYLGHQFLDURQ XQ FDPELR
PtQLPRHQVXVQLYHOHVGH6,J$/DERWW\0DUWtQ/DERWW $KOHPDQ:ROHYHU\0DUWtQ*URVV\
/HYHQVRQ3RURWURODGRWDPELpQVHKDVRVSHFKDGRTXHODVXSUHVLyQHPRFLRQDOHVWiDVRFLDGDFRQHO
GHVDUUROORGHHQIHUPHGDGHVFRURQDULDV3HQQHEDNHU
/DVLQWHUYHQFLRQHVTXHD\XGDQDODVSHUVRQDVHQHOSURFHVR\FRQIURQWDFLyQGHVXFHVRVWUDXPiWLFRV
HQVXVYLGDVSURGXFHQPHMRUDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVHQODVDOXGLQFOX\HQGRXQDLGHQWLILFDFLyQPHQRUGHSUREOHPDV
3HQQHEDNHU %DUJHU \ 7LHERXW *UHHQEHUJ \ 6WRQH *UHHQEHUJ :RUWPDQ\ \ 6WRQH
PHQRU XVR GH ORV VHUYLFLRV VDQLWDULRV 3HQQHEDNHU \ %HDOO 3HQQHEDNHU .LHFROW*ODVVHU \ *ODVVHU
\DXPHQWRGHODDFWLYLGDGGHOVLVWHPDLQPXQH3HQQHEDNHU\7UDXH(VWHUOLQJ.LHFROW*ODVVHU
%RGQDU \ *ODVVHU 3HWULH %RRWK 3HQQHEDNHU 'DYLVRQ \ 7KRPDV (VWRV EHQHILFLRV VH
REWXYLHURQ LQFOXVR \ D SHVDU GHO KHFKR GH TXH DOJXQDV SHUVRQDV H[SHULPHQWDEDQ FRQVLGHUDEOHV HIHFWRV
QHJDWLYRV GXUDQWH HO WLHPSR HQ TXH HVFULEtDQ R KDEODEDQ DFHUFD GHO WUDXPD $VLPLVPR .HOOH\ /XPOH\ \
/HLVHQKDOODURQTXHORVSDFLHQWHVFRQDUWULWLVUHXPDWRLGHTXHKDEODEDQVREUHORVVXFHVRVHVWUHVDQWHV
GH VXV YLGDV QR VyOR LQIRUPDURQ GH XQD PHMRUD HQ HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR ItVLFR WUHV PHVHV GHVSXpV GH OD
UHYHODFLyQ VLQR TXH OD PDJQLWXG GH OD PHMRUD HVWDED SRVLWLYDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGD FRQ HO JUDGR GH iQLPR
QHJDWLYR TXH KDEtD VLGR LQGXFLGR HQ HO SURFHVR GH UHYHODFLyQ /D HIHFWLYLGDG GH OD WDUHD HVFULELU R
YHUEDOL]DU VH EDVD HQ SURIXQGL]DU KDVWD HO VXFHVR WUDXPiWLFR DVt VH GHVDUUROODQ PD\RUHV FDPELRV HQ OD
VDOXG VL GXUDQWH OD WDUHD GH HVFULELU VH XWLOL]DQ PiV SDODEUDV TXH LGHQWLILFDQ HPRFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV \
SHQVDPLHQWRVFDXVDOHVHLQWURVSHFWLYRV3HQQHEDNHU\)UDQFLV3HQQEHEDNHU0D\QH\)UDQFLV
OR TXH D\XGD D UHSDUDU VXV H[SHULHQFLDV WUDXPiWLFDV 6DORYH\ 0D\HU *ROGPDQ 7XUYH\ \ 3DOIDL
*URVV
/DVSHUVRQDVTXHVRQFDSDFHVGHUHFREUDU\PDQWHQHUHVWDGRVHPRFLRQDOHVSRVLWLYRVWLHQHQPHQRU
SUREDELOLGDGGHHQIHUPDURGHXWLOL]DUORVVHUYLFLRVPpGLFRVFXDQGRDIURQWDQXQDH[SHULHQFLDYLWDOHVWUHVDQWH
&DWDQ]DUR\*UHHQZRRG*ROGPDQ.UDHPHU\6DORYH\3DUHFHQH[LVWLUEHQHILFLRVILVLROyJLFRV

GLUHFWRVGHULYDGRVGHH[SHULPHQWDU\H[SUHVDUHVWDGRVHPRFLRQDOHVSRVLWLYRVTXHOOHYDQDLQGLFDUDXVHQFLD
GH SUREOHPDV TXH QHFHVLWDQ VROXFLyQ &XDQGR OD JHQWH HV IHOL] HVWi FRQWHQWD \ VH UtH HV LQFDSD] GH
UHFRQRFHU VLJQRV GH GRORU ItVLFR \ FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH GH EXVFDU FXLGDGRV PpGLFRV /DV SHUVRQDV EDMR
HVWDGRVHPRFLRQDOHVWtSLFDPHQWHSODFHQWHURVFRQItDQHQHVWUDWHJLDVPHQRVHVIRU]DGDVEDVDGDVHQSURFHVRV
FRJQLWLYRV\HVWiQPRWLYDGDVSDUDDFWXDUGHPDQHUDTXHOHVIDFLOLWHVRVWHQHUHOHVWDGRHPRFLRQDO6FKZDU]
%OHVV \ %RKQHU :HJHQHU \ 3HWW\ :HJHQHU 3HWW\ \ 6PLWK &KDLNHQ :RRG \ (DJO\
LQFOXVR HQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV TXH SXHGHQ YLYHQFLDUVH FRPR VHULDPHQWH DPHQD]DGRUHV FRPR SRU
HMHPSORODHQIHUPHGDGFDUGLDFD)UDVXUH6PLWK/HVSHUDQFH\7DODMLF7D\ORU.HPHQ\5HHG%RZHU
\ *UXHQHZDOG /D JHQWH RSWLPLVWD VHJXUD \ FRQ PD\RU FRQWURO SHUVRQDO HV PiV HILFD] HQ OD
PRYLOL]DFLyQ GH UHFXUVRV HQ pSRFDV GH WHQVLyQ VRQ PiV SURDFWLYRV \ UHGXFHQ DO PtQLPR ORV HIHFWRV GH OD
SUHVLyQ7D\ORU\%URZQ&ROYLQ%ORFN\)XQGHU
Otros estudios relacionados
$GHPiVGHORVHVWXGLRVDFHUFDGHODLQPXQLGDGGHVFULWRVVHKDQGHVDUUROODGRRWUDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
UHODFLRQDGDVHQXQDIiQGHFRPSUHQGHU\HYLGHQFLDUORVHIHFWRVGHOKXPRU\GHODULVDVREUHODILVLRORJtDGH
ODVSHUVRQDV8QRGHORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVSLRQHURVHQpVWHFDPSRHV:LOOLDP)U\TXHKDHVWXGLDGRORVHIHFWRV
GH OD ULVD \ HO KXPRU GHVGH OD ELRORJtD DQDOL]DQGR VXV HIHFWRV HQ HO DSDUDWR GLJHVWLYR FDUGLRYDVFXODU
UHVSLUDWRULR \ ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV VREUH HO HVWUpV )U\ )U\ )U\ )U\ \ 6DYLQ )U\
VHxDOyTXHXQDULVDUHFRQIRUWDQWHSURGXFHXQDXPHQWRGHOULWPRFDUGtDFR\EHQHILFLDHOFRUD]yQGH
PDQHUD VLPLODU DO DHUyELF /DV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV OOHYDGDV D FDER VREUH OD LQFLGHQFLD GH DWDTXHV DO FRUD]yQ
GXUDQWH OD ULVD DUURMDQ GDWRV TXH YHULILFDQ TXH OD LQFLGHQFLD GH DWDTXHV HV VRUSUHQGHQWHPHQWH PtQLPD D
SHVDUGHTXHFXDQGRODSHUVRQDUtHHOULWPRFDUGLDFRHVWiRFDVLRQDOPHQWHDOWR
/RVHVWXGLRVVREUHODLQIOXHQFLDGHO KXPRU \ YDULDEOHVLQPXQROyJLFDV\HQGRFULQROyJLFDVDQDOL]DGDV

HQ PXHVWUDV GH VDQJUH VH UHILHUHQ D PiV GH FXDUHQWD WLSRV VLQ HPEDUJR VH KDQ HQFRQWUDGR HIHFWRV
VLJQLILFDWLYRV HQ XQDV GLHFLRFKR YDULDEOHV 0DUWtQ QR REVWDQWH PXFKDV GH HVDV REVHUYDFLRQHV
DGROHFHQ GH JUXSRVFRQWURO \ VH QHFHVLWDQ HVWXGLRV DGLFLRQDOHV FRQ DGHFXDGRV FRQWUROHV \ RWUDV PXHVWUDV
DQWHV GH OOHJDU D FRQFOXVLRQHV GHILQLWLYDV 6LQ HPEDUJR DOJXQRV PHUHFHQ VHU FRPHQWDGRV SRU VX
FRPSOHMLGDGGLYHUVLGDG\UHODFLyQFRQORVHIHFWRVGHOKXPRU3RUHMHPSORODVDSRUWDFLRQHVGHORVHVWXGLRV
GH%HUNKDQOOHYDGRDLGHQWLILFDUTXHORVFDPELRVILVLROyJLFRV SHUMXGLFLDOHVGHODDQVLHGDGWHQVLyQ\HVWUpV
WLHQHQFRQH[LyQFRQODKLSHUWHQVLyQDUWHULDOWHQVLyQPXVFXODUHLQPXQRVXSUHVLyQ%HUN\FROVD%HUN
7DQ1DSLHU\(E\E%HUN\FROVGHPRVWUDURQTXHODULVDGLVPLQXtDODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVSODVPiWLFDV
GHFRUWLVROLQFUHPHQWDEDODDFWLYDFLyQGHOLQIRFLWRV7ORVIDFLOLWDGRUHVGHODVGHIHQVDVLQPXQROyJLFDV
(QHOSULPHUHVWXGLR%HUNHWDODLQYHVWLJDURQDLQGLYLGXRVVDQRVVXMHWRVYLVXDOL]DURQ

XQ YLGHR GH KXPRU \ VXMHWRV FRQWURO QR 6H REWXYLHURQ PXHVWUDV GH VDQJUH SDUD GLYHUVDV VXVWDQFLDV
FRUWLFRWURSLQD $&7+ FRUWLVRO EHWDHQGRUILQD iFLGR GLKLGURIHQLODFpWLFR OODPDGR GRSDF HO FDWDEROLWR

QHXURQDOVpULFRPD\RUGHODGRSDPLQDHSLQHIULQDQRUHSLQHIULQDKRUPRQDGHOFUHFLPLHQWR\SURODFWLQD/RV
KDOOD]JRVGHHVWHHVWXGLRVXJLHUHQTXHODH[SHULHQFLDGHUHtUSDUHFHUHGXFLUORV QLYHOHVVpULFRVGHFRUWLVRO
GRSDFHSLQHIULQD\KRUPRQDGHOFUHFLPLHQWRFDPELRVELRTXtPLFRVTXHWLHQHQLPSOLFDFLRQHVHQODUHVSXHVWD
KRUPRQDOGHOOODPDGRHVWUpVFOiVLFR\QHXURHQGRFULQR
6H VDEH TXH HO HVWUpV HVWLPXOD OD JOiQGXOD VXSUDUUHQDO \ VH OLEHUDQ FRUWLFRLGHV UiSLGDPHQWH
FRQYHUWLGRV HQ FRUWLVRO HQ HO WRUUHQWH VDQJXtQHR \ TXH OD HOHYDFLyQ GH FRUWLVRO WLHQH XQ HIHFWR
LQPXQRVXSUHVRU/DULVDGHVHQFDGHQDXQHIHFWRFRQWUDULRHVWLPXODQGRODGLQiPLFDGHOVLVWHPDLQPXQLWDULR\
D\XGDQGR D VREUHSRQHUVH GH ORV HIHFWRV LQPXQRVXSUHVRUHV GHO HVWUpV (VWH WLSR GH LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV KDQ
IRUPDGRSDUWHGHODH[SDQVLyQGHOD3VLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtDTXHGHILQHODVFRQH[LRQHVHQWUHODH[SHULHQFLD
HPRFLRQDO \ OD UHVSXHVWD LQPXQLWDULD PHGLDGD SRU HO VLVWHPD QHXUROyJLFR 6RORPRQ $GHU
)OHVKQHU\/DXGHQVODJHU'DQW]HU
%HUN)HOWHQ 7DQ%LWWPDQ\:HVWHQJDUGKDQ GHWHUPLQDGR ODHILFDFLDGHODULVD\ODDOHJUtD

SDUD PRGXODU HO VLVWHPD QHXURLQPXQH PLGLHQGR DOJXQRV SDUiPHWURV HQ VXMHWRV YDURQHV VDQRV /RV
SDUWLFLSDQWHV HQ HO HVWXGLR WHQtDQ TXH YLVXDOL]DU XQ YLGHR GH KXPRU GXUDQWH KRUD $ ORV VXMHWRV VH OHV
H[WUDMRVDQJUHPLQXWRVDQWHVGHYHUHOYLGHRDORVPLQXWRVPLHQWUDVORYLVXDOL]DEDQ\PLQXWRV\
KRUDV GHVSXpV GH WHUPLQDU OD SHOtFXOD /RV UHVXOWDGRV PRVWUDURQ LQFUHPHQWRV VLJQLILFDWLYRV HQ OD DFWLYLGDG
FHOXODUIDJRFtWLFDQDWXUDOLQPXQRJOREXOLQDV,J*,J$H,J0TXHVHSURORQJDURQKDVWDKRUDVGHVSXpVGH
ODSUR\HFFLyQGHOYLGHR$VLPLVPRVHLQFUHPHQWDURQORVOHXFRFLWRVWRWDOHVGXUDQWHODSUR\HFFLyQ\DORV
PLQXWRV GHODPLVPD(VWRVDXWRUHVFRQFOX\HURQGLFLHQGRTXH OD PRGXODFLyQGH SDUiPHWURVQHXURLQPXQHV
GXUDQWH \ GHVSXpV GH XQD LQWHUYHQFLyQ FRQ KXPRU SXHGH WHQHU HIHFWRV EHQHILFLRVRV VREUH HO VLVWHPD
LQPXQROyJLFR\ODVDOXGGHODVSHUVRQDV
$OJR VLPLODU \D UHDOL]DURQ 'LOORQ 0LQFKRII \ %DNHU HQ XWLOL]DQGR XQD SHTXHxD PXHVWUD GH
HVWXGLDQWHVTXHKDEtDQYLVXDOL]DGRGRVYLGHRVFRQXQLQWHUYDORGHPLQ(OSULPHUYLGHRHUDXQDFRPHGLD
GH PLQ \ HO VHJXQGR XQ YLGHR HGXFDFLRQDO GH OD PLVPD GXUDFLyQ 0LGLHURQ ,J$V DQWHV \ GHVSXpV GH
FDGD YLGHR /D ULVD QR VH PRQLWRUL]y /RV UHVXOWDGRV PRVWUDURQ LQFUHPHQWRV VLJQLILFDWLYRV GH ,J$V SRU
HQFLPDGHYDORUHVEDVDOHVFRQHOYLGHRGHODFRPHGLD\QRKXERFDPELRVFRQHOYLGHRFRQWURODXQTXHQRVH
KLFLHURQFRPSDUDFLRQHVGLUHFWDVHQWUHDPEDVFRQGLFLRQHV
%DViQGRVH HQ HVWRV KDOOD]JRV /HIFRXUW 'DYLGVRQ.DW] \ .XHQHPDQ GHVDUUROODURQ WUHV
HVWXGLRV PXMHUHV SUHJUDGXDGDV KRPEUHV SUHJUDGXDGRV PXMHUHV HVWXGLDQWHV H[DPLQDQGR ORV
HIHFWRVVREUHOD,J$VSRUH[SRVLFLyQDXQDFRPHGLD(OYLGHRWHQtDXQDGXUDFLyQGHPLQGLULJLGRSRU0HO
%URRNV7RGRVPRVWUDURQLQFUHPHQWRVVLJQLILFDWLYRVHQOD,J$V HQUHODFLyQDYDORUHVEDVDOHVVLQHPEDUJR
ORVYDORUHVEDVDOHVHQGRVGHORVHVWXGLRVVHWRPDURQHQGtDVGLIHUHQWHVQRVHLQFOX\HURQJUXSRVFRQWURO\OD
ULVDQRIXHPRQLWRUL]DGD
.LPDWD SODQWHy XQ H[SHULPHQWR FRQ SDFLHQWHV FRQ GHUPDWLWLV DWySLFD PXMHUHV \
KRPEUHV FRQ HGDGHV HQWH \ DxRV /RV VXMHWRV QR UHFLELHURQ PHGLFDFLyQ HQ ODV KRUDV SUHYLDV DO

HVWXGLR 7RGRV KDEtDQ VLGR GLDJQRVWLFDGRV GH DOHUJLD DO iFDUR GHO SROYR GH FDVD ' 3WHURQ\VVLQXV
SDFLHQWHV HUDQ DOpUJLFRV DO SROHQ \ DO HSLWHOLR GH JDWR $QWHV \ GHVSXpV GH YLVXDOL]DU XQ YLGHR GH
PLQXWRVGHGXUDFLyQGHODSHOtFXOD 7LHPSRV0RGHUQRVGH&KDUOHV&KDSOLQVHOHV SUDFWLFDURQWHVWFXWiQHRV
FRQ H[WUDFWRV FRPHUFLDOHV GH DOpUJHQR \ HO HULWHPD IXH PHGLGR PLQXWRV GHVSXpV (O PLVPR
SURFHGLPLHQWRSHURXVDQGRVRORDOpUJHQRGHOiFDURGHOSROYRGHFDVDIXHUHSHWLGRDQWHV\GHVSXpVGHYHU
XQYLGHRGHPLQXWRVVREUHLQIRUPDFLyQGHOWLHPSRDWPRVIpULFR
/RV UHVXOWDGRV HQFRQWUDGRV HQ OD UHVSXHVWD GHO WDPDxR GHO HULWHPD LQGXFLGD SRU HO DOpUJHQR GHO
iFDUR GHO SROYR GH FDVD IXHURQ VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH UHGXFLGDV GHVSXpV GH YHU HO YtGHR GH &KDUOHV &KDSOLQ
GLVPLQXFLyQTXHIXHUHYHUWLGDKRUDVGHVSXpV/DUHVSXHVWDGHOHULWHPDDOSROHQ\HSLWHOLRGHJDWRIXHURQ
WDPELpQ VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH PHQRUHV GHVSXpV GH YLVXDOL]DU HO YLGHR GH KXPRU /D UHVSXHVWD GHO HULWHPD
LQGXFLGR SRU HO DOHUJHQR GHO SROYR GH FDVD QR IXH VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH GLIHUHQWH DQWHV \ GHVSXpV GH YHU HO
YLGHR QHXWUR $XQTXH HVWH HVWXGLR SUHVHQWD OLPLWDFLRQHV SRU HO IDOOR HQ OD DOHDWRUL]DFLyQ \ SRU QR KDEHU
UHDOL]DGR XQ HVWXGLR GREOH FLHJR ORV UHVXOWDGRV VXJLHUHQ TXH LQGXFLU \ SURYRFDU OD ULVD HQ SHUVRQDV FRQ
IRQGR DOpUJLFR SXHGH VXSRQHU DOJ~Q DOLYLR DXQTXH ORV DXWRUHV UHFRQRFHQ TXH HO PHFDQLVPR H[DFWR GH OD
UHGXFFLyQGHODVUHVSXHVWDVDOpUJLFDVSHUPDQHFHGHVFRQRFLGR
3.2 El humor como moderador del estrés y depresión
/DKLSyWHVLVGHTXHHOKXPRUWLHQHHIHFWRVPRGHUDGRUHVVREUHHOHVWUpV\FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHVREUH
OD GHSUHVLyQ KD OODPDGR OD DWHQFLyQ GH ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV DXQTXH ORV EHQHILFLRV VH YHQ PiV FRPR XQD
HIHFWLYDDGDSWDFLyQDOHVWUpVDSDUWLUGHYDORUDFLRQHVFRJQLWLYDVDWULEXLGDVDOKXPRUFRPRSHUVSHFWLYDDQWHOD
YLGD\HQHODMXVWHSVLFRVRFLDOGHH[SHULHQFLDVFRPRHOFiQFHUHQQLxRVRLQFOXVRHOWHUURULVPR'L[RQ
0DUWtQ \ /HIFRXUW D 0DUWtQ \ /HIFRXUW E 0DUWLQ .XLSHU 2OLQJHU \ 'DQFH 'RZOLQJ
+RFNHQEHUU\\*UHJRU\3DVTXDOL
0DUWtQ \ /HIFRXUW D E HVWXGLDURQ DPSOLDPHQWH HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU FRPR PRGHUDGRU
GHOHVWUpV\ORGHVFULEHQHQYDULRVHVWXGLRV(QXQRGHORVWUDEDMRVXWLOL]DURQHVWXGLDQWHVFRQXQDOLVWD
GH ORV HYHQWRV QHJDWLYRV GH OD YLGD FRPR SUHGLFWRUHV GHO HVWUpV \ GHO PDO KXPRU R VX SHUWXUEDFLyQ 6H
YDORUDURQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH ODV PHGLGDV GHO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU HQ HVFDODV DXWRDGPLQLVWUDGDV \ ODV
KDELOLGDGHVFRQGXFWXDOHVSDUDSURGXFLUKXPRUEDMRFRQGLFLRQHVGHHVWUpV\QRHVWUpVHQODXQLYHUVLGDG/RV
UHVXOWDGRV LQGLFDQ TXH HQ FLQFR GH ODV VHLV HVFDODV HPSOHDGDV SDUD PHGLU HO KXPRU KD\ XQD PRGHUDGD
UHODFLyQ HQWUH ORV HYHQWRV QHJDWLYRV GH OD YLGD \ OD SHUWXUEDFLyQ GHO HVWDGR GH iQLPR DVt VH DSR\D OD
KLSyWHVLVGHTXHHOKXPRUUHGXFHHOLPSDFWRGHWHQVLyQHQODYLGDGLDULD
'DQ]HU 'DOH \ .OLRQV HQ XQ WUDEDMR SXEOLFDGR HQ XQD SUHVWLJLRVD UHYLVWD VRPHWtDQ D
HVWXGLDQWHV D GLDSRVLWLYDV GH WLSR GHSUHVLYR \ D VLWXDFLRQHV GH KXPRU HQ WUHV JUXSRV H[SHULPHQWDOHV (O
SULPHUJUXSRHVWDEDH[SXHVWRDVLWXDFLRQHVGHKXPRUHQXQUDGLRFDVHWHHOVHJXQGRJUXSRH[SXHVWRDXQ
UDGLRFDVHWHQHXWUR\HOWHUFHURHUDHOJUXSRFRQWURO6HPRQLWRUL]yODVSXOVDFLRQHVFDUGLDFDV\ODVYHFHVHQ

TXHUHtDQGXUDQWHODVSUHVHQWDFLRQHVDXGLR\H[SRVLFLyQDODVGLDSRVLWLYDV6HSUHVHQWyXQDOLVWDGHDGMHWLYRV
SDUD TXH ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV UHJLVWUDUDQ VX DIHFWLYLGDG \ WHQGHQFLD D OD GHSUHVLyQ DQWHV \ GHVSXpV GHO
H[SHULPHQWR/RVUHVXOWDGRVLQGLFDQTXHVRORHOJUXSRGHKXPRUGLVPLQX\yODVSXQWXDFLRQHVGHGHSUHVLyQD
XQQLYHOSUHH[SHULPHQWDOEDVH/DVRQULVD \ODIUHFXHQFLDFDUGLDFDHVWXYLHURQWDPELpQPiVHOHYDGDVHQHO
JUXSRGHKXPRU2WURHVWXGLRGH0DJHU\&DEHDFHUFDGHORHIHFWRVGHODDQVLHGDGDQWHODPXHUWH
IXHUHDOL]DGRHQHVWXGLDQWHVHQpOORVVXMHWRVFRQDOWDVSXQWXDFLRQHVHQHOWHVWGHDQVLHGDGDQWHODPXHUWH
REWHQtDQ SXQWXDFLRQHV VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH PiV EDMDV HQ OD HYDOXDFLyQ JOREDO GHO KXPRU TXH ORV TXH
SXQWXDEDQPHGLRREDMR
/D HIHFWLYLGDG GH OD ULVD SDUD UHGXFLU HO HVWUpV ILVLROyJLFR \ SVLFROyJLFR IXH LQYHVWLJDGD :KLWH \
:LQ]HOEHUJHQHVWXGLDQWHVHOHJLGRVDOD]DUGLVWULEXLGRVHQFXDWURJUXSRVFRQFXDWURFRQGLFLRQHV
GHWUDWDPLHQWRJUXSRFRQWUROJUXSRGHHQWUHQDPLHQWRHQUHODMDFLyQGRVJUXSRVHQGRVFRQGLFLRQHVHQORV
TXHVHSURYRFDEDULVD6HPLGLyODWHPSHUDWXUDFRUSRUDOFRQGXFWDQFLDGHODSLHOIUHFXHQFLDFDUGLDFD\WRGRV
FRPSOHWDURQHO67$,WHVWYDOLGDGRSDUDPHGLUODDQVLHGDGHVWDGRUDVJR/RVVXMHWRVWHQtDQTXHUHDOL]DUGLH]
PLQXWRV GH HMHUFLFLRV DULWPpWLFRV PHQWDOHV \ WHQtDQ TXH SUHVHQWDU ORV UHVXOWDGRV FDGD VHJXQGRV 6L OD
UHVSXHVWDHUDFRUUHFWDUHFLEtDQ/RVUHVXOWDGRVQRHQFRQWUDURQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVGHORVHIHFWRVGH
ODULVDHQODVPHGLGDVILVLROyJLFDVSHURVLSDUHFtDQH[LVWLUHYLGHQFLDVGHTXHODULVDLQIOXtDSRVLWLYDPHQWHHQOD
DQVLHGDGSVLFROyJLFDPHGLGDSRUHO67$,$GHPiVHQFRQWUDURQTXHHVWRVUHVXOWDGRVHUDQPiVVLJQLILFDWLYRV
HQPXMHUHV
/RVHIHFWRVGHOKXPRUWLHQHQUHSHUFXVLRQHVLQGLUHFWDVDODFWXDUVREUHHOQLYHOGHHVWUpVUHGXFLHQGR
HO JUDGR GHO PLVPR TXH SRGUtD DIHFWDU DGYHUVDPHQWH D OD VDOXG ([LVWH FRQVLGHUDEOH HYLGHQFLD GH TXH ODV
H[SHULHQFLDV HVWUHVDQWHV DIHFWDQ DO VLVWHPD LQPXQH DOJXQRV FLWDGRV HQ pVWH WUDEDMR GH WHVLV 2/HDU\
$GOHU \ +LOOKRXVH R DO LQFUHPHQWR GH HQIHUPHGDGHV LQIHFFLRVDV &RKHQ HW DO \
FDUGLDFDV(VOHU
(OVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUFRPRYDULDEOHPRGHUDGRUDGHOHVWUpVDFW~DFRPRHVWUDWHJLDDGDSWDWLYDVLPLODU
D OD UHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ SRVLWLYD .XLSHU 0DUWtQ \ 2OLQJHU /HIFRXUW HW DO (Q HVWH VHQWLGR HO
HOHPHQWRFRJQLWLYRGHOKXPRUHVPiVLPSRUWDQWHTXHODULVDSRUTXHVHSXHGHUHODFLRQDUFRQODWHQGHQFLDD
XWLOL]DUORFRPRDGDSWDFLyQDODYLGDGLDULDHQORVPRPHQWRVGHHVWUpV\DGYHUVLGDG
$EHOHVWXGLyODLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHKXPRUJpQHUR\VXUHODFLyQFRQHOHVWUpV/RVSDUWLFLSDQWHV

HUDQ PXMHUHV \ KRPEUHV HVWXGLDQWHV TXH FRPSOHWDURQ HVFDODV DXWRGHVFULSWLYDV GH DSUHFLDFLyQ GH VX
HVWUpVKXPRU\VLQWRPDWRORJtDItVLFD\SVtTXLFD0HGLDQWHXQDQiOLVLVGHUHJUHVLyQP~OWLSOHHQFRQWUyTXHHO
KXPRUHUDPRGHUDGRUGHO HVWUpV\ODDQVLHGDGDXQTXHHUDQGDWRVVLJQLILFDWLYRVVRORORVGHODPXHVWUDGH
KRPEUHV (Q JHQHUDO FRQFOX\y TXH FXDQGR HO KXPRU HV DOWR OD DQVLHGDG HO HVWUpV \ ORV VtQWRPDV ItVLFRV
GLVPLQX\HQFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH
&DQQ+ROW\&DOKRXQFRQXQDPXHVWUDGHHVWXGLDQWHVPXMHUHV\YDURQHVREVHUYDURQ

HO SDSHO TXH MXHJD HO KXPRU GH OD SHUVRQD HQ UHVSXHVWD D ORV HOHPHQWRV HVWUHVDQWHV 8WLOL]DURQ HO

FXHVWLRQDULR GH 6YHEDN SDUD OD PHGLGD GHO KXPRU OOHYDQGR D FDER XQ DQiOLVLV GH UHJUHVLyQ P~OWLSOH FRQ
QXHYH PHGLGDV GHO KXPRU HQWUH XQD VLWXDFLyQ SUHHVWUHVRU RWUD SRVWHVWUHVRU \ SRVW WUDWDPLHQWR FRQ XQ
YLGHRHQHOTXHVHXWLOL]DEDHOKXPRU/RVUHVXOWDGRVGHVSXpVGHOH[SHULPHQWRPRVWUDURQTXHXQVXFHVRGH
KXPRU H[WHUQR XQD SHOtFXOD SXHGH WHQHU XQ LPSDFWR SRVLWLYR \ VLJQLILFDWLYR HQ ODV HPRFLRQHV QHJDWLYDV
FXDQGRHOLQGLYLGXRVHH[SRQHDORVHVWUHVRUHV\HOKXPRUMXHJDXQSDSHOLPSRUWDQWHHQWRGRHOSURFHVR
3HUOLQL1HQRQHQ\/LQGHVWXGLDURQORVHIHFWRVGHOKXPRUHQXQWHVWGHDQVLHGDG\HMHFXFLyQ

R DFWXDFLyQ &RPSOHWDURQ HVFDODV SDUD OD DQVLHGDG DGDSWDFLyQ \ VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU FRQ PXMHUHV
HVWXGLDQWHV \ KRPEUHV /D SUXHED VH SODQWHR EDMR WUHV FRQGLFLRQHV ORV GH KXPRU PRGHUDGR ORV
TXHWHQtDQKXPRUEDMR\ORVTXHWHQtDQDXVHQFLDGHKXPRU/RVUHVXOWDGRVLQGLFDURQTXHODIUHFXHQFLDGH
KXPRUQRPHMRUDODDFWXDFLyQHQODSUXHEDHQORVSDUWLFLSDQWHV PX\DQVLRVRV EDMRFXDOTXLHUFRQGLFLyQGH
H[DPHQ3XHGHVHUTXHVHH[DJHUHQORVHIHFWRVGHO KXPRUHQODDQVLHGDGDOWD\TXHHOHIHFWRGHOKXPRU
VHDVRORGHFDUiFWHUPRGHUDGR
/D DVRFLDFLyQ HQWUH HO KXPRU \ HO EXUQRXW GHVJDVWH HPRFLRQDO GHVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ \ UHDOL]DFLyQ
SHUVRQDOKDVLGRLQYHVWLJDGD7DOERW\/XPGHQHQXQDPXHVWUDGHHQIHUPHUDVTXHXWLOL]DEDQHO
KXPRU FRPR XQD HVWUDWHJLD GH DGDSWDFLyQ D ODV VLWXDFLRQHV HVWUHVDQWHV (O HVWXGLR FRPSDUDED ODV
HQIHUPHUDV FRQ DOWD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO KXPRU \ HQIHUPHUDV FRQ EDMD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO KXPRU 6H HQFRQWUDURQ
FRUUHODFLRQHVSRVLWLYDVHQWUHHOKXPRU\ODUHDOL]DFLyQSHUVRQDO\FRUUHODFLRQHVQHJDWLYDVHQWUHHOKXPRU\OD
GHVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ /DV HQIHUPHUDV TXH XWLOL]DQ FRQ PiV IUHFXHQFLD HO KXPRU WLHQHQ PHQRU GHVJDVWH
SURIHVLRQDOTXHDTXpOODVTXHQRORXWLOL]DQ
$OJXQRVDXWRUHVGHIRUPDMRFRVDWUDWDQODVGLVFLSOLQDVGHODVDOXGFRPRXQGHSRUWH³ROtPSLFR´TXH
DIHFWD DO VLVWHPD LQPXQH \ GHO TXH VL QR VH WRPDQ PHGLGDV FRQFUHWDV SDUD FXLGDUVH SXHGH VHU DJRWDGRU
FRPSDUDEOHDOGHSRUWHROtPSLFR5DGFOLIIH
3.3 Estudios de relaciones cognitivo-conductuales y humor
(OVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUVHKDUHODFLRQDGRWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHFRQDOJXQRVUDVJRVGHODSHUVRQDOLGDGFRPR
OD DJUHVLYLGDG OD FUHDWLYLGDG R OD LQWHOLJHQFLD *ROGVWHLQ \ 0F*KHH \ FRPR VH KD VHxDODGR
DQWHULRUPHQWHVHKDQXWLOL]DGRODVWHRUtDVLQIOX\HQWHVHQFDGDPRPHQWRFRPRODIUHXGLDQDFRPREDVHSDUD
ODFRPSUHQVLyQ\GHVDUUROORGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUVLQHPEDUJR \UHFRQRFLHQGRTXHODWHRUtDSVLFRDQDOtWLFD
WXYRXQDLPSRUWDQWHFRQWULEXFLyQHQODDFWXDOLGDGHVOLPLWDGDSDUDDYDQFHVIXWXURV0DUWtQ
9DULRVHVFULWRUHVSURSXVLHURQHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUFRPRXQDFWRGHFUHDFLyQ.RHVOHU$ULHWWL
TXHRWURVGHILQHQFRPRFUHDWLYLGDGDXQTXHHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU\ODFUHDWLYLGDGVLHPSUHHQUHODFLyQ
DDOJRSRUTXHFXDQGRVHGLFHJUDFLRVRRGLYHUWLGRVHUHILHUHDGLEXMRVSHOtFXODVRFXDOTXLHUVLWXDFLyQTXH
VH SXHGD ³FDSWDU´ 7UHDGZHOO %URG]LQVN\ \ 5XELHQ &ROHOO \ 'RPLQR 'H OD PLVPD
PDQHUDHOKXPRUVHKDUHODFLRQDGRFRQHOSHQVDPLHQWRGLYHUJHQWHODSURGXFFLyQGHKXPRUHVXQDEXHQD

FDQGLGDWD SDUD UHVROYHU SUREOHPDV GH GLItFLO VROXFLyQ HO KXPRU GHVSLHUWD VRUSUHQGH UHVXHOYH \ UHODFLRQD
PHMRU DO S~EOLFR 0F*KHH =LY 'HUNV \ +HUYDV $VLPLVPR 6XOV UHDOL]y
DSUR[LPDFLRQHV HQ EDVH D IDFWRUHV FRJQLWLYRV UHFRQRFLHQGR TXH HO KXPRU QR YLHQH VLPSOHPHQWH
GHWHUPLQDGRSRUODSUHVHQFLDGHXQDVLWXDFLyQ³HVWtPXOR´VLQRTXHLQWHUYLHQHQORVUHFXHUGRV\ODFDSDFLGDG
DQWLFLSDWRULDGHODSHUVRQD
(O FRQFHSWR GH LQFRQJUXHQFLD TXH \D VH KD GHVFULWR GHVGH ODV WHRUtDV H[SOLFDWLYDV GHO KXPRU
SHUPDQHFHHQORVHVWXGLRVGHORVDVSHFWRVFRJQLWLYRVHQHOSURFHVRGHOKXPRUDOFDQ]DQGRJUDQLPSRUWDQFLD
HV XQ FRQFHSWR IpUWLO SDUD OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ WpUPLQRV WHyULFRV SDUD ORV GLVHxRV H[SHULPHQWDOHV TXH
HPSH]DURQ HQ OD GpFDGD GH /D LQFRQJUXHQFLD HV OD GLYHUJHQFLD GHVGH XQ PRGHOR FRJQLWLYR GH
UHIHUHQFLD\ODUHVROXFLyQGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHODLQFRQJUXHQFLDVRQFRPSRQHQWHVHVHQFLDOHVGHOSURFHVR
GHOKXPRU/DLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHEHWHQHUHQFXHQWDHOSURFHVRFRJQLWLYR\VXUHODFLyQFRQHOSURFHVRDIHFWLYR
TXHJHQHUDHQFRQVHFXHQFLD8QHVWLPXORHVLQFRQJUXHQWHFXDQGRGLILHUHGHOPRGHORFRJQLWLYRGHUHIHUHQFLD
)RUDERVFR
/DLQFRQJUXHQFLDXWLOL]DHOHPHQWRVGHODSHUFHSFLyQ\QRHVXQIHQyPHQRGHUHFHSFLyQVHQVRULDOVLQR
XQDFWRJOREDOGHOVHUKXPDQRHQVXUHODFLyQFRQHOPHGLR/DYDORUDFLyQGHOKXPRUHVWiPX\UHODFLRQDGD
FRQ OD SHUFHSFLyQ (Q PXFKRV WUDEDMRV FRQ QLxRV SDUD H[SOLFDU FRPR DSUHFLDQ \ FRPSUHQGHQ HO KXPRU VH
XWLOL]DQ GLEXMRV DQLPDGRV SDUD DQDOL]DU FyPR SHUFLEHQ ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH KXPRU /D DSUHFLDFLyQ GHO KXPRU
SDUHFHTXHLQFUHPHQWDFRQODHGDGHVWRHVPHGLGRSRUODKDELOLGDGSDUDFRPSUHQGHUFRQWHQLGRVYHUEDOHV\
SRUVXUHODFLyQFRQODFDSDFLGDGSDUDUHFRUGDU)HLQJROG\0D]HOD
/DV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV DFHUFD GHO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU KDQ SUHVWDGR DWHQFLyQ D YDULDEOHV FRPR OD
PHPRULDODVHPRFLRQHVRODSHUVRQDOLGDG(\VHQFN&DWWHO\/XERUVN\)RUDERVFR:\HU
\&ROOLQV6FKPLGW/LSSPDQ\'XQQ\DXQTXHHQODDFWXDOLGDGQRH[LVWHXQPRGHORTXH
H[SOLTXH FRPSOHWDPHQWH HO PLVPR HO GLDJUDPD H[SOLFDWLYR DSRUWDGR SRU (\VHQFN HQ HO DxR SRQH GH
PDQLILHVWRODUHODFLyQHQWUHORVIDFWRUHVFRJQLWLYRVDIHFWLYRV\FRQDWLYRVSDUDODFRPSUHQVLyQGHXQFKLVWH(O
SODQWHDPLHQWRGHPXFKDVGHODVWHRUtDVGHVDUUROODGDVDFHUFDGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUWLHQHQHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQ
HO PRGHOR GH (\VHQFN \ VXSRQHQ TXH XQD SHUVRQD TXH UHFLEH XQ HVWtPXOR GLYHUWLGR OR SURFHVD \ OD
LQWHUDFFLyQ GHO HVWtPXOR SHUFLELGR FRQ OD HVWUXFWXUD LQWHUQD GHO LQGLYLGXR GHWHUPLQDQWHV GH FRQGXFWD
SHUVRQDOLGDG PRWLYRV UHFXHUGRV H[SHULHQFLDV \ OD LQIOXHQFLD GHO PHGLR H[WHUQR FXOWXUD JUXSR VRFLDO
FODVH VRFLDO GHWHUPLQDQ OD YLYHQFLD R FRPSUHQVLyQ GH OD VLWXDFLyQ FRPR GLYHUWLGD R QR YHU DSDUWDGR GHO
FDSLWXOR FRQFHSWR \ GHILQLFLyQ GH KXPRU /D UHYLVWD 1DWXUH 1HXURVFLHQFH KDFH SRFRV DxRV KDFtD
UHIHUHQFLD D TXH HO KXPRU HV XQD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD ~QLFD GHO VHU KXPDQR GH JUDQ UHOHYDQFLD SDUD HO
SHQVDPLHQWR OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ \ OD LQWHUDFFLyQ VRFLDO *RHO \ 'RODQ (VWXGLDQGR HO HMHPSOR GH ORV
FKLVWHV ORV DXWRUHV REVHUYDURQ TXH HVWRV FRQOOHYDQ XQD \X[WDSRVLFLyQ FRJQLWLYD GH MXHJRV PHQWDOHV
VHJXLGRV GH XQD VHQVDFLyQ GH GLYHUVLyQ (VWH WUDEDMR FHQWUD OD DWHQFLyQ VREUH HO SURFHVDPLHQWR GH ORV
FKLVWHV HQ HO FHUHEUR \ KD LGHQWLILFDGR XQD UHJLyQ FHUHEUDO TXH SDUHFH HVWDU LPSOLFDGD HQ HO VHQWLGR GHO
KXPRU(OHVWXGLRUHYHODTXHSDUDHQWHQGHUXQFKLVWHGHEHPRVXWLOL]DUYDULDV]RQDVGHQXHVWURFHUHEUR$Vt

VL OD RFXUUHQFLD HV XQ MXHJR GH SDODEUDV GHEHPRV DFWLYDU OD SDUWH GHO FHUHEUR UHVSRQVDEOH GHO KDEOD
PLHQWUDV TXH SDUD FDSWDUXQ FKLVWH GH VLWXDFLyQ GHEHPRV UHFXUULU D OD UHJLyQ TXH SURFHVD HO OHQJXDMH (O
VHQWLPLHQWRGHGLYHUVLyQDVRFLDGRDDPERVWLSRVGHFKLVWHVHVWiUHODFLRQDGRFRQXQiUHDFRP~Q
/DVHYLGHQFLDVHQFRQWUDGDVTXHVXE\DFHQHQORVSURFHVRVDIHFWLYRV\FRJQLWLYRVGHOKXPRUDVRFLDGRV
D OD \X[WDSRVLFLyQ IRQROyJLFD \ VHPiQWLFD GH MXHJRV PHQWDOHV HV HVSHFtILFR PLHQWUDV TXH XQD PRGDOLGDG
LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH UHG VH HVFRQGH GHEDMR GHO FRPSRQHQWH DIHFWLYR GHO KXPRU /D \X[WDSRVLFLyQ VHPiQWLFD
XVDXQDUHGELODWHUDOGHOOyEXORPLHQWUDVOD\X[WDSRVLFLyQIRQROyJLFDXWLOL]DXQDUHGGHOKHPLVIHULRL]TXLHUGR
VLWXDGR DOUHGHGRU GH ODV UHJLRQHV HQFDUJDGDV GHO GLVFXUVR $OJR FRPSOHMR SHUR VH VLHQWDQ DOJXQDV EDVHV
VREUH OD ILVLRORJtD FHUHEUDO TXH VH DFWLYD FXDQGR VH SRQHQ HQ PDUFKD PHFDQLVPRV SDUD FRPSUHQGHU HO
KXPRU
3.4 Estudios sobre la función social del humor
/DIXQFLyQ VRFLDOGHO KXPRUODHVWXGLDURQ %XUQV)R[ \&RVHU%XUQV
SRVWXOyTXHODULVDVLHPSUHHVFRPSDUWLGDTXHVRFLDOPHQWHHVODSULPHUDSDUWHGHOSURFHVRLQWHUDFWLYR\)R[
WDPELpQ VXVFULELy HVWD SHFXOLDULGDG DILUPDQGR TXH VLHPSUH YD DFRPSDxDGD GH XQ HOHPHQWR GH
UHFLSURFLGDG FX\R SULQFLSDO REMHWLYR HV GLVPLQXLU OD GLVWDQFLD LQWHUSHUVRQDO VLHQGR DGHPiV XQD
PDQLIHVWDFLyQ GH XQD SDUWH GH OD FRQFLHQFLD FROHFWLYD 3DUD &RVHU HO KXPRU DKX\HQWDED ODV
KRVWLOLGDGHV\HOGHVFRQWHQWRSUHVHQWHVHQHOJUXSRUHGXFtDODSUHVLyQ\PRGLILFDEDODVFRQGLFLRQHVSDUDHO
LQWHUFDPELRHQHOJUXSR
(O KXPRU HVWi PHGLDGR SRU XQ VRSRUWH VRFLDO /RV LQGLYLGXRV FRQ JUDQ VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU UHVXOWDQ
PiV FRPSHWHQWHV \ DWUDFWLYRV VRFLDOPHQWH VH OHV SHUFLEH PiV FHUFDQRV \ GLVIUXWDQ GH XQDV UHODFLRQHV
VRFLDOHV VDWLVIDFWRULDV +DPSHV (VWD EDVH VRFLDO UHVXOWDQWH GH ODV UHODFLRQHV VRFLDOHV JUDWLILFDQWHV
SURYRFD HIHFWRV EORTXHDQWHV SDUD HO HVWUpV PHMRUDQGR R HYLWDQGR HO PLVPR \ FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH
DXPHQWDQGRODVDOXG,QFOXLUDOJ~QHOHPHQWRGHKXPRUHQODFRPXQLFDFLyQGHSUREOHPDVFRPRSRUHMHPSOR
OD GHSHQGHQFLD \ HO DEXVR GH VXVWDQFLDV HV XQD EXHQD HVWUDWHJLD GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ \ DGDSWDFLyQ D OD
VLWXDFLyQ$OOHVSDFK6WDQOH\
$OOHQLQGDJyRWURDVSHFWRVRFLDOGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHORVSDFLHQWHV\ODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHO

WUDEDMRGHSURIHVLRQDOHVGHODVDOXGHQHOGtDDGtD/DVHQIHUPHUDVLGHQWLILFDEDQHQHOKXPRUXQSRGHURVR
DOLDGRSDUDUHVROYHUSUREOHPDVFUHDWLYDPHQWHHQHOHTXLSRWDPELpQSURSRUFLRQDEDXQDPELHQWHGHWUDEDMR
HQHOTXHVHGDEDXQDPD\RUFRODERUDFLyQ\UHFRQRFtDQTXHHUDPX\EXHQRSDUDDPRUWLJXDUHOHVWUpV/RV
SDFLHQWHV ±SRU RWUR ODGRGHVHDEDQ XQ EXHQ HTXLSR \ UHFRQRFtDQ TXH HQ pVWH GHEtD WHQHU FDELGD HO SRGHU
FRPSDUWLU DOJR GH KXPRU FRQ HO SHUVRQDO SRUTXH FXDQGR OD JHQWH DSUHQGH D FRPSDUWLU DVSHFWRV PHQRV
VHULRV \ UHODMDGRV ORV SUREOHPDV GLVPLQX\HQ \ DXPHQWD HO HVStULWX GH HTXLSR \ HO HQWXVLDVPR /RV
FXLGDGRUHVGHODVDOXGFRQYLYHQ FRQHOVXIULPLHQWRHOGRORU\ODPXHUWHSDUDHVWRVSURIHVLRQDOHVHOKXPRU
UHVXOWD VHU XQD SDUWH LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD YLGD FRWLGLDQD &XDQWR PiV H[SHULPHQWDGRV VRQ ORV SURIHVLRQDOHV

HVWDH[LJHQFLDVHHVFXFKDPiVDPHQXGRVREUHWRGRHQ&HQWURVKRVSLWDODULRV&XDQWR PiVGRORUKD\TXH
DFRPSDxDU \ KD\ TXH DSR\DU PiV QHFHVLGDG GH UHtU DSDUHFH FXDQGR VH KD VXSHUDGR HO VXFHVR /D
QHFHVLGDG GH UHtU VH H[SOLFD SRUTXH VXSRQH XQD GHVFDUJD HQ HO GtD D GtD \ HQ FLUFXQVWDQFLDV DGYHUVDV
5DGFOLIIH(OKXPRUIDFLOLWDODFRPXQLFDFLyQODDFRJLGD\HODSUHFLRH[LVWLHQGRXQJUDQUHSHUWRULRGH
KDELOLGDGHV SDUD XWLOL]DU DGHPiV GHO FKLVWH FRPR ODV DQpFGRWDV ORV GLVIUDFHV ODV SHOtFXODV FyPLFDV ORV
MXHJRV GH SDODEUDV ODV EURPDV \ RWURV IRUPDWRV 3LHUORW \ :DUHORZ /RV HVWXGLRV GH OD ULVD HQ
UHODFLyQ FRQ OD VDOXG VH KDQ LQFUHPHQWDQGR HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV FRQWUDVWiQGRVH PXFKDV KLSyWHVLV SDUD
HQFRQWUDUORVSRVLEOHVHIHFWRVTXHSURYRFDHLQFOXVRORVHIHFWRVGHODULVDHQDXVHQFLDGHKXPRU\DTXHOD
ULVD IRU]DGD FRPR DUJXPHQWDQ DOJXQRV SXHGH HIHFWLYDPHQWH UHSHUFXWLU SRVLWLYDPHQWH VREUH OD VDOXG
.DWDULD :LOVRQ \ %X[PDQ &XDQGR VX XWLOL]DFLyQ HV DSURSLDGD D OD VLWXDFLyQ SXHGH WHQHU XQRV
JUDQGHVHIHFWRVSRVLWLYRVVREUHODSVLTXLVODFRPXQLFDFLyQ\ODVUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHV%X[PDQ
+HDO\\0F.D\OOHYDURQDFDERXQHVWXGLRGHODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHHOWUDEDMRGHODVHQIHUPHUDV

\ ODV HVWUDWHJLDV GH DGDSWDFLyQ UHODFLRQiQGRORV FRQ HO LPSDFWR VREUH ORV QLYHOHV GH VDWLVIDFFLyQ HQ HO
WUDEDMR /RV DXWRUHV REVHUYDURQ TXH HO XVR GHO KXPRU DFWXDED FRPR IDFLOLWDGRU VRFLDO \ DPRUWLJXDGRU GHO
HVWUpV (O WUDEDMR VH OOHYy D FDER FRQ HQIHUPHUDV DXVWUDOLDQDV FXDOLILFDGDV \ D GLIHUHQFLD GH RWURV
HVWXGLRVQRVHHQFRQWUyHYLGHQFLDTXHLQGLFDUDTXHHOXVRGHOKXPRUWXYLHUDXQHIHFWRVREUHHOHVWUpVSHUR
Vt VH HQFRQWUy XQD UHODFLyQ SRVLWLYD HQWUH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO KXPRU \ OD VDWLVIDFFLyQ TXH HQFRQWUDEDQ ODV
HQIHUPHUDV HQ VX WUDEDMR (O KXPRU GHVHPSHxD XQ SDSHO LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD FRKHVLyQ JUXSDO FRQ \ VLQ
SUREOHPDVDxDGLGRVLQIOX\HSRUTXHHVFDSD]GHWUDQVIRUPDUODUHDOLGDGGHD\XGDUDYHUODGHRWUDPDQHUD
$OJXQDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVKDQFHQWUDGRHOLQWHUpVHQKDVWDTXHSXQWRVHUtHPiVDFRPSDxDGRTXHHQ
VROLWDULR 'HYHUHX[ \ *LQVEXUJ 8Q HVWXGLR OOHYDGR D FDER SRU SVLFyORJRV GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
1HYDGD FRQ SDUWLFLSDQWHV YROXQWDULRV IXHURQ ILOPDGRV SDUD UHJLVWUDU VXV H[SUHVLRQHV IDFLDOHV PLHQWUDV
YHtDQXQDSHOtFXODFyPLFD/DVFRQGLFLRQHVHQODVTXHVHSUHVHQWDEDHUDQWUHVVRORVDFRPSDxDGRVSRU
XQD SHUVRQD GHVFRQRFLGD GHO PLVPR VH[R \ DFRPSDxDGRV GH XQ DPLJR WDPELpQ GHO PLVPR VH[R (O
SDSHO GHO KXPRU \ OD WHQGHQFLD D XWLOL]DUOR IDFLOLWDUtD SRU WDQWR OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ \ ODV UHODFLRQHV VRFLDOHV
IDYRUHFLHQGR ODV UHODFLRQHV LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV OD DWUDFFLyQ \ HO VRSRUWH VRFLDO 0DUWtQ (O JUXSR
SUHGLVSRQHDODVSHUVRQDVDUHtUDFRPSUHQGHUVH\WDPELpQDFRUUHJLUGHIHFWRV$YHFHVODFRQGXFWDGHXQ
JUXSRHVLQFRPSUHQVLEOHSDUDRWUDVSHUVRQDVTXHQRSHUWHQHFHQDOPLVPRVHWUDWDGHXQDULVDFRPSDUWLGD
TXHRWURVQRSXHGHQLQWHUSUHWDU
/RV UHVXOWDGRV PXHVWUDQ TXH OD IUHFXHQFLD \ OD GXUDFLyQ GH OD ULVD IXHURQ VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH
VXSHULRUHV FXDQGR ORV LQGLYLGXRV HVWDEDQ DFRPSDxDGRV PiV TXH VRORV DXQTXH VX YDORUDFLyQ GH OD
FRPLFLGDG\GLYHUVLyQGHODSHOtFXODIXHUDH[DFWDPHQWHODPLVPDSRUORTXHHQRSLQLyQGHORVDXWRUHVODULVD
HVWiHVWUHFKDPHQWHYLQFXODGDFRQODVRFLDELOLGDG
/DV DSOLFDFLRQHV GHO HVWXGLR GHO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU GHVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD VRFLDO HQ JHQHUDO
UHVXOWDQ DOWDPHQWH FRPSOHMDV GHELGR D OD QDWXUDOH]D PXOWLIDFpWLFD GHO KXPRU \ GHO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU \ D
FDXVD GH OD PXOWLWXG GH YDULDEOHV TXH SDUWLFLSDQ \ D VX WHQGHQFLD D LQWHUDFWXDU HQWUH Vt (V GLItFLO FRQRFHU

FXDOHVHOPHGLRFXDQGRVHKDEODGHORVEHQHILFLRVSRWHQFLDOHV GHOKXPRUSRUTXHORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVTXHOR
H[DPLQDQ OR FRQFHSWXDOL]DQ GH GLYHUVDV PDQHUDV PLUiQGROR FRPR XQ UDVJR GH SHUVRQDOLGDG FRPR XQD
YDULDEOH HVWtPXOR HQ XQD VLWXDFLyQ GDGD FRPR XQD UHVSXHVWD HPRFLRQDO FRPR XQ SURFHVR FRJQLWLYR TXH
LQIOX\HHQORVDIHFWRVRFRPRXQDLQWHUYHQFLyQWHUDSpXWLFD5RHFNHOHLQ
6RFLDOPHQWHODULVDVHH[SOLFDSRUTXHVHFRPSDUWHQODVQRUPDVORVVHQWLPLHQWRVHLGHDVGHXQJUXSR
/DSHUVRQDVTXHFRPSDUWHQVXVULVDVVHVLHQWHQPiVXQLGDV\HO KXPRUHVXQYHKtFXORSDUDFRPSDUWLUVXV
HVWDGRVHPRFLRQDOHVPiVIiFLOPHQWHIDYRUHFLHQGRODFRPSOLFLGDG\IOH[LELOLGDGGHOJUXSR
3.5 Conclusiones
(OKXPRUHVXQFRQVWUXFWRPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOTXHHQVXWRWDOLGDG SXHGHVHUXQDIRUPDGHKDFHUQRV
PiVUHVLVWHQWHVDODHQIHUPHGDG\GHEHQHILFLDUQXHVWURVLVWHPDLQPXQROyJLFRDXQTXHWRGDYtDVHQHFHVLWDQ
HVWXGLRVDPSOLRV\FRQVLVWHQWHVTXHDSR\HQODLGHD\GHVFXEUDQORVPHFDQLVPRVSRUORVTXHVHDXPHQWDOD
UHVSXHVWD LQPXQH &RPR PRGHUDGRU GHO HVWUpV \ OD GHSUHVLyQ VH VDEH TXH KD\ XQD UHODFLyQ HQWUH ORV
HYHQWRV HVWUHVDQWHV \ HO PDO KXPRU \ FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH HO EXHQ KXPRU SURWHJH IUHQWH DO HVWUpV \ OD
GHSUHVLyQ 'H OD HIHFWLYLGDG GH OD LQIOXHQFLD GH OD ULVD FRPR HVWUDWHJLD DGDSWDWLYD VREUH ORV HVWUHVRUHV
XWLOL]DQGRYLGHRVGHKXPRUVHWLHQHFLHUWDHYLGHQFLDDXQTXHHVYHUGDGTXHORVHVWXGLRVGHEHQDPSOLDUVHD
PXHVWUDVYDULDGDVHQGLVWLQWDVVLWXDFLRQHV\GLIHUHQWHVFRQWH[WRV
'HVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD FRJQLWLYR HO KXPRU UHVXOWD VHU XQD IRUPD GH REVHUYDU HO PXQGR XQD
DFWLWXG \ XQ HVWLOR XQ PHGLR GH DXWRSURWHFFLyQ \ XQD KHUUDPLHQWD SDUD DIURQWDU YLGD (Q XQ VHQWLGR
SURIXQGR HV XQD SURWHFFLyQ IUHQWH D OD DGYHUVLGDG GH OD YLGD (Q HO DVSHFWR VRFLDO SXHGH WHQHU XQ GREOH
VHQWLGRXQDIRUPDGHPRVWUDUDPDELOLGDGREHQHYROHQFLD\SRURWURODGRXQDPDQHUDGHIDYRUHFHUVXDYL]DU
\IRUWDOHFHUODVUHODFLRQHV
$XQTXH HQ JHQHUDO ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VREUH ODV DSOLFDFLRQHV GHO KXPRU HQ OD VDOXG DSRUWDQ
HYLGHQFLDVREUHORVHIHFWRVGHOPLVPRWRGDYtDHVGLItFLOVDEHUVLORREVHUYDGRHVGHELGRDOKXPRUDODULVD
SHUVH R D ODV FRQH[LRQHV HQWUH DPERV (O SXQWR GH YLVWD TXH DGRSWDQ ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV LPSDFWD HQ HO
GLVHxRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ3RUHVRDOJXQRVTXHORFRQVLGHUDQXQUDVJRGHSHUVRQDOLGDGORPLGHQFRQHVFDODV
DXWRHYDOXDGDV R DXWRLQIRUPHV \ GLVHxDQ HVWXGLRV FRUUHODFLRQDOHV PLHQWUDV TXH ORV TXH OR FRQVLGHUDQ XQ
HVWtPXOR XWLOL]DQ GLVHxRV H[SHULPHQWDOHV 6HUtD LQWHUHVDQWH H LPSRUWDQWH UHSOLFDU DOJXQRV GH ORV HVWXGLRV
H[SHULPHQWDOHV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD LQPXQLGDG FRQWURODQGR DOJXQRV GH ORV SUREOHPDV PHWRGROyJLFRV TXH
GHELOLWDQ ODV FRQFOXVLRQHV \D TXH ORV KDOOD]JRV VRQ HVWLPXODQWHV \ VXJHVWLYRV SHUR QR SHUPLWHQ FRQFOXLU
VREUH ODV EDVHV GH ORV HVWXGLRV H[LVWHQWHV TXH ORV FDPELRV VH GHEDQ DO KXPRU \ OD ULVD SHUVH R D RWURV
IDFWRUHVQRFRQWURODGRV/RTXHHVXQDUHDOLGDGHVTXHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFRPLHQ]DDGHVSXQWDU\SRFRDSRFR
VHGHVOLQGDUDQPiVH[KDXVWLYDPHQWHODVYDULDEOHV\ORVHOHPHQWRVLQWHJUDQWHVGHOKXPRU\ODULVDTXHDXQ
VLHQGRPXFKRVVHLUiQDPSOLDQGRODFODULGDGHQODGLVSHUVLyQH[LVWHQWH\DXPHQWDUiQODVFRQFOXVLRQHVPiV
SHUVSLFDFHV

Capítulo 4. Concepto y medida del sentido del humor

/OHJDGRHVWHFDSLWXOR\DVHLGHQWLILFDDOKXPRUFRQXQWpUPLQRGHDPSOLDVUHVRQDQFLDVSVLFROyJLFDV
SULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUVXVUHSHUFXVLRQHVVREUHODVDOXGItVLFD\PHQWDOGHODVSHUVRQDV([SRQGUHPRVDKRUDHO
FRQFHSWR\GHILQLFLyQGHKXPRUPiVDFHSWDGRVLGHQWLILFDQGRODTXHVHDGRSWDRULJLQDOPHQWHHQHVWHWUDEDMR
GH 7HVLV 7DPELpQ VH PXHVWUDQ ORV PpWRGRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ \ ODV GLPHQVLRQHV TXH DOFDQ]D HO KXPRU \ VH
LQFOX\H XQD GHVFULSFLyQ GH OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU TXH VHUi GHVDUUROODGD HQ ORV
FDStWXORVSRVWHULRUHV
4.1 Concepto y definición de humor
(Q OD DFWXDOLGDG WRGDYtD QR H[LVWH XQ PRGHOR TXH DMXVWH FRPSOHWDPHQWH HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU
$XQTXHVHKDQEXVFDGRH[SOLFDFLRQHV\GHILQLFLRQHVQLQJXQDHV FRPSOHWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFWRULD\ORVPRGHORV
TXHPiVFRQYHQFHQVHKDQUHVSHWDGRGXUDQWHDxRV
/DSULPHUDGHILQLFLyQUHODFLRQDGDFRQODFLHQFLDGHODTXHVHWLHQHFRQVWDQFLDIXHUHIHULGDSRU6XOO\
HQ\DOXGtDDODFRPSOHMLGDGTXHHQFHUUDEDHOWpUPLQRSDUDGHILQLUORFRQSUHFLVLyQKDFLHQGRKLQFDSLp
HQTXHDPHQXGRVHXWLOL]DEDODSDODEUDKXPRUSDUDGHWHUPLQDUODKDELOLGDGFRQODTXHXQDSHUVRQDSXHGH
KDFHUUHtU6XOO\0iVWDUGH%DOGZLQ)RZOHU\'UHYHUFRPHQ]DURQDGLVWLQJXLU
HO WpUPLQR KXPRU GH KXPRUtVWLFR LQJHQLRVR VDUGyQLFR VDUFiVWLFR \ DPSOtDQ HO iUHD \ ODV YDULHGDGHV GHO
KXPRUDSDUHFLHQGRSRUYH]SULPHUDHQGLFFLRQDULRVGHSVLFRORJtD'HVGHHQWRQFHVVHKDQKHFKRQXPHURVDV
DSUR[LPDFLRQHVDOWpUPLQRGHVGH HVWDGLVFLSOLQDSDUDXQDUHYLVLyQYHU5RHFNHOHLQDXQTXHODVPiV
UHOHYDQWHV GDWDQ GH ORV ~OWLPRV YHLQWH DxRV $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH H[SRQHQ DOJXQDV GH ODV GHILQLFLRQHV PiV
VXJHUHQWHVSRURUGHQFURQROyJLFRHQFRQWUDGDVHQDXWRUHVH[WUDQMHURV&KDSPDQ)UHHGPDQ.DSODQ
\6DGRFN5XVK/DWWD\HVSDxROHV&RGHUFK*DUDQWR$OyVTXHVRQFLWDGRV
HQ OD OLWHUDWXUD \ HQ QXHVWUD RSLQLyQ KDQ DSUR[LPDGR HO WpUPLQR D XQD GHILQLFLyQ XWLOL]DEOH SDUD VHU
GHVDUUROODGRHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
&KDSPDQUHFRJHHQVXOLEURODVWHRUtDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV\DSOLFDFLRQHVGHOKXPRU\GHODULVD

GH ODV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV \ UHODFLRQD HO KXPRU FRQ OD H[SHULHQFLD FUHDWLYD /D FUHDWLYLGDG H[SOLFD HV XQ
SURFHVRSRUHOFXDOVHLQYHQWDQSDWURQHVRULJLQDOHV\OXHJRVH H[SUHVDQ(QHVHVHQWLGRHOKXPRUHQFLHUUD
XQDFWRFUHDWLYRDOOOHYDULPSOtFLWRXQHOHPHQWRGHLQFRQJUXHQFLDGHVRUSUHVDDOJRLQHVSHUDGR(VWHDXWRU
GLVWLQJXHGRVWLSRVEiVLFRVGHKXPRUHO SDVLYRHVGHFLUODSHUVRQDTXHVLQPDQLIHVWDUFRQGXFWDVGHKXPRU
SXHGH OOHJDU D YDORUDUOR \ FRQVLGHUDU D RWURV EDMR XQ SULVPD KXPRUtVWLFR \ HO DFWLYR HV GHFLU HO GH XQD

Concepto y medida del sentido del humor
SHUVRQDTXHVHFRQWHPSODDVLPLVPDEDMRXQSULVPDKXPRUtVWLFR6HHQWLHQGHDVtTXHQRHVORPLVPRVHU
FUHDWLYR ±DFWLYR HQ HO KXPRU TXH VROR GLVIUXWDUOR ±SDVLYR $xDGH TXH OD SHUVRQD TXH WLHQH VHQWLGR GHO
KXPRUWLHQHXQDOWRJUDGRGHDXWRHVWLPDORTXHOHSHUPLWHDFHSWDUVXVLPSHUIHFFLRQHV\VHQWLUVHLJXDODORV
GHPiV
8QDGHODVGHILQLFLRQHVGHQWURGHO FDPSRGHOD3VLTXLDWUtDVHHQFXHQWUDODGH)UHHGPDQ.DSODQ \
6DGRFN TXH FRQVLGHUDQ HO KXPRU FRPR XQD IRUPD GH H[SUHVLyQ GH VHQWLPLHQWRV TXH SURGXFH
ELHQHVWDU HQ OD SHUVRQD \ VLQ HIHFWRV GHVDJUDGDEOHV VREUH ORV GHPiV DVt HO KXPRU ³SHUPLWH VRSRUWDU \
DFHSWDUVHQWLPLHQWRVGHRWUDIRUPDLQDFHSWDEOHV´
(O VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU FRPR OR GHILQH 5XVK HV ³XQ FRUD]yQ VLPSiWLFR´ \ HQFLHUUD XQD
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDTXHHVODEHQHYROHQFLDHVGHFLU QRHVDJUHVLYR(VWHDXWRUH[SOLFDTXHHV XQWpUPLQRHQHO
TXHFRH[LVWHQGLVWLQWDVQRPHQFODWXUDVIRUPDOHVHLQIRUPDOHVGHODVGLIHUHQWHVGLVFLSOLQDV
/DWWDGLVWLQJXHHQWUHHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU\HOVHQWLGRGHORFyPLFR&RQVLGHUDTXHHOKXPRU

HVPiVJUDGXDO\ORFyPLFRPiVV~ELWR(OSULPHURQRUHTXLHUHGHODVRUSUHVDHVXQSURFHVRPiVOHQWRH
LQWHUSUHWDWLYR\WLHQHTXHYHUPiVFRQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVLWXDFLyQTXHFRQODUHDFFLyQLQPHGLDWDRItVLFD
HVWR HV XQD DFWLWXG GH OD PHQWH PiV TXH XQD DFWLYLGDG GH OD PHQWH XQ KiELWR PiV FRQWHPSODWLYR \
SHUFHSWLYR(OVHJXQGRHVPiVXQ³IODVK´LQWXLWLYR
(Q(VSDxD&RGHUFKORLGHQWLILFyFRQHODIHFWRHQFXDQWRHVWDGRHPRFLRQDO$IHFWRRKXPRU

VRQ WpUPLQRV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD VLJQLILFDU XQ HVWDGR HPRFLRQDO 6L \D HV GLItFLO GHILQLU HO DIHFWR FXDQGR OR
LGHQWLILFD FRQ HO KXPRU WDO YH] SXHGD HVWDU GHVFULELHQGR HO VHQWLPLHQWR LQWHUQR GHO LQGLYLGXR TXH VXE\DFH
FXDQGRVLHQWHTXHWLHQHEXHQKXPRU(QFDGDPRPHQWRGHQXHVWUDYLGDH[LVWHXQWRQRDIHFWLYREiVLFRTXH
PDWL]D ODV LGHDV SHQVDPLHQWRV IDQWDVtDV HWF &RGHUFK SXHGH HVWDU VXJLULHQGR OR TXH HQWHQGHPRV SRU
HPRFLyQEiVLFD6LODSHUVRQDJR]DGHKXPRUVXWRQRDIHFWLYR SHQVDPLHQWRHLGHDVOOHJDQDLPSUHJQDUVH
GHpVWDVHQVDFLyQVLSRUHOFRQWUDULRHOLQGLYLGXRVLHQWHPLHGRODVLGHDVSHQVDPLHQWRV\IDQWDVtDVVHFDUJDQ
GHPLHGR
*DUDQWR $OyV H[SUHVy TXH ³HO KXPRU HV HO HVWDGR GH iQLPR PiV R PHQRV SHUVLVWHQWH \
HVWDEOHTXHEDxDHTXLOLEUDGDPHQWHVHQWLPLHQWRVHPRFLRQHVHVWDGRVGHiQLPRRFRUSRUDOHVVXUJHQWHVGHO
FRQWDFWR GHO LQGLYLGXR FRUSRUDOLGDG \ SVLTXH FRQ HO PHGLR DPELHQWH \ TXH FDSDFLWD DO LQGLYLGXR SDUD
WRPDQGR OD GLVWDQFLD FRQYHQLHQWH UHODWLYL]DU FUtWLFDPHQWH WRGD FODVH GH H[SHULHQFLDV DIHFWLYDV TXH VH
SRODULFHQ ELHQ VHD KDFLD VLWXDFLRQHV HXIyULFDV ELHQ VHD KDFLD VLWXDFLRQHV GHSUHVLYDV´ SiJ (VWD
GHILQLFLyQHVWiELHQDMXVWDGDDORTXHHQWHQGHPRVHQHVWHWUDEDMRSRUVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
(QFHUUDUHOKXPRUHQXQDVSRFDVSDODEUDVSDUDGHILQLUORHVXQHUURU,GtJRUDV6XQDWXUDOH]D

LPSUHYLVLEOH \ VRUSUHQGHQWH KDFH GLItFLO GHVFXEULU OD H[SOLFDFLyQ GH SRUTXp XQDV SHUVRQDV WLHQHQ R QR PiV
KXPRU TXH RWUDV 7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD ODV DSRUWDFLRQHV GH ORV DXWRUHV TXH KDQ LPSXOVDGR GHILQLFLRQHV ORV
SULQFLSDOHV GHWHUPLQDQWHV TXH VH GHVFULEHQ SDUD HO KXPRU VRQ ORV IDFWRUHV DIHFWLYR \ FRJQLWLYR HV GHFLU
FyPRVHLQWHUSUHWDHOKXPRU\ODHPRFLyQTXHVXE\DFHDOPLVPR(OKXPRUHVWiLPSUHJQDGRGHSDUDGRMDHV

OD UHVSXHVWD DQWH VLWXDFLRQHV TXH VH UHVXHOYHQ GH IRUPD FRQWUDGLFWRULD HQWUH OR HVSHUDGR \ OR TXH HQ
UHDOLGDG RFXUUH (VWH FRQWUDVWH HV SDUD DOJXQRV DXWRUHV XQR GH ORV HMHV SDUD H[SOLFDU HO KXPRU FRPR XQ
IHQyPHQR FDVL HQWHUDPHQWH FRJQLWLYR 3HUR VH LQWX\H TXH WUDV OD SDODEUD KXPRU H[LVWH XQ SUREOHPD
VHPiQWLFR\DTXHLQJHQLRULVDRFRPLFLGDGVHFRQIXQGHQ\DFW~DQFRPRVLQyQLPRV
(OFRQFHSWRGHKXPRUHVGHVFULWRFRPRODFDSDFLGDGGHSHUFLELU\GLVIUXWDUGHORFyPLFRRGLYHUWLGR
KDELOLGDG GH DOJXQDV SHUVRQDV SDUD LQWHUSUHWDU OR TXH VXFHGH GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD MRFRVD 1R REVWDQWH
WDPELpQ OOHJD D WUDGXFLUVH HQ FRQGXFWD HV GHFLU OR TXH VH HQWLHQGH SRU SHUVRQDV JUDFLRVDV \ VLPSiWLFDV
FDSDFHVGHKDFHUUHtUGLVIUD]DUVHRVHUPiVMXJXHWRQDV\ILQDOPHQWHHOKXPRUFRPRH[SUHVLyQGHOHVWDGR
GHiQLPRGHTXLHQORGLVIUXWDORVRSWLPLVWDVORVDOHJUHV3RUWDQWRSXHGHKDEODUVHGHYDULDVH[SHULHQFLDVHQ
OD YLYHQFLD GHO KXPRU FRQ FUHDWLYLGDG DVRFLDGD SHUVRQDOHV \ VRFLDOHV TXH OH RWRUJDQ XQ FDUiFWHU
PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO 0DUWtQ 3XKOLN'RULV /DUVHQ *UD\ \ :HLU \ TXH RWURV UHILHUHQ GH ODV SHUVRQDV
LPSOLFDGDVFRPRHQ IOXLUXQM~ELORHLQWHQVDVHQVDFLyQGHVDWLVIDFFLyQTXHYDPiVDOOiGHORPHURGLYHUWLGR
HTXLSDUDEOHDODVHQVDFLyQGHGHVFXEULPLHQWRH[SDQVLyQ\H[SHULHQFLDySWLPDGHOJR]RFUHDWLYRSDUHFLGRDO
TXHH[SHULPHQWDQSHUVRQDVTXHFRQWURODQVXVDFFLRQHVGXHxDVGHVXGHVWLQR&]LNV]HQWPLKDO\L
3DUDWHUPLQDUHVWHDSDUWDGRGHOFDSLWXORHVQHFHVDULRFLWDUD(\VHQFNDXWRUTXHIXHSLRQHUR

HQ HQFRQWUDU HO KLOR FRQGXFWRU SDUD HO KXPRU \ QRV SDUHFH UHOHYDQWH SRUTXH VX WHRUtD H[SOLFD XQ PRGHOR
EDVDGR HQ WUHV DVSHFWRV EiVLFRV GHO KXPRU TXH SRVWHULRUPHQWH KDQ UHLQWHUSUHWDGR RWURV DXWRUHV \ TXH
SHQVDPRV HVWi LQFOXLGR HQ QXHVWUD SURSLD DFHSFLyQ (VWH SVLFyORJR FLWy HO LQJHQLR R OD FDSDFLGDG GH ODV
SHUVRQDVSDUDLQWHUSUHWDUODVFRVDVGHXQDIRUPDGLYHUWLGDHLQYHVWLJyODVSRVLEOHVGLPHQVLRQHVGHOKXPRU\
H[SOLFy FRQ XQ VHQFLOOR HVTXHPD WULDQJXODU ORV FRPSRQHQWHV VXE\DFHQWHV DO KXPRU TXH HQ VX YpUWLFH
DIHFWLYRVXE\DFHXQDHPRFLyQEiVLFDTXHHVODDOHJUtD(VHFRPSRQHQWHHPRFLRQDOGHDOHJUtDGHODSHUVRQD
TXHUtHDQWHXQVXFHVRSXHGHLUDFRPSDxDGRGHRWUDVHPRFLRQHV (OWHUFHUYpUWLFHDOTXHKDFtDUHIHUHQFLD
(\VHQFN HV HO FRQDWLYR FRPR XQD HVSHFLH GH DGDSWDFLyQ VXSHULRU HQ OD TXH HO KXPRU VH WUDGXFH HQ
IHQyPHQRDGDSWDWLYRFRPRVLODSHUVRQDDSUHQGLHUDDDGDSWDUVHDODVLWXDFLyQDOH[SHULPHQWDUODGHPDQHUD
GLYHUWLGD
Factor Cognitivo
Comicidad
CHISTE
Humor Ingenio
Factor Afectivo Factor Conativo

7DEOD)DFWRUHVHQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHXQFKLVWH)XHQWH(\VHQFN+-7KHDSSUHFLDWLRQRIKXPRXUDQ

H[SHULPHQWDODQGWKHRUHWLFDOVWXG\%ULWLVK-RXUQDORI3V\FKRORJ\

(O GLDJUDPD H[SOLFDWLYR SURSXHVWR SRU (\VHQFN 7DEOD SRQH GH PDQLILHVWR OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH
IDFWRUHVFRJQLWLYRVDIHFWLYRV\FRQDWLYRVSDUDODFRPSUHQVLyQGHXQFKLVWH
3HURVLJXHVLHQGRGLItFLOHQFRQWUDUODEDVHSURIXQGDTXHH[SOLTXHSRUTXHHOKXPRUVHWUDGXFHHQULVD
3DUD OD SVLFRORJtD XQD H[SOLFDFLyQ VDWLVIDFWRULD GHEHUtD WHQHU HO FXHQWD IDFWRUHV FRPR HO FRQRFLPLHQWR HO
DSUHQGL]DMHRHODIHFWR(VGHFLUODFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVLWXDFLyQHOFRPSRQHQWHH[SHULHQFLDOHODSUHQGL]DMH
GHODVLWXDFLyQ\HOFRUUHODWRHPRFLRQDOGHOTXHUtH$XQTXHH[LVWHQRWURVFRQFRPLWDQWHVFRPRHOMXHJRHQ
ORVQLxRVSDUDHQWHQGHUORFRPRXQDKDELOLGDGFRJQLWLYDHVGHFLUH[LVWHXQDSRVLEOHUHODFLyQHQWUHHOMXHJR\
HOSHQVDPLHQWRGLYHUJHQWHTXHOOHYDDGHVHQFDGHQDUHOKXPRU%DUQHWW\.OHLEHUDOJXQRVVHUHILHUHQ
DOKXPRUGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDFRJQLWLYRSDUDGHILQLUODFDSDFLGDGGHSRGHUPLUDUHOPXQGRHLQWHUSUHWDUOR
GHODPDQHUDPiVGLYHUWLGDSRVLEOHULHQGRGHORVVXFHVRVPiVGHVDJUDGDEOHV
(QUHVXPHQHO KXPRUHV XQD IRUPDGHUHODFLyQHQWUHHOVXMHWR \OD YLGDTXHVHYHGHVGHVXODGR

GLYHUWLGRSRGHUUHtUDQWHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVDGYHUVRV\HQHOFDPSRGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHEHHQWHQGHUVH
HQ XQ VHQWLGR DPSOLR WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH GHVFULEH XQ HVWDGR HPRFLRQDO \ XQD SUHGLVSRVLFLyQ PiV R
PHQRV O~GLFD PDWL]DGD SRU YLYHQFLDV \ H[SHULHQFLDV HQ OD YLGD $Vt XQD SHUVRQD TXH UHFLEH XQ HVWtPXOR
GLYHUWLGR OR SURFHVD \ OD LQWHUDFFLyQ GHO HVWtPXOR SHUFLELGR FRQ OD HVWUXFWXUD LQWHUQD GHO LQGLYLGXR
GHWHUPLQDQWHVGHFRQGXFWDSHUVRQDOLGDGPRWLYDFLyQH[SHULHQFLDVHWF\ODLQIOXHQFLDGHORH[WHUQRFXOWXUD
JUXSR\FODVHVRFLDOGHWHUPLQDQVLODVLWXDFLyQHVGLYHUWLGDRQRSDUDHOUHFHSWRU
(O FRQFHSWR VLJXH HQ SURFHVR GH FRPSUHQVLyQ \ FRQRFLPLHQWR \ VXUJHQ PXFKDV SUHJXQWDV TXH OD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQLUiUHVSRQGLHQGRSDUDGHVFXEULU\DEDUFDUHOIHQyPHQRQRREVWDQWHQRVDSUR[LPDPRVDXQD
SURSLD GHILQLFLyQ GH OR TXH HQWHQGHPRV FRPR VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU ³HV HO HTXLOLEULR GLQiPLFR HQWUH OR TXH
VXFHGH \ OD IRUPD GH LQWHUSUHWDUOR H LQFOX\H OD SHUFHSFLyQ GH OD VLWXDFLyQ SRU SDUWH GHO VXMHWR OD
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH OR SHUFLELGR \ XQD UHVSXHVWD HQHVWH FDVR GLYHUWLGD TXH FDSDFLWD D OD SHUVRQD SDUD VHU
PiVKiELOHQDGDSWDUVHDORTXHOHVXFHGHSHURGHPDQHUDVLPSiWLFD\DOHJUH(OKXPRUVHSXHGHLQWHJUDU
HQXQFRQMXQWRGHHVWUDWHJLDVKDELOLGDGHV\DXWRPDWLVPRVTXHD\XGDQDODSHUVRQDDGLVIUXWDUGHODYLGDD
PDQWHQHU XQ HVStULWX DOHJUH \ D SHQVDU HQ SRVLWLYR WUDQVPLWLHQGR FRQILDQ]D DIHFWR \ DFHUFDPLHQWR
FRQVLGHUDQGRHOPLVPRFRPRXQDDFWLWXGYLWDOTXHHQULTXHFHODV YLYHQFLDVSHUVRQDOHVWUDQVPLWLpQGRVHDORV
GHPiV´
4.2 Dimensiones del sentido del humor
(Q OD DFWXDOLGDG VH HVWi GHVFXEULHQGR TXH ORV UHFXUVRV SVLFROyJLFRV VRQ GHWHUPLQDQWHV SUHGLFWRUHV
GHVDOXG\TXHODVDOXGVHFRQVLJXHFXDQGRLQWHUDFW~DQIDYRUDEOHPHQWHIDFWRUHVSHUVRQDOHVILVLROyJLFRV\
SVLFROyJLFRV \ HO DPELHQWH (VWDV GLPHQVLRQHV GH OD VDOXG HVWDV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ RWURV IDFWRUHV FRPR
ELHQHVWDU IHOLFLGDG R VDWLVIDFFLyQ 3RU HMHPSOR H[LVWHQ HVWXGLRV LQWHUFXOWXUDOHV SDUD GHILQLU TXH IDFWRUHV
LQFUHPHQWDQODIHOLFLGDGSHUVRQDO6HOLJPDQ6WHHQ3DUN\3HWHUVRQ\TXHLQWHUYHQFLRQHVD\XGDQD
LQFUHPHQWDUHOOODPDGR IOXMR TXHVHJ~QKHPRVGHILQLGRDQWHULRUPHQWHHVXQM~ELORHLQWHQVDVHQVDFLyQGH

VDWLVIDFFLyQTXHYDPiVDOOiGHORPHURGLYHUWLGRHTXLSDUDEOHDODVHQVDFLyQGHGHVFXEULPLHQWRH[SDQVLyQ\
H[SHULHQFLDySWLPDGHOJR]RFUHDWLYR(VWRVHSXHGHHTXLSDUDUDODSHUFHSFLyQTXHH[SHULPHQWDQSHUVRQDV
TXHFRQWURODQVXVDFFLRQHVGXHxDVGHVXGHVWLQR&]LNV]HQWPLKDO\L(VWRVHVWDGRVGLPHQVLRQDOHVGH
OD VDOXG OOHYDQ D SHQVDU VHJ~Q ORV HVWXGLRV TXH VH KDQ GHVFULWR KDVWD DKRUD TXH HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU
WDPELpQ HVWD GLPHQVLRQDGR HQ GLVWLQWRV DVSHFWRV SVLFROyJLFRV \ PHGLDGRV SRU HO DPELHQWH HQ HO TXH VH
GHVDUUROOD 3DUD HOOR YDPRV D H[SRQHU DOJXQRV GH ORV DXWRUHV PiV UHOHYDQWHV HQ GHVFULELU XQD R PiV
GLPHQVLRQHVGHOKXPRU
(OOLVIXQGDGRUGHOD7HUDSLD5DFLRQDO(PRWLYDOOHYRDFDERXQDGHVFULSFLyQSUHFXUVRUDGHOD

GLPHQVLyQ FRJQLWLYDGHOKXPRU,QLFLDOPHQWHHVWDEOHFLyXQDGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHSURYRFDU KXPRUXVDQGR FRPR
YtFWLPD OD LGHD OD FUHHQFLD LUUDFLRQDO TXH HV GH OR TXH WUDWD HQ VX WHUDSLD HQ FRQWUDSRVLFLyQ D UHtUVH GHO
SURSLR FOLHQWH TXH HV OR SURKLELGR HQ VX WHUDSLD (OOLV FUHtD TXH ODV SHUVRQDV VH WUDVWRUQDEDQ SRUTXH VH
WRPDEDQ ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GHPDVLDGR HQ VHULR \ SHQVDED TXH ORV EHQHILFLRV GH OD ULVD VH SRGtDQ
DSURYHFKDUHQODVLWXDFLyQWHUDSpXWLFDSDUDTXHODSHUVRQDPHMRUDVHVXPDOHVWDU3RUHOORXWLOL]DEDGLVWLQWRV
UHFXUVRV KXPRUtVWLFRV OOHYDU ODV FRVDV DO H[WUHPR UHGXFLU ODV LGHDV DO DEVXUGR KDFHU FRPSDUDFLRQHV
SDUDGyMLFDV MXHJRV GH SDODEUDV R UHWUXpFDQRV LQGXFLU OD LQJHQLRVLGDG LURQtDV H[WUDYDJDQFLDV XVDU
GHOLEHUDGDPHQWH DWUHYLPLHQWRV HQ OD FRQYHUVDFLyQ EURPDV FKLVWHV HWF WRGR HOOR GHVWLQDGR D
GHVHQPDVFDUDU ODV LGHDV LUUDFLRQDOHV FDULFDWXUL]iQGRODV DPSOLDQGR ORV GHIHFWRV KDVWD GHMDU HQ ULGtFXOR OR
TXHHUDULGtFXOR8QHMHPSORGHVXSUiFWLFDFRQXQSDFLHQWHDTXHMDGRGHJUDQDQVLHGDGDQWHODSRVLELOLGDG
GHWHQHUTXHEDLODUHQS~EOLFR\HQODTXH(OOLVH[DJHUDVXWHPRU³SRUVXSXHVWRVLEDLODVPDOWRGRVHQOD
SLVWDGHEDLOHVHUHLUiQDFDUFDMDGDVQRKDUiQPiVTXHSHQVDUHQWLWRGDODQRFKH\UHFRUGDUiQWRGDVXYLGD
TXHHUDVXQSDWRVR¢QRHVYHUGDG"´
(OOLV H[SXVR XQ FDWiORJR GH YLUWXGHV GHO KXPRU HQ HO WUDWDPLHQWR SVLFRWHUDSpXWLFR GHVWDFDQGR HO
SDSHOGHOPLVPRHQD\XGDUDORVSDFLHQWHVDUHtUVHGHVtPLVPRVDDFHSWDUVXVHUURUHV\SXQWRVYXOQHUDEOHV
\DFODULILFDUPXFKRVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVDXWRGHVWUXFWLYRVSURSRUFLRQDQGRQXHYRVGDWRVSDUDKDOODUPHMRUHV
VROXFLRQHVFRPRPHGLRGHGLVWUDFFLyQTXHLQWHUUXPSHDOPHQRVWHPSRUDOPHQWHODVLGHDVDXWRGHVWUXFWLYDV
\D\XGDQGRDSHQVDU\DFRPSRUWDUVHSDUDGyMLFDPHQWHHVGHFLUGHIRUPDRSXHVWDDORTXHVHVXHOHKDFHU
(VWR WDPELpQ IXH SURSXHVWR SRU %HFN IDPRVR SVLFRWHUDSHXWD GH OD GHSUHVLyQ TXH SODQWHy HQ VX
WLHPSRXQHMHUFLFLRQRYHGRVRLQVWDUDVXVSDFLHQWHVGHSUHVLYRVDEXVFDUODSDUWHFyPLFDGHODVVLWXDFLRQHV
FXDQGRFRPHQ]DEDQDVHQWLUVHWULVWHV
(VWDPRVDQWHXQHMHPSOR GHWUDEDMRVTXHKDQD\XGDGRDTXHORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVGHOKXPRU KD\DQ

WHQLGR SUHVHQWH TXH HO LQWHJUDQWH FRJQLWLYR HV XQ IDFWRU D FRQVLGHUDU D OD KRUD GH SODQWHDUVH OD PHGLGD H
LQWHUYHQFLRQHVVREUHHOKXPRU
'XUDQWHORV~OWLPRVDxRVVHKDQGHVDUUROODGRDOJXQDVHVFDODVFX\RREMHWLYR KD VLGRHOGHPHGLUHO

KXPRUHQDOJXQDGHVXVGLPHQVLRQHVWUDWDQGRGHHQFRQWUDUDOJXQDFRQH[LyQSVLFROyJLFD.XLSHU\0DUWtQ
&UDLN\:DUH7DPELpQVHKDHVWXGLDGRGHVGHODGLPHQVLyQFDSDFLGDGGHSURGXFLUKXPRU
YVFDSDFLGDGGHGLVIUXWDUOR)HLQJROG\0D]]HOOD$WWDUGR'HUNV6WDOH\\+DVHOWRQ5XFK

\ +HKO R OR KDQ LQYHVWLJDGR FRPR UHDFFLyQ FRQGXFWXDO SODQWHDQGR VLWXDFLRQHV GH KXPRU \ HQ
FRUUHODWRVFRJQLWLYRVHQWUHSHUVRQDVTXHQRFDSWDQHOVHQWLGRRODJUDFLDGHORVFKLVWHV\RWUDVPHGLGDVGHOD
LQWHOLJHQFLD5XFK\.|KOHU3RURWURODGRVHKDHVWXGLDGRSURIXVDPHQWHODGLPHQVLyQ DFWLWXGIUHQWH
HOKXPRUDQWHFKLVWHVUDFLVWDVVH[XDOHVRDJUHVLYRVVHJ~QGLYHUVRVFRQWH[WRVFXOWXUDOHVSDUDXQDUHYLVLyQ
YHU5XFK
&DWWHO\/XERUVN\HQWUDWDURQGHUHODFLRQDUIDFWRUHVGHDSUHFLDFLyQGHOKXPRUFRQIDFWRUHVGH
SHUVRQDOLGDGFRPRODDJUHVLYLGDGRODQHFHVLGDGGHDSUREDFLyQ\FRQYDULDEOHVFRPRODHGDGHOVH[RROD
LQWHOLJHQFLD/DUHDOLGDGHVTXHGHVGHXQDGLPHQVLyQSVLFRVRFLDOQRVHKDWHQLGRFRQVWDQFLDKDVWD
(OPRGHORGHVFULWRSRU7KRUVRQ\3RZHOO7KRUVRQ\3RZHOO7KRUVRQ\3RZHOODE
WUDVYDULRVDQiOLVLVGLPHQVLRQDOHV\IDFWRULDOHV\HVWXGLRVUHODFLRQDOHVFRQUDVJRVGHSHUVRQDOLGDGGLHURQFRQ
XQPRGHORGHFXDWURGLPHQVLRQHVTXHVHLPSOLFDQPXWXDPHQWH\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDSRVHHUODVHQDOWRJUDGR
VHUtDLQGLFDWLYRGHXQHOHYDGRVHQWLGRGHO KXPRUHQ ODSHUVRQD/DSURSXHVWDGHFRQVLGHUDUHO VHQWLGRGHO
KXPRU FRPR XQ IHQyPHQR PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO TXH FRQWLHQH OD SURGXFFLyQ GHO KXPRU HOHPHQWRV GH MXHJR
KDELOLGDG VRFLDO \ HO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORV GLVWLQWRV WLSRV GH KXPRU KD FDODGR SURIXQGDPHQWH HQ OD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ DFWXDO DXQTXH QR HVWi FODUR FRPR YDOLGDU OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ GH HOHPHQWRV GH DSUHFLDFLyQ \
FUHDFLyQ GHO KXPRU FXDQGR ODV HVFDODV VRQ DXWRDGPLQLVWUDGDV 0XFKRV DXWRUHV HQIDWL]DQ HQ TXH HO IXWXUR
FRQYHUJHHQHOGHVDUUROOR\YDOLGDFLyQGHXQDWD[RQRPtDGHOKXPRU\TXHHVWRGHEHVHUXQYLVWRFRPRXQ
HVIXHU]RSULRULWDULRLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULRHLQWHUFXOWXUDO
7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO SURSRQHQ XQ PRGHOR PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO FRQ FXDWUR GLPHQVLRQHV TXH VH
FDUDFWHUL]DQGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
&UHDFLyQRJHQHUDFLyQGHOKXPRU(VWDGLPHQVLyQDEDUFDHOHOHPHQWRPiVHYLGHQWH\IiFLOPHQWH
LGHQWLILFDEOHGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU/DGLPHQVLyQGHVFULEHDODSHUVRQDLQJHQLRVDJUDFLRVDDOD
TXHOHUHVXOWDIiFLOYHUHOVHQWLGRFyPLFRGHODVFRVDVTXHUtHIiFLOPHQWH(QHVWHFDVRKXPRUVH
H[SOLFD FRPR OD FDSDFLGDG SDUD R FRQMXQWR GH HVWUDWHJLDV KDELOLGDGHV \ DXWRPDWLVPRV TXH
LQGXFHQ D UHtU D ORV GHPiV 6H WUDWD GH ODV SHUVRQDV TXH DQLPDQ IiFLOPHQWH D RWURV \ VRQ
GLYHUWLGDV
8VRGHO KXPRUSDUDKDFHUIUHQWHDODYLGD(VWDGLPHQVLyQLPSOLFDODFDSDFLGDGSDUDHOKXPRUR
HOFRQMXQWRGHHVWUDWHJLDVKDELOLGDGHV\DXWRPDWLVPRVTXHWLHQHXQDSHUVRQDSDUDDIURQWDUORV
IUDFDVRVSUREOHPDV\GLILFXOWDGHVVLQKXQGLUVH(VXQDGLPHQVLyQTXHH[SOLFDHOKXPRUGHVGHHO
SXQWRGHYLVWDGHORSWLPLVPR(VGHFLUTXHDSHVDUGHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV\SUHRFXSDFLRQHVODV
SHUVRQDV ORJUDQ HQFRQWUDU VDOLGDV FRQ KXPRU HQ VLWXDFLRQHV QHJDWLYDV \ PRVWUDUVH DOHJUHV HQ
VLWXDFLRQHV GLItFLOHV ULHQGR LQFOXVR HQ ORV PDORV PRPHQWRV 'HVGH HVWD GLPHQVLyQ KXPRU HV
SHUFLELUORSRVLWLYRGHODVSHUVRQDVFRVDV\DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV\DFWXDUHQFRQVHFXHQFLD
5HFRQRFLPLHQWR \ DSUHFLDFLyQ GHO KXPRU (VWD GLPHQVLyQ VH UHODFLRQD FRQ XQ FRQMXQWR GH
HVWUDWHJLDV KDELOLGDGHV \ DXWRPDWLVPRV TXH WLHQH XQD SHUVRQD SDUD VHQWLU DOHJUtD GH YLYLU

GLVIUXWDUGHODYLGDGHODVFRVDVSHTXHxDV\WRPDUVHODYLGDFRQ³WRTXHVGHKXPRU´DSUHFLDQGR
HOPLVPR(QHVWHFDVRKXPRUHVODFDSDFLGDGVXEMHWLYDSDUDYHUORSRVLWLYRGHODYLGD
$FWLWXGHVKDFLDHOKXPRU\XVRGHOPLVPRHQVLWXDFLRQHVVRFLDOHV6HWUDWDGHXQDGLPHQVLyQTXH
KDFH UHIHUHQFLD D OD FDSDFLGDG SDUD R HO FRQMXQWR GH HVWUDWHJLDV KDELOLGDGHV \ DXWRPDWLVPRV
SDUDJHQHUDUKXPRUIiFLOPHQWHHQFRPSDxtDGHRWUDVSHUVRQDV
(VWDVGLPHQVLRQHVWUDWDQGHXQLILFDUDVSHFWRVPX\JHQHUDOHVGHOKXPRU3RUHMHPSORODH[SHULHQFLD
GH KXPRU GH ODV SHUVRQDV HQ VXV YLGDV 1R VH UHILHUHQ WDQWR D SUHIHULU XQ WLSR X RWUR GH KXPRU R D
FHQWUDUVH HQ OR TXH VH HQWLHQGH SRU HO PLVPR &RQ HVWDV GLPHQVLRQHV TXHGD PiV FODUR TXH ODV SHUVRQDV
WLHQGHQ D SHUFLELU LQWHUSUHWDU FUHDU R GLVIUXWDU GHO KXPRU HQ XQD DPSOLD JDPD (VWDV GLPHQVLRQHV VHUiQ
DSWDVVLHPSUHTXHHQHOIXWXURHVWpQHQSHUPDQHQWH FRQWUDVWHHQWUHJHQHUDFLRQHV\FXOWXUDVD\XGDQGRD
TXHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQDUURMHPiVOX]DOFRQVWUXFWR'HKHFKRODLQYHVWLJDFLyQQRKDKHFKRPiVTXHHPSH]DU
4.3 Métodos de evaluación
$GHPiVGHODVDSRUWDFLRQHVGHVFULWDVGH7KRUVRQ\3RZHOOVHSUHVHQWDQDOJXQRVGHORVPpWRGRVGH
HYDOXDFLyQ D ORV TXH VH KDQ DSUR[LPDGR GLVWLQWRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV 3DUD SUHVHQWDU ILQDOPHQWH OD (VFDOD
0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU 06+6TXH VHKDVHOHFFLRQDGRSDUDOOHYDUDFDERHVWHWUDEDMRGH
7HVLV
/D PHGLGD GHO KXPRU HV XQD GH ODV SDUWHV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD FRPSUHQGHUOR 'HUNV
'HQWURGHODHYDOXDFLyQSVLFRVRFLRORJtDQRKDUHFLELGRPXFKDDWHQFLyQ/DPHGLGDGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUKD
VXIULGR SUREOHPDV PHWRGROyJLFRV LQFOXLGRV OD EDMD ILDELOLGDG GH DOJXQRV FXHVWLRQDULRV 2YHUKROVHU \
VHVJRVGHLQIOXHQFLDSRUGHVHDELOLGDGVRFLDO&HUQHUXG\2OVVRQTXHVHKDQVXPDGRDODVGLILFXOWDGHV
GH XQ FRQVWUXFWR FRPSOHMR \ GH GLIHUHQWHV LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV 3RU RWUR ODGR HV YHUGDG TXH OD SUHVHQFLD GHO
KXPRUHQORVWUDEDMRVGH7HVLV'RFWRUDOHVIOX\HQHQQRWDEOHDXPHQWR\ODVFRQWULEXFLRQHVH[SORUDQGLYHUVRV
FDPSRV'LVVHUWDWLRQ$EVWUDFWV,QWHUQDWLRQDO6HSXHGHGHVWDFDUODSUHVHQFLDGHOKXPRUHQSVLFRWHUDSLDVX
IRUPDGHFRPELQDUORHQHOGLVFXUVRDSUR[LPDFLRQHVFXDOLWDWLYDV\VHPiQWLFDVPRGHORVSVLFRHGXFDFLRQDOHV
\ VREUH WRGR HVWXGLRV DFHUFD GH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ DSURSLDGD R LQDSURSLDGD GHO KXPRU SDUD XQD UHYLVLyQ YHU
,GtJRUDV\5RHFNHOHLQ
(OSULPHURGHORVFXHVWLRQDULRVTXHVHYDQDSUHVHQWDUHVHO &XHVWLRQDULRGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRUGH
=LY (VWH DXWRU WRPy FRPR EDVH OD H[LVWHQFLD GH GRV GLPHQVLRQHV SULQFLSDOHV HQ HO KXPRU XQD GH
FUHDFLyQ\RWUDGHDSUHFLDFLyQGHOKXPRUGLPHQVLRQHVUHSUHVHQWDGDVHQGRVHMHV7DEOD

Capacidad de crear humor
No aprecia el humor Aprecia mucho el humor
No crea humor
7DEOD'LPHQVLRQHVHQODFUHDFLyQ\DSUHFLDFLyQGHOKXPRU)XHQWH=LY$/CKXPRXUHQHGXFDWLRQ3DULV

)UDQFH(GLWLRQV
'H DFXHUGR DO PRGHOR =LY FRQVWUX\H XQ FXHVWLRQDULR TXH FRQVWD GH FXHVWLRQHV HQ IRUPD GH
SUHJXQWD D OR TXH ORV VXMHWRV GHEHQ UHVSRQGHU HQ XQD HVFDOD OLNHUW HVFDOD TXH GHWHUPLQD HO JUDGR GH
DFXHUGR HQ OD UHVSXHVWD GH SXQWRV PX\ UDUDPHQWH BBBBBBBBBBBB PX\ IUHFXHQWHPHQWH
$OJXQRVHMHPSORVGHGLFKRFXHVWLRQDULR
¢(QFXHQWURPXFKDVVLWXDFLRQHVTXHSURGXFHQULVD"
&RPSDUiQGRPHFRQPLVDPLJRV¢DSUHFLRPiVTXHHOORVODVEURPDVTXHPHFXHQWDQ"
&XDQGRHVWR\FRQPLVDPLJRVDVHQFODVHHQHOWUDEDMRHWF¢PHJXVWDKDFHUOHVUHtU"
¢0HSDVDQSRUODFDEH]DLGHDVFyPLFDV"
(Q ORV GLVWLQWRV HVWXGLRV VH VHxDOD TXH HQ JHQHUDO OD SXQWXDFLyQ HV PiV DOWD HQ DSUHFLDFLyQ GHO
KXPRUTXHHQFUHDFLyQGHKXPRU$VLPLVPRVHLQGLFDTXHODVSHUVRQDVTXHSXQW~DQDOWRHQFUHDWLYLGDGGHO
KXPRU VRQ ELHQ DFHSWDGRV \ UHFLEHQ DOWDV SXQWXDFLRQHV HQ FXHVWLRQDULRV VRFLRPpWULFRV GH KXPRU =LY \
'LHP=LY\*DGLVK
2WURVGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVJHQpULFRVSDUDODPHGLGDGHOKXPRU HVFDODVRFXHVWLRQDULRVTXHPLGHQ
DVSHFWRVDFWLWXGLQDOHVRFRQGXFWXDOHVGHOKXPRUVRQHO6+4yFXHVWLRQDULRGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU6YHEDN
D 6YHEDN E 6YHEDN F OD HVFDOD GH DGDSWDFLyQ DO KXPRU GH 0DUWtQ \ /HIFRXUW D
EHOFXHVWLRQDULRGHUHVSXHVWDVVLWXDFLRQDOHVGHKXPRU0DUWtQ\/HIFRXUW\ODHVFDOD06+6y
HVFDODPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU7KRUVRQ\3RZHOO7KRUVRQ\3RZHOODE
6YHEDNDEFHQXQDVHULHGHHVWXGLRVSUHVHQWy XQDWHRUtDGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU

(VWXGLyODYDOLGH]SUHGLFWLYDGHODVDFWLWXGHVHQUHODFLyQDODULVD\HQFRQWUyODVGLPHQVLRQHVTXHVXVWHQWDEDQ
HOVXSXHVWR(OLJLyORVtWHPVTXHUHVXOWDEDQVHUORVPHMRUHVSUHGLFWRUHVGHODULVD(QVXWHRUtDH[SOLFDGRV
FRPSRQHQWHVGHO KXPRUXQDGHDFWLYDFLyQ \RWUDGHLQKLELFLyQ /DSULPHUD YHUVLyQ FRQWHQtDtWHPVTXH
LQGDJDEDQGRVFRPSRQHQWHVGHOKXPRUXQDHVFDODGHKDELOLGDGHV SDUDSHUFLELUHOKXPRU\RWUDDFHUFDGH
ODVFRQGXFWDVGHKXPRU(QODHVFDODVHLQFOXtDQDILUPDFLRQHVDXWRGHVFULSWLYDVFX\DVUHVSXHVWDVSXQWXDEDQ
VREUH XQD HVFDOD OLNHUW GHVGH PX\ GH DFXHUGR D PX\ HQ GHVDFXHUGR (VWH FXHVWLRQDULR TXH FRQVWUX\y

LQLFLDOPHQWHORGHQRPLQy³6HQVHRI+XPRU4XHVWLRQQDLUH´6+4XQDYH]GHVDUUROODGRTXHGyILQDOPHQWH

FRQVHLVVHFFLRQHV³6HQVHRI+XPRU4XHVWLRQQDLUH´6+4SRUTXHFRPRGHVWDFDHOSURSLRDXWRUWLHQH
XQDSUHIHUHQFLDSRUHVFDODVPiVEUHYHV6YHEDN
6YHEDN OOHYy D FDER XQ HVWXGLR FRQ HVWXGLDQWHV QRUXHJRV GH FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV \ ItVLFDV (O
FXHVWLRQDULR DOFDQ]y XQD ILDELOLGDG GH (QFRQWUy FRUUHODFLRQHV VLJQLILFDWLYDV \ SRVLWLYDV HQWUH OD
GLPHQVLyQ GH DFWLYDFLyQ GH OD ULVD \ FDGD XQR GH ORV GRV IDFWRUHV GH LQKLELFLyQ /D YHUVLyQ ILQDO UHYLVDGD
TXHGD FRQ tWHPV 6+4 KDELHQGR VLGR H[DPLQDGD OD HVWUXFWXUD GH OD HVFDOD LQLFLDO 6+4 TXHGDQGR
ILQDOPHQWH FRPR XQD HYDOXDFLyQ GH ODV FRQWLQJHQFLDV VLWXDFLRQDOHV HQ ODV TXH OD SHUVRQD GHEH GHVFULELU VL
UtHUHLUtDRQRHQFDGDXQDGHHOODV6YHEDN
/HIFRXUW \ 0DUWtQ D E GHVDUUROODURQ SULPHUDPHQWH XQ FXHVWLRQDULR EUHYH ³7KH &RSLQJ
+XPRU 6FDOH´ &+6 TXH OXHJR DPSOLDURQ ³7KH 6LWXDWLRQDO +XPRU 5HVSRQVH 4XHVWLRQDLUH´ 6+54 /D
³&RSLQJ +XPRU 6FDOH´ &+6 WUDWD GH PHGLU OD IRUPD HQ TXH XQR H[SUHVD \ XWLOL]D HO KXPRU SDUD DIURQWDU
HVWtPXORVHVWUHVDQWHVRGLVSODFHQWHURVGHODYLGDHVGHFLUFyPRVHXWLOL]DHOKXPRUSDUDDIURQWDUHOHVWUpV
(VWHFXHVWLRQDULREUHYHWUDWDGH ODIRUPDHQODTXHXQRH[SUHVD\XWLOL]DHOKXPRUSDUDDIURQWDUHVWtPXORV
HVWUHVDQWHV /RV DXWRUHV KDQ LQYHVWLJDGR OD UHODFLyQ KXPRUPRWLYDFLyQ \ VX UHODFLyQ FRQ HO HVWUpV /D
ILDELOLGDGSULPHUDGHOFXHVWLRQDULRREWHQtDXQtQGLFHGHFRUUHODFLyQDOIDGH&URQEDFKGHHQWUH\OR
TXHLQGLFDXQDOWRJUDGRGHUHODFLyQHQWUHORVHOHPHQWRV
/DHVFDODGHDGDSWDFLyQDOKXPRUGH0DUWtQ\/HIFRXUWDEVHSURSRQHFRPRXQDPHGLGD

GH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO KXPRU LQGLYLGXDO FRPR UHVSXHVWD DGDSWDWLYD D ORV VXFHVRV HVWUHVDQWHV GH OD YLGD /RV
tWHPVGHEHQHYDOXDUVHVHJ~QHOJUDGRGHGHVDFXHUGRRGHDFXHUGRHQXQDHVFDODOLNHUWGHFXDWURSXQWRV
PX\HQGHVDFXHUGRBBBBBBPX\GHDFXHUGR$OJXQRVHMHPSORVGHORVtWHPV
$PHQXGRSLHUGRPLVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUFXDQGRHVWR\WHQLHQGRSUREOHPDV
1RUPDOPHQWHEXVFRDOJRJUDFLRVRTXHGHFLUFXDQGRPHHQFXHQWURHQVLWXDFLRQHVWHQVDV
+H H[SHULPHQWDGR D PHQXGR TXH VL HVWR\ HQ XQD VLWXDFLyQ GRQGH WHQJR TXH OORUDU R UHtU HV
PHMRUUHtU
0LH[SHULHQFLDKDVLGRTXHHOKXPRUHVIUHFXHQWHPHQWHXQDIRUPDPX\HIHFWLYDGHDIURQWDUORV
SUREOHPDV
/RVDXWRUHVDPSOLDURQHOSULPHUFXHVWLRQDULRFRQRWURVLWXDFLRQDOGHUHVSXHVWDVGHKXPRU0DUWtQ\
/HIFRXUWHQODTXHVHWUDWDEDGHREVHUYDUODIUHFXHQFLDFRQODTXHFDGDSHUVRQDVHUtHRVRQUtH\VH
GLYLHUWH HQ GLVWLQWDV VLWXDFLRQHV GH OD YLGD GLDULD (V XQ LQVWUXPHQWR TXH PLGH ODV UHVSXHVWDV GH ULVD R
VRQULVDDQWHVLWXDFLRQHVKLSRWpWLFDVTXHVHSXHGHQGDU\HQODVTXHVHSLGHDOVXMHWRUHFRUGDUFXiOVHUtDVX
UHVSXHVWDHQGLFKDVLWXDFLyQ
(QODVLQVWUXFFLRQHVGHOFXHVWLRQDULRORVDXWRUHVH[SOLFDEDQ ³$TXtHQFRQWUDUiGHVFULSFLRQHVGHFLHUWR
Q~PHURGHVLWXDFLRQHVHQODVTXHSXHGHVKDEHUWHHQFRQWUDGRGHWLHPSRHQWLHPSR3DUDFDGDFXHVWLyQSRU

IDYRU GHEHV WRPDUWH XQ PRPHQWR SDUD UHFRUGDU FRPR WH HQFRQWUDEDV HQ GLFKD VLWXDFLyQ 6L QR SXHGHV
UHFRUGDU OD H[SHULHQFLD WUDWD GH ,0$*,1$57( D WL PLVPR HQ GLFKD VLWXDFLyQ UHOOHQDQGR ORV GHWDOOHV TXH
SXHGDQKDFHUWX\DHVDH[SHULHQFLD´ (QODKRMDGHUHVSXHVWDVVHUHVSRQGHURGHDQGRFRQXQFLUFXORDTXHOOD
UHVSXHVWD TXH FRUUHVSRQGD D OD TXH PHMRU GHVFULEH OD IRUPD GH UHVSRQGHU HQ GLFKD VLWXDFLyQ $OJXQRV
HMHPSORVGHORVLWHPVGHOFXHVWLRQDULR
6L WH HQFXHQWUDV GH FRPSUDV HQ XQD FLXGDG OHMDQD D OD WX\D H LQHVSHUDGDPHQWH YHV D XQ
FRQRFLGRDGHOFROHJLRRGHOWUDEDMR¢FyPRKDEUtDVUHVSRQGLGRRUHVSRQGHUtDV"
D 3UREDEOHPHQWHQRPHPROHVWDUtDKDEODUOHDHVDSHUVRQD
E 3UREDEOHPHQWHOHKDEODUtDSHURVLQGHPRVWUDUOHH[FHVLYRKXPRU
F (QFRQWUDUtDIiFLOPHQWHDOJRGLYHUWLGRVREUHORTXHHQWDEODUFRQYHUVDFLyQFRQHOOD
G (QFRQWUDUtDDOJRGHORTXHUHtUPHFRQHOOD
H 3UREDEOHPHQWHPHUHLUtDDJXVWRFRQHOOD
6LXQWHOHIRQD]RWHGHVSLHUWDDPHGLDQRFKHFXDQGRHVWiVHQXQVXHxRSURIXQGR\UHVXOWDTXHHV
XQ YLHMR DPLJR TXH HVD QRFKH SDVDED SRU WX FLXGDG \ KDEtD GHFLGLGR OODPDUWH SDUD GHFLUWH
£KROD
D 1RPHUHVXOWDUtDODOODPDGDHVSHFLDOPHQWHGLYHUWLGD
E 0HKDEUtDUHVXOWDGRDOJRGLYHUWLGDSHURVLQOOHJDUDUHtUPH
F +DEUtDVLGRFDSD]GHUHtUPHGHDOJRVLPSiWLFRTXHGLMHUDPLDPLJR
G +DEUtDVLGRFDSD]GHUHtUPH\GHGHFLUOHDOJRGLYHUWLGRDPLDPLJR
H 0HKDEUtDUHtGRDFDUFDMDGDVODPD\RUSDUWHGHOWLHPSR
7HKDVKHULGRDFFLGHQWDOPHQWH\HVRWHREOLJDDHVWDUXQRVGtDVHQFDPD'XUDQWHHVWHWLHPSR
HQODFDPD¢FyPRUHVSRQGHUtDV"
D 1RORHQFRQWUDUtDHVSHFLDOPHQWHGLYHUWLGR
E 6RQUHLUtDRFDVLRQDOPHQWH
F 6RQUHLUtDEDVWDQWH\PHUHLUtDGHYH]HQFXDQGR
G (QFRQWUDUtDEDVWDQWHVFRVDVGHODVTXHUHtUPH
H 0HUHLUtDDFDUFDMDGDVODPD\RUSDUWHGHOWLHPSR
&XDQGR WH HQFXHQWUDV KDFLHQGR XQD DFWLYLGDG ItVLFD GH FLHUWD GXUDFLyQ SRU HMHPSOR QDGDU
HVTXLDUELFLFOHWDGHPRQWDxDHWF\W~\WXVDPLJRVRVHQFRQWUiLVFRPSOHWDPHQWHDJRWDGRV
D 1RORHQFRQWUDUtDHVSHFLDOPHQWHGLYHUWLGR

E /RHQFRQWUDUtDGLYHUWLGRSHURQRORPRVWUDUtDH[WHULRUPHQWH
F 6RQUHLUtD
G 0HUHLUtD
H 0HUHLUtDDIRQGR
(ODQiOLVLVGHOFXHVWLRQDULROOHYDDLQWHUSUHWDUTXHHOKXPRU\ODULVDWLHQHQVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGLIHUHQWHV
SDUDGLVWLQWDVSHUVRQDV\FDGDXQRWLHQHVXSURSLDFRQFHSFLyQGHFXiOHVVLWXDFLRQHVVRQGLYHUWLGDVRQR\D
TXH HO FXHVWLRQDULR GHVFULEH FLHUWRV FRQWH[WRV SDUD TXH OD SHUVRQD UHFXHUGH FRPR VH HQFRQWUDED HQ GLFKR
HVWDGRRVLQRORSXHGHUHFRUGDUTXHWUDWHGHLPDJLQDUODVLWXDFLyQ\UHOOHQHORVGHWDOOHVGHODH[SHULHQFLD
$PERVLQVWUXPHQWRVSXQW~DQHQXQIRUPDWRGHHVFDODOLNHUW(ODOIDGH&URQEDFKSDUDFDGDXQDGH
HVWDVHVFDODVIXHGH\UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH0DUWtQ\/HIFRXUWHQFRQWUDURQXQDVFRUUHODFLRQHVEDMDVU
HQWUHVXHVFDOD\ODKDELOLGDGSDUDFUHDURJHQHUDUKXPRUXWLOL]DGDHQODVSHUVRQDVTXHWUDEDMDQHQ
PRQyORJRVGHKXPRU
/DVHVFDODVGHVFULWDVSDUDYDORUDUHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUVRQPiVELHQXQLGLPHQVLRQDOHV\VREUHWRGR
GHJUDQYROXPHQSDUDSRGHUFKHTXHDUJUDQGHVPXHVWUDV$OJXQDVFRPRHOFXHVWLRQDULRGH0DUWtQ\/HIFRXUW
VRQLQVWUXPHQWRVGLVHxDGRVSDUDYDORUDUPiVODUHVSXHVWDFRQGXFWXDOGHODULVDTXHHOSURSLRVHQWLGR
GHO KXPRU HV GHFLU SDUHFHQ PHGLU VROR OD SUREDELOLGDG GH UHtU TXH QR FUHHPRV TXH VHD HTXLYDOHQWH DO
VHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
(QHOIXWXURVHUtDLQWHUHVDQWH\UHODWLYDPHQWHIiFLOFRPELQDUODVHVFDODVH[LVWHQWHVHQXQHVWXGLRTXH
VHDJHQHUDOHLQWHQFLRQDOSDUDKDFHUFRPSDUDFLRQHVHVWDGtVWLFDVHQWUHPHGLGDV
&XDQGRVHSODQWHyODDGDSWDFLyQGHOFXHVWLRQDULRVHWXYRSUHVHQWHTXHGHEtDFXPSOLUODVUHJODVGH
XQFXHVWLRQDULRHVWDGtVWLFRHVGHFLUVHUXQDHVFDODEUHYHIiFLOGHXWLOL]DUFRQJUDQGHVPXHVWUDVHVWXGLDQWHV
\FROHFWLYRVGLYHUVRVIiFLOGHSXQWXDU\TXHLQFOX\HUDSXQWRVFHQWUDOHV\FRQVHQVXDGRVSDUDHOFRQFHSWRR
FULWHULRGHVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUTXHVHKDHVER]DGRHQODIXQGDPHQWDFLyQWHyULFD3RUHMHPSORODSURGXFFLyQ
GHO KXPRU R HO KHFKR GH VHU GLYHUWLGR OD FUHDFLyQ VHU RFXUUHQWH LGHQWLILFDU HO KXPRU FRQ VLWXDFLRQHV
VRFLDOHV FRQWDU KLVWRULDV DQpFGRWDV R FKLVWHV TXH GLYLHUWDQ OD FDSDFLGDG GH VHU MXJXHWyQ WHQHU EXHQ
FDUiFWHU UHODMDU VLWXDFLRQHV GH WHQVLyQ FRQ DOJ~Q FRPHQWDULR MRFRVR UHFRQRFHU D ODV SHUVRQDV FRQ EXHQ
KXPRURDGDSWDUVHFRQKXPRUDSUREOHPDV\DEVXUGRVGHODYLGD
3RUHOOR\DXQTXHQRLQWHUILHUDHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDIXWXUDHVFDODRULJLQDOFXDQGRHQODUHYLVLyQ
ELEOLRJUiILFDVHHQFRQWUDURQUHIHUHQFLDVDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO+XPRU6HQVH6FDOH06+6\ODGHVFULSFLyQGHO
PRGHORGHFXDWURGLPHQVLRQHVDOTXHVHDMXVWDEDTXHH[SOLFDEDDPSOLDPHQWHORTXHHVWiEDPRVEXVFDQGR
VHOOHYyDFDERHOFRQWDFWRFRQHODXWRU\HOLQWHUFDPELRGHFRQRFLPLHQWRV\ODVVXFHVLYDVFRQVXOWDVDGHPiV
GHD\XGDUQRVDSURIXQGL]DUHQHOWHPDKDVXSXHVWRXQDEXHQDDPLVWDG

4.4 La escala multidimensional del sentido del humor (MSHS)
/DHVFDODPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU³0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO6HQVHRI+XPRU6FDOH´06+6
TXHVHUiGHVFULWDHQHOFDSLWXORDSDUWDGRPpWRGR\YDULDEOHVIXHGHVDUUROODGDHQXQLQWHQWRGHYDORUDUHO
VHQWLGRGHOKXPRUGHVGHYDULRVSXQWRVGHYLVWDGHVFULWRVHQHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRUUHIHULGRDODVGLPHQVLRQHV
GHOKXPRU(OKXPRUGHFDGDSHUVRQDYHQGUtDGHWHUPLQDGRSRUODVSXQWXDFLRQHVDOFDQ]DGDVHQFDGDXQRGH
ORVHOHPHQWRV\SRUODVXPDWRWDOGHHOORV
7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO E DSOLFDURQ OD HVFDOD HQ XQD SULPHUD IDVH GHO HVWXGLR D SDUWLFLSDQWHV
YROXQWDULRVHVWXGLDQWHVXQLYHUVLWDULRV\PLHPEURVGHXQFOXEVRFLDOFRQHGDGHVFRPSUHQGLGDVHQWUH\
DxRVGHORVTXHHUDQPXMHUHV\HUDQKRPEUHVFRQXQDPHGLDGHHGDGGHDxRVGHVYLDFLyQ
WtSLFD'7
/DHVFDOD06+6KDVLGRHPSOHDGDHQHODQiOLVLVGHUHODFLRQHVHQWUHHOKXPRU\RWURVUDVJRVGHOD
SHUVRQDOLGDG+DPSHV+DPSHV+XPNH\6FKDHIHU7KRUVRQ\3RZHOOF7KRUVRQ\
3RZHOO 7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO 7KRUVRQ 3RZHOO 6DUPDQ\6KXOOHU \ +DPSHV \ WDPELpQ HQ
FRPSDUDFLRQHV WUDQVFXOWXUDOHV 7KRUVRQ %UGDU \ 3RZHOO \ ORV HVWXGLRV IDFWRULDOHV KDQ UHSURGXFLGR
XQDHVWUXFWXUDIDFWRULDOVLPLODUDODRULJLQDODXQTXHFRQGLIHUHQFLDVHQHOFRQVWUXFWR
4.5 Conclusiones
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD ODV DSRUWDFLRQHV GH DXWRUHV TXH KDQ LPSXOVDGR GHILQLFLRQHV ORV SULQFLSDOHV
GHWHUPLQDQWHV TXH HQWHQGHPRV SRVHH HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU VRQ HO DIHFWLYR HV GHFLU TXH HVWDU GH EXHQ
KXPRUSHUPLWHVHQWLUVHGHIRUPDPiVVDWLVIDFWRULDRFRQPD\RUELHQHVWDUHO FRJQLWLYR RLQWHUSUHWDWLYRROD
FDSDFLGDGGHSHUFLELU\GLVIUXWDUGHORFyPLFRRGLYHUWLGRLQFOXVRODKDELOLGDGSDUDLQWHUSUHWDUORTXHVXFHGH
GHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDMRFRVD\ILQDOPHQWHHOGHWHUPLQDQWH FRQGXFWXDO RFRPSRUWDPHQWDOTXHHVORTXHVH
HQWLHQGHSRUSHUVRQDVJUDFLRVDV\VLPSiWLFDVFDSDFHVGHKDFHUUHtUGLVIUD]DUVHRVHUPiVMXJXHWRQDV3RU
WDQWRSRGUtDKDEODUVHHQWpUPLQRVSVLFROyJLFRVGHGLPHQVLyQFRJQLWLYDDIHFWLYD\FRPSRUWDPHQWDOFDUiFWHU
PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO TXH HVWi UHODFLRQDGR FRQ RWURV DVSHFWRV GH OD SHUVRQD /D LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GHO VHQWLGR GHO
KXPRUORKDLQWHJUDGRHQXQFRQMXQWRGHHVWUDWHJLDVKDELOLGDGHV\DXWRPDWLVPRVTXHD\XGDQDODSHUVRQDD
GLVIUXWDUGHODYLGDDPDQWHQHUXQHVStULWXDOHJUH\DSHQVDUHQSRVLWLYR
1RVRWURV SHQVDPRV TXH HO KXPRU HV XQ HTXLOLEULR GLQiPLFR HQWUH OR TXH VXFHGH \ OD IRUPD GH
LQWHUSUHWDUORHLQFOX\HODSHUFHSFLyQGHODVLWXDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHOVXMHWRODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORSHUFLELGR\
XQDUHVSXHVWDHQHVWHFDVRGLYHUWLGDTXHFDSDFLWDDODSHUVRQDSDUDVHUPiVKiELOHQDGDSWDUVHDORTXHOH
VXFHGH SHUR GH PDQHUD VLPSiWLFD \ DOHJUH (O KXPRU VH SXHGH LQWHJUDU HQ XQ FRQMXQWR GH HVWUDWHJLDV
KDELOLGDGHV\DXWRPDWLVPRVTXHD\XGDQDODSHUVRQDDGLVIUXWDUGHODYLGDDPDQWHQHUXQHVStULWXDOHJUH\D
SHQVDU HQ SRVLWLYR WUDQVPLWLHQGR FRQILDQ]D DIHFWR \ DFHUFDPLHQWR FRQVLGHUDQGR HO PLVPR FRPR XQD
DFWLWXGYLWDOTXHHQULTXHFHODVYLYHQFLDVSHUVRQDOHVWUDQVPLWLpQGRVHDORVGHPiV

/D PHGLGD GHO KXPRU HV XQD GH ODV SDUWHV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD FRPSUHQGHU HVWH FRQFHSWR \
DXQTXHKDVLGRROYLGDGDGHQWURGHODHYDOXDFLyQHQODSVLFRVRFLRORJtD\ORVLQWHQWRVKDQVXIULGRSUREOHPDV
PHWRGROyJLFRVODUHDOLGDGDFWXDOHVTXHORVWUDEDMRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQIOX\HQHQQRWDEOHDXPHQWR$XQTXHHQ
OD DFWXDOLGDG WRGDYtD H[LVWHQ SRFDV HVFDODV SDUD PHGLU HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU \ VRQ PiV ELHQ
XQLGLPHQVLRQDOHVRLQVWUXPHQWRVGLVHxDGRVSDUDYDORUDUPiVODUHVSXHVWDFRQGXFWXDOGHODULVDTXHHOSURSLR
VHQWLGRGHOKXPRUQRVILMDUHPRVHQXQDHVFDODTXHQRVSDUHFHHVSHFLDOPHQWHLQWHUHVDQWHDSULRULSRUVXV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SVLFRPpWULFDV SRU OD GHVFULSFLyQ PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO TXH GHVDUUROODURQ ORV DXWRUHV SRU VX
VHQFLOOH]\SRUHOLQWHUpVTXHKDVXVFLWDGRHQHVWXGLRVWUDQVFXOWXUDOHV

2ª Parte:
Investigación

Capítulo 5. Objetivos e hipótesis

$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDQORVREMHWLYRVWDQWRJHQHUDOFRPRHVSHFtILFRVGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
5.1 Objetivo general
GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO HV XQ LQVWUXPHQWR YiOLGR \ ILDEOH TXH SHUPLWD OD
PHGLGDGHHVWDFDSDFLGDGKXPDQD%XVFDPRVFRQWULEXLUDOGLVHxRGHLQVWUXPHQWRVTXHD\XGHQDYHULILFDUOD
HILFDFLDGHSURJUDPDVGHLQWHUYHQFLyQVREUHHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU
5.2 Objetivos específicos
(OREMHWLYRJHQHUDODQWHULRUPHQWHH[SXHVWRVHGHVJORVDHQORVVLJXLHQWHVREMHWLYRVGHFDUiFWHUPiV
HVSHFtILFR
7UDGXFLU\DGDSWDUXQLQVWUXPHQWREDVHOD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+6
7KRUVRQ\3RZHOOTXHVLUYDGHUHIHUHQFLDSDUDPHGLUHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
(VWXGLDU ODV VHPHMDQ]DV \ GLIHUHQFLDV TXH VH REWLHQHQ WUDV OD DSOLFDFLyQ GHO FXHVWLRQDULR HQ OD
SREODFLyQREMHWRGHpVWDPXHVWUD\ODSREODFLyQRULJLQDO
$QDOL]DU OD GLPHQVLRQDOLGDG GHO LQVWUXPHQWR GH PHGLGD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GH
+XPRU7KRUVRQ\3RZHOODWUDYpVGHORVIDFWRUHVREWHQLGRVDSDUWLUGHODPXHVWUDREMHWR
GHHVWXGLR
9HULILFDUODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHODVYDULDEOHV6HQWLGRGHO+XPRUXWLOL]DQGROD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO
GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO \ HO (VWUpV 3URIHVLRQDO R 6tQGURPH GH
%XUQRXWFRQOD(VFDOD0%,0DVODFK\-DFNVRQSDUDGHWHUPLQDUVXYDOLGH]
([SORUDUODUHODFLyQHQWUHODYDULDEOH6HQWLGRGHO+XPRUPHGLGDFRQODHVFDOD06+67KRUVRQ\
3RZHOO\RWUDVYDULDEOHVVRFLRGHPRJUiILFDVFRPRODHGDG\HOJHQHURHQODPXHVWUD


5.3 Hipótesis
(QUHODFLyQDORVREMHWLYRVH[SXHVWRVVHSODQWHDQODVVLJXLHQWHVKLSyWHVLV
1RVHHVSHUDQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVHQWUHODSREODFLyQREMHWRGHHVWHHVWXGLR\ODSREODFLyQ
DPHULFDQD HQ HO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU PHGLGR FRQ OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO
+XPRU06+67KRUVRQ\3RZHOO
/DHVWUXFWXUDIDFWRULDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRUHQODSREODFLyQREMHWRGHHVWXGLRVHHVWUXFWXUDUiHQ
WRUQRDFXDWURGLPHQVLRQHVFRPRHQOD(VFDODRULJLQDO
(O 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU PHGLGR FRQ OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6
7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO FRUUHODFLRQDUi QHJDWLYD \ VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH FRQ OD YDULDEOH (VWUpV
3URIHVLRQDO R 6tQGURPH GH %XUQRXW PHGLGR FRQ OD HVFDOD 0DVODFK %XUQRXW ,QYHQWRU\ 0%,
0DVODFK\-DFNVRQ
1R VH HVSHUDQ GLIHUHQFLDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV HQ HVWD PXHVWUD HQ OD YDULDEOH 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU HQ
FXDQWRDYDULDEOHVVRFLRGHPRJUiILFDVFRPRHGDG\JpQHUR

Capítulo 6. Método

6.1 Muestra
(QIXQFLyQGHOREMHWLYRGHWUDGXFFLyQ\DGDSWDFLyQGHOFXHVWLRQDULRVHSUHVHQWDXQDPXHVWUDGH
SHUVRQDVHQWRWDOSDUDODDGDSWDFLyQGHOFXHVWLRQDULRSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDORViPELWRVHGXFDWLYR\VDQLWDULR(Q
FXDQWRDOREMHWLYRGHYDOLGDUHOFXHVWLRQDULRVHH[WUDHQVXMHWRVGHODPXHVWUDWRWDOSURIHVLRQDOHVGHOD
VDOXG ORV PiV H[SXHVWRV DO HVWUpV SURIHVLRQDO TXH GHVDUUROODQ VX DFWLYLGDG HQ XQ +RVSLWDO JHQHUDO GH OD
&RPXQLGDGGH0DGULG
Selección y distribución de la muestra
/D VHOHFFLyQ SDUD OOHYDU D FDER HO HVWXGLR VH UHDOL]y PHGLDQWH XQD PXHVWUD GH FRQYHQLHQFLD
HQWUHYLVWDQGRDORVVXMHWRVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQHOiUHDHGXFDWLYD\VDQLWDULDDGVFULWDDOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OFDOi
/DVSHUVRQDVIXHURQHQWUHYLVWDGDVHQOD&RPXQLGDGGH0DGULG&DPSXV8QLYHUVLWDULRGH$OFDOiGH+HQDUHV
GH ORV TXH SDUWLFLSDURQ DOXPQRV GH OD (VFXHOD GH (QIHUPHUtD \ )LVLRWHUDSLD DOXPQRV GH OD )DFXOWDG GH
&LHQFLDV$PELHQWDOHVSURIHVRUHVGHHGXFDFLyQSULPDULD\VHFXQGDULDGHXQ&HQWURHGXFDWLYR3~EOLFRGH/DV
5R]DVGLVWLQWRVSURIHVLRQDOHVGHO+RVSLWDO*HQHUDO8QLYHUVLWDULR3UtQFLSHGH$VWXULDV\GHO+RVSLWDO5DPyQ\
&DMDODPDVGHFDVDYROXQWDULRV GHXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQVLQiQLPR GHOXFURTXHSUHVWDEDQVXVVHUYLFLRVHQOD
DWHQFLyQ GH SHUVRQDV PD\RUHV \ VLQ UHFXUVRV HFRQyPLFRV \ SHUVRQDV FRQ RWUDV SURIHVLRQHV \ MXELODGRV
HPSUHVDULRVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVDX[LOLDUHV
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDOD7DEODFRQODGLVWULEXFLyQGHOSHUILOSURIHVLRQDOGHODPXHVWUD

7DEOD'LVWULEXFLyQGHODPXHVWUDHQIXQFLyQGHOSHUILO
&RPR SXHGH DSUHFLDUVH GH ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV HO HUDQ HVWXGLDQWHV GH HQIHUPHUtD
ILVLRWHUDSLD \ FLHQFLDV DPELHQWDOHV HO HUDQ SURIHVRUHV GH HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD \ VHFXQGDULD HO
SURIHVRUHV GH XQLYHUVLGDG SURIHVLRQDOHV GH OD VDOXG PpGLFRV HQIHUPHUDV
SVLFyORJRVILVLRWHUDSHXWDV\WHUDSHXWDVRFXSDFLRQDOHVHODPDVGHFDVDYROXQWDULRVGH
XQD RUJDQL]DFLyQ VLQ DQLPR GH OXFUR \ SHUVRQDV FRQ GLYHUVDV SURIHVLRQHV \ MXELODGRV
HPSUHVDULRV DGPLQLVWUDWLYRV DX[LOLDUHV 6H SXHGH FRQVLGHUDU XQ QLYHO VRFLRFXOWXUDO PHGLR \ OD WDVD GH
UHVSXHVWDIXHDOWD\SUiFWLFDPHQWHQRVHHQFRQWUyQLQJXQDQHJDWLYDSDUDFRODERUDUHQHOHVWXGLR
7DEOD'LVWULEXFLyQGHODPXHVWUDHQIXQFLyQGHOJpQHUR
&RPR SXHGH DSUHFLDUVH HQ OD GHO WRWDO GH SHUVRQDV HUDQ PXMHUHV \
KRPEUHVFRQHGDGHVFRPSUHQGLGDVHQWUHORV\DxRVPHGLD '7

Método
7DEOD'LVWULEXFLyQGHODPXHVWUDHQIXQFLyQGHODHGDG
&RPR SXHGH REVHUYDUVH HQ OD 7DEOD VH KD UHDOL]DGR XQ FRUWH HQ WUHV EORTXHV SDUD SRGHU
HVWXGLDU GLIHUHQFLDV HQ OD YDULDEOH HGDG &RPR VH DSUHFLD HO JUXSR FRQ PHQRU Q~PHUR GH VXMHWRV HV HO
WHUFHUR ORV PD\RUHV GH DxRV TXH FRUUHVSRQGH DO SHUVRQDV \ HO PiV QXPHURVR HO GH ORV
PHQRUHVGHDxRVFRQHOSHUVRQDVVLHQGRHOJUXSRGHDDxRVHOFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDO
\DTXHHOHVWXGLRVHUHDOL]yHQHOiPELWRXQLYHUVLWDULR\KRVSLWDODULR
&RPRVHKDVHxDODGRDQWHULRUPHQWHDSDUWLUGHODPXHVWUDWRWDOVHH[WUDMRXQDVXEPXHVWUDGH
SURIHVLRQDOHVGHODVDOXGORVPiVH[SXHVWRVDOHVWUpVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDOÈUHDGH6DOXG\TXHGHVDUUROODEDQ
VXDFWLYLGDGHQHO+RVSLWDO5DPyQ\&DMDO\TXHFRLQFLGLHURQHQHOWXUQR\VHUYLFLRHQHOSXQWRGHFRUWHSDUD
HVWHHVWXGLRGHYDOLGH]GHOFXHVWLRQDULR
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHLQFOX\HODFRQODGLVWULEXFLyQSRUHVWDPHQWRVGHODPXHVWUDGHSURIHVLRQDOHVGHOD
VDOXG
7DEOD'LVWULEXFLyQSRUHVWDPHQWRVHQSURIHVLRQDOHVGHODVDOXG

&RPR SXHGH DGYHUWLU HQ OD GH ORV VXMHWRV HO HUDQ VXSHUYLVRUDV
HQIHUPHUDVPpGLFRVDX[LOLDUHVGHHQIHUPHUtD\HVWXGLDQWHVGHWHUFHUFXUVRGH
HQIHUPHUtDTXHUHDOL]DEDQSUiFWLFDVFOtQLFDV
'H OD PXHVWUD HUDQ PXMHUHV \ KRPEUHV /D HGDG PHGLD IXH GH DxRV
'7
6.2 Instrumentos y variables
(Q pVWH HVWXGLR VH KDQ HPSOHDGR SULQFLSDOPHQWH GRV LQVWUXPHQWRV /D (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO
6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+67KRUVRQ\3RZHOOHO,QYHQWDULRSDUDPHGLUHO%XUQRXWR(VWUpV3URIHVLRQDO
GH0DVODFK0%,0DVODFK\-DFNVRQ$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHGHVFULEHQORVGRVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHPHGLGDGHO
6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+6\GHPHGLGDGHO(VWUpV3URIHVLRQDOR6tQGURPHGH%XUQRXW0%,XWLOL]DGRVSDUD
PHGLUODVYDULDEOHVREMHWRGHHVWXGLR
Escala Multidimensional del Sentido del Humor
/D (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO +XPRU 6HQVH (VFDOH 06+6
FRQWLHQHtWHPV$QH[RGHORVFXDOHVHVWiQUHGDFWDGRVSRVLWLYDPHQWH
\QHJDWLYDPHQWHSDUDUHGXFLUHOVHVJRGHUHVSXHVWDV
ILMDV /RV tWHPV SRVLWLYRV VH FDOLILFDQ FRQ XQD HVFDOD WLSR OLNHUW GH FLQFR SXQWRV TXH YD GH PX\ HQ
GHVDFXHUGR D PX\ GH DFXHUGR /RV tWHPV QHJDWLYRV DO UHYpV PX\ HQ GHVDFXHUGR D PX\ GH
DFXHUGR/DPHQRUSXQWXDFLyQHVFHUR\ODPD\RU$QH[R
7KRUVRQ\3RZHOODDSOLFDURQODHVFDODHQXQDSULPHUDIDVHGHOHVWXGLRDSDUWLFLSDQWHVFRQ

HGDGHVFRPSUHQGLGDVHQWUH\DxRVGHORVTXHHUDQPXMHUHV\HUDQKRPEUHVFRQXQDPHGLD
GH HGDG GH DxRV /D ILDEOLGDG GHO LQVWUXPHQWR IXH PHGLGD FRQ HO DOID GH &URQEDFK FX\D SXQWXDFLyQ
REWHQLGDIXHGH
/RVUHVXOWDGRVGHOHVWXGLR LQFOX\HURQXQSULPHUIDFWRUFRQQXHYHLWHPVJHQHUDFLyQGHOKXPRU8Q
VHJXQGRIDFWRUFRQFLQFRtWHPVDFWLWXGHVDQWHHOKXPRUXQWHUFHUIDFWRUGHDIURQWDPLHQWRGHOKXPRUFRQ
VHLVtWHPV\XQFXDUWRIDFWRUFRQGRVtWHPVTXHLQFOX\HGLVIUXWDUGHODYLGD3RVWHULRUPHQWHOOHYDURQDFDER
YDULDVURQGDVFRQQ~PHURVVLPLODUHVGHVXMHWRVLQGLYLGXDVGHORVTXHHUDQPXMHUHV\KRPEUHV
FRQHGDGPHGLDGHDxRV\RWURFRQVXMHWRVGHORVTXHHUDQPXMHUHV\KRPEUHVFRQHGDG
PHGLDDxRV
(OFRHILFLHQWHDOIDREWHQLGRSDUDODILDELOLGDGGHOFXHVWLRQDULRIXHGH3DUWLHURQLQLFLDOPHQWHGH
XQUHSHUWRULRGHtWHPVTXHGHSXUDURQKDVWDGHMDUHQSDUDILQDOPHQWHUHGDFWDUXQFXHVWLRQDULRFRQ
tWHPVTXHKDQGHVDUUROODGRFRQFXDWURIDFWRUHVHQXQFRQVWUXFWRPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOSDUDUHVSRQGHUDOXVRGH

Método
LQVWUXPHQWRV LQDSURSLDGRV KDVWD OD IHFKD DFHUFD GH OD PHGLGD GHO KXPRU GHVDUUROODGR SDUD FXOWXUD
DPHULFDQD /D HVFDOD VLHPSUH OD KDQ SUHVHQWDGR VXVFHSWLEOH GH IXWXURV WUDEDMRV TXH DSUR[LPHQ OD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQDODVDSOLFDFLRQHVFOtQLFDV
3RVWHULRUPHQWH7KRUVRQ\3RZHOOEUHFRJLHURQUHVSXHVWDVDOD06+6HQXQDPXHVWUDGH

SHUVRQDVGHOHVWDGRGH1HEUDVNDHQ((88FX\DVHGDGHVYDULDURQHQWUH\DxRVPHGLDDxRV
/DVSXQWXDFLRQHVRVFLODURQHQWUH\SXQWRVFRQXQYDORUPHGLRGH'6 \XQDPHGLDQDGH
SXQWRVHOFRHILFLHQWHDOIDSDUDHVWDPXHVWUDIXHGHFRQXQGHYDULDQ]DH[SOLFDGDSDUDORV
FXDWURIDFWRUHVREWHQLGRV1RVHREVHUYDURQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVSRUHGDGQLJpQHUR
/D HVFDOD KD VLGR XWLOL]DGD HQ FRPSDUDFLRQHV WUDQVFXOWXUDOHV FRPR SRU HMHPSOR HO HVWXGLR GH
7KRUVRQ%UGDU\3RZHOOOOHYDGRDFDERFRQHVWXGLDQWHVXQLYHUVLWDULRVFURDWDVGHVSXpVGHKDEHU
UHDOL]DGR XQD DGDSWDFLyQ WUDQVFXOWXUDO H[SORUD ODV GLIHUHQFLDV FXOWXUDOHV HQ HO XVR GHO KXPRU DQWHV GH
HVWDOODUODJXHUUD(ODOIDGH&URQEDFKDOFDQ]y\QRVHHQFRQWUDURQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVSDUDHOVH[R
\ODHGDGHQODPXHVWUD 6LQHPEDUJRODVSXQWXDFLRQHVLQIHULRUHVHQ ODHVFDODVHVLWXDEDQHQSXQWRV
PLHQWUDV TXH HQ OD PXHVWUD DPHULFDQD SXQWXDEDQ D SDUWLU GH SXQWRV DPEDV PXHVWUDV VREUH XQD
SXQWXDFLyQPi[LPDDOFDQ]DGDGHSXQWRV/DVGLIHUHQFLDVHQODVSXQWXDFLRQHVPHGLDVHQODHVFDODIXHURQ
VLJQLILFDWLYDVIUHQWHDFRQW S
/DSULQFLSDOGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHOD PXHVWUDDPHULFDQD\ODFURDWD VHHQFRQWUDEDSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQORV

tWHPV TXH DXWRGHVFULEtDQ JHQHUDFLyQ GH KXPRU /RV GRV tWHPV HQ ORV TXH ORV FURDWDV SXQWXDURQ
VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH PiV DOWR HUDQ ORV TXH FRQFHUQtDQ D ODV DFWLWXGHV IUHQWH D ORV FyPLFV \ ODV VLWXDFLRQHV
FyPLFDV
(VWH HVWXGLR VH OOHYR D FDER HQ GRV PHVHV DQWHV GH TXH =DJUHE IXHUD ERPEDUGHDGD \ OD
VLWXDFLyQSROtWLFDVHWRUQDUDH[WUHPDGDPHQWHWHQVD
Escala Maslach Burnout Inventory
(OWpUPLQRLQJOpV %XUQRXWHVWDUTXHPDGRDOXGHDODGLVIXQFLyQGHORVSURIHVLRQDOHVGHLQVWLWXFLRQHV

GHVHUYLFLRVVRFLDOHVVDQLWDULRV\HGXFDWLYRVTXHVHYHQIRU]DGRVGXUDQWHKRUDVDLPSOLFDUVHHQSUREOHPDV\
SUHRFXSDFLRQHVGHODV SHUVRQDV FRQODVTXHVHUHODFLRQDQSURIHVLRQDOPHQWH/DLQWHUDFFLyQGHOSURIHVLRQDO
FRQ HO VXMHWR VH FHQWUD HQ SUREOHPDV GH VDOXG KLJLHQH PHQWDO UHODFLRQHV HWF TXH HVWiQ FDUJDGRV GH
GLYHUVRVVHQWLPLHQWRVFRPRODSUHRFXSDFLyQHOPLHGRUHFKD]RRGLRGHVHVSHUDFLyQ\HQODVTXHODVROXFLyQ
QR HV IiFLO QL DOFDQ]DEOH (O SURIHVLRQDO YD DFXPXODQGR XQ HVWUpV FUyQLFR TXH OH FDQVD HPRFLRQDOPHQWH \
ILQDOPHQWH OH OOHYD D HVWDU DJRWDGR R TXHPDGR DVt TXH HO WHUPLQR %XUQRXW VLJQLILFD VtQGURPH GHO HVWUpV
ODERUDODVLVWHQFLDO
/DV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GHO EXUQRXW SXHGHQ VHU PX\ SHOLJURVDV SDUD HO SURIHVLRQDO \ WDPELpQ SDUD ODV
SHUVRQDVTXHUHFLEHQVXDWHQFLyQ\SDUDODLQVWLWXFLyQHQODTXHWUDEDMDQ

3DUD PHGLU HO %XUQRXW H[LVWH OD FRQWULEXFLyQ UHDOL]DGD SRU 0DVODFK \ -DFNVRQ GHQRPLQDGR
0DVODFK%XUQRXW,QYHQWRU\0%,6HWUDWDGHXQFXHVWLRQDULRDXWRDGPLQLVWUDGRFRQVWLWXLGRSRUtWHPVHQ
IRUPDGHDILUPDFLRQHVVREUHORVVHQWLPLHQWRV\DFWLWXGHVGHOSURIHVLRQDOHQVXWUDEDMR$QH[R
/RV HOHPHQWRV HVWiQ UHGDFWDGRV GH IRUPD GLUHFWD SDUD H[SUHVDU XQRV VHQWLPLHQWRV R DFWLWXGHV
SHUVRQDOHV\ODYHUVLyQILQDOSXQW~DVREUHXQDHVFDODOLNHUWGHSXQWRVTXHYDQGHVGHHO QXQFDKDVWDHO
WRGRVORVGtDV/DVVLJXLHQWHVSXQWXDFLRQHVVHFRUUHVSRQGHQFRQ SRFDVYHFHVDODxRRPHQRV
XQDYH]DOPHVRPHQRV XQDVSRFDVYHFHVDOPHV XQDYH]DODVHPDQD YDULDVYHFHVDOD
VHPDQD WRGRVORVGtDV
(QODVLJXLHQWHWDEODVHSUHVHQWDQODVVXEHVFDODVFRQORVtWHPVDVRFLDGRVDFDGDXQDGHHOODV
(VFDOD (OHPHQWRV 3'Pi[LPD

&(FDQVDQFLRHPRFLRQDO
'3GHVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ
53UHDOL]DFLyQSHUVRQDO
7DEOD&RPSRVLFLyQGHODVVXEHVFDODVGHO0%,LGHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVtWHPVGHODHVFDOD\SXQWXDFLyQPi[LPD
DOFDQ]DEOH
&RPR SXHGH REVHUYDUVH HQ OD WDEOD GH ORV tWHPV HQ WRWDO SHUWHQHFHQ D OD VXEHVFDOD &(
FDQVDQFLR HPRFLRQDO D OD VXEHVFDOD '3 GHVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ \ D OD VXEHVFDOD 53 UHDOL]DFLyQ SHUVRQDO
&RPRFDGDtWHPDOFDQ]DXQDSXQWXDFLyQHQODHVFDODOLNHUWGHSXQWRVODSXQWXDFLyQPi[LPDDOFDQ]DGDHQ
FDGD XQD GH ODV VXEHVFDODV HV OD UHVXOWDQWH GH PXOWLSOLFDU SRU FDGD XQR GH ORV tWHPV DVRFLDGRV D OD
VXEHVFDOD
(O LQVWUXPHQWR YDORUD ORV WUHV DVSHFWRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV GHO VtQGURPH %XUQRXW FDQVDQFLR HPRFLRQDO
TXH GHVFULEH OD IXHU]D R FDSLWDO HPRFLRQDO TXH VH YD FRQVXPLHQGR \ HO SURIHVLRQDO YH FRPR VH YDFtD VX
FDSDFLGDG GH HQWUHJD R ORV GHPiV WDQWR GHVGH XQ QLYHO SHUVRQDO FRPR SVLFROyJLFR GHVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ R
DSDULFLyQ GH VHQWLPLHQWRV \ DFWLWXGHV QHJDWLYDV DFHUFD GHO VXMHWR FRQ HO TXH WUDEDMD HVWH SURFHVR GH
HQGXUHFLPLHQWR R GHVKXPDQL]DFLyQ OOHYD D ORV SURIHVLRQDOHV D FRQVLGHUDU D HVDV SHUVRQDV PHUHFHGRUDV GH
VXVSUREOHPDV\HVWiUHODFLRQDGRFRQHODQWHULRU\UHDOL]DFLyQSHUVRQDOTXHEDMDVHJ~QDXPHQWDHOVtQGURPH
TXHLPSOLFDXQDWHQGHQFLDDHYDOXDUVHQHJDWLYDPHQWH\HOSURIHVLRQDOVHVLHQWHLQIHOL]\GHVFRQWHQWRFRQVLJR
PLVPR\FRQVXODERUHQHOWUDEDMR
/D FRQVLVWHQFLD LQWHUQD VHJ~Q HO FRHILFLHQWH DOID GH &URQEDFK REWXYR tQGLFHV GH HQ &DQVDQFLR
(PRFLRQDO&(HQ'HVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ'3\HQ5HDOL]DFLyQ3HUVRQDO53\HQPXHVWUDVHVSDxRODV
HQ&(HQ'3HQ53WRGRVHOORVtQGLFHVVLJQLILFDWLYRVDOQLYHOGHFRQILDQ]DGHO
/D SXQWXDFLyQ GH OD HVFDOD HV HO UHVXOWDGR GH VXPDU WRGRV ORV SXQWRV R JUDGRV GH IUHFXHQFLD
DQRWDGRV HQ ORV HOHPHQWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D FDGD XQD GH ODV VXEHVFDODV $OWDV SXQWXDFLRQHV HQ ODV GRV
SULPHUDVHVFDODV\EDMDVHQODWHUFHUDSHUPLWHQGLDJQRVWLFDUHOWUDVWRUQR

Método
/DVXEHVFDODGHFDQVDQFLRHPRFLRQDO&(FRQVWDGHQXHYHtWHPVTXHPLGHQHOFDQVDQFLRHPRFLRQDO

\OOHJDDDOFDQ]DUODSXQWXDFLyQPi[LPDGHSXQWRV
/DVXEHVFDODGHGHVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ'3HVWiIRUPDGDSRUFLQFRtWHPV\PLGHHO

JUDGRHQTXHSXHGHQUHFRQRFHUVHHQXQRPLVPRDFWLWXGHVGHIULDOGDG\GHGLVWDQFLDPLHQWRUHODFLRQDOSXHGH
DOFDQ]DUORVSXQWRV
/DVXEHVFDODGHUHDOL]DFLyQSHUVRQDO53VHFRPSRQHGHRFKRtWHPV

TXH HYDO~DQ ORV VHQWLPLHQWRV GH DXWRHILFDFLD \ GH UHDOL]DFLyQ SHUVRQDO HQ HO WUDEDMR FRQ XQD SXQWXDFLyQ
Pi[LPDGHSXQWRV
6.3 Procedimiento
(QHVWHDSDUWDGRVHGHVFULEHQODVIDVHVTXHVHKDQOOHYDGRDFDERSDUDUHDOL]DUHOHVWXGLR
Proceso de traducción del cuestionario
6H FRQWDFWy FRQ HO DXWRU GH OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 -DPHV $
7KRUVRQ TXH FRQILUPy TXH QR VH KDEtDQ UHDOL]DGR DGDSWDFLRQHV GH OD HVFDOD SDUD KLVSDQRKDEODQWHV DxR
3DUDODWUDGXFFLyQILQDOGHOFXHVWLRQDULRVHVLJXLyHOPpWRGRGHWUDGXFFLyQUHWURWUDGXFFLyQFRQSDQHO
GHSURIHVLRQDOHV\FRQODD\XGDGHGRVSHUVRQDVELOLQJHVOLFHQFLDGDVHQILORORJtDLQJOHVDSDUDGHWHUPLQDU
ODVSRVLEOHVPRGLILFDFLRQHVHLQFRUSRUDUODVDOFXHVWLRQDULRDSDUWLUGHODVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVGHDGDSWDFLyQGH
WHVWVSDUDVXDSOLFDFLyQHQGLIHUHQWHVLGLRPDV\FXOWXUDV+DPEOHWRQ\%ROOZDUN\WRPDQGRFRPRJXtD
RWUDVDGDSWDFLRQHVGHFXHVWLRQDULRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODVDOXG\ODFDOLGDGGHYLGD+HUGPDQ)R[5XVKE\\
%DGtD
$O LJXDO TXH HQ HO FXHVWLRQDULR RULJLQDO VH WUDEDMy FRQ tWHPV \ DXQTXH OD GLILFXOWDG HQ OD
WUDGXFFLyQ GH ORV tWHPV HQ JHQHUDO HUD EDMD OD SULPHUD WUDGXFFLyQ VHPiQWLFD WXYR GHVDFXHUGRV HQ
DILUPDFLRQHVTXHVHFRUULJLHURQHQODVWUDGXFFLRQHVSRVWHULRUHV
Prueba piloto
8QDYH]WUDGXFLGR\DGDSWDGRHOFXHVWLRQDULRVHOOHYyDFDERXQDSUXHEDSLORWRFRQORVVLJXLHQWHV
REMHWLYRVHQSULPHUOXJDUVLVHFRPSUHQGtDHOLQVWUXPHQWRHQVHJXQGROXJDUYHULILFDUHOWLHPSRHPSOHDGR
HQODFXPSOLPHQWDFLyQ\SRU~OWLPRSURSRUFLRQDUXQHQWUHQDPLHQWRHVSHFtILFRDORVHQWUHYLVWDGRUHV


Entrevistadores
/DDSOLFDFLyQGHOFXHVWLRQDULRIXHUHDOL]DGDSRUGRVFRODERUDGRUHVHQWUHQDGRVSDUDODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQ
GHODVSUXHEDV\HOLQYHVWLJDGRUSULQFLSDO$ORVFRODERUDGRUHVVHOHVIRUPyHQODDSOLFDFLyQGHOFXHVWLRQDULR
UHPDUFDQGR OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH TXH VLJXLHUDQ ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV /RV HQWUHYLVWDGRUHV UHDOL]DURQ XQD SUXHED
SUHYLDFRQVHLVFXHVWLRQDULRVDQWHVGHSDVDUHOLQVWUXPHQWRDORVVXMHWRVGHODPXHVWUD
6HHQWUHJyHOFXHVWLRQDULRDGLH]MXHFHVH[SHUWRVHQWHPDVYLQFXODGRVDOREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHHVWD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQSDUDHYDOXDUODFRPSUHQVLyQGHOLQVWUXPHQWR3RVWHULRUPHQWHVHWUDGXMRDOLQJOpVGHQXHYR\
VH UHDOL]y XQD VHJXQGD WUDGXFFLyQ VHPiQWLFD WUDWDQGR ORV GHVDFXHUGRV HQ HO FRQFHSWR \ WUDGXFFLyQ GH
SDODEUDV
/RV DFXHUGRV ILQDOHV VH FRPHQWDURQ FRQ HO DXWRU (O FXHVWLRQDULR QR WXYR GLILFXOWDGHV HQ VX
DSOLFDFLyQVLHQGRHOWLHPSRHPSOHDGRHQODFXPSOLPHQWDFLyQGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLQXWRV
Instrucciones para cumplimentación del cuestionario
/DVLQVWUXFFLRQHVTXHGHEtDQVHJXLUSDUDODUHDOL]DFLyQGHOWHVWVHLQFOXLDQSRUHVFULWRHQODSUXHED\
DGHPiV VH OHtDQ \ H[SOLFDEDQ DO LQLFLR GH OD DSOLFDFLyQ $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH LQFOX\HQ HVWDV LQVWUXFFLRQHV
³(VWDPRVUHDOL]DQGRXQFXHVWLRQDULRSDUDYDORUDUDFWLWXGHV\QHFHVLWDPRVVXFRODERUDFLyQ(OFXHVWLRQDULRHV
VHQFLOORDQyQLPR\VHWDUGDHQUHOOHQDUDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFXDWURPLQXWRV¢SXHGHFRODERUDUFRQQRVRWURV"
3RU IDYRU GHEH FRQWHVWDU D FDGD DILUPDFLyQ TXH VH KDFH HQ HO FXHVWLRQDULR GH PDQHUD UiSLGD \
PDUFDQGR VL HVWi 08< '( $&8(5'2 FRQ OD PLVPD '( $&8(5'2 OH HV ,1',)(5(17( HVWi (1
'(6$&8(5'2R08<(1 '(6$&8(5'2FRQFDGDXQDGHODVDILUPDFLRQHVGHOFXHVWLRQDULR3RQJDXQDVSD
HQFDGDUHVSXHVWD$GHPiVKDGHLQGLFDUSRUHVFULWRHQODSULPHUDKRMDVXHGDGVH[R\RFXSDFLyQ0XFKDV
JUDFLDVSRUVXFRODERUDFLyQ´
Estudio para la validez del instrumento
6HHOLJLHURQWUHVGtDVSDUDUHDOL]DUHOHVWXGLRTXHILQDOPHQWHVHDPSOLyDFLQFR'HOWRWDOGH6HUYLFLRV
GH +RVSLWDOL]DFLyQ VH OHV DVLJQy XQ Q~PHUR \ VH HOLJLHURQ DO D]DU ORV VHUYLFLRV D ORV TXH VH SDVDUtDQ ORV
FXHVWLRQDULRV SLGLHQGR OD FRODERUDFLyQ HQ HO HVWXGLR D ODV SHUVRQDV TXH HQ HVH PRPHQWR VH HQFRQWUDEDQ
UHDOL]DQGR VX WUDEDMR HQIHUPHUDV PpGLFRV HVWXGLDQWHV DX[LOLDUHV &DEH GHVWDFDU OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GHO
HVWDPHQWR GH VXSHUYLVRUDV TXH IXH DOWD GHO VXSHUYLVRUDV \D TXH FRLQFLGLy OD DSOLFDFLyQ GHO
FXHVWLRQDULRFRQXQDUHXQLyQJHQHUDOGHVXSHUYLVLyQ1RH[LVWLyQHJDWLYDSRUSDUWHGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVDOD
UHXQLyQ \ VH DSURYHFKy HO PRPHQWR SDUD HQWUHJDUOHV XQD GRFXPHQWDFLyQ SXEOLFDGD HQ UHYLVWDV GH
HQIHUPHUtDDFHUFDGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHFXLGDGRVFRPSOHPHQWDULRV\WpFQLFDVDOWHUQDWLYDVHQHOFXLGDGRGHOD

Método
VDOXGFRQYHQLHQWHPHQWHHQFXDGHUQDGDSDUDTXHSXGLHUDVHUXWLOL]DGDSRUHOSHUVRQDOGHHQIHUPHUtDHQODV
XQLGDGHVDQLPDQGRDVtDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHOJUXSRDVLVWHQWHDODUHXQLyQ
6.4 Análisis estadístico
6HKDQUHDOL]DGRDQiOLVLVGHVFULSWLYRVWpFQLFDVJUiILFDVFRQWUDVWHGHKLSyWHVLVVHJ~QORVQLYHOHVGH
PHGLGDGHODVYDULDEOHVDQiOLVLVFRUUHODFLRQDOHVSUXHEDVQRSDUDPpWULFDV$ORODUJRGHODH[SRVLFLyQGHORV
UHVXOWDGRV VH GHVFULELUiQ ORV SDUiPHWURV HVWDGtVWLFRV REWHQLGRV HQ FDGD FDVR 7RGRV ORV DQiOLVLV KDQ VLGR
UHDOL]DGRVFRQHOSDTXHWHHVWDGtVWLFR6366SDUD:LQGRZVYHUVLyQ7DPELpQVHKDXWLOL]DGRHOSURJUDPD
6WDWJUDSKLFV

Capítulo 7. Resultados

(QHVWHFDSLWXORVHSUHVHQWDXQDGHVFULSFLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRVHQORVSUHVHQWHVHVWXGLRV
FRQUHVSHFWRDORVREMHWLYRVSODQWHDGRVHKLSyWHVLVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV
(O SULPHU REMHWLYR HVSHFtILFR WUDGXFFLyQ \ DGDSWDFLyQ GH XQ LQVWUXPHQWR EDVH OD (VFDOD
0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU TXH VLUYD GH UHIHUHQFLD SDUD PHGLU HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU HVWH
REMHWLYR VH MXVWLILFD GHELGR D TXH QR H[LVWHQ LQVWUXPHQWRV HQ QXHVWUD FXOWXUD SDUD PHGLU HO VHQWLGR GHO
KXPRU
6HH[SOLFDUiQORVUHVXOWDGRVTXHVHREWLHQHQPHGLDQWHHODQiOLVLVGHGDWRV\VXFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDFRQ
ORSRVWXODGR'HDFXHUGRDOVHJXQGRREMHWLYRHKLSyWHVLVVHHVWXGLDUiQODVVHPHMDQ]DV\GLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHOD
PXHVWUD GH OD &RPXQLGDG GH 0DGULG \ OD PXHVWUD DPHULFDQD \ QR VH HVSHUD REWHQHU SXQWXDFLRQHV PX\
GLIHUHQWHVHQFXDQWRDODPHGLDHQ6HQWLGRGHO+XPRUQLHQODVGLPHQVLRQHVGHOFXHVWLRQDULR(QEDVHDORV
IDFWRUHVVHH[SRQGUiXQDQiOLVLVGHODUHODFLyQHQWUHpVWRVGHDFXHUGRDOWHUFHUREMHWLYRHVSHFtILFRDQDOL]DU
ODVGLPHQVLRQHVGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUHLQYHVWLJDUODUHODFLyQHQWUHpVWDV
6H HVSHUD TXH ODV GLPHQVLRQHV PXHVWUHQ PDUFDGD VLPLOLWXG FRQ OR HQFRQWUDGR HQ RWUDV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV \ VH WUDWDUi GH HVWDEOHFHU XQD GHOLPLWDFLyQ SDUD QXHVWUD FXOWXUD SUHSDUDQGR ORV DVSHFWRV
TXHD\XGHQDLQFRUSRUDUHQHOIXWXURQXHYRVPpWRGRVGHHYDOXDFLyQ
8QD YH] HVWDEOHFLGRV \ H[SOLFDGRV ORV IDFWRUHV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ODV GLPHQVLRQHV GHO VHQWLGR GHO
KXPRU VH HVWXGLDUi HQ XQD VXEPXHVWUD H[WUDtGD GH OD PXHVWUD SULQFLSDO GH SURIHVLRQDOHV GH OD VDOXG ODV
UHODFLRQHVHQWUHHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUPHGLGRFRQODHVFDODWUDGXFLGD\DGDSWDGDOD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO
GHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+6\HOJUDGRGHHVWUpVSURIHVLRQDORVtQGURPHGH%XUQRXWGHWHUPLQDGRSRUOD
HVFDOD0%,0DVODFK,QYHQWRU\%XUQRXWORTXHFRQVWLWX\HHOFXDUWRREMHWLYRHVSHFtILFRGHOSUHVHQWHHVWXGLR
TXHHQUHODFLyQDODKLSyWHVLVVHHVSHUDQFRUUHODFLRQHVQHJDWLYDV\VLJQLILFDWLYDVHVGHFLUDPD\RUHVWUpV
SURIHVLRQDOR6tQGURPHGH%XUQRXWPHQRU6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU\YLFHYHUVD
)LQDOPHQWH VH H[SORUDUiQ ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU \ YDULDEOHV VRFLRGHPRJUiILFDV
FRPR OD HGDG \ HO JpQHUR FDXVD GHO TXLQWR \ ~OWLPR REMHWLYR HVSHFtILFR TXH HQ UHODFLyQ D ODV KLSyWHVLV
SODQWHDGDV\VHJ~QRWURVHVWXGLRVDOUHVSHFWRQRVHHVSHUDQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVHQODYDULDEOHJHQHUR
QLHQODYDULDEOHHGDG


7.1 Análisis inicial de la escala
&RPR VH KD UHVHxDGR DQWHULRUPHQWH OD YHUVLyQ H[SHULPHQWDO KD VLGR HODERUDGD D SDUWLU GH OD
HGLFLyQ RULJLQDO HQ FRQWDFWR FRQ HO DXWRU 6H KD UHDOL]DGR XQ HVWXGLR FRPSOHWR GH ILDELOLGDG HOLJLHQGR HO
FRHILFLHQWHDOIDGH&URQEDFKTXHHVWLPDODFRQVLVWHQFLDLQWHUQD\HVXQRGHORVPiVXWLOL]DGRV
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SUHVHQWD XQ DQiOLVLV GHVFULSWLYR GH OD HVFDOD \ XQ DQiOLVLV IDFWRULDO D SDUWLU GHO
PRGHOR GH DQiOLVLV XWLOL]DGR SRU ORV DXWRUHV HQ OD YDOLGDFLyQ GHO LQVWUXPHQWR RULJLQDO HVWR HV DQiOLVLV
IDFWRULDO DJUXSDQGR ODV YDULDEOHV FRQ PD\RU SHVR HQ HO UHVXOWDGR FRQ HO PpWRGR GH FRPSRQHQWHV
SULQFLSDOHVURWDFLyQYDULPD[
Análisis descriptivo
/D WDEOD LQFOXLGD D FRQWLQXDFLyQ SUHVHQWD ODV PHGLDV \ GHVYLDFLRQHV WtSLFDV GH FDGD tWHP GH OD
(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+6
,7(0 0(',$ '7

$YHFHVLQYHQWRFKLVWHVRKLVWRULDVJUDFLRVDV
(OXVRGHFKLVWHVRGHOKXPRUPHD\XGDDGRPLQDUVLWXDFLRQHVGLItFLOHV
6pTXHSXHGRKDFHUUHtUDODJHQWH
1RPHJXVWDQODVOHFWXUDVWLSR³FyPLFV´
/DJHQWHGLFHTXHFXHQWRFRVDVJUDFLRVDV
3XHGRXVDUFKLVWHVSDUDDGDSWDUPHDPXFKDVVLWXDFLRQHV
3XHGRGLVPLQXLUODWHQVLyQHQFLHUWDVVLWXDFLRQHVDOGHFLUDOJRJUDFLRVR
/DJHQWHTXHFXHQWDFKLVWHVHVLQVRSRUWDEOH
6pTXHSXHGRFRQWDUODVFRVDVGHWDOPRGRTXHRWUDVSHUVRQDVVHUtDQ
0HJXVWDXQEXHQFKLVWH
'HQRPLQDUDDOJXLHQ³FyPLFR´HVXQLQVXOWR
3XHGRGHFLUODVFRVDVGHWDOPDQHUDTXHODJHQWHVHUtD
(OKXPRUHVXQSREUHPHFDQLVPRSDUDKDFHUIUHQWHDODYLGD
$SUHFLRDODJHQWHFRQKXPRU
/DJHQWHHVSHUDTXH\RGLJDFRVDVJUDFLRVDV
(OKXPRUPHD\XGDDKDFHUIUHQWHDODYLGD
1RPHVLHQWRELHQFXDQGRWRGRHOPXQGRHVWiFRQWDQGRFKLVWHV
0LVDPLJRVPHFRQVLGHUDQFKLVWRVR
+DFHUIUHQWHDODYLGDPHGLDQWHHOKXPRUHVXQDPDQHUDHOHJDQWHGHDGDSWDUVH
7UDWDUGHGRPLQDUVLWXDFLRQHVPHGLDQWHHOXVRGHOKXPRUHVHVW~SLGR

Resultados
(QXQJUXSRSXHGRFRQWURODUODVLWXDFLyQFRQWDQGRXQFKLVWH

8VDUHOKXPRUPHD\XGDDUHODMDUPH
8VRHOKXPRUSDUDHQWUHWHQHUDPLVDPLJRV
0LVGLFKRVJUDFLRVRVHQWUHWLHQHQDRWUDVSHUVRQDV
7DEOD(VWDGtVWLFRVGHVFULSWLYRVGHORVHOHPHQWRVGHODHVFDOD06+6
&RPRSXHGHDSUHFLDUVHHQODWDEODHOYDORUPHGLRPiVDOWRIXHSDUDHOtWHP³PHJXVWDXQEXHQ
FKLVWH´FRQXQDSXQWXDFLyQPHGLDGHVREUHXQYDORUPi[LPRGH\HOYDORUPHGLRPiVEDMRSDUDHO
tWHP³PLVDPLJRVPHFRQVLGHUDQFKLVWRVR´FRQXQDSXQWXDFLyQPHGLDGH
&DVLWRGDVODVSXQWXDFLRQHVH[FHGHQGHOYDORUWHyULFRQHXWURHVGHFLUODPD\RUtDGHODVSHUVRQDV
GHODPXHVWUDGDQXQWRWDORPRGHUDGRDFXHUGRHQFDGDtWHPH[FHSWRORVtWHPV³ODJHQWHHVSHUDTXH\R
GLJD FRVDV JUDFLRVDV´ ³PLV DPLJRV PH FRQVLGHUDQ FKLVWRVR´ \ ³HQ XQ JUXSR SXHGR FRQWURODU OD
VLWXDFLyQ FRQWDQGR XQ FKLVWH´ TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ SRU GHEDMR GH OD SXQWXDFLyQ WHyULFD QHXWUD HV GHFLU
PXHVWUDQGHVDFXHUGRFRQODVDILUPDFLRQHVGHVFULWDV
/DPD\RUGLVSHUVLyQFRUUHVSRQGHDOtWHP³HOKXPRUHVXQSREUHPHFDQLVPRSDUDKDFHUOHIUHQWHD
ODYLGD´HVWRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHORVVXMHWRVYDUtDQPXFKRHQVXUHVSXHVWDHQWUHXQRV\RWURV\GHXQH[WUHPR
D RWUR HQ ODV SXQWXDFLRQHV PRVWUDQGR DOJXQRV VXMHWRV XQ PRGHUDGR R PX\ DOWR JUDGR GH GHVDFXHUGR \
RWURVVXMHWRVXQPX\DOWRJUDGRRPRGHUDGRJUDGRGHDFXHUGR/DPHQRUGLVSHUVLyQFRUUHVSRQGHDOtWHP
³DSUHFLRDODJHQWHFRQKXPRU´HVGHFLUORVVXMHWRVHQJHQHUDOKDQFRQWHVWDGRPX\GHDFXHUGRDOtWHPROR
TXH HV OR PLVPR H[LVWH XQD FRLQFLGHQFLD PD\RULWDULD HQ OD UHVSXHVWD GH ODV SHUVRQDV GHO HVWXGLR TXH
FRLQFLGHQ HQ HO tWHP FRQWUDULDPHQWH D OR TXH VXFHGH HQ HO tWHP TXH HQ HVWD PXHVWUD XWLOL]DGD
VHxDODQODPiVDOWDYDULDELOLGDGRGLVSHUVLyQHQODVUHVSXHVWDV
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SUHVHQWD XQD WDEOD TXH UHVXPH ORV HVWDGtVWLFRV GHVFULSWLYRV GH OD (VFDOD
0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRUHQVXDGDSWDFLyQFRQODPXHVWUDGHVXMHWRVGHOD&RPXQLGDG
GH0DGULG
PHGLD 'HVYWtSLFD ) S DOSKD

06+6
7DEOD(VWDGtVWLFRVGHVFULSWLYRVHtQGLFHGHILDELOLGDGSDUDOD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU
06+6
&RPRSXHGHREVHUYDUVHORVHVWDGtVWLFRVGHVFULSWLYRVSDUDOD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO
+XPRU06+6WUDGXFLGD\DGDSWDGDPXHVWUDQXQDSXQWXDFLyQPHGLDGHFRQXQDGHVYLDFLyQWtSLFDGH
(ODQiOLVLVHVWDGtVWLFRSRQHHQHYLGHQFLDTXHODVPHGLDVGHODVUHVSXHVWDVDORVtWHPVSUHVHQWDQXQD
GLIHUHQFLDVLJQLILFDWLYDVHJ~QHOWHVWGH+RWHOOLQJTXHFRQWUDVWDODKLSyWHVLVGH TXH ODVPHGLDVVRQLJXDOHV

+RWHOOLQJ ) S /RVUHVXOWDGRVGHDOIDVHHQFXHQWUDQHQWUH\

HVWDQGDUL]DGR
Solución factorial del modelo
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SURFHGH D UHDOL]DU HO DQiOLVLV IDFWRULDO XWLOL]DQGR HO PLVPR PpWRGR TXH HO TXH
UHDOL]DURQORVDXWRUHVFRQODHVFDODRULJLQDO
(QODVLJXLHQWHWDEODVHSUHVHQWDHOSULPHUDQiOLVLVIDFWRULDOH[WUDtGRDIDFWRUHV
)DFWRU
0HJXVWDXQEXHQFKLVWH
$SUHFLRDODJHQWHFRQKXPRU,
+DFHUIUHQWHDODYLGDPHGLDQWHHOKXPRUHVXQDPDQHUDHOHJDQWHGHDGDS
7DEOD$QiOLVLVIDFWRULDO([WUDFFLyQDFXDWURIDFWRUHV&RPSRQHQWHVSULQFLSDOHVURWDFLyQYDULPD[

Resultados
&RPRVHSXHGHDSUHFLDUHQODWDEODFDGDIDFWRUUHFRJHtWHPVTXHVXSHUDQHOYDORUGHVDWXUDFLyQ
GH R PiV FRPR HQ HO LQVWUXPHQWR RULJLQDO FRQ HO SURFHGLPLHQWR YDULPD[ URWDGR /RV GRFH SULPHURV
tWHPVTXHKDQIRUPDGRHOSULPHUIDFWRUSDUHFHTXHDJUXSDQHO³\RSXHGR´GHVFULWRSRUORVDXWRUHV7KRUVRQ
\ 3RZHOO D 7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO E GH IRUPD UHOHYDQWH SHUR WDPELpQ LGHQWLILFDQ HOHPHQWRV GH
FUHDWLYLGDG\XVRVVRFLDOHVGHOKXPRU(OSULPHUIDFWRUTXHGHVFULELHURQORVDXWRUHVFRQQXHYHtWHPVLQFOXtD
ODV UHVSXHVWDV GH ORV VXMHWRV HQ FXDQWR D JHQHUDFLyQ GHO KXPRU (Q QXHVWUR FDVR VH DSUHFLD XQD JUDQ
FRLQFLGHQFLDHQHOIDFWRUGHJHQHUDFLyQRFRQGXFWDVGHKXPRUVLQHPEDUJRVHLQFOX\HQRWURVTXHLPSOLFDQ
QRVRORFRQGXFWDVSHUVRQDOHVVLQRVRFLDOHVRYDORUDWLYDVFRPRHOFDVRGHOtWHPSXHGRGLVPLQXLUODWHQVLyQ
HQFLHUWDVVLWXDFLRQHVDOGHFLUDOJRJUDFLRVR
(O VHJXQGR IDFWRU FRQ FXDWUR tWHPV DJUXSD DTXHOORV TXH VRQ GH DIURQWDPLHQWR GH VLWXDFLRQHV
SUREOHPiWLFDV R GH DGDSWDFLyQ D OD VLWXDFLyQ HO FRQFHSWR GH DIURQWDPLHQWR GH GLVWLQWDV VLWXDFLRQHV FRQ
KXPRUHVXQDFRQVWDQWHHQORVWHVWGHHYDOXDFLyQ\VHUtDXQIDFWRUUHOHYDQWHSDUDHYDOXDUHOXVRGHOKXPRU
DQWH GHWHUPLQDGDV VLWXDFLRQHV (Q HO LQVWUXPHQWR RULJLQDO HO VHJXQGR IDFWRU WDPELpQ DJUXSD FRQ FLQFR
tWHPVGHDFWLWXGHVDQWHHOKXPRUIDFWRUTXHSDUHFHTXHVHDMXVWDPiVDOVLJXLHQWH
/RV FLQFR tWHPV GHO WHUFHU IDFWRU WUDWDQ GH YDORUDFLyQ R DFWLWXGHV KDFLD DVSHFWRV GH KXPRU FRPR
FRPLFVRFKLVWHV\FDEHGHVWDFDUTXHVHHQpVWHIDFWRUVHKDQDJUXSDGRFDVLWRGRVORVTXHVHHQXQFLDQGH
IRUPD QHJDWLYD (O WHUFHU IDFWRU GH OD HVFDOD RULJLQDO HUD XQD IDFWRU GH DIURQWDPLHQWR GHO KXPRU FRQ VHLV
tWHPV
(O FXDUWR IDFWRU FRQ WUHV tWHPV WUDWDQ GH ODV UHVSXHVWDV GH DFWLWXG \ YDORUDFLyQ GHO KXPRU HQ VL
PLVPR6LREVHUYDPRVORVSURSLRVtWHPVVRQtWHPVTXHWUDWDQWHyULFDPHQWHGLVWLQWRVHOHPHQWRVGHOVHQWLGR
GHOKXPRUHOFXDUWRIDFWRUGHODHVFDODRULJLQDOREWLHQHXQtWHPUHVSHFWRDOKXPRUHQVLWXDFLRQHVVRFLDOHV
$PRGRGHUHIOH[LyQTXL]iVQRHVWDQLPSRUWDQWHHQIDWL]DUHQHOXVRGHIDFWRUHVFRPRVXEHVFDODV
QDGDPiVTXHSDUDREYLDUODVGLPHQVLRQHVTXHGHVSXpVSXHGDQVHUXWLOL]DGDVSDUDGHVDUUROODUHOKXPRUHQ
IXWXUDVLQWHUYHQFLRQHV/DVSXQWXDFLRQHVTXHLQWHUHVDQVRQODVSXQWXDFLRQHVJOREDOHVHQODHVFDODDODKRUD
GHHYDOXDUHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRUFRPRYDULDEOHHVWDGRRUDVJRHQODSHUVRQD
7.2 Análisis comparativo de las escalas en ambas muestras
'H DFXHUGR DO VHJXQGR REMHWLYR GH HVWXGLDU ODV VHPHMDQ]DV \ GLIHUHQFLDV TXH VH REWLHQHQ WUDV OD
DSOLFDFLyQGHOFXHVWLRQDULRHQODPXHVWUDGHOD&RPXQLGDGGH0DGULG\ODPXHVWUDXWLOL]DGDHQODDSOLFDFLyQ
GHODHVFDODRULJLQDOSURFHGHPRVDODFRPSDUDFLyQGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVTXHVHKDHVER]DGRHQHODSDUWDGR
DQWHULRUSDUDREVHUYDUODVGLIHUHQFLDV
3DUDHOORVHSUHVHQWDOD7DEODTXHWLHQHQXHYHFROXPQDVODSULPHUDFROXPQDFRUUHVSRQGHDOD
GHVFULSFLyQGHOtWHPODVSULPHUDVFROXPQDVQXPHUDGDVGHODO FRUUHVSRQGHQDORVFXDWURIDFWRUHVGHOD

PXHVWUDRULJLQDO\ODVFXDWURVLJXLHQWHVWDPELpQQXPHUDGDVGHODOFRUUHVSRQGHQDORVFXDWURIDFWRUHVGH
ODPXHVWUDREMHWRGHHVWHHVWXGLR
3DUDIDFLOLWDUODYLVXDOL]DFLyQDGHPiVGHFRLQFLGLUODQXPHUDFLyQGHORVIDFWRUHVHQODVFROXPQDVGHO
DOVHKDQXWLOL]DGRORVFRORUHVVLJXLHQWHVSDUDFDGDIDFWRU
0XHVWUD$PHULFDQD 0XHVWUD(VSDxROD
M=32.3 años, M=35.5 años, SD=
SD=13.5 16.3
153 mujeres; 111 399 mujeres; 140
hombres hombres
Alfa= 0.89 Alfa= 0.88
,WHP
$YHFHVLQYHQWRFKLVWHVR
KLVWRULDVJUDFLRVDV
(OXVRGHFKLVWHVRGHO
KXPRUPHD\XGDDGRPLQDU
VLWXDFLRQHVGLItFLOHV
6pTXHSXHGRKDFHUUHtUD
ODJHQWH
1RPHJXVWDQODVOHFWXUDV
WLSR³FyPLFV´
/DJHQWHGLFHTXHFXHQWR
FRVDVJUDFLRVDV
3XHGRXVDUFKLVWHVSDUD
DGDSWDUPHDPXFKDV
VLWXDFLRQHV
3XHGRGLVPLQXLUODWHQVLyQ
HQFLHUWDVVLWXDFLRQHVDOGHFLU
DOJRJUDFLRVR
/DJHQWHTXHFXHQWDFKLVWHV
HVLQVRSRUWDEOH
6pTXHSXHGRFRQWDUODV
FRVDVGHWDOPRGRTXHRWUDV
SHUVRQDVVHUtDQ
0HJXVWDXQEXHQFKLVWH

'HQRPLQDUDDOJXLHQ
³FyPLFR´HVXQLQVXOWR
3XHGRGHFLUODVFRVDVGH
WDOPDQHUDTXHODJHQWHVHUtD
(OKXPRUHVXQSREUH
PHFDQLVPRSDUDKDFHUIUHQWHD
ODYLGD

Resultados
$SUHFLRDODJHQWHFRQ

KXPRU
/DJHQWHHVSHUDTXH\R
GLJDFRVDVJUDFLRVDV
(OKXPRUPHD\XGDD
KDFHUIUHQWHDODYLGD
1RPHVLHQWRELHQFXDQGR
WRGRHOPXQGRHVWiFRQWDQGR
FKLVWHV
0LVDPLJRVPHFRQVLGHUDQ
FKLVWRVR
+DFHUIUHQWHDODYLGD
PHGLDQWHHOKXPRUHVXQD
PDQHUDHOHJDQWHGHDGDSWDUVH
7UDWDUGHGRPLQDU
VLWXDFLRQHVPHGLDQWH
HOXVRGHOKXPRUHVHVW~SLGR
(QXQJUXSRSXHGR
FRQWURODUODVLWXDFLyQFRQWDQGR
XQFKLVWH
8VDUHOKXPRUPHD\XGDD
UHODMDUPH
8VRHOKXPRUSDUD
HQWUHWHQHUDPLVDPLJRV
0LVGLFKRVJUDFLRVRV
HQWUHWLHQHQDRWUDVSHUVRQDV
7DEOD&RPSDUDFLyQGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRV6HLQFOX\HQVDWXUDFLRQHVVXSHULRUHVD
*OREDOPHQWHFXDQGRFRPSDUDPRVORVIDFWRUHVURWDGRVGHODHVFDODRULJLQDOFRQORVHQFRQWUDGRVHQ
HVWD PXHVWUD VH REVHUYD XQD IDOWD GH VLPLOLWXG GH ODV SXQWXDFLRQHV HQ OD FRPSDUDFLyQ GHO LQVWUXPHQWR
RULJLQDOFRQORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVHQODPXHVWUDGHOD&RPXQLGDGGH0DGULGQRWDQWRHQORTXHVHUHILHUH
DO SULPHU IDFWRU TXH DJUXSD OD PD\RU SDUWH \ WDPELpQ ORV PiV VLPLODUHV FRPR FXDQGR FRPSDUDPRV ORV
IDFWRUHVHQVXFRQMXQWR\DTXHHOVHJXQGRWHUFHU\FXDUWRIDFWRUHVWLHQHQHVFDVDFRLQFLGHQFLDH[FHSWRHQ
HOtWHP³HOKXPRUHVXQSREUHPHFDQLVPRSDUDKDFHUIUHQWHDODYLGD´
&RPR VH DSUHFLD OD PD\RU FRLQFLGHQFLD VH HQFXHQWUD HQ HO SULPHU IDFWRU HV GHFLU HO IDFWRU TXH
UHVXPHODVUHVSXHVWDVGHORVVXMHWRVHQFXDQWRDJHQHUDFLyQGHOKXPRUWDPELpQGHVFULWRFRPRFRQGXFWDV
GH KXPRU DXQTXH DSDUHFHQ DOJXQRV RWURV TXH LPSOLFDQ QR VROR FRQGXFWDV SHUVRQDOHV VLQR JHQHUDGDV HQ
JUXSR TXH WHQGUtDQ RWUD SHUWHQHQFLD DO IDFWRU VRFLDO R LQFOXVR YDORUDWLYDV GHO KXPRU FRPR VXFHGH FRQ HO
tWHPQ~PHURVLHWH

&XDQGRH[SORUDPRVHOVHJXQGRIDFWRUVHSLHUGHQSUiFWLFDPHQWHODVFRLQFLGHQFLDVH[FHSWRHQHOtWHP
³KDFHU IUHQWH D OD YLGD PHGLDQWH HO KXPRU HV XQD PDQHUD HOHJDQWH GH DGDSWDUVH´ 0LHQWUDV OR TXH VH
REVHUYDGHOVHJXQGRIDFWRUGHODHVFDODRULJLQDODSDUHQWHPHQWHHVXQIDFWRUTXHLPSOLFDDFWLWXGHVKDFLDHO
KXPRUHQODHVFDODDGDSWDGDGHVFULEHVLWXDFLRQHVGHDIURQWDPLHQWRDSUREOHPDVRDGDSWDFLyQDODVLWXDFLyQ
(OWHUFHUIDFWRUGHODHVFDODRULJLQDOSDUHFHFRUUHVSRQGHUPiVDOVHJXQGRGHODPXHVWUDGHOHVWXGLR
DO PHQRV FRLQFLGHQ WUHV tWHPV FRQ DOWD VDWXUDFLyQ \ VH GHVWDFD OR GLFKR HQ HO DSDUWDGR DQWHULRU HQ HVWD
PXHVWUDVHDJUXSDQORVtWHPVTXHVHKDQHQXQFLDGRGHIRUPDQHJDWLYD
(OFXDUWRIDFWRUGHODHVFDODRULJLQDOREWLHQHXQtWHPUHVSHFWRDOKXPRUHQVLWXDFLRQHVVRFLDOHV\HV
QXODODFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDFRQODPXHVWUDREMHWRGHHVWHHVWXGLR \WDPELpQOODPDODDWHQFLyQTXHORVDXWRUHV
XWLOL]DUDQXQtWHPSDUDGHVFULELUHVWHIDFWRU
3RUWDQWRVHGHGXFHTXHQRVHFRQILUPDODKLSyWHVLVSODQWHDGD LQLFLDOPHQWHGHTXHHOFXHVWLRQDULR
VHHVWUXFWXUDUDHQWRUQRDODVFXDWURGLPHQVLRQHVRULJLQDOHVGHOFXHVWLRQDULR\VHGHEHXWLOL]DURWURPpWRGR
GH H[WUDFFLyQ TXH SXHGD DMXVWDUVH FRQ PiV SUHFLVLyQ DO FULWHULR GH KXPRU HQ QXHVWUD FXOWXUD \ FRQFXHUGH
FRQODVGHVFULSFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDVHQORVDSDUWDGRVWHyULFRV
7.3 Análisis de la dimensionalidad del sentido del humor
(OWHUFHUREMHWLYRGHHVWHWUDEDMRHUDHVWXGLDUODVVHPHMDQ]DV\GLIHUHQFLDVTXHVHREWLHQHQWUDVOD
DSOLFDFLyQGHOFXHVWLRQDULRHQODSREODFLyQREMHWRGHpVWDPXHVWUD\ODSREODFLyQRULJLQDO
'HVSXpVGHFRPSDUDUORVLQVWUXPHQWRVRULJLQDO\HOLQVWUXPHQWRDGDSWDGRREMHWRGHHVWHHVWXGLRHQ
UHODFLyQDOREMHWLYRGHHVWHWUDEDMRVHKDOOHYDGRDIRU]DUDXQDH[WUDFFLyQWULIDFWRULDOTXHPRVWUDPRVHQOD
WDEOD VLJXLHQWH 7DEOD (O PpWRGR XWLOL]DGR KD VLGR HO GH DQiOLVLV GH FRPSRQHQWHV SULQFLSDOHV FRQ HO
PLVPRPpWRGRGHURWDFLyQXWLOL]DGRHQODH[WUDFFLyQDFXDWURIDFWRUHVSDUDHVWXGLDUHODMXVWHDWUHVIDFWRUHV
\VXH[SOLFDFLyQSVLFRPpWULFDSDUDQXHVWUDFXOWXUD
/DVFROXPQDVQXPHUDGDVGHODOFRUUHVSRQGHQDORVWUHVIDFWRUHVGHODPXHVWUDREMHWRGHOHVWXGLR
\SDUDIDFLOLWDUODYLVXDOL]DFLyQVHKDQXWLOL]DGRORVFRORUHVVLJXLHQWHVSDUDFDGDIDFWRU
)DFWRU

Resultados
0HJXVWDXQEXHQFKLVWH
7DEOD0DWUL]GHFRPSRQHQWHVURWDGRV0pWRGRGHH[WUDFFLyQ$QiOLVLVGHFRPSRQHQWHVSULQFLSDOHV0pWRGRGH
URWDFLyQ1RUPDOL]DFLyQ9DULPD[
/D7DEODUHIOHMDODVROXFLyQDWUHVIDFWRUHVVLJXLHQGRHO PLVPRFULWHULRGHDVLJQDUFDGDtWHPDO
IDFWRU HQ HO TXH SUHVHQWDED PD\RU FDUJD IDFWRULDO UHVXOWD PiV FRKHUHQWH \ H[SOLFDWLYD GH ORV GDWRV GH OD
PXHVWUDHVSDxRODTXHH[SRQHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
(Q HVWH FDVR HO SULPHU IDFWRU FRPSHWHQFLD R KDELOLGDG SHUVRQDO SDUD XWLOL]DU HO KXPRU
YDULDQ]DH[SOLFDGDDJUXSDORVtWHPV³DYHFHVLQYHQWRFKLVWHVRKLVWRULDVJUDFLRVDV´³VpTXH
SXHGR KDFHU UHtU D OD JHQWH´ ³OD JHQWH GLFH TXH FXHQWR FRVDV JUDFLRVDV´ ³SXHGR XVDU FKLVWHV SDUD
DGDSWDUPH D PXFKDV VLWXDFLRQHV´ ³SXHGR GLVPLQXLU OD WHQVLyQ HQ FLHUWDV VLWXDFLRQHV DO GHFLU DOJR
JUDFLRVR´³VpTXHSXHGRFRQWDUODVFRVDVGHWDOPRGRTXH RWUDVSHUVRQDV VHUtDQ´ ³SXHGRGHFLUODV
FRVDVGHWDOPDQHUDTXHODJHQWHVHUtD´³ODJHQWHHVSHUDTXH\RGLJDFRVDVJUDFLRVDV´³PLVDPLJRV
PH FRQVLGHUDQ FKLVWRVR´ ³HQ XQ JUXSR SXHGR FRQWURODU OD VLWXDFLyQ FRQWDQGR XQ FKLVWH´ ³XVR HO
KXPRUSDUDHQWUHWHQHUDPLVDPLJRV´\³PLVGLFKRVJUDFLRVRVHQWUHWLHQHQDRWUDVSHUVRQDV´
(O VHJXQGR IDFWRU HO KXPRU FRPR PHFDQLVPR GH FRQWURO GH OD VLWXDFLyQ TXH H[SOLFD HO
GHODYDULDQ]DDJUXSDORVtWHPV³HOXVRGHFKLVWHVRGHOKXPRUPHD\XGDDGRPLQDUVLWXDFLRQHV
GLItFLOHV´³PHJXVWDXQEXHQFKLVWH´³DSUHFLRDODJHQWHFRQKXPRU´³HOKXPRUPHD\XGDDKDFHU

IUHQWHDODYLGD´³KDFHUIUHQWHDODYLGDPHGLDQWHHOKXPRUHVXQDPDQHUDHOHJDQWHGHDGDSWDUVH´
³WUDWDU GH GRPLQDU VLWXDFLRQHV PHGLDQWH HO XVR GHO KXPRU HV HVW~SLGR´ ³XVDU HO KXPRU PH D\XGD D
UHODMDUPH´
(O WHUFHU IDFWRU YDORUDFLyQ VRFLDO \ DFWLWXGHV KDFLD HO KXPRU FRQ HO GH OD YDULDQ]D
H[SOLFDGD LQFOX\H ORV tWHPV ³QR PH JXVWDQ ODV OHFWXUDV WLSR ³FyPLFV´ ³OD JHQWH TXH FXHQWD FKLVWHV HV
LQVRSRUWDEOH´³GHQRPLQDUDDOJXLHQ³FyPLFR´HVXQLQVXOWR´³HOKXPRUHVXQSREUHPHFDQLVPRSDUD
KDFHUIUHQWHDODYLGD´\³QRPHVLHQWRELHQFXDQGRWRGRHOPXQGRHVWiFRQWDQGRFKLVWHV´TXHUHPLWHQD
XQD YDORUDFLyQ GH GLIHUHQWHV H[SUHVLRQHV GHO KXPRU FKLVWHV FRPLFV \ GH TXLHQHV ODV UHDOL]DQ FyPLFRV
TXHSRGUtDLQIOXLUHQODVUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHV
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SUHVHQWD OD 7DEOD GH YDULDQ]D H[SOLFDGD SDUD FDGD IDFWRU \ OD YDULDQ]D WRWDO
DFXPXODGDSDUDORVWUHVIDFWRUHV
6XPDGHODVVDWXUDFLRQHVDO 6XPDGHODVVDWXUDFLRQHVDO
FXDGUDGRGHODH[WUDFFLyQ FXDGUDGRGHODURWDFLyQ
)DFWRU7RWDO GHOD 7RWDO GHOD
YDULDQ]D DFXPXODGR YDULDQ]D DFXPXODGR

7DEOD9DULDQ]DWRWDOH[SOLFDGD0pWRGRGHH[WUDFFLyQ$QiOLVLVGHFRPSRQHQWHVSULQFLSDOHV
3DUDILQDOL]DUHVWHDSDUWDGRSRGHPRVDSXQWDUTXHQRVHFRQILUPDODKLSyWHVLVSODQWHDGDHQSULQFLSLR
GHTXHHOKXPRUVHHVWUXFWXUDUiHQWRUQRDFXDWURGLPHQVLRQHVFRPRHQOD(VFDODRULJLQDO
7.4 Estudio de la validez de la escala del Sentido del Humor
'HDFXHUGRDOFXDUWRREMHWLYR\FRQREMHWRGHLQLFLDUHOSURFHVRGHYDOLGH]VHKDFRUUHODFLRQDGROD
(VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 FRQ OD (VFDOD SDUD PHGLU HO (VWUpV 3URIHVLRQDO R
6tQGURPH GH %XUQRXW 0%, GH 0DVODFK /D VXEPXHVWUDPXHVWUD XWLOL]DGD KDQ VLGR VXMHWRV SURIHVLRQDOHV
GHODVDOXG
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDOD7DEODFRQODVSXQWXDFLRQHVREWHQLGDVSRUORVVXMHWRVHQFDGDXQD
GHODVGRVHVFDODV
0HGLD 'HVYLDFLyQWtSLFD
0 &(&DQVDQFLR(PRFLRQDO
% ''HVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ
,
535HDOL]DFLyQ3HUVRQDO
06+6WRWDOHVFDOD
7DEOD(VWDGtVWLFRVGHVFULSWLYRV

Resultados
/D WDEOD PXHVWUD ORV HVWDGtVWLFRV GHVFULSWLYRV PHGLD \ GHVYLDFLyQ WtSLFD GH ODV GLPHQVLRQHV GHO
0%, GH 0DVODFK &DQVDQFLR HPRFLRQDO GHVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ \ 5HDOL]DFLyQ 3HUVRQDO HQWUH SDUpQWHVLV ILJXUDQ
ORV UDQJRV VXSHULRU H LQIHULRU \ GH OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 HQWUH
SDUpQWHVLVILJXUDODPHGLD\GHVYLDFLyQWtSLFDSDUDODSREODFLyQHVSDxROD3DUDKDFHU ODFRUUHODFLyQVHKDQ
FRQVLGHUDGR ODV GLPHQVLRQHV GH OD HVFDOD 0%, FRQ OD HVFDOD 06+6 FRPSOHWD SRUTXH HO GLDJQyVWLFR GH
EXUQRXW VH YHULILFD FRQ DOWDV SXQWXDFLRQHV HQ &DQVDQFLR (PRFLRQDO \ 'HVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ \ SXQWXDFLRQHV
EDMDVHQ5HDOL]DFLyQ3HUVRQDO\HOVHQWLGRGHO+XPRUVHPLGHGHIRUPDJOREDOFRQWRGDVODVSXQWXDFLRQHV
HQODHVFDOD
&DEHGHVWDFDUTXHODGLPHQVLyQ'HVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ'3VHHQFXHQWUDHQHOOtPLWHVXSHULRUORTXH

LQGLFDTXHHQHVWDPXHVWUDORVSURIHVLRQDOHVPXHVWUDQJUDGRVHOHYDGRVGHYLYHQFLDGHOVtQGURPHGHHVWUpV
ODERUDODVLVWHQFLDO(O0%,VHFRQVWUX\yH[SOtFLWDPHQWHSDUDXVRHQSURIHVLRQDOHVGHVHUYLFLRVKXPDQRV\ODV
SUXHEDV GH ILDELOLGDG \ YDOLGH] VH KDQ REWHQLGR HQ PXHVWUDV GH HVH WLSR GH SURIHVLRQDOHV (V PiV OD
UHGDFFLyQGHVXVHOHPHQWRVDSXQWDQDVLWXDFLRQHVHVSHFtILFDVGHGLFKDVSURIHVLRQHV
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SUHVHQWD OD 7DEOD TXH FRUUHVSRQGH D OD PDWUL] GH FRUUHODFLRQHV HQWUH ORV
IDFWRUHV GHVFULWRV GH OD (VFDOD SDUD PHGLU HO (VWUpV 3URIHVLRQDO R 6tQGURPH GH %XUQRXW 0%, HVWR HV
&DQVDQFLR(PRFLRQDO'HVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ\5HDOL]DFLyQ3HUVRQDOFRQOD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGR
GHO+XPRU06+6
&( ' 53 PVKVWRW

7DXBEGH &( &RHILFLHQWHGHFRUUHODFLyQ
.HQGDOO
6LJXQLODWHUDO
' &RHILFLHQWHGHFRUUHODFLyQ
6LJXQLODWHUDO
53 &RHILFLHQWHGHFRUUHODFLyQ
6LJXQLODWHUDO
PVKVWRW &RHILFLHQWHGHFRUUHODFLyQ
HVFDOD
6LJXQLODWHUDO
&( ' 53 PVKVWRW
5KRGH &( &RHILFLHQWHGHFRUUHODFLyQ
6SHDUPDQ
6LJXQLODWHUDO
5KRGH
6SHDUPDQ ' &RHILFLHQWHGHFRUUHODFLyQ
6LJXQLODWHUDO
53 &RHILFLHQWHGHFRUUHODFLyQ
6LJXQLODWHUDO
&( &RHILFLHQWHGHFRUUHODFLyQ
6LJXQLODWHUDO
/DFRUUHODFLyQHVVLJQLILFDWLYDDOQLYHOXQLODWHUDO /DFRUUHODFLyQHVVLJQLILFDWLYDDOQLYHOXQLODWHUDO
7DEOD&RUUHODFLRQHV

/DVSXQWXDFLRQHVTXHVHUHVDOWDQHQFRORUYHUGHVRQODVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDODVLJQLILFDFLyQHVWDGtVWLFD
GH ODV FRUUHODFLRQHV GH ODV WUHV GLPHQVLRQHV GH OD HVFDOD 0%, HQWUH Vt &DQVDQFLR (PRFLRQDO
'HVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ\5HDOL]DFLyQ3HUVRQDOHQWUHVt/DVTXHVHGHVWDFDQHQDPDULOORVRQODVLJQLILFDFLyQGH
ODVFRUUHODFLRQHVGHOD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+6FRQODVWUHVGLPHQVLRQHVGHOD
(VFDOD SDUD PHGLU HO (VWUpV 3URIHVLRQDO 0%, &DQVDQFLR (PRFLRQDO GHVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ \ 5HDOL]DFLyQ
3HUVRQDO
%DViQGRQRV HQ ORV QLYHOHV FUtWLFRV HO QLYHO FUtWLFR SHUPLWH GHFLGLU VREUH +R HV GHFLU VREUH OD
LQGHSHQGHQFLD OLQHDO UHFKD]DPRV +R H[LVWH UHODFLyQ OLQHDO VLJQLILFDWLYD \ SRGHPRV DILUPDU TXH
HQFRQWUDPRVXQDUHODFLyQQHJDWLYD\VLJQLILFDWLYDGHODSXQWXDFLyQHQOD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGR
GHO+XPRU06+6 FRQOD GLPHQVLyQ&DQVDQFLR(PRFLRQDO&(U S \ FRQ ODGLPHQVLyQ
'HVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ '3 U S \ XQD UHODFLyQ SRVLWLYD \ VLJQLILFDWLYD FRQ OD GLPHQVLyQ
5HDOL]DFLyQ3HUVRQDO53U S
6LDQDOL]DPRVHOJUDGRGHYDULDFLyQFRQMXQWDHQWUHOD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU
06+6 \ ODV WUHV GLPHQVLRQHV GHO 0%, FDQVDQFLR HPRFLRQDO GHVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ \ UHDOL]DFLyQ SHUVRQDO VH
SXHGH DSUHFLDU XQD UHODFLyQ OLQHDO SRVLWLYD TXH LQGLFD TXH ORV YDORUHV GH ODV YDULDEOHV YDUtDQ GH IRUPD
SDUHFLGD
/DUHODFLyQHQWUHODVYDULDEOHVTXHVHSXHGHDSUHFLDUHVTXHORVVXMHWRVTXHWLHQGHQDSXQWXDUDOWR
HQ OD HVFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 WLHQGHQ D SXQWXDU DOWR HQ OD GLPHQVLyQ
5HDOL]DFLyQ 3HUVRQDO 53 GHO 0%, \ XQD UHODFLyQ OLQHDO QHJDWLYD VLJQLILFD TXH ORV YDORUHV GH ODV YDULDEOHV
YDUtDQ MXVWR DO UHYpV ORV VXMHWRV TXH WLHQGHQ D SXQWXDU EDMR HQ OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR HO
+XPRUWLHQGHQDSXQWXDUEDMRHQODGLPHQVLyQ5HDOL]DFLyQ3HUVRQDOGHO0%,
3RU RWUR ODGR ORV VXMHWRV TXH SXQW~DQ DOWR HQ OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU
06+6SXQW~DQEDMRHQODVGLPHQVLRQHVGHO0%,&DQVDQFLR(PRFLRQDO&(\HQ'HVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ'3
$GLFLRQDOPHQWH SXHGHQ REVHUYDUVH ORV GLDJUDPDV GH GLVSHUVLyQ ILJXUDV \ GHO DQH[R
DXQTXHHVGLItFLOFXDQWLILFDUODUHODFLyQHQWUHODVYDULDEOHV\DTXHODQXEHGHSXQWRVQRVHDMXVWDDXQDOtQHD
UHFWD SRU OR TXH VH KD SURFHGLGR D REWHQHU ORV FRHILFLHQWHV GH FRUUHODFLyQ SDUD FXDQWLILFDU HO JUDGR GH
UHODFLyQOLQHDOH[LVWHHQWUHODVYDULDEOHV
)LQDOPHQWH HVWRV UHVXOWDGRV DSR\DQ OD KLSyWHVLV SODQWHDGD UHVSHFWR D TXH HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU
PHGLGR FRQ OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 FRUUHODFLRQD QHJDWLYD \
VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH FRQOD YDULDEOHVHVWUpV3URIHVLRQDO R6tQGURPHGH%XUQRXWPHGLGRFRQOD(VFDOD0%,GH
0DVODFK

Resultados
7.5 Sentido del humor, género y edad
(Q HVWH DSDUWDGR VH H[SORUDQ ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU \ RWUDV YDULDEOHV
GHPRJUiILFDV (Q OD WDEOD TXH VH LQFOX\H D FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SUHVHQWD OD GLVWULEXFLyQ SRU FDVRV UHVSHFWR DO
JpQHUR
5DQJR 6XPDGH
*pQHUR 1 SURPHGLR UDQJRV
3XQWXDFLyQHQ 0DVFXOLQR
06+6 )HPHQLQR
PXHVWUDWRWDO
7RWDO
7DEOD'LVWULEXFLyQGHFDVRVSRUJpQHUR\UDQJRVSURPHGLR
6HREVHUYDXQDPXHVWUDPiVH[WHQVDHQHOJpQHURIHPHQLQRFRQHOSHUVRQDV\HO

FRUUHVSRQGHDOSRUFHQWDMHGHFDVRVSDUDODYDULDEOHJHQHURPDVFXOLQR
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDHQOD7DEODORVHVWDGtVWLFRVGHFRQWUDVWHSDUDODYDULDEOHJpQHUR
3XQWXDFLyQHQPVKVPXHVWUDWRWDO
8GH0DQQ:KLWQH\
(VWDGtVWLFRVGHFRQWUDVWH
=
6LJDVLQWyWELODWHUDO
7DEOD(VWDGtVWLFRVGHFRQWUDVWHSDUDODYDULDEOHJHQHUR
6H SXHGH REVHUYDU TXH QR H[LVWHQ GLIHUHQFLDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV \D TXH OD S HV PX\ JUDQGH \
DFHSWDPRVODKLSyWHVLVGHLJXDOGDGGHPHGLDV
$VtTXHSRGHPRVDILUPDUTXHODVSXQWXDFLRQHVREWHQLGDVHQODDSOLFDFLyQGHODHVFDODWUDGXFLGDQR
SUHVHQWDQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVQLHQGLVWULEXFLyQQLHQWHQGHQFLDFHQWUDOQLHQGLVSHUVLyQUHVSHFWRDOD
YDULDEOH JpQHUR (VWR VH KD SUREDGR KDFLHQGR ORV FRQWUDVWHV GH LJXDOGDG GH YDULDQ]DV XWLOL]DQGR OD ) GH
6QHGHFRU\GHLJXDOGDGGHPHGLDVDWUDYpVGHOD7GH6WXGHQWWUDVWUDQVIRUPDUODYDULDEOHSDUDFRQVHJXLU
ODQRUPDOLGDG
&RPR VH SODQWHDED HQ OD KLSyWHVLV LQLFLDOPHQWH QR VH HQFXHQWUDQ GLIHUHQFLDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV HQ OD
PXHVWUDSDUDODYDULDEOHJpQHUR
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSURFHGHGHIRUPDVLPLODUSDUDODYDULDEOHHGDGUHDOL]iQGRVHWUHVJUDQGHVJUXSRV
7DEOD\)LJXUD)LJXUD

&DVRV 0HGLD06+6 'HVY7tSLFD

*UXSR DxRV
*UXSRDxRV
*UXSR !DxRV
7RWDO
7DEOD3XQWXDFLRQHVPHGLDVHQODHVFDOD06+6VHJ~QYDULDEOHHGDG
&RPR VH SXHGH DGYHUWLU HQ HO JUXSR LJXDO R PHQRUHV GH DxRV \ HO JUXSR HQWUH \
DxRVWLHQHQSXQWXDFLRQHVTXHVRQVLPLODUHVVLQHPEDUJRORVVXMHWRVGHOJUXSRLJXDORPD\RUHVGH
DxRVREWLHQHQXQDSXQWXDFLyQPHGLDLQIHULRUGHHQOD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU
06+6FRQXQDGLVSHUVLyQGHODVSXQWXDFLRQHVRYDULDELOLGDGWDPELpQVXSHULRU,QWXLWLYDPHQWHSDUHFHTXH
ODVSXQWXDFLRQHVEDMDQDPHGLGDTXHDYDQ]DODHGDG3DUDDQDOL]DUHVWDWHQGHQFLDGHOJUXSRPD\RUHVGH
DxRVUHVSHFWRDORVRWURVGRVJUXSRVHVWXGLDUHPRVVLHVWDVGLIHUHQFLDVVRQVLJQLILFDWLYDV
*UiILFRGH'LVSHUVLyQ

PVKV

HGDG
)LJXUD*UiILFRGHGLVSHUVLyQGHODVSXQWXDFLRQHVHQ06+6YDULDEOHHGDG
2EVHUYHPRVODDQWHULRU)LJXUDTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDOJUiILFRGHGLVSHUVLyQGHODVSXQWXDFLRQHVSDUD
ORVWUHVJUXSRV(QpVWHJUiILFRVHSXHGHSHUFLELUTXHODVSXQWXDFLRQHVGHOJUXSRPD\RUHVGHDxRV
VRQPiVGLVSHUVDV\EDMDVHQUHODFLyQDORVRWURVGRVJUXSRV(QHVWHVHQWLGRODVSXQWXDFLRQHVPi[LPDVGHO
JUXSRQRDOFDQ]DQDODVTXHREWLHQHQORVJUXSRV\
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDRWUDSUR\HFFLyQGHODVSXQWXDFLRQHVPHGLDV

Resultados
0HGLDV\3RUFHQWDMHV,QWHUYDORVGH6FKHIIH

PVKV

HGDG

)LJXUD*UiILFRGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODVSXQWXDFLRQHVHQ06+6YDULDEOHHGDG
(VWHJUiILFRFRPSOHWDHOUHVXOWDGRDQWHULRU\SXHGHREVHUYDUVHGHPDQHUDPiVFODUDFRPRODVHxDO
GHODPHGLDHQOD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+6HQHOJUXSRFDHSRUGHEDMRGHOD
PHGLDGHORVRWURVGRVJUXSRVGHHGDG
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHRIUHFHOD7DEODTXHSUHVHQWDORVGDWRVVREUHODGLVWULEXFLyQPXHVWUDO
(GDG &XDUWLO &XDUWLO 5DQJR 6LPHWUtD &XUWRVLV &RHI 6XPD

,QIHULRU 6XSHULRU ,QWHUFXDUWLO 9DULDFLyQ

7RWDO
7DEOD6LPHWUtD\FXUWRVLV
&RPR VH SXHGH DSUHFLDU HQ OD 7DEOD OD VLPHWUtD \ FXUWRVLV HVWiQ IXHUD GHO UDQJR ±
UHTXHULGR SDUD TXH VH FXPSODQ ODV KLSyWHVLV KRPRFHGDVWLFLGDG \ QRUPDOLGDG &RPR QR VH FXPSOHQ ODV
KLSyWHVLVGHOPRGHORVHGHEHSURFHGHUDXWLOL]DUODSUXHEDQR SDUDPpWULFD.UXVNDO:DOOLV7DEODRVH
SXHGHQWUDQVIRUPDUORVGDWRVHOHYDUDOFXDGUDGR\FXPSOLUDVtORVFULWHULRVSDUDHOPRGHOR6HYDDSURFHGHU
GHODVGRVPDQHUDV
3XQWXDFLyQHQ06+6PXHVWUDWRWDO
&KLFXDGUDGR
JO
6LJDVLQWyW
7DEOD(VWDGtVWLFR.UXVNDO:DOOLVGLIHUHQFLDGHPHGLDVHQODYDULDEOHHGDG

(VWD WDEOD SUHVHQWD OD SULPHUD IRUPD GH SURFHGHU HO HVWDGtVWLFR .UXVNDO:DOOLV TXH FRQWUDVWD OD
KLSyWHVLVGHLJXDOGDGGHPHGLDV\DGTXLHUHXQYDORU\S FRPR HOQLYHOFUtWLFRDVRFLDGRHV
GHFLU OD SUREDELOLGDG GH FRQVHJXLU YDORUHV FRPR HO REWHQLGR HV PX\ SHTXHxD UHFKD]DPRV OD KLSyWHVLV GH
TXH H[LVWH LJXDOGDG HQ ORV JUXSRV GH HGDG \ FRQFOXLUHPRV TXH H[LVWHQ GLIHUHQFLDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV HQWUH ORV
JUXSRVGHHGDGHQODSREODFLyQ
6HSXHGHDILUPDUSRUWDQWRFRQXQQLYHOGHFRQILDQ]DGHOTXHHQHVWDPXHVWUDGHSREODFLyQGH
SHUVRQDV PD\RUHV ODV SXQWXDFLRQHV HQ OD HVFDOD SDUD PHGLU HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU VRQ VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH
PiVEDMDVTXHHQORVGHPiVJUXSRVGHSREODFLyQ
&RPR VH KD VHxDODGR VH YD D SURFHGHU WDPELpQ D UHDOL]DU HO DQiOLVLV GH YDULDQ]D $QRYD GH XQ
IDFWRUTXHVHUHSUHVHQWDHQODVLJXLHQWHWDEOD
)XHQWH 6XPDVGH *O &XDGUDGR &RFLHQWH) 39DORU

FXDGUDGRV 0HGLRSDUD
SDUDPVKVA PVKVA
(QWUHJUXSRV ( (
,QWUDJUXSRV ( (
7RWDO&RUU (
7DEOD$QiOLVLVGHYDULDQ]DSDUDPVKVAVHJ~QHGDG
(Q OD 7DEOD VH UHSUHVHQWD HO $QiOLVLV GH 9DULDQ]D $QRYD WUDQVIRUPDQGR ORV GDWRV HV GHFLU
HOHYDQGRDOFXDGUDGRODVSXQWXDFLRQHVHQODHVFDODGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUSDUDTXHVHGLVWULEX\DQRUPDO\
TXH VH VLPEROL]D GH OD PDQHUD VLJXLHQWH PVKVA 8QD YH] WUDQVIRUPDGRV ORV GDWRV HQ QRUPDOHV VH
FRQWUDVWDODKLSyWHVLVGHLJXDOGDGGHPHGLDVWRPDQGR)XQYDORUGHFRQXQQLYHOFUtWLFRDVRFLDGRPX\
SHTXHxR S &RQ HVWRV UHVXOWDGRV UHFKD]DPRV OD KLSyWHVLV GH LJXDOGDG GH PHGLDV +R \
FRQFOXLUHPRV TXH QR WRGDV ODV PHGLDV SREODFLRQDOHV FRPSDUDGDV VRQ LJXDOHV H[LVWLHQGR GLIHUHQFLDV
VLJQLILFDWLYDV
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDQODV)LJXUD\)LJXUDTXHFRUUHVSRQGHQDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQJUiILFD
SDUDORVWUHVJUXSRVGHHGDGGHODVSXQWXDFLRQHVHQODHVFDOD06+6WUDQVIRUPDGDVHQQRUPDOHV
&RPRVHREVHUYDHQOD)LJXUDDOWUDQVIRUPDUORVGDWRVHQQRUPDOHVUHSUHVHQWDGRPVKVAODV
SXQWXDFLRQHVDOFDQ]DQPi[LPDVGHDSUR[LPDGDVPHQWHHQORVJUXSRVLJXDORPHQRUHVGHDxRV\
ORV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQWUH \ DxRV /DV PHGLDV HQ HO JUXSR ORV LJXDO R PD\RUHV GH DxRV
XQRVUHIOHMDQGRXQDGLVPLQXFLyQPX\REVHUYDEOHHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ

Resultados
0HGLDV\3RUFHQWDMHV,QWHUYDORVGH6FKHIIH

PVKVA

HGDG

)LJXUD0HGLDVHQODYDULDEOHHGDGFRQYHUWLGDVHQQRUPDOHVPVKVA
&RPRVHREVHUYDHQOD)LJXUDDOWUDQVIRUPDUORVGDWRVHQQRUPDOHVUHSUHVHQWDGRPVKVAODV
SXQWXDFLRQHVDOFDQ]DQPi[LPDVGHDSUR[LPDGDVPHQWHHQORVJUXSRVLJXDORPHQRUHVGHDxRV\
ORV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQWUH \ DxRV /DV PHGLDV HQ HO JUXSR ORV LJXDO R PD\RUHV GH DxRV
XQRVUHIOHMDQGRXQDGLVPLQXFLyQPX\REVHUYDEOHHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SUHVHQWD RWUD SHUVSHFWLYD GH ODV PLVPDV SXQWXDFLRQHV HQ RWUR JUiILFR )LJXUD

6HSXHGHGLVWLQJXLUHQOD)LJXUDFyPRODVSXQWXDFLRQHVGHOJUXSRVRQLQIHULRUHV\FyPRHQ
HVWH VHQWLGR OD PHGLD HQ OD SXQWXDFLyQ GH OD HVFDOD 06+6 SDUD PHGLU HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU GLVPLQX\H
VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWHHQHOJUXSRGHODVSHUVRQDVPD\RUHV
*UiILFRGH$QiOLVLVGH0HGLDVSDUDPVKVA
&RQXQGH/tPLWHVGH'HFLVLyQ

8'/
&/
/'/
0HGLD

HGDG


(VWRV UHVXOWDGRV SHUPLWHQ DSR\DU SDUFLDOPHQWH OD KLSyWHVLV SODQWHDGD HQ UHODFLyQ D ODV YDULDEOHV
JpQHUR \ HGDG 3RU XQ ODGR QR VH HQFXHQWUDQ GLIHUHQFLDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV HQ UHODFLyQ DO JpQHUR \ SRU RWUR
H[LVWHQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVHQWUHORVJUXSRVGHHGDGDQDOL]DGRV

Capítulo 8. Discusión y conclusiones

$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDODGLVFXVLyQ\ODVFRQFOXVLRQHVTXH VHGHULYDQGHHVWHWUDEDMRHPStULFR
FRQUHIHUHQFLDDORVREMHWLYRVHVSHFtILFRVHKLSyWHVLVSODQWHDGRV
8.1 Sobre la traducción y adaptación de la Escala Multidimensional del Sentido del Humor MSHS
(Q HVWH DSDUWDGR VH KDFH UHIHUHQFLD DO SULPHU REMHWLYR GH WUDGXFLU \ DGDSWDU XQ LQVWUXPHQWR EDVH
TXH VLUYD GH UHIHUHQFLD SDUD PHGLU HO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU (Q HVWD OtQHD HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD (VFDOD
0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+6VHFRQFLELyLQLFLDOPHQWHSRUODQHFHVLGDGGHGLVSRQHUGHXQ
LQVWUXPHQWRTXHPLGLHVHRYDORUDVHHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUGHFDGDSHUVRQD'RVVH\\DTXHHQ(VSDxD
QR H[LVWHQ HVFDODV TXH YDORUHQ HVWD DVSHFWR SHUVRQDO /RV UHVXOWDGRV GH ODV SXQWXDFLRQHV HQ OD HVFDOD
DGDSWDGDPXHVWUDQXQFRQVWUXFWRFRQDOWDFRQVLVWHQFLDLQWHUQD SRUWDQWRFRQILDELOLGDGHYLGHQWHSDUDHVWH
WLSRGHSUXHEDV
&DEHUHVDOWDUTXHFDVLWRGDVODVSXQWXDFLRQHVGHODHVFDODH[FHSWRORVtWHPVFRPR³ODJHQWHHVSHUD
TXH \R GLJD FRVDV JUDFLRVDV´ ³PLV DPLJRV PH FRQVLGHUDQ FKLVWRVR´ R ³HQ XQ JUXSR SXHGR FRQWURODU OD
VLWXDFLyQFRQWDQGRXQFKLVWH´H[FHGHQGHOYDORUWHyULFRQHXWURORTXHOOHYDDSHQVDUTXHODPD\RUtDGHODV
SHUVRQDV GH OD PXHVWUD GDQ XQ DFXHUGR WRWDO R PRGHUDGR HQ FDGD tWHP 1R HV HVSHUDEOH TXH OD JHQWH VH
YDORUHDVLPLVPDFRQSXQWXDFLRQHVEDMDVHQORVtWHPV\DTXHHOLQVWUXPHQWRHVXQDDXWRYDORUDFLyQGHORV
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV UHODWLYRV DO KXPRU \ DFWLWXGHV KDFLD HO KXPRU DOJXQRV DXWRUHV VHxDODQ DO UHVSHFWR
'RVVH\ 0DUWtQ *RRGPDQ \ )U\ -U TXH HV GLItFLO TXH OD JHQWH VH DXWRDSUHFLH
HVSRQWiQHDPHQWH D OD EDMD HQ WHVW FRQ PpWRGRV DXWRGHVFULSWRUHV R TXH UHFRQR]FDQ VXV OLPLWDFLRQHV HQ
FXDQWRDODXWLOL]DFLyQGHOKXPRUHQWUHRWURVDVSHFWRVSRUTXHHOEXHQKXPRUJR]DGHDSUHFLR\HVXQUDVJR
HPHUJHQWHTXHVHYDORUD\HVWLPD)U\\6DODPHK
(Q JHQHUDO GHVWDFD OD WHQGHQFLD D ODV SXQWXDFLRQHV PiV ELHQ DOWDV HQ OD HVFDOD GH OR TXH VH
GHGXFHTXHHQHOKXPRUGHELGRDVXHIHFWRGHDSUREDFLyQ\GHVHDELOLGDGVRFLDOODVSHUVRQDVVHYDORUDQDVL
PLVPDV FRQ PD\RU PDJQLWXG HQ VXV FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV \ DFWLWXGHV UHODWLYDV $XQTXH HVWD UHIOH[LyQ QR
FRQFXHUGD H[DFWDPHQWH FRQ ODV SXQWXDFLRQHV HQFRQWUDGDV SRU HMHPSOR HQ HO tWHP ³PLV DPLJRV PH
FRQVLGHUDQFKLVWRVR´TXHHQFLHUUDDSUREDFLyQVRFLDOLJXDODOUHVWR\DVtHQJHQHUDOODJHQWHVHSXQW~DEDMR
HQ HVWH tWHP 3XFKH \ /R]DQR SXEOLFDURQ XQ HVWXGLR TXH H[SOLFD OD FRPSUHQVLyQ KXPRUtVWLFD \ ODV
KDELOLGDGHV UHVSHFWR DO KXPRU \ PHQFLRQDQ TXH SDUD ODV SHUVRQDV HV PiV IiFLO FRPSUHQGHU \ VHQWLU HO

KXPRU TXH DXWRGHILQLUVH FRPR JHQHUDGRUHV GH FKLVWHV R GH KLVWRULDV GLYHUWLGDV 3DUHFH DVt TXH FXHVWD
PHQRVDSUHFLDUHOKXPRUTXHJHQHUDUOR\PXFKRPiVVLVHSODQWHDHQHOIRUPDWRGHFKLVWH
(VWD DSUHFLDFLyQ GHEH WHQHUVH HQ FXHQWD SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH IXWXUDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV \D TXH FRQ
HVWH WLSR GH FXHVWLRQDULRV GHEHQ HPSOHDUVH SDUDOHODPHQWH RWUDV PHGLGDV FXDQWLWDWLYDV \ FXDOLWDWLYDV TXH
UHIXHUFHQ R FRQILUPHQ ODV SXQWXDFLRQHV REWHQLGDV 1R REVWDQWH VL H[FOXVLYDPHQWH VH WUDWD GH XQD
HYDOXDFLyQHQORVGLVWLQWRVHOHPHQWRVTXHXQDSHUVRQDVHDXWRYDORUDHQHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUEDVWDUtDFRQHO
FRQMXQWR GH OD SXQWXDFLyQ JHQHUDO HQ OD HVFDOD SDUD SRGHU KDFHUVH XQD LGHD JOREDO (Q HVWH VHQWLGR OD
HVFDOD 0+6+ SHUPLWH YHU FRQ HO FRQMXQWR GH DXWRGHVFULSWRUHV FyPR ODV SHUVRQDV VH YHQ D VL PLVPDV \ D
RWURV IUHQWH DO KXPRU \ SUHVHQWD DFHSWDEOHV SURSLHGDGHV SVLFRPpWULFDV FRQ XQD HVWUXFWXUD GH IDFWRU
FRQVLVWHQWH SDUDOHODPHQWH D ORV UHVXOWDGRV SXEOLFDGRV GHVGH KDFH PiV GH XQD GpFDGD HQ SREODFLyQ
QRUWHDPHULFDQDFRQGDWRVDVLPLODEOHVDORVHQFRQWUDGRVSRUORVDXWRUHVGHODHVFDODHQFXDQWRDPHGLDV\
ILDELOLGDG 7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO 7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO D 7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO E 7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO
F7KRUVRQ3RZHOO6DUPD\6FKXOOHU+DPSHV
/RV UHVXOWDGRV HQFRQWUDGRV HQ HVWH HVWXGLR \ SDUD HVWD PXHVWUD DSR\DQ RWUDV DGDSWDFLRQHV
WUDQVFXOWXUDOHV OOHYDGDV D FDER HQ FRQWH[WRV DOHPDQHV IUDQFHVHV UXVRV FURDWDV R SRUWXJXHVHV 'DYLHV
HQORTXHVHUHILHUHDODDOWDFRQVLVWHQFLDLQWHUQDVXSHUSRQLEOHDODGHOFXHVWLRQDULRRULJLQDO
VLQGHWHFWDUJUDQGHVGLVFUHSDQFLDV\UHVXOWDQGRVHUDSOLFDEOHVLQGLILFXOWDGHV
(QFRQVHFXHQFLD\FRPRFRQFOXVLyQSRGHPRVDILUPDUTXHODHVFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHOVHQWLGRGHO
+XPRU06+6HQXQVHQWLGRJOREDOHVXQLQVWUXPHQWRTXHVLUYHGHEDVHRUHIHUHQFLDSDUDPHGLUHOKXPRU
FRQDOWRJUDGRGHILDELOLGDGGHOFRQMXQWRGHWRGRVORVtWHPV
8.2 Sobre el análisis comparativo de las escalas
3DUWLHQGR GHO VHJXQGR REMHWLYR VREUH HO HVWXGLR GH ODV VHPHMDQ]DV \ GLIHUHQFLDV GHO FXHVWLRQDULR
XWLOL]DGR HQ OD PXHVWUD GH OD &RPXQLGDG GH 0DGULG \ OD PXHVWUD RULJLQDO SDUD OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD (VFDOD
0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU RULJLQDO VH SXHGH DILUPDU TXH JOREDOPHQWH QR H[LVWH VLPLOLWXG DO
FRPSDUDUHOLQVWUXPHQWRRULJLQDOFRQORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVHQHVWDPXHVWUDHQFRQWUDSRVLFLyQDOHVWXGLR
UHDOL]DGRSRU7KRUVRQ%UGDU\3RZHOOHQFRQSREODFLyQ&URDWD
&RPR VH GHVSUHQGH GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV DO FRPSDUDU ORV FXDWUR IDFWRUHV HQ DPERV LQVWUXPHQWRV OD
HVFDOD RULJLQDO \ OD HVFDOD WUDGXFLGD \ DGDSWDGD QR SXHGHQ FRQVLGHUDUVH VLPLODUHV 6REUH OD EDVH GH ODV
FDUJDVIDFWRULDOHVGHODSULPHUDGLPHQVLyQVHDSUHFLDTXHODPD\RUFRLQFLGHQFLDVHHQFXHQWUDHQHOSULPHU
IDFWRURORTXHHVORPLVPRODVUHVSXHVWDVGHORVVXMHWRVHQ FXOWXUDDPHULFDQD\HVSDxRODVHSDUHFHQHQ
FXDQWRDJHQHUDFLyQGHOKXPRUWDPELpQGHVFULWRFRPRXQIDFWRUGHFRQGXFWDVGHKXPRU
1R REVWDQWH FRPR VH REVHUYDQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHO VHJXQGR IDFWRU VH SLHUGHQ SUiFWLFDPHQWH ODV
FRLQFLGHQFLDV \ PLHQWUDV HQ OD HVFDOD RULJLQDO HO IDFWRU LPSOLFD DFWLWXGHV KDFLD HO KXPRU HQ OD HVFDOD

Referencias
WUDGXFLGD \ DGDSWDGD VH FLUFXQVFULEH HQ VLWXDFLRQHV GH DIURQWDPLHQWR D SUREOHPDV R DGDSWDFLyQ D OD
VLWXDFLyQ
$VLPLVPR HQ EDVH D OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH ODV FDUJDV IDFWRULDOHV GHO WHUFHU IDFWRU GH OD HVFDOD RULJLQDO
TXH SDUHFH FRUUHVSRQGHU PiV DO VHJXQGR GH HVWH HVWXGLR WDPSRFR HV FRPSDUDEOH QL FRLQFLGHQWH DOJR
VLPLODUDORTXHHQFRQWUDPRVHQHOFXDUWRIDFWRU
(O UHVXOWDGR IDFWRULDO GH HVWH HVWXGLR QR VH SXHGH DVLPLODU D ORV UHVXOWDGRV HQFRQWUDGRV HQ RWURV
HVWXGLRVVHPHMDQWHV'DYLHV(VWRSXHGHGHEHUVHDTXHHOKXPRUWHQJDGRVFRPSRQHQWHVQR
UHIHULGRV IHKDFLHQWHPHQWH HQ ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV DO UHVSHFWR 8Q FRPSRQHQWH HVWDEOH HQ HO WLHPSR TXH
IRUPD SDUWH GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV LQQDWDV GH ODV SHUVRQDV TXH LQFOX\H HO WHPSHUDPHQWR \ OD WHQGHQFLD D
SHUFLELU ODV VLWXDFLRQHV FRPR GLYHUWLGDV TXH SRGHPRV OODPDU UDVJR \ RWUR FRPSRQHQWH LQHVWDEOH PiV R
PHQRVYDULDEOHRWUDQVLWRULRTXHSXHGHFDPELDUVHRPHMRUDUHQHOWLHPSR\TXHSRGUtDPRVOODPDU HVWDGR
(O UDVJRGHKXPRUVHUtDODSUHGLVSRVLFLyQDGLVIUXWDU\JHQHUDURFUHDUKXPRUHQFXDOTXLHUFLUFXQVWDQFLDR
H[SHULHQFLDGHODYLGD\HO HVWDGR GHKXPRUODGLVSRVLFLyQGHOFDUiFWHURFRPSRUWDPLHQWRSHQVDPLHQWRV\
HPRFLRQHVGHODSHUVRQDGHVHQFDGHQDGRVSRUODH[SHULHQFLD\PRWLYDFLyQTXHVHLQGXFHPHGLDQWHHMHUFLFLRV
\ MXHJRV \ TXH UHVXOWD REVHUYDEOH 2EVHUYDQGR OD HVWUXFWXUD GHO SULPHU IDFWRU SXHGH VHU DVLPLODEOH D
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVWDEOHV GHO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU OR TXH SRGUtD H[SOLFDU PD\RU FRLQFLGHQFLD GH HVWH IDFWRU HQ
DPEDV PXHVWUDV 3RU HO FRQWUDULR FXDQGR VH WUDWD GH YHUWHU RSLQLRQHV DFWLWXGHV KDFLD HO KXPRU R
VLWXDFLRQHVGHDIURQWDPLHQWRPiVFXOWXUDOHV\SRUWDQWRPHQRVHVWDEOHVODVFRLQFLGHQFLDVVRQPiVGLItFLOHV
\SRUWDQWRQRVHSXHGHQHTXLSDUDUORVIDFWRUHV(VWRSXHGHVHUXQDH[SOLFDFLyQ\VHQWDUODVSUHPLVDVSDUD
XQIXWXURTXHJXLDUiODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQDUDVGHLQGDJDUVLORTXHH[SORUDODHVFDODHVHQGHILQLWLYDHOUDVJR
RHOHVWDGRGHKXPRU
/D (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU FXPSOH FRQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV \ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
SVLFRPpWULFDVGHXQDHVFDODILDEOHDXQTXHQRSHUPLWHGLVWLQJXLUVLORTXHPLGHHVHOUDVJRRHOHVWDGRGHO
KXPRU8QRGHORVREMHWLYRVGHHVWHWUDEDMRKDVLGRHQSULPHUOXJDUH[SHULPHQWDUFRQODHVFDODPHQFLRQDGD
SDUD YLVOXPEUDU OD FRKHUHQFLD TXH RIUHFH HQ OD H[WUDSRODFLyQ GH ORV GDWRV GH OD SREODFLyQ DPHULFDQD \ ORV
UHVXOWDQWHV HQ FXOWXUD HVSDxROD $XQTXH OD HVFDOD HV DFHSWDEOH HQ WpUPLQRV SVLFRPpWULFRV HQ HO IXWXUR
GHVDUUROORGHODPLVPDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQSXHGHHQIRFDUVHDYHULILFDUVLODHVFDODPLGHHO UDVJRRHO HVWDGRGH
KXPRU
3RU WDQWR D OD YLVWD GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV VH GHGXFH TXH QR VH FRQILUPD OD KLSyWHVLV SODQWHDGD
LQLFLDOPHQWHGHTXHHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRUPHGLGRHQXQDPXHVWUDGHOD&RPXQLGDGGH0DGULGFRQOD(VFDOD
0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 REWLHQH SXQWXDFLRQHV VLPLODUHV \ VH HVWUXFWXUD HQ WRUQR D
FXDWURGLPHQVLRQHVDOLJXDOTXHHQODPXHVWUDDPHULFDQD


8.3 Sobre la dimensionalidad del Sentido del Humor
(QUHODFLyQDOWHUFHUREMHWLYR\ODVHJXQGDKLSyWHVLVGHHVWHHVWXGLRORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVSRQHQ
GH UHOLHYH XQD HVWUXFWXUD WULGLPHQVLRQDO DVt SXHV HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU VH HVWUXFWXUD HQ WRUQR D WUHV
GLPHQVLRQHV \ DXQTXH QR UHSOLFD ORV PLVPRV KDOOD]JRV TXH ORV DXWRUHV FRQ UHVSHFWR D OR H[SXHVWR HQ HO
FDSLWXORGHOPDUFRWHyULFRH[LVWHXQKLORFRQGXFWRUSDUDHO KXPRUHQWRUQRDWUHVHOHPHQWRVEiVLFRVHO
LQJHQLRRODFDSDFLGDGGHODVSHUVRQDVSDUDLQWHUSUHWDUODVFRVDVGHXQDIRUPDGLYHUWLGD*HONRSI\.UHLWOHU
HOFRPSRQHQWHHPRFLRQDOGHODSHUVRQDTXHUtH)UHGULFNVRQ\HOIHQyPHQRDGDSWDWLYRTXH
VXE\DFHHQODVSHUVRQDVTXHXWLOL]DQHOKXPRU\TXHDSUHQGHQDDGDSWDUVHDODVLWXDFLyQRDH[SHULPHQWDUOD
GH PDQHUD PiV GLYHUWLGD R PHQRV GUDPiWLFD DSUHQGLHQGR HQ XQ VLVWHPD GH PHMRUDPLHQWR HPRFLRQDO
PHGLDQWHHOKXPRU)U\\6DODPHK
/D VROXFLyQ WULIDFWRULDO VH DMXVWD D XQ PRGHOR TXH H[SOLFD PHMRU \ PiV FODUDPHQWH HO KXPRU HQ
QXHVWUD FXOWXUD 7UDGLFLRQDOPHQWH OD 3VLFRORJtD KD EXVFDGR VX IXQGDPHQWDFLyQ HQ WUHV JUDQGHV SURFHVRV
PHQWDOHVGHOVHUKXPDQRSURFHVRVFRJQLWLYRVHPRFLRQDOHV\FRQGXFWXDOHV$OOSRUW$EUD(VWH
PRGHOR KD VXIULGR YDULRV DMXVWHV SHUR KD SHUPDQHFLGR D JUDQGHV UDVJRV (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG ORV SURFHVRV
FRJQLWLYRVVHGHQRPLQDQFRJQLWLYRFRQGXFWXDOHV\ORVHPRFLRQDOHVRDIHFWLYRVKDQSUHYDOHFLGRLQFRUSRUDQGR
ORVFRQDWLYRVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH1LHWR0XQXHUD$EDG(VWHEDQ\7HMHUtQD
(VWDFRQFHSFLyQHVSDUDOHODDOPRGHORTXHVHKDDVXPLGRHQODIXQGDPHQWDFLyQWHyULFDSDUDH[SOLFDU
HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU HVWR HV XQ PRGHOR FOiVLFR HQ 3VLFRORJtD (\VHQFN \ VLUYH SDUD DXQDU OR \D
FRQRFLGRHQODWHRUtDSVLFROyJLFDODVDSRUWDFLRQHVGHORVPRGHORVTXHH[SOLFDQ HOKXPRU\HOQ~FOHRGHOD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHWUDWDGHPHGLUHOFRQVWUXFWR
(VWHPRGHORWULIDFWRULDOUHDOL]DXQDFRQWULEXFLyQRULJLQDO\DTXHSHUPLWHH[SOLFDUODGLPHQVLRQDOLGDG
HQ WpUPLQRV \D FRQRFLGRV \ SUHVHQWD XQ DVSHFWR TXH IDFLOLWDUi HO GHVDUUROOR GH WUDEDMRV GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ
FHQWUiQGRVH HQ WUHV WLSRV GH FRPSHWHQFLDV FRQRFLGDV KDELOLGDGHV GHO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR KDELOLGDGHV
FRJQLWLYDV R GH SHQVDPLHQWR \ KDELOLGDGHV HPRFLRQDOHV GH PRGR TXH FRQMXQWDPHQWH KD\ XQ GHVDUUROOR
FRPSRUWDPHQWDOFRJQLWLYRVRFLDOHVWLORGHDIURQWDPLHQWR\DXWRPRWLYDFLyQFRQHOXVRGHOKXPRUGHPDQHUD
LQWHQFLRQDO\FRQXQREMHWLYRSUHFLVR6FKLPHO%HUQHW*HONRSI\.UHLWOHU
(QHVWHHVWXGLRFDEHUHVDOWDUODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQIDFWRUGHKDELOLGDGRFRPSRUWDPLHQWRKiELOTXH
SHUPLWH LQIHULU TXH D WUDYpV GHO HQVD\R FRQ IHQyPHQRV GLYHUWLGRV TXH LQFLGDQ VREUH HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR
SXHGDLQIOXHQFLDUVHHOKXPRUGHODSHUVRQDSRUTXHVHJ~QVHKDH[SOLFDGRHQHOPDUFRWHyULFRH[LVWHFLHUWD
FRQIXVLyQHQODSUHGRPLQDQFLDGHFLHUWDVHVWUXFWXUDVHQHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHOKXPRUSRUHMHPSORODVHPiQWLFD
GHO FKLVWH \ HO XVR VRFLDO GHO KXPRU HV GHFLU HO FKLVWH \ OD EURPD HQ VLWXDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV TXH SRGHPRV
FDOLILFDUGHMRFRVDV
(QODVROXFLyQWULIDFWRULDOHOSULPHUIDFWRUGH FRPSHWHQFLDRKDELOLGDGSHUVRQDOSDUDXVDUHOKXPRU
DO LJXDO TXH RFXUUtD HQ ODHVFDOD RULJLQDO FRQ HO SULPHU IDFWRU GHVFULEH OD FDSDFLGDG SDUD JHQHUDU \ XVDU HO
VHQWLGRGHOKXPRUHQVLWXDFLRQHVVRFLDOHV/RVtWHPVUHILHUHQHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR³\RSXHGR´RORTXHHVOR

Referencias
PLVPRIRUPDVSURGXFWLYDVGHKXPRUGHODVSHUVRQDVWDQWRGHVGH XQSXQWRGHYLVWDLQGLYLGXDOFRPRHQHO
JUXSRVRFLDO(VWHIDFWRULQFOX\HFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHXQKXPRUDFWLYRHYDO~DODFDSDFLGDGGHODSHUVRQDSDUD
FUHDUKXPRUDGHPiVGHGLVIUXWDUOR(QUHDOLGDGODHVFDODVHGLVHxySDUDSURFXUDUPHGLUODFDSDFLGDGSDUD
JHQHUDU \ H[SUHVDU KXPRU HQ VLWXDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV \ HQ HVH VHQWLGR HV FRKHUHQWH FRQ ORV tWHPV TXH VH
DJUXSDQHQHVWHIDFWRUTXHHVWiQUHODFLRQDGRVFRQXQKXPRUDFWLYRPiVTXHSDVLYR
(OIDFWRUGHFRPSHWHQFLDRKDELOLGDGUHVXPHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHOVHQWLGRGHKXPRUDWUDYpVGHGLVWLQWRV
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV HQ OD YLGD VRFLDO FRWLGLDQD \ HV LQKHUHQWH D SHUVRQDV TXH JHQHUDQ KXPRU DGHPiV GH
GLVIUXWDUOR $Vt HO KXPRU GHVGH HO VHQWLGR DPSOLR TXH GHEH LQWHUSUHWDUVH SXHGH VHU XQ MXHJR XQ
PHWDOHQJXDMH D YHFHV FRPSOLFDGR TXH VH DUWLFXOD FRQ HO FXHUSR \ OD FRPSHWHQFLD FRPXQLFDWLYD 0DUWtQ

(VWD GLPHQVLyQ GHO KXPRU VHUtD UHOHYDQWH HQ HO FDVR GH SODQWHDU HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQ SURJUDPD GH
LQWHUYHQFLyQ /D H[LVWHQFLD GH XQ IDFWRU GH FRPSHWHQFLD SHUPLWH OD LQFOXVLyQ GH DFWLYLGDGHV GH KXPRU R
HVWtPXORV TXH PRYLOLFHQ H LPSXOVHQ D ODV SHUVRQDV D SRQHU HQ PDUFKD VXV SURSLRV UHFXUVRV FRPR \D
VXJLULHURQDOJXQRVDXWRUHVSDUDSUHYHQLUFRQGXFWDVGHSUHVLYDV'DQ]HU'DOH\.OLRQVRHQPRPHQWRV
GHFULVLV)UHGULFNVRQ\7XJDGH(VWDGLPHQVLyQFRQWLHQHXQDVHULHGHtWHPVTXHVXJLHUHQDFWLYLGDGHV
GHLQJHQLRFRQGXFWDV\SUHGLVSRVLFLyQDFWLYDGHODJHQWHKDFLDHOKXPRUTXHVLUYHQSDUDVXEUD\DUXQDVHULH
GHHVTXHPDVSUiFWLFRV\GHSHUFHSFLyQTXHSXHGHQHMHFXWDUVHHQDFWLYLGDGHVFRQFUHWDV
(O VHJXQGR IDFWRU GH FRQWURO GH OD VLWXDFLyQ LQFOX\H tWHPV HQ GRQGH DSDUHFH FLHUWR FRQWURO R
DXWRGRPLQLR D WUDYpV GHO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU (O KXPRU VH FRQWHPSOD GH PDQHUD PHQRV DFWLYD \ PiV
YDORUDWLYD (V GHFLU DXQTXH XQD SHUVRQD QR PDQLILHVWH XQD FRQGXFWD DFWLYD SXHGH LGHQWLILFDU HO KXPRU \
DSUHFLDUORFRPRXQDD\XGDHLQFOXVRDOLYLRSDUDLQWHUSUHWDUORVVXFHVRVGHODYLGD\DIURQWDUODVVLWXDFLRQHV
GLItFLOHV (VWR SRQH GH UHOLHYH TXH VH SXHGHQ GHVDUUROODU SURJUDPDV GLUHFWLYRV RULHQWDGRV D IRPHQWDU OD
DGDSWDFLyQ D VLWXDFLRQHV FRPSURPHWLGDV D\XGDQGR D SHUFLELU OD VLWXDFLyQ \ FDPELDQGR WUDQVLWRULDPHQWH OD
HVWUDWHJLD FRJQLWLYD FRPR \D LQYHVWLJy 0F*KHH KDFH DOJXQRV DxRV \ PiV UHFLHQWHPHQWH
2YHUKROVHU*UHHQEHUJ:RUWPDQ\6WRQHR3DVTXDOL3DUDGHVDUUROODUHVWDGLPHQVLyQ
VH SXHGHQ LQFRUSRUDU DFWLYLGDGHV FUHDWLYDV SDUD DIURQWDU VLWXDFLRQHV GLItFLOHV \ SUREOHPDV FRWLGLDQRV FRQ
RSWLPLVPR \ EXHQ KXPRU \ GHVDUUROODU XQD IRUPD GH SHQVDU PiV SRVLWLYD TXH FRQWULEX\D D XQD PHMRU
DGDSWDFLyQDODVLWXDFLyQ
(VWH IDFWRU GH FRQWURO GH OD VLWXDFLyQ HV DGDSWDWLYR R GH DIURQWDPLHQWR HQ HO VHQWLGR GH XWLOL]DU
HVWUDWHJLDV R WHQHU FDSDFLGDG SDUD D\XGDU D DIURQWDU VLWXDFLRQHV GLItFLOHV H LQFOX\H HOHPHQWRV TXH VH
FRUUHVSRQGHQFRQODSHUFHSFLyQTXHWLHQHXQDSHUVRQDGHFRQWUROGHODVLWXDFLyQFXDQGRVHXWLOL]DHOKXPRU
D\XGDQGRDVtDFRQWURODUODWHQVLyQ\SHUFLELUODVLWXDFLyQGHPDQHUDPiVUHODMDGD3DUWLHQGRGHODKLSyWHVLV
GH TXH ODV SHUVRQDV OR TXH GHVHDQ HV HQFRQWUDUVH FRQ ELHQHVWDU DQtPLFR OR TXH VXJLHUH VRQ DFWLYLGDGHV
HQFDPLQDGDVDUHHVWUXFWXUDUHOSHQVDPLHQWR\ODIRUPDHQTXHVHDIURQWDODVLWXDFLyQSUDFWLFDUIRUPDVGH
SHQVDU DOWHUQDWLYDV GHVSHUWDU OD FUHDWLYLGDG SDUD KDFHU IUHQWH D ODV FRVDV GHVGH GLVWLQWDV SHUVSHFWLYDV

FRJQLWLYDVDXPHQWDQGRODFDSDFLGDGGHIHQVLYD:HJHQHU\3HWW\5XVVHOO7URSH\3RPHUDQW]
5XVVHOO
(OWHUFHUIDFWRUGH YDORUDFLyQ VRFLDO\DFWLWXGHVKDFLDHOKXPRUPXHVWUDHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUFRPR

PHFDQLVPRPHGLDGRUHQODVUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHVIDFLOLWDQGRRGLILFXOWDQGRHOXVRTXHVHKDFHGHODVGLVWLQWDV
IRUPDV \ XVRV GHO KXPRU FKLVWH FRPLFV \ FyPLFRV /D SURGXFFLyQ GHO KXPRU DVt FRPR ORV HVWDOOLGRV GHO
PLVPRVRQSURFHVRVDXWRPiWLFRVSHURVRQSURGXFFLRQHVVRFLDOHV 'HYHUHX[\*LQVEXUJ(VWHIDFWRU
H[SOLFDTXHVHSXHGHQLQFRUSRUDUDFWLYLGDGHVSDUDGLYHUWLUVH\GLVIUXWDUGHOMXHJRHQJUXSR\GHODXWLOL]DFLyQ
GH UHFXUVRV GH KXPRU HQ WRGD OD JDPD GH IRUPDWRV GLVSRQLEOHV &RPR \D HV VDELGR HO KXPRU WLHQH XQ
GHVHQFDGHQDQWH HQ HO JUXSR VRFLDO \ SXHGH DFWXDU GH IDFLOLWDGRU GH ODV UHODFLRQHV (Q HO JUXSR HO KXPRU
HPHUJH GH IRUPD PiV HVSRQWiQHD \ FUHDWLYD PiV TXH FXDQGR ODV SHUVRQDV HVWiQ VRODV 'HYHUHX[ \
*LQVEXUJ /D DJUXSDFLyQ GH ORV tWHPV HQ pVWH IDFWRU KDFH SHQVDU TXH HO GHVDUUROOR GH KDELOLGDGHV
KXPRUtVWLFDVGHEHFRQVLGHUDUVLWXDFLRQHVVRFLDOHV(PRFLRQDOPHQWHODVSHUVRQDVGHVSLHUWDQVXFUHDWLYLGDGHQ
HOJUXSRVRFLDO\DXQTXHVHSXHGHHQWUHYHUTXHHOIRUPDWRFKLVWHDYHFHVLPSOLFDVHQWLPLHQWRVGHUHFKD]RR
GH LQFDSDFLGDG /LSSPDQ \ 'XQQ H[LVWHQ RWUDV IRUPDV GH SODQWHDU DFWLYLGDGHV RULHQWDGDV DO IDFWRU
FRPRHOMXHJRGHFORZQRODLPSURYLVDFLyQTXHSXHGHQOOHYDUDORVPLVPRVHIHFWRV)ULMGD%RXOWRQ\
6PLWK
$ SHVDU GH OD HVFDVD ELEOLRJUDItD DO UHVSHFWR ORV SULPHURV KDOOD]JRV GH HVWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ \ HQ
FRQVRQDQFLD FRQ ORV GDWRV REWHQLGRV SRGHPRV DVXPLU TXH HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU HV XQ FRQVWUXFWR
PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO WDO \ FRPR DILUPDQ ORV DXWRUHV 7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO 3XHGH FRQVLGHUDUVH XQD
SUHGLVSRVLFLyQFRJQLWLYD\HPRFLRQDOTXHVXE\DFHHQODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVGLDULRV\TXH
VyOR ORJUD H[SOLFDUVH GHQWUR GH FDGD VLWXDFLyQ VLHPSUH WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH OD FRQYLYHQFLD VRFLDO HV
GRQGHHPHUJHGHPDQHUDPiVHIHFWLYD
'HVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDPiVLQGLYLGXDOHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUSUHSDUDDOLQGLYLGXRSDUDLQWHUSUHWDU
ORVHYHQWRVFRWLGLDQRVGHIRUPDPiVDGDSWDWLYDORTXHH[SOLFDUtDTXHUHVXOWDVHHIHFWLYRIUHQWHDOHVWUpV(O
VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU HV WDPELpQ XQD FDSDFLGDG GH SHUFLELU R GLVIUXWDU \ DSUHFLDU ODV FRVDV GLYHUWLGDV \ XQD
IRUPDGHPLUDUHOPXQGRTXHQRVURGHD\TXHLQIOX\HHQHOHVWDGRGHiQLPR7D\ORU.HPHQ\5HHG%RZHU
\*UXHQHZDOG(QQXHVWUDFXOWXUDVHVXHOHDSUHFLDU\YDORUDUEDVWDQWHHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUHQRWUDV
SHUVRQDV
3RGHPRV FRQFOXLU TXH HO LQVWUXPHQWR VH DGDSWD ELHQ D XQD GLPHQVLyQ WULIDFWRULDO (VWD HVWUXFWXUD
SHUPLWLUi HODERUDU REMHWLYRV \ DFWLYLGDGHV RULHQWDGDV D FDGD XQD GH ODV WUHV GLPHQVLRQHV HQ IXWXURV
SUR\HFWRVGHLQWHUYHQFLyQ

Referencias
8.4 Sobre la validez de la Escala Multidimensional del Sentido del Humor MSHS
(OFXDUWRREMHWLYRGHHVWD7HVLVHUDLQGDJDUVREUHODUHODFLyQHQWUHODVYDULDEOHVVtQGURPHGHEXUQRXW
\VHQWLGRGHOKXPRU$OVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUVHOHKDLGHQWLILFDGRFRPRXQDEXHQDHVWUDWHJLDDGDSWDWLYDSDUD
KDFHUIUHQWHDORVHOHPHQWRVHVWUHVDQWHVGHODYLGD&DQQ+ROW\&DOKRXQ&DOKRXQ&DQ7HGHVFKL\
0F0LOODQ
/DV SXQWXDFLRQHV GH OD HVFDOD 0DVODFK %XUQRXW ,QYHQWRU\ 0%, DXPHQWDQ HQ SURIHVLRQHV GH OD
VDOXGGHODDVLVWHQFLDGLUHFWD'DQLHO3pUH]\)HUQiQGH]\ODPD\RUtDGHORVHVWXGLRVVHFHQWUDQHQ
HVWHFDPSR\HQHOHVFRODUHGXFDFLyQHVSHFLDO\GRFHQWHV(QXQHVWXGLRGH$OXMDHQUHDOL]DGRFRQXQD
PXHVWUD GH SURIHVRUHV GH HQVHxDQ]D SULPDULD /OHLGD VH REVHUYy XQD UHODFLyQ HVWDGtVWLFDPHQWH
VLJQLILFDWLYDWDQWRHQ YDURQHVFRPRHQPXMHUHVHQODHVFDOD&DQVDQFLR(PRFLRQDO\ 'HVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ\
GHVLJQRQHJDWLYRHQ5HDOL]DFLyQ3HUVRQDO/RVGRFHQWHVFRQSXQWXDFLRQHVHOHYDGDVHQ&DQVDQFLR(PRFLRQDO
DGHPiVSXQWXDEDQHQXQtQGLFHGHSVLFRSDWRORJtDTXHVHREWXYRPHGLDQWHHO&$4&XHVWLRQDULRGH$QiOLVLV
&OtQLFRGH6(.UXJ7($(GLFLRQHVHGLFLyQ(OHVWUpVSURIHVLRQDOFRQOOHYDXQULHVJRGHPDOHVWDU
ItVLFR\SVLFROyJLFRSXHVWRGHPDQLILHVWRHQODPD\RUtDGHORV WUDEDMRVDOUHVSHFWRVHJ~QFRQILUPDURQPiV
WDUGHHQXQHVWXGLRDPSOLDGR%LVFDUUL$OXMD\%ODQFK
(Q HVWH FDVR ODV SXQWXDFLRQHV GH OD HVFDOD 0DVODFK %XUQRXW ,QYHQWRU\ 0%, DXPHQWDQ \ H[LVWH
XQD FRUUHODFLyQ QHJDWLYD \ VLJQLILFDWLYD FRQ ODV SXQWXDFLRQHV PHGLDV HQ OD HVFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO
6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 OR TXH OOHYD D FRQILUPDU OD KLSyWHVLV HQXQFLDGD GH TXH HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU
FRUUHODFLRQDUiQHJDWLYD\VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWHFRQODYDULDEOHHVWUpVSURIHVLRQDORVtQGURPHGHEXUQRXW(VWRV
UHVXOWDGRV VXJLHUHQ DXQTXH QR SUXHEHQ XQD UHODFLyQ FDXVDHIHFWR GH TXH LQWHUYHQFLRQHV HQFDPLQDGDV D
FDPELDUSRWHQFLDOPHQWHHOUHFXUVRGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUSXHGDQJHQHUDUFDPERVHQHOQLYHOGHHVWUpV(VWD
FXHVWLyQUHTXLHUHHQHOIXWXURDPSOLDUODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVGDGRTXHHVSRVLEOHTXHHOPHGLRLQIOX\DHQHVWH
FDVRODYDULDEOHKRVSLWDO\ORVQLYHOHVGHHVWUpVSXHGHQYDULDUDXPHQWDURGLVPLQXLU
6LHOHVWUpVSURIHVLRQDORVtQGURPHGHEXUQRXWHVXQDGLVIXQFLyQIUHFXHQWHHQWUHORVSURIHVLRQDOHVGH
ODVDOXGTXHVHYHQIRU]DGRVDLPSOLFDUVHGXUDQWHPXFKDVKRUDVHQORVSUREOHPDV\SUHRFXSDFLRQHVGHODV
SHUVRQDVFRQODVTXHVHUHODFLRQDQSURIHVLRQDOPHQWHORVGDWRVREWHQLGRVPXHVWUDQTXHH[LVWHXQDUHODFLyQ
LQYHUVDHQWUHHVWDUFDQVDGRHPRFLRQDOPHQWH\WHQHUVHQWLGRGHO KXPRU(VWRFRLQFLGHFRQODVDILUPDFLRQHV
GH5RELQVRQTXHRSLQDEDTXHODDQVLHGDGHVXQDGH ODVIXHQWHVGHPDOHVWDUTXHGHVHPERFD
HQHVWUpV/DVSHUVRQDVDQVLRVDV\HVWUHVDGDVWLHQHQXQDYLVLyQPiVHVWUHFKDGHODYLGDVXFUHDWLYLGDGVH
UHGXFH \ VRQ PiV LUULWDEOHV HQIRTXH TXH KDQ HVWXGLDGR %RZHQ &ODUN \ %DHW] OOHJDQGR D OD
FRQFOXVLyQGHTXHHOGHORVSDFLHQWHVFRQVtQGURPHVGHDQVLHGDGSDGHFHQGHSUHVLyQ\ORVFDPELRV
GHKXPRUDSDUHFHQHQXQGHORVSDFLHQWHVFRQGHSUHVLyQ&RQFOX\HQTXHODYDULDELOLGDGGHOKXPRU
HQ SDFLHQWHV FRQ GHVyUGHQHV GH DQVLHGDG HV PD\RU TXH ODV IOXFWXDFLRQHV HQ VXMHWRV QRUPDOHV \ GHEH
FODULILFDUVH\FXDQWLILFDUVHHQODOtQHDGHODKLSyWHVLVSODQWHDGD

5HWRPDQGRHODVSHFWRFRJQLWLYRHOKXPRUSHUPLWHUHGHILQLUODVLWXDFLyQDQLYHOFRJQLWLYRH[DPLQDU
HO SUREOHPD GHVGH RWUD SHUVSHFWLYD \ DIURQWDU ODV VLWXDFLRQHV HQ YH] GH VXFXPELU D HOODV 5LW]
$XQTXH VRQ QHFHVDULDV PiV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV SDUD HOXFLGDU ODV UHODFLRQHV HQ SURIXQGLGDG HVWR SHUPLWH
FRQVLGHUDUTXHHQXQIXWXURVHSXHGDQSODQLILFDULQWHUYHQFLRQHVHQFDPLQDGDVDPHMRUDUHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
\FRQHOORSRGHUSUHYHQLUHOGHVJDVWH\DTXHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHOVtQGURPHVRQSRWHQFLDOPHQWHSHOLJURVDV
SDUDORVVXMHWRV\SDUDODPLVPDLQVWLWXFLyQHQODTXHVHWUDEDMD
(Q EDVH D OD PXHVWUD GH HVWH HVWXGLR OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU SUHVHQWD
YDOLGH] GLYHUJHQWH FRQ OD GLPHQVLyQ &( &DQVDQFLR (PRFLRQDO \ FRQ '3 'HVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ GHO 0DVODFK
%XUQRXW,QYHQWRU\0%,GH0DVODFK\XQDYDOLGH]FRQYHUJHQWHUHODFLyQOLQHDOSRVLWLYDFRQODGLPHQVLyQ53
5HDOL]DFLyQ3HUVRQDO
8.5 Sobre la relación entre sentido del humor, género y edad
5HVSHFWR DO REMHWLYR GH H[SORUDU OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU \ RWUDV YDULDEOHV
VRFLRGHPRJUiILFDV /RV UHVXOWDGRV HQFRQWUDGRV QR FRQILUPDQ OD KLSyWHVLV HQXQFLDGD 1R VH HVSHUDQ
GLIHUHQFLDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV HQ HVWD PXHVWUD HQ OD YDULDEOH 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU HQ FXDQWR D YDULDEOHV
VRFLRGHPRJUiILFDV FRPR HGDG \ JpQHUR SODQWHDGD HQ OD OtQHD GH RWURV WUDEDMRV DO UHVSHFWR $Vt ORV
UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV QR HQFXHQWUDQ GLIHUHQFLDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV HQ FXDQWR D JpQHUR SHUR Vt HQ UHODFLyQ D OD
HGDG
(Q XQ SULQFLSLR QR VH KDQ HQFRQWUDGR WUDEDMRV TXH LQGLTXHQ GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH JpQHUR \ HGDG
UHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOVHQWLGRGHO KXPRU8QHVWXGLRHQSURIXQGLGDGTXHKDHVWXGLDGRODFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDGH
HVWDVYDULDEOHVHVHOGH7KRUVRQ\3RZHOOHQHOTXHFRQFOX\HQTXHODDSUHFLDFLyQ\UHDFFLyQHPRWLYD
GHXQDGXOWRGHHGDGDYDQ]DGDQRFDPELD/DVSHUVRQDVWLHQHQODPLVPDFDSDFLGDGGHGLVIUXWHGHOKXPRUD
OR ODUJR GH OD YLGD (Q OD UHYLVLyQ GH RWURV HVWXGLRV VLPLODUHV WDPSRFR VH HQFXHQWUDQ GLIHUHQFLDV
VLJQLILFDWLYDVHQJpQHURQLHGDG<RGHU\+DXGH5RHFNHOHLQ&HOVR(EHQHU\%XUNKHDG
0DV UHFLHQWHPHQWH XQ HVWXGLR SRQH HQ HQWUHGLFKR ODV DILUPDFLRQHV PDQWHQLGDV KDVWD DKRUD HQ
FXDQWRDODYDULDEOHJpQHUR(QHOWUDEDMRVHVXJLHUHHOKXPRU UHIXHU]DODVQRUPDVVRFLDOHVWUDGLFLRQDOHV\
TXHODEDODQ]DVHRULHQWDDIDYRUGHOJpQHURIHPHQLQRHVGHFLUTXHODVPXMHUHVSHUFLEHQHOKXPRUFRQXQD
FDOLGDGVXSHULRUDORVKRPEUHV9LWXOOL7UDEDMRTXHOOHYDDSURSRQHUTXHHQHOIXWXURHOKXPRUGHEH
HVWXGLDUVHGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHJpQHURWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODVSDXWDVGHVRFLDOL]DFLyQ\ODVSUHIHUHQFLDV
GHODVPXMHUHVHQFXDQWRDGLVWLQWRVIRUPDWRVGHKXPRU
2WUR PDWL] IXH DSRUWDGR SRU ORV KDOOD]JRV GH 6KDPPL \ 6WXVV TXH DILUPDURQ TXH HO EXHQ
KXPRU QR FDPELD FRQ OD HGDG \ OD UHDFFLyQ HPRWLYD DO KXPRU QR VROR PHMRUD OD FDOLGDG GH YLGD GH ORV
PD\RUHV VLQR TXH OHV D\XGD D DIURQWDU ODV SUHVLRQHV \ ORV ULJRUHV GHO HQYHMHFLPLHQWR /D LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
UHDOL]DGDHQOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH7RURQWRVHxDODTXHODFDSDFLGDGGHFRPSUHQGHUIRUPDVFRPSOHMDVGHKXPRU

Referencias
SXHGH GLVPLQXLU FRQ HO SDVR GH ORV DxRV \ HVWR VH GHEH D TXH HO KXPRU UHTXLHUH UD]RQDPLHQWR DEVWUDFWR
IOH[LELOLGDG PHQWDO \ PHPRULD DFWLYD 7RGDV HVWDV DFWLYLGDGHV PHQWDOHV VXSHULRUHV HVWiQ YLQFXODGDV D ORV
OyEXORVIURQWDOHVGHOFHUHEUR\HVWRVOyEXORVVRQORVTXHSULPHURFRPLHQ]DQDGHWHULRUDUVHFRQODHGDGOR
TXH H[SOLFDUtD TXH FLHUWDV SHUVRQDV GH HGDG DYDQ]DGD WLHQHQ GLILFXOWDGHV SDUD FRPSUHQGHU IRUPDV PiV
FRPSOHMDVGHKXPRU
$OJXQDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVHQODYDULDEOHHGDGGHVFULEHQTXHHQODVSHUVRQDVPD\RUHVHOVHQWLGRGHO
KXPRUQRVHGHWHULRUDDGLIHUHQFLDGHRWURVWLSRVGHSpUGLGDVTXHVXIUHQFRPRODIXHU]DODYLWDOLGDGROD
VLJQLILFDFLyQVRFLDO,VROD\$VWHGW.XUNL(VWRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVREVHUYDURQTXHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHOKXPRU
SRUSDUWHGHODVHQIHUPHUDVFRQODVSHUVRQDVPD\RUHVUHVXOWDEDVHUXQDH[SHULHQFLDSRVLWLYDTXHPHMRUDED
OD UHODFLyQ FXLGDGRUSDFLHQWH (Q WpUPLQRV JHQHUDOHV H[LVWH XQ Q~PHUR LPSRUWDQWH GH WUDEDMRV TXH
FRQILUPDQ ORV HIHFWRV IDYRUDEOHV GHO KXPRU VREUH OD VDOXG HQ HVWH VHJPHQWR GH OD SREODFLyQ SHUR VH KDQ
FHQWUDGR FRQFUHWDPHQWH HQ OD UHODFLyQ TXH H[LVWH HQWUH HO KXPRU \ OD DGDSWDFLyQ D OD HQIHUPHGDG FRQ
VtQWRPDVFRPRHOGRORU+XOVH0DW]\%URZQ&KULVWLH\0RRUH
/DV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDV SRU %XIIXP \ %URG SURIXQGL]DURQ HQ HO HVWXGLR GH ODV
UHODFLRQHVHQWUHHOXVRGHOKXPRU\ODSHUFHSFLyQGHELHQHVWDUHQXQDPXHVWUDGHSHUVRQDVPD\RUHVFRQ
HQIHUPHGDGGH$O]KHLPHUHQWUHYLVWDQGRDORVFXLGDGRUHV\FyQ\XJHV(VWRVDXWRUHVUHFRJLHURQGDWRVDFHUFD
GHODVHYHULGDGGHODHQIHUPHGDGGHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVGHOFXLGDGRUGHOQLYHOGHLQJUHVRV\WDPELpQHOXVR
GHOKXPRU(QHOHVWXGLRVHREVHUYyTXHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHOKXPRUDXPHQWDEDHOELHQHVWDUGHORVFXLGDGRUHV\
WDPELpQTXHORVFXLGDGRUHVGHORVSDFLHQWHVFRQHQIHUPHGDGDYDQ]DGDXWLOL]DEDQPHQRVVXKXPRU\WHQtDQ
PiVHVWUpVSVLFROyJLFRTXHORVFXLGDGRUHVGHORVSDFLHQWHVTXHWHQtDQPHQRVVtQWRPDVGHPRVWUDQGRDVtTXH
HO KXPRU D\XGDED D PDQWHQHU FLHUWR VHQWLGR GH ELHQHVWDU \ WHUPLQDURQ GLFLHQGR TXH ORV TXH XWLOL]DEDQ
PHQRVHOKXPRUWHQtDQPiVGRORUSVLFROyJLFR)LQDOPHQWHKLFLHURQXQDVXJHUHQFLDSDUDTXHODVHQIHUPHUDV
WXYLHUDQ HQ FXHQWD TXH GHEHQ DQLPDU PDQWHQHU \ GHVDUUROODU OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO KXPRU SDUD SRWHQFLDU HO
ELHQHVWDUGHORVFXLGDGRUHVHQODHQIHUPHGDGGH$O]HLPHU%XIIXP\%URG(VWHWUDEDMRVLHQGRXQD
EXHQDUHIHUHQFLDVLQHPEDUJRWLHQHOLPLWDFLRQHV\DTXHHOHVWXGLRVREUHFXLGDGRUHVSULQFLSDOHV\FyQ\XJHV
VH UHIHUtD D XQD HQIHUPHGDG FRQFUHWD HO $O]KHLPHU \ KXELHUD VLGR PX\ LQWHUHVDQWH TXH KXELHVHQ
FRPSDUDGRVXVGDWRVFRQRWURJUXSRFRQWUROTXHQRWXYLHUDHVHSUREOHPD
8QRGHORVREMHWLYRVGHHVWHHVWXGLRHUDYHULILFDUVLHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUVHSUHVHUYDDPHGLGDTXH
HOLQGLYLGXRVHKDFHPD\RUHQDUDVGHFRQILUPDUORVKDOOD]JRVGHRWURVHVWXGLRVVLPLODUHV7KRUVRQ\3RZHOO
7KRUVRQ 3RZHOO 6DUPD\6FKXOOHU \ +DPSHV (O DQiOLVLV GH OD PXHVWUD GH SHUVRQDV PD\RUHV
VDQDVHQHVWHHVWXGLRVHxDODXQDGLVPLQXFLyQGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUFRQUHVSHFWRDORVRWURVGRVJUXSRVGH
HGDG\HVXQDSUXHEDGHODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHSXHGHWHQHUHOIHQyPHQRHQHVWHSHULRGRHYROXWLYR$XQTXH
GHEHQ SURVHJXLU ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV HQ HVWH FDPSR GH FDUD D SURSRQHU LQWHUYHQFLRQHV HQFDPLQDGDV D
PHMRUDUHOHVWDGRGHiQLPRSDUD IDFLOLWDUODDGDSWDFLyQGHODV SHUVRQDVHQHVWDHWDSDGHODYLGDWHQLHQGR
SUHVHQWH ODV DILUPDFLRQHV DFHUFD GHO GLiORJR SDUWLFXODUPHQWH LQWHQVR TXH VXVFLWD HO KXPRU 3DUVH
3DUVH UHIUHQGDGDV SRU RWURV DXWRUHV FRPR -DPHV .HQQHG\ (UGPDQ \ /DFN

SDUDTXHFRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHVHDXQRGHORVIRFRVGHODSUiFWLFDTXHGHEHLQFOXLUODHGXFDFLyQWDQWR
DSDFLHQWHVFRPRDORVFXLGDGRUHVDFHUFDGHODLPSRUWDQFLDGHPDQWHQHUHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU\ORTXHHVWR
SXHGHLQIOXLUVREUHHOiQLPRFRPRUHFXUVRSDUDSUHYHQLU\PHMRUDUHOHVWUpV\SRUWDQWRVREUHODVDOXG\OD
FDOLGDGGHYLGD
/RVUHVXOWDGRVDOFRPSDUDUHOJUXSRGHODVSHUVRQDVPD\RUHVGHVHVHQWDDxRVFRQRWURVGHPHQRU
HGDGQRDGPLWHQGXGDV([LVWHQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVVREUHHOPHQRUVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUHQORVPD\RUHV
SRU WDQWR QR VH SXHGH FRQILUPDU TXH HO KXPRU SUHYDOH]FD FRQ HO SDVR GH ORV DxRV QL HQ OD HWDSD GHO
HQYHMHFLPLHQWR0LHQWUDVORVGHPiVJUXSRVWLHQHQSXQWXDFLRQHVFRPSDUDEOHVFRQRWURVHVWXGLRVGHHGDGHO
JUXSR GH PD\RUHV SXQW~D VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH PiV EDMR (VWR FRQWUDVWD FRQ ORV HVWXGLRV FLWDGRV \ TXL]iV
GHELHUDLQVLVWLUVHHQODVGRVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHOKXPRUFRPRXQUDVJRHVWDEOHSRUWDQWRQR
FDPELDUtDVXVWDQFLDOPHQWH\SRURWURFRPRHVWDGRWUDQVLWRULRGHIRUPDTXHSRGUtDYDULDUODSHUFHSFLyQGH
ODVLWXDFLyQ
/RV GDWRV GH HVWH HVWXGLR VXJLHUHQ TXH ODV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV HQFDPLQDGDV D PHMRUDU HO VHQWLGR GHO
KXPRUGHORVPD\RUHVSXHGHWHQHUXQDGREOHILQDOLGDGYLYLUH[SHULHQFLDVJUDWLILFDQWHVSDUDORVFXLGDGRUHV
GHODVDOXGFRQHOREMHWLYRGHSUHYHQLUHOHVWUpV\SRURWURODGRFRQHOREMHWLYRGHPHMRUDUODSHUFHSFLyQ\
FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHDXPHQWDUODFDOLGDGGHYLGDGHODVSHUVRQDVPD\RUHV
3DUHFHUHOHYDQWHSURVHJXLUODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVVREUHODUHODFLyQGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU\ODVSHUVRQDV
PD\RUHVIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHSRUGRVUD]RQHVXQDSDUDDPSOLDUORVGDWRVGHODPXHVWUD\GRVDEULUOtQHDV
GHLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHSHUPLWDQDSOLFDUSURSXHVWDVGHLQWHUYHQFLyQ\HYDOXDUUHVXOWDGRVDFRUWR\PHGLRSOD]R
HQHOUDVJR\HQHOHVWDGR
'HWRGRORH[SXHVWRSRGHPRVH[WUDHU\UHVXPLUODVVLJXLHQWHVFRQFOXVLRQHV
CONCLUSIONES
6HJ~QORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVOD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRUDGDSWDGDHVXQ
LQVWUXPHQWR ILDEOH \ YiOLGR TXH SHUPLWH PHGLU HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU FRPR UDVJR HQ QXHVWUD
SREODFLyQ
/DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO FROHFWLYR HVWXGLDGR SXHGHQ H[SOLFDU TXH OD HVWUXFWXUD GLPHQVLRQDO VH
DMXVWD HQ WUHV GLPHQVLRQHV TXH VH GHVFULEHQ FRPR FRPSHWHQFLD R KDELOLGDG SDUD XWLOL]DU HO
KXPRU HO KXPRU FRPR PHFDQLVPR GH FRQWURO GH OD VLWXDFLyQ OD YDORUDFLyQ VRFLDO \
DFWLWXGHVKDFLDHOKXPRU
(O KXPRU VHJ~Q OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU \ HQ HVWD PXHVWUD VH
UHODFLRQDQHJDWLYDPHQWHFRQHO&DQVDQFLR(PRFLRQDO\FRQOD'HVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQGHOLQYHQWDULR
GH0DVODVFK0DVODFK%XUQRXW,QYHQWRU\ORTXHDSR\DODYDOLGH]GLYHUJHQWHGHOLQVWUXPHQWR\

Referencias
VHUHODFLRQDSRVLWLYDPHQWHFRQOD5HDOL]DFLyQ3HUVRQDOORTXH DSR\DODYDOLGH]FRQYHUJHQWHGHO
LQVWUXPHQWR
6HJ~QODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODPXHVWUDQRH[LVWHQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVHQODYDULDEOHJpQHUR
HQVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
/DVSHUVRQDVPD\RUHVGHDxRVHQHVWDPXHVWUDSXQW~DQHQODHVFDODGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWHPiVEDMRTXHRWURVJUXSRVGHHGDG
/DGLPHQVLRQDOLGDGGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUTXHPXHVWUDQORVWUHVIDFWRUHVGHODHVFDODDGDSWDGD
HQHVWHHVWXGLRSHUPLWHQHOGLVHxRGHDFWLYLGDGHVGHLQWHUYHQFLyQSDUDRSWLPL]DUHOVHQWLGRGHO
KXPRU
6H GHEHQ HVWDEOHFHU OtQHDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH SHUPLWDQ PHMRU FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO VHQWLGR GHO
KXPRU\GHVXVGLPHQVLRQHV\SURIXQGL]DUHQORVFRPSRQHQWHVGHOKXPRU
Futuras investigaciones
/RV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV KDVWD HO PRPHQWR PXHVWUDQ XQD DFHSWDEOH ILDELOLGDG \ YDOLGH] TXH
MXVWLILFDQHOXVRGHGLFKDPHGLGD
1R REVWDQWH SDUHFH FRQYHQLHQWH VHJXLU GHVDUUROODQGR OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO
+XPRU06+6\VXYDOLGH]FRPRPHGLGDGHOHVWDGRRGHOUDVJRGHKXPRU
(QODH[SHULHQFLDDSRUWDGDSRUHVWHWUDEDMRGH7HVLVVHDGYLHUWHTXHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQSXHGHWRPDU
WUHVGLUHFFLRQHVSULQFLSDOHV
'HVDUUROORGHODHVFDODFRQWULEX\HQGRDH[SOLFDUODPHGLGDGHHVWDGR\GHOUDVJRHLQFRUSRUDQGR
PHGLGDVSDUDOHODVTXHSHUPLWDQPHGLUHOHVWDGR\HOUDVJR
5HODFLRQDUODYDULDEOHKXPRUFRQRWUDVYDULDEOHVSDUDGHWHUPLQDUTXHDVSHFWRVSHUVRQDOHVH
LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV IDFLOLWDQ X REVWDFXOL]DQ OD JHQHUDFLyQ GH KXPRU HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ DPELHQWHV \ FRQWH[WRV
VDQLWDULRV\HGXFDWLYRV
/OHYDU D FDER SUR\HFWRV GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ GLVHxDQGR LQWHUYHQFLRQHV HQ EDVH D ODV WUHV
GLPHQVLRQHVGHOLQVWUXPHQWRTXHSHUPLWDQSURIXQGL]DUHQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVDSOLFDFLRQHVGHOVHQWLGRGHO
KXPRU VREUH WRGR WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD OD HWDSD HYROXWLYD GHO JUXSR MyYHQHV DGXOWRV R PD\RUHV \ HO
JpQHUR SODQWHDQGR DFWLYLGDGHV GH DFXHUGR D OD FDSDFLGDG FRJQLWLYD OD PRYLOLGDG \ HVWDGR HPRFLRQDO TXH
SHUPLWDQ UHQWDELOL]DU DO Pi[LPR OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH ODV SUHIHUHQFLDV FRPR HQ HO FDVR GH PXMHUHV SHUVRQDV
PD\RUHV ORV GLVWLQWRV IRUPDWRV DQpFGRWDV FORZQ LPSURYLVDFLyQ HWF \ PDWHULDOHV H[LVWHQWHV SDUD
GHVDUUROODUHOKXPRUKXPRUJUiILFRFKLVWHVFRPLFVDGLYLQDQ]DVHWF

Referencias

$EHO0,QWHUDFWLRQRIKXPRUDQGJHQGHULQPRGHUDWLQJUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQVWUHVVDQGRXWFRPHV

7KH-RXUQDORI3V\FKRORJ\
$EUD-6KRXOGSV\FKRORJ\EHDVFLHQFH"3URVDQGFRQV:HVWSRUW&73UDHJHU
$GHU/3V\FKRQHXURLPPXQRORJ\1HZ<RUN$FDGHPLF3UHVV
$GOHU &0 +LOOKRXVH -- 6WUHVV KHDOWK DQG LPPXQLW\ $ UHYLHZ RI WKH OLWHUDWXUH ,Q 7: 0LOOHU
(G 7KHRU\ DQG DVVHVVPHQW RI VWUHVVIXO OLIH HYHQWV SS 0DGLVRQ &7 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
8QLYHUVLWLHV3UHVV
$OXMD)$%XUQRXWSURIHVLRQDOHQPDHVWURV\VXUHODFLyQFRQLQGLFDGRUHVGHVDOXGItVLFD %ROHWtQGH

3VLFRORJtD
$OOHQ6:+XPRUDVHULRXVVROXWLRQIRUVWUHVVIXOWLPH&RORUDGR1XUVH
$OOSRUW*:/DSHUVRQDOLGDG%DUFHORQD+HUGHU
$UJ\OH0,VKDSSLQHVVDFDXVHRIKHDOWK" 3V\FKRORJ\DQG+HDOWK
$ULHWWL6&UHDWLYLW\7KHPDJLFV\QWKHVLV1HZ<RUN%DVLF%RRNV
$UULEDV,/DOLWHUDWXUDGHKXPRUHQOD(VSDxDGHPRFUiWLFD0DGULG(GLWRULDO3OLHJRV
$VSLQZDOO /* %UXQKDUW 60 'LVWLQJXLVKLQJ RSWLPLVP IURP GHQLDO 2SWLPLVWLF EHOLHIV SUHGLFW
DWWHQWLRQWRKHDOWKWKUHDWV3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\%XOOHWLQ
$VSLQZDOO /* 7D\ORU 6( $ VWLWFK LQ WLPH VHOIUHJXODWLRQ DQG SURDFWLYH FRSLQJ 3V\FKRORJLFDO
%XOOHWLQ
$VWHG.XUNL3/HKWL.7DUNND073DDYLODLQHQH('HWHUPLQDQWVRISHUFHLYHGKHDOWKLQIDPLOLHV

RISDWLHQWVZLWKKHDUWGLVHDVH-RXUQDO$GYDQFHG1XUVLQJ
$WWDUGR 6 7KH DQDO\VLV RK KXPRURXV QDUUDWLYHV +XPRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI +XPRU
5HVHDUFK

Referencias
$YLD0'9i]TXH]&2SWLPLVPR,QWHOLJHQWH0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO
%DOGZLQ-0'LFWLRQDU\RISKLORVRSK\DQGSV\FKRORJ\YROV1HZ<RUN0F0LOODQ
%DUQHWW/.OHLEHU'&RQFRPLWDQWVRISOD\IXOQHVVLQHDUO\FKLOGKRRG&RJQLWLYHDELOLWLHVDQGJHQGHU

7KH-RXUQDORI*HQHWLF3V\FKRORJ\
%HFN$75XVK$-6KDZ%)(PHU\* 7HUDSLDFRJQLWLYDGHODGHSUHVLyQ%LOEDR'HVFOHpGH

%URXZHU
%HUN /6 )HOWHQ '/ 7DQ 6$ %LWWPDQ %% :HVWHQJDUG - 0RGXODWLRQ RI QHXURLQPXQH
SDUDPHWHUV GXULQJ WKH HXVWUHVV RI KXPRUDVVRFLDWHG PLUWKIXO ODXJKWHU $OWHUQDWLYH 7KHUDSLHV

%HUN /6 7DQ 6$ )U\ :) 1DSLHU %- /HH -: +XEEDUG 5: /HZLV -( (E\ :& D
1HXURHQGRFULQH DQG VWUHVV KRUPRQH FKDQJHV GXULQJ PLUWKIXO ODXJKWHU $PHULFDQ -RXUQDO 0HGLFDO
6FLHQFHV
%HUN/67DQ 6$ 1DSLHU%-(E\:&E(XVWUHVVRIPLUWKIXOODXJKWHUPRGLILHVQDWXUDO NLOOHU

FHOODFWLYLW\&OLQLFDO5HVHDUFK
%HUQHW : +XPRU LQ HYDOXDWLQJ DQG WUHDWLQJ FKLOGUHQ DQG DGROHVFHQWV -RXUQDO RI 3V\FKRWKHUDS\
3UDFWLFHDQG5HVHDUFK
%LVFDUUL -* $OXMD )$ %ODQFK $3 6tQGURPH GH TXHPDUVH HQ HO WUDEDMR \ HVWUDWHJLDV GH
DIURQWDPLHQWR XQ PRGHOR GH UHODFLRQHV HVWUXFWXUDOHV 5HYLVWD GH 3VLFRORJtD GHO WUDEDMR \ ODV
RUJDQL]DFLRQHV
%RRWK.HZOH\6)ULHGPDQ+63V\FKRORJLFDOSUHGLFWRUVRIKHDUWGLVHDVH$TXDQWLWDWLYHUHYLHZ

3V\FKRORJLFDO%XOOHWLQ
%RWHOOD-/HyQ26DQ0DUWtQ5$QiOLVLVGH'DWRVHQ3VLFRORJtD,0DGULG(GLWRULDO3LUiPLGH
%RXOWRQ 0- 6PLWK 3 . 7KH VRFLDO QDWXUH RI SOD\ ILJKWLQJ DQG SOD\ FKDVLQJ 0HFKDQLVPV DQG
VWUDWHJLHV XQGHUO\LQJ FRRSHUDWLRQ DQG FRPSURPLVH ,Q -+ %DUNRZ / &RVPLGHV - 7RRE\ (GV
7KH DGDSWHG PLG (YROXWLRQDU\ 3V\FKRORJ\ DQG WKH JHQHUDWLRQ RI FXOWXUH 1HZ <RUN 2[IRUG
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
%RZHQ 5 &ODUN 0 %DHW] 0 0RRG VZLQJV LQ SDWLHQWV ZLWK DQ[LHW\ GLVRUGHUV FRPSDUHG ZLWK
QRUPDO FRQWUROV
-RXUQDO$IIHFWLYH'LVRUGHUV

%URG]LQVNL'05XELHQ-+XPRUSURGXFWLRQDVDIXQFWLRQRIVH[RIVXEMHFWFUHDWLYLW\DQGFDUWRRQ

FRQWHQW-RXUQDORI&RQVXOWLQJDQG&OLQLFDO3V\FKRORJ\
%U\DQW - &KRPLVN\ 3 &UDQH -6 =LOOPDQQ ' 5HODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ FROOHJH WHDFKHUV XVH RI
KXPRU LQ WKH FODVVURRP DQG VWXGHQWV HYDOXDWLRQV RI WKHLU WHDFKHUV -RXUQDO RI (GXFDWLRQDO
3V\FKRORJ\
%U\DQW - &KRPLVN\ 3 =LOOPDQQ ' 7HDFKHUV KXPRU LQ WKH FROOHJH FODVVURRP &RPPXQLFDWLRQ
(GXFDWLRQ
%XQNHUV 66 &RPSDULVRQ RI WKUHH 3DUVH PHWKRG VWXGLHV RQ IHHOLQJ YHU\ WLUHG 1XUVLQJ 6FLHQFH
4XDUWHUO\ %XUQV 7 )ULHQGV HQHPLHV DQG SROLWH ILFWLRQ $PHULFDQ
6RFLRORJ\
%X[PDQ.+XPRULQWKHUDS\IRUWKHPHQWDOO\LOO -RXUQDORI3V\FKRVRFLDO1XUVLQJ
%X[PDQ.+XPRULQFULWLFDOFDUHQRMRNH$$&1&OLQLFDO,VVXHV
&DOKRXQ /* &DQQ $ 7HGHVFKL 5* 0F0LOODQ - $ $ FRUUHODWLRQDO WHVW RI WKH UHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQSRVWWUDXPDWLFJURZWKUHOLJLRQDQGFRJQLWLYHSURFHVVLQJ-RXUQDORI7UDXPD6WUHVV

&DQQ $ +ROW . &DOKRXQ /* 7KH UROHV KXPRU DQG VHQVH RI KXPRU LQ UHVSRQVHV WR VWUHVVRUV
+XPRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI+XPRU5HVHDUFK
&DQWRU-5+XPRURQWHOHYLVLRQ$FRQWHQWDQDO\VLV -RXUQDORI%URDGFDVWLQJ
&DUUHOO $ -RNH FRPSHWHQFH DQG KXPRU FRPSHWHQFH +XPRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI +XPRU
5HVHDUFK
&DUYHU &6 5HVLOLHQFH DQG WKULYLQJ LVVXHV PRGHOV DQG OLQNDJHV -RXUQDO RI 6RFLDO ,VVXHV

&DWDQ]DUR 6- *UHHQZRRG * ([SHFWDQFLHV IRU QHJDWLYH PRRG UHJXODWLRQ FRSLQJ DQG G\VSKRULD
DPRQJFROOHJHVWXGHQWV-RXUQDORI&RXQVHOOLQJ3V\FKRORJ\
&DWWHO 5% /XERUVN\ /% 7KH YDOLGDWLRQ RI SHUVRQDOLW\ IDFWRUV LQ KXPRU -RXUQDO RI
3HUVRQDOLW\
&HOVR %* (EHQHU '- %XUNKHDG (- +XPRU FRSLQJ KHDOWK VWDWXV DQG OLIH VDWLVIDFWLRQ DPRQJ
ROGHUDGXOWVUHVLGLQJLQDVVLVWHGOLYLQJIDFLOLWLHV$JLQJ 0HQWDO+HDOWK

Referencias
&HUQHUXG / 2OVVRQ + +XPRU VHHQ IURP D SXEOLF KHDOWK SHUVSHFWLYH 6FDQGLQDYLDQ -RXUQDO RI
3XEOLF+HDOWK
&RGHUFK-3VLTXLDWUtDGLQiPLFD%DUFHORQD+HUGHU
&RJDQ 5 &RJDQ ' :DOW] : 0F&XH 0 (IIHFWV RI ODXJKWHU DQG UHOD[DWLRQ RQ GLVFRPIRUW
WKUHVKROGV-RXUQDORI%HKDYLRUDO0HGLFLQH
&RKHQ 6 'R\OH :- 6NRQHU '3 )LUHPDQ 3 *ZDOWQH\ -0 1HZVRP -7 6WDWH DQG WUDLW
QHJDWLYH DIIHFW DV SUHGLFWRUV RI REMHFWLYH DQG VXEMHFWLYH V\PSWRPV RI UHVSLUDWRU\ YLUDO LQIHFWLRQV
-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\
&RKHQ6'R\OH:-7XUQHU5%$OSHU&06NRQHU'3(PRWLRQDOVW\OHDQGVXVFHSWLELOLW\WR

WKHFRPPRQFROG3V\FKRVRPDWLF6W\OH
&RKHQ6)UDQN('R\OH:-6NRQHU'35DELQ%6*ZDOWQH\-0-U7\SHVRIVWUHVVRUV

WKDWLQFUHDVHVXVFHSWLELOLW\WRWKHFRPPRQFROGLQKHDOWK\DGXOWV+HDOWK3V\FKRORJ\
&RKHQ 6 5RGUtJXH] 06 3DWKZD\V OLQNLQJ DIIHFWLYH GLVWXUEDQFHV DQG SK\VLFDO GLVRUGHUV +HDOWK
3V\FKRORJ\
&ROHOO&$'RPLQR*+XPRUSUHIHUHQFHVDQGFUHDWLYLW\-RXUQDORI&UHDWLYH%HKDYLRU
&ROYLQ &5 %ORFN - )XQGHU '& 2YHUO\ SRVLWLYH VHOI HYDOXDWLRQV DQG SHUVRQDOLW\ 1HJDWLYH
LPSOLFDWLRQVIRUPHQWDOKHDOWK-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\
&RVHU 5 / 6RPH 6RFLDO )XQFWLRQV RI /DXJKWHU $ 6WXG\ RI +XPRXU LQ D +RVSLWDO 6HWWLQJ +XPDQ
5HODWLRQV
&RXVLQV1$QDWRP\RIDQLOOQHVV1HZ<RUN1RUWRQ
&UDLN .+ :DUH $3 +XPRU DQG SHUVRQDOLW\ LQ HYHU\GD\ OLIH ,Q :5XFK (G 7KH 6HQVH RI
+XPRU([SORUDWLRQVRIDSHUVRQDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFV%HUOLQ0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU
&UHVFHQ]R/+LVWRULDGHODILORVRItDJULHJD%DUFHORQD6HL[\%DUUDO
&XSFKLN *& /HYHQWKDO + &RQVLVWHQF\ EHWZHHQ H[SUHVVLYH EHKDYLRU DQG WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI
KXPRURXV VWLPXOL 7KH UROH RI VH[ DQG VHOIREVHUYDWLRQ -RXUQDO RI 3HUVRQDOLW\ DQG 6RFLDO
3V\FKRORJ\
&]LNV]HQWPLKDO\L0)OXLU8QD3VLFRORJtDGHODIHOLFLGDG%DUFHORQD.DLUyV

&KDLNHQ 6 :RRG : (DJO\ $+ 3ULQFLSOHV RI SHUVXDVLRQ ,Q (7 +LJJLQV $: .UXJODQVNL
(GV6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\+DQGERRNRIEDVLFSULQFLSOHVSS1HZ<RUN*XLOIRUGSUHVV
&KDPSPDQ$-)RRW+& +XPRUDQGODXJKWHU7KHRU\UHVHDUFKDQGDSSOLFDWLRQV/RQGRQ1HZ

<RUN:LOOH\
&KDSPDQ $- +XPRU DQG /DXJKWHU 7KHRU\ UHVHDUFK DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV 1HZ %UXQVZLFN 86$
7UDQVVDFWLRQ3XEOLVKHUV
&KDSPDQ $- :ULJKW '6 6RFLDO HQKDQFHPHQW RI ODXJKWHU $Q H[SHULPHQWDO DQDO\VLV RI VRPH
FRPSDQLRQYDULDEOHV-RXUQDORI([SHULPHQWDO&KLOG3V\FKRORJ\
&KULVWLH : 0RRUH & 7KH LPSDFW RI KXPRU RQ SDWLHQWV ZLWK FDQFHU &OLQLFDO -RXUQDO 2QFRORJ\
1XUVLQJ
'DQLHO9(3pUH]8$)HUQiQGH]&*%XUQRXW6\QGURPHLQ*HQHUDO+RVSLWDO'RFWRUV (XURSHDQ

-RXUQDORI3V\FKLDFK
'DQQHU '' 6QRZGRQ '$ )ULHVHQ :9 3RVLWLYH HPRWLRQV LQ HDUO\ OLIH DQG ORQJHYLW\ )LQGLQJV
IURPWKHQXQVWXG\-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\
'DQW]HU 5 6RPDWL]DWLRQ $ SV\FKRQHXURLPPXQH SHUVSHFWLYH 3V\FKRQHXURHQGRFURQRORJ\

'DQ]HU $ 'DOH -$ .OLRQV + (IIHFWV RI H[SRVXUH WR KXPRURXV VWLPXOL RQ LQGXFHG GHSUHVVLRQ
3V\FKRORJLFDO5HSRUWV
'DYLHV&(WKQLFMRNHVPRUDOYDOXHVDQGVRFLDOERXQGDULHV%ULWLVK-RXUQDORI6RFLRORJ\
'DYLHV&(WKQLFKXPRUDURXQGWKHZRUOG$FRPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLV%ORRPLQJWRQ,1,QGLDQD8QLYHU

3UHVV
'DYLHV&7KH0LUWKRI1DWLRQV1HZ%UXQVZLFNDQG/RQGRQ7UDQVDFWLRQ
'DYLV-0)DULQD$+XPRUDSSUHFLDWLRQDVVRFLDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO

3V\FKRORJ\
'H5LYHUD-3RVVHO/9HUHWWH-$:HLQHU%'LVWLQJXLVKLQJHODWLRQJODGQHVVDQGMR\ -RXUQDORI

3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\
'HFNHUV/5XFK:7KH6LWXDWLRQDO+XPRU5HVSRQVH4XHVWLRQQDLUH6+54DVDWHVWRI³VHQVHRI

KXPRU´ D YDOLW\ VWXG\ LQ WKH ILHOG RI KXPRXU DSSUHFLDWLRQ 3HUVRQDOLW\ DQG ,QGLYLGXDO

Referencias
'LIIHUHQFHV
'HUNV3&DWHJRU\DQGUDWLRVFDOLQJRIVH[XDODQGLQQRFHQWFDUWRRQV +XPRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO

RI+XPRU5HVHDUFK
'HUNV 3 +HUYDV ' &UHDWLYLW\ LQ KXPRU SURGXFWLRQ 4XDQWLW\ DQG TXDOLW\ LQ GLYHUJHQW WKLQNLQJ
%XOOHWLQRIWKH3V\FKRQRPLF6RFLHW\
'HUNV 3 6WDOH\ 5( +DVHOWRQ 0* ³6HQVH´ RI KXPRU ,Q :5XFK (G 7KH 6HQVH RI +XPRU
([SORUDWLRQVRIDSHUVRQDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFV%HUOLQ0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU
'HUU\EHUU\ ' 7XFNHU '0 0RWLYDWLQJ WKH IRFXV RI DWWHQWLRQ ,Q 30 1HLGHQWKDO 6 .LWD\DPD
(GV 7KHKHDUW¶VH\H(PRWLRQDOLQIOXHQFHVLQSHUFHSWLRQDQGDWWHQWLRQ6DQ'LHJR&$$FDGHPLF
3UHVV
'HYHUHX[ 3* *LQVEXUJ *3 6RFLDOLW\ HIIHFWV RQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI ODXJKWHU 7KH -RXUQDO RI
*HQHUDO3V\FKRORJ\
'LHQHU(/DUVHQ5-7KHH[SHULHQFHRIHPRWLRQDOZHEEHLQJ,Q0/HZLV -0+DYLODQG(GV

+DQGERRNRIHPRWLRQV1HZ<RUN*XLOIRUG3UHVV
'LOORQ .0 0LQFKRII % %DNHU .+ 3RVLWLYH HPRWLRQDO VWDWHV DQG HQKDQFHPHQW RI WKH LPPXQH
V\VWHP,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI3V\FKLDWU\LQ0HGLFLQH
'L[RQ 1) +XPRU $ FRJQLWLYH DOWHUQDWLYH WR VWUHVV" ,Q ,* 6DUDVRQ &' 6SLHOEHUJHU (GV
6WUHVVDQGDQ[LHW\9ROSS:DVKLQJWRQ'&+HPLVSKHUH
'ROKLQRZ3-%LVKRS1 7KHGHYHORSPHQWRIPRWRUVNLOOVDQGVRFLDOUHODWLRQVKLSVDPRQJSULPDWHV

WKURXJKSOD\,Q-3+LOO(G0LQQHVRWD6\PSRVLDRQ&KLOG3V\FKRORJ\0LQQHDSROLV8QLYHUVLW\RI
0LQQHVRWD3UHVV
'RVVH\/1RZ\RXDUHILWWROLYHKXPRUDQGKHDOWK$OWHUQDWLYH7KHUDS\+HDOWK0HGLFLQH
'RZOLQJ -6 +RFNHQEHUU\ 0 *UHJRU\ 5/ 6HQVH RI KXPRU FKLOGKRRG FDQFHU VWUHVVRUV DQG
RXWFRPHV RI SV\FKRVRFLDO DGMXVWPHQW LPPXQH IXQFWLRQ DQG LQIHFWLRQ -RXUQDO RI 3HGULDWULF DQG
2QFRORJ\1XUVLQJ
'UHYHU-$GLFWLRQDU\RISVK\FKRORJ\+DUPRQGVZRUWK8.3HQJXLQ
(GZDUGV-5&RRSHU&/7KHLPSDFWVRISRVLWLYHSV\FKRORJLFDOVWDWHVRQSK\VLFDOKHDOWKDUHYLHZ

DQGWKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUN6RFLDO6FLHQFHDQG0HGLFLQH

(NPDQ3$QDUJXPHQWIRUEDVLFHPRWLRQV&RJQLWLRQDQG(PRWLRQ
(NPDQ3)DFLDOH[SUHVVLRQVRIHPRWLRQ$PHULFDQ3V\FKROJLVW
(OPHV'.DQWRZLW]%5RHGLJHU+5HVHDUFKPHWKRGVLQSV\FKRORJ\6W3DXO01:HVW
(OOLV$*ULHJHU50DQXDOGHWHUDSLDUDFLRQDOHPRWLYD%LOEDR'HVFOHpGH%URXZHU
(UGPDQ//DXJKWHUWKHUDS\IRUSDWLHQWVZLWKFDQFHU 2QFRORJ\1XUVLQJ)RUXP
(VOHU0'0HQWDOVWUHVVSDQLFGLVRUGHUDQGWKHKHDUW6WUHVV0HGLFLQH
(VWHUOLQJ %$ .LHFROW*ODVVHU -. %RGQDU -& *ODVVHU 5 &KURQLF VWUHVV VRFLDO VXSSRUW DQG
SHUVLVWHQW DOWHUDWLRQV LQ WKH QDWXUDO NLOOHU FHOO UHVSRQVH WR F\WRNLQHV LQ ROGHU DGXOWV +HDOWK
3V\FKRORJ\
(YDQV3(GJHUWRQ1/LIHHYHQWVDQGPRRGDVSUHGLFWRUVRIWKHFRPPRQFROG %ULWLVK-RXUQDORI

0HGLFDO3V\FKRORJ\
(YDQV 3' (JHUWRQ 1 0RRG VWDWHV DQG PLQRU LOOQHVV %ULWLVK -RXUQDO RI 0HGLFDO 3V\FKRORJ\

(\VHQFN+-7KH DSSUHFLDWLRQRIKXPRUDQ H[SHULPHQWDODQGWKHRUHWLFDOVWXG\ %ULWLVK-RXUQDORI

3V\FKRORJ\
)HLQJROG $ 0D]]HOOD 5 3V\FKRPHWULF LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG YHUEDO KXPRU DELOLW\ 3HUVRQDOLW\ DQG
,QGLYLGXDO'LIIHUHQFHV
)OHVKQHU 0 /DXGHQVODJHU 0/ 3V\FKRQHXURLPPXQRORJ\ WKHQ DQG QRZ %HKDYLRU &RJQLWLYH
1HXURVFLHQFH5HYLHZV
)RUDERVFR * &RJQLWLYH DVSHFWV RI WKH KXPRU SURFHVV 7KH FRQFHSW RI LQFRQJUXLW\ +XPRU
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI+XPRU5HVHDUFK
)RZOHU+:$GLFWLRQDU\RIPRGHUQ(QJOLVKXVDJH/RQGRQ2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
)R[5:DU)6HFRQGDQG7KH5HVHDUFK3K\VLFLDQ8QSXEO3K''LVVHUWDWLRQ+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\
)UDVXUH6PLWK 1 /HVSHUDQFH ) 7DODMLF 0 7KH LPSDFW RI QHJDWLYH HPRWLRQV RQ SURJQRVLV
IROORZLQJP\RFDUGLDOLQIDUFWLRQ,WLVPRUHWKDQGHSUHVVLRQ"+HDOWK3V\FKRORJ\
)UHGULFNVRQ%/:KDWJRRGDUHSRVLWLYHHPRWLRQV"5HYLHZRI*HQHUDO3V\FKRORJ\

Referencias
)UHGULFNVRQ%/7KHUROHRISRVLWLYHHPRWLRQVLQSRVLWLYHSV\FKRORJ\7KHEURDGHQDQGEXLOGWKHRU\

RISRVLWLYHHPRWLRQV$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJ\
)UHGULFNVRQ%/7KH9DOXHRI3RVLWLYH(PRWLRQV $PHULFDQ6FLHQWLVW
)UHGULFNVRQ%/7XJDGH00:KDW*RRGDUH3RVLWLYH(PRWLRQVLQ&ULVHV"$3URVSHFWLYH6WXG\RI

5HVLOLHQFH DQG (PRWLRQV )ROORZLQJ WKH 7HUURULVW $WWDFNV RQ WKH 86$ RQ 6HSWHPEHU WK
)UHHGPDQ$0.DSODQ+,6DGRFN%-7UDWDGRGH3VLTXLDWUtD%DUFHORQD6DOYDW
)UHXG6 (OFKLVWH\VXUHODFLyQFRQHOLQFRQVFLHQWH(Q2EUDV&RPSOHWDVWRPR,,%XHQRV$LUHV(G

$PHULFDQD
)ULHGPDQ +6 (G +RVWLOLW\ FRSLQJ DQG KHDOWK :DVKLQJWRQ '& $PHULFDQ 3V\FKRORJLFDO
$VVRFLDWLRQ
)ULHGPDQ +6 %RRWK.HZOH\ 6 7KH ³GLVHDVHSURQH SHUVRQDOLW\´ $ PHWDDQDO\WLF YLHZ RI WKH
FRQVWUXFW$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLVW
)ULMGD1+7KHHPRWLRQV&DPEULGJH(QJODQG&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
)U\:)7KHUHVSLUDWRU\FRPSRQHQWVRIPLUWKIXOODXJKWHU -RXUQDORI%LRORJ\FDO3V\FKRORJ\

)U\:)7KHELRORJ\RIKXPRU+XPRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI+XPRU5HVHDUFK
)U\:)7KHYDOXHRIKXPRULQFRPPXQLFDWLRQ +XPRUDQG+HDOWK
)U\ :) 6DODPHK :$ (O KXPRU \ HO ELHQHVWDU HQ OD LQWHUYHQFLRQHV FOtQLFDV %LOEDR 'HVFOpH GH
%URXZHU
)U\:)6DYLQ:00LUWKIXOODXJKWHUDQGEORRGSUHVVXUH +XPRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI+XPRU

5HVHDUFK
*DUDQWR-3VLFRORJtDGHOKXPRU%DUFHORQD+HUGHU
*HONRSI 0.UHLWOHU 6,V KXPRURQO\ IXQDQDOWHUQDWLYHFXUHRUPDJLFWKHFRJQLWLYHWKHUDSHXWLF

SRWHQWLDORIKXPRU-RXUQDORI&RJQLWLYH3V\FKRWKHUDS\
*LOVRQ((OHVStULWXGHODILORVRItD0HGLHYDO0DGULG5LDOS

*LOOKDP -( 6HOLJPDQ 0(3 )RRWVWHSV RQ WKH URDG WR D SRVLWLYH SV\FKRORJ\ %HKDYLRU 5HVHDUFK
DQG7KHUDS\
*RHO 9 'RODQ 5- 7KH )XQFWLRQDO $QDWRP\ RI +XPRU 6HJUHJDWLQJ &RJQLWLYH DQG $IIHFWLYH
&RPSRQHQWV1DWXUH1HXURVFLHQFH
*ROGPDQ6/.UDHPHU'76DORYH\3%HOLHIVDERXWPRRGPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIVWUHVVWR

LOOQHVVDQGV\PSWRPUHSRUWLQJ-RXUQDORI3V\FKRVRPDWLF5HVHDUFK
*ROGVWHLQ -+ 0F*KHH 3( 7KH SV\FKRORJ\ RI KXPRU 7KHRUHWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYHV DQG HPSLULFDO
LVVXHV1HZ<RUN$FDGHPLF3UHVV
*RRGPDQ-)U\:)-U7RZDUGRSWLPDOKHDOWKWKHH[SHUWVGLVFXVVWKHUDSHXWLFKXPRU,QWHUYLHZ

*RGOIUH\-RXUQDO:RPHQ¶V+HDOWK
*RRGZLQ&-5HVHDUFKLQSV\FKRORJ\0HWKRGVDQGGHVLJQ1HZ<RUN:LOH\
*UHHQEHUJ0$6WRQH$$(PRWLRQDOGLVFORVXUHDERXWWUDXPDVDQGLWVUHODWLRQWRKHDOWK(IIHFWV

RISUHYLRXVGLVFORVXUHDQGWUDXPDVHYHULW\-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\
*UHHQEHUJ 0$ :RUWPDQ &% 6WRQH $$ (PRWLRQDO H[SUHVVLRQ DQG SK\VLFDO KHDOWK 5HYLVLQJ
WUDXPDWLF PHPRULHV RU IRVWHULQJ VHOIUHJXODWLRQ -RXUQDO RI 3HUVRQDOLW\ DQG 6RFLDO 3V\FKRORJ\

*URVV -- 7KH HPHUJLQJ ILHOG RI HPRWLRQ UHJXODWLRQ $Q LQWHJUDWLYH UHYLHZ 5HYLHZ RI *HQHUDO
3V\FKRORJ\
*URVV -- /HYHQVRQ 5: +LGLQJ IHHOLQJ 7KH DFXWH HIIHFWV RI LQKLELQJWLQJ SRVLWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH
HPRWLRQV-RXUQDORI$EQRUPDO3V\FKRORJ\
+DPSHV:35HODWLRQEHWZHHQLQWLPDF\DQGKXPRU 3V\FKRORJLFDO5HSRUWV
+DPSHV:35HODWLRQEHWZHHQKXPRUDQGJHQHUDWLYLW\3V\FKRORJ\5HSRUWV
+DPSHV :3 5HODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ LQWLPDF\ DQG WKH PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO VHQVH RI KXPRU VFDOH
3V\FKRORJLFDO5HSRUWV
+D\ZRUWK'7KHVRFLDORULJLQDQGIXQFWLRQRIODXJKWHU3V\FKRORJLFDO5HYLHZ
+HDO\&0F.D\01XUVLQJVWUHVVWKHHIIHFWVRIFRSLQJVWUDWHJLHVDQGMREVDWLVIDFWLRQLQDVDPSOH

RI$XVWUDOLDQQXUVHV-RXUQDO$GYDQFHG1XUVLQJ

Referencias
+HUEHUW 7% &RKHQ 6 'HSUHVVLRQ DQG LPPXQLW\ $ PHWDDQDO\WLF UHYLHZ 3V\FKRORJLFDO
%XOOHWLQ
+XPNH&6FKDHIHU&(6HQVHRIKXPRUDQGFUHDWLYLW\3HUFHSWXDODQG0RWRU6NLOOV
,UYLQJ/06Q\GHU&5&URZVRQ---U+RSHDQGFRSLQJZLWKFDQFHUE\FROOHJHZRPHQ-RXUQDO

RI3HUVRQDOLW\
.DPDUFN 7 -HQQLQJV -5 %LREHKDYLRUDO IDFWRUV LQ VXGGHQ FDUGLDF GHDWK 3V\FKRORJLFDO
%XOOHWLQ
.DQWRZLW] % 5RHGLJHU + (OPHV ' ([SHULPHQWDO SV\FKRORJ\ 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ SV\FKRORJLFDO
UHVHDUFK6W3DXO01:HVW
.DWDULD0:LOVRQ6%X[PDQ.:KHUH(DVWPHWHV:HVW /DXJKWHUWKHUDS\:RUNVKRSSUHVHQWHG

DWWKHPHHWLQJRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO6RFLHW\IRU+XPRU6WXGLHV2DNODQG&$
.HOWQHU'%RQDQR*$$QGVWXG\RIODXJKWHUDQGGLVVRFLDWLRQGLVWLQFWFRUUHODWHVRIODXJKWHUDQG

VPLOLQJGXULQJEHUHDYHPHQW-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\
.HOOH\ -( /XPOH\ 0$ /HLVHQ -&& +HDOWK HIIHFWV RI HPRWLRQDO GLVFORVXUH LQ UKHXPDWRLG
DUWKULWLVSDWLHQWV+HDOWK3V\FKRORJ\
.LHOFROW*ODVHU -. 0F*XLUH / 5REOHV 75 *ODVHU 3V\FKRQHXURLPPXQRORJ\ 3V\FKRORJLFDO
LQIOXHQFHVRQLPPXQHIXQFWLRQDQGKHDOWK-RXUQDORI&RQVXOWLQJDQG&OLQLFDO3V\FKRORJ\
.LPDWD + (IIHFW RI KXPRU RQ DOOHUJHQLQGXFHG ZKHDO UHDFWLRQV -RXUQDO $PHULFDQ 0HGLFDO
$VVRFLDWLRQ
.OLQH/:7KHSV\FKRORJ\RIKXPRU$PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI3V\FKRORJ\
.REDVD6&0DGGL65.DKQ6+DUGLQHVVDQGKHDOWK$SURVSHFWLYHVWXG\-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\

DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\
.RHVWOHU+7KHDFWRIFUHDWLRQ1HZ<RUN0DF0LOODQ
.RURWNRY ' $Q H[SORUDWRU\ IDFWRU DQDO\VLV RI WKH VHQVH RI KXPRXU 3HUVRQDOLW\ FRQVWUXFW $ SLORW
3URMHFW3HUVRQDOLW\DQG,QGLYLGXDO'LIIHUHQFHV
.URJK 6 +H ZKR ODXJKV ILUVW 7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI KXPRU LQ FKLOGUHQ (DUO\ &KLOG 'HYHORSPHQW DQG
&DUH

.XLSHU 1 0DUWtQ 5$ +XPRU DQG VHOIFRQFHSW +XPRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI +XPRU
5HVHDUFK
.XLSHU10DUWtQ5$,VVHQVHRIKXPRUDSRVLWLYHSHUVRQDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLF",Q:5XFK(G7KH

6HQVHRI+XPRU([SORUDWLRQVRIDSHUVRQDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFV %HUOLQ0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU
.XLSHU1$0DUWLQ5$'DQFH.$6HQVHRIKXPRUDQGHQKDQFHGTXDOLW\RIOLIH 3HUVRQDOLW\DQG

,QGLYLGXDO'LIIHUHQFHV
.XLSHU 1$ 0DUWLQ 5$ 2OLQJHU /- &RSLQJ KXPRU VWUHVV DQG FRJQLWLYH DSSUDLVDOV &DQDGLDQ
-RXUQDORI%HKDYLRXUDO6FLHQFH
/DERWW60$KOHPDQ6:ROHYHU0(0DUWLQ5%7KHSK\VLRORJLFDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDOHIIHFWVRI

WKHH[SUHVVLRQDQGLQKLELWLRQRIHPRWLRQ%HKDYLRUDO0HGLFLQH
/DERWW600DUWtQ5%(PRWLRQDOFRSLQJDJHDQGSK\VLFDOGLVRUGHU %HKDYLRUDO0HGLFLQH

/DQGLV & 5RVV -:+ +XPRU DQG LWV UHODWLRQ WR RWKHU SHUVRQDOLW\ WUDLWV -RXUQDO RI 6RFLDO
3V\FKRORJ\
/DWWD5/7KH%DVLF+XPRU3URFHVV+XPRU5HVHDUFK1HZ<RUN0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU
/D]DUXV56(PRWLRQDQGDGDSWDWLRQ1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
/HIFRXUW +0 'DYLGVRQ.DW] . .XHQHPDQ . +XPRU DQG LPPXQH V\VWHP IXQFWLRQLQJ +XPRU
/LSSPDQ /* 'XQQ 0/ &RQWH[WXDO FRQQHFWLRQV ZLWKLQ SXQV HIIHFWV RQ SHUFHLYHG KXPRU DQG
PHPRU\-RXUQDORI*HQHUDO3V\FKRORJ\
0DJHU 0 &DEH 3 (IIHFWV RI GHDWK DQ[LHW\ RQ SHUFHSWLRQ RI GHDWKUHODWHG KXPRU 3V\FKRORJLFDO
5HSRUWV
0DUWtQ(/DVVLWXDFLRQHVMRFRVDV5HYLVWD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH6RFLRORJtD
0DUWtQ53XKOLN'RULV3/DUVHQ**UD\-:HLU.,QGLYLGXDOGLIIHUHQFHVLQXVHVRIKXPRUDQG

WKHLUUHODWLRQWRSV\FKRORJLFDO ZHOOEHLQJ'HYHORSPHQWRIWKH +XPRU6W\OHV4XHVWLRQQDLUH -RXUQDO
RI5HVHDUFKLQ3HUVRQDOLW\
0DUWtQ5$/HIFRXUW+0D6HQVHRIKXPRUDVDPRGHUDWRURIWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQVWUHVVRUVDQG

PRRGV-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\

Referencias
0DUWLQ 5$ +XPRU ODXJKWHU DQG SK\VLFDO KHDOWK PHWKRGRORJLFDO LVVXHV DQG UHVHDUFK ILQGLQJV
0DUWLQ 5$ .XLSHU 1 2OLQJHU - 'DQFH . +XPRU FRSLQJ ZLWK VWUHVV VHOI FRQFHSW DQG
SV\FKRORJLFDOZHOOEHLQJ+XPRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI+XPRU5HVHDUFK
0DUWLQ 5$ /HIFRXUW +0 E 6HQVH RI KXPRU DV D PRGHUDWRU RI WKH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ VWUHVVIXO
HYHQWV DQG SV\FKRORJLFDO GLVWUHVV D SURVSHFWLYH DQDO\VLV -RXUQDO RI 3HUVRQDOLW\ DQG 6RFLDO
3V\FKRORJ\
0DUWLQ 5$ /HIFRXUW +0 6LWXDWLRQDO KXPRU UHVSRQVH TXHVWLRQQDLUH TXDQWLWDWLYH PHDVXUH RI
VHQVHRIKXPRU-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\
0DUXWD7&ROOLJDQ5&0DOLQFKRF02IIRUG.32SWLPLVWVYVSHVVLPLVWVVXUYLYDOUDWHDPRQJ

PHGLFDOSDWLHQWVRYHUD\HDUSHULRG0D\R&OLQLF3URFHHGLQJV
0DVODFK &K \ -DFNVRQ 6 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW RI H[SHULHQFHG EXUQRXW -RXUQDO 2FFXSDWLRQDO
%HKDYLRU
0D\HU-'+RZPRRGVLQIOXHQFHFRJQLWLRQ(Q1(6KDUNH\HG $GYDQFHLQ&RJQLWLYH6FLHQFH

&KLFKHVWHU(OOLV+RUZRRG
0F*KHH 3 &RJQLWLYH 'HYHORSPHQW DQG &KLOGUHQV &RPSUHKHQVLRQ RI KXPRU &KLOG
'HYHORSPHQW
0F*KHH3&RJQLWLYHPDVWHU\DQGFKLOGUHQ¶VKXPRU3V\FKRORJLFDO%XOOHWLQ
0F*KHH3+XPRU,W¶VRULJLQDQGGHYHORSPHQW6DQ)UDQFLVFR:+)UHHPDQ
0LOOHU746PLWK7:7XUQHU&:*XLMDUUR0/+DOOHW$-$PHWDDQDO\WLFUHYLHZRIUHVHDUFK

RQKRVWLOLW\DQGSK\VLFDOKHDOWK3V\FKRORJLFDO%XOOHWLQ
0LQGHVV+/DXJKWHUDQGOLEHUDWLRQ/RV$QJHOHV1DVK3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\
0RRQH\1(7KHWKHUDSHXWLFXVHRIKXPRU2UWKRSDHGLF1XUVLQJ
0\HUV'*'LHQHU(:KRLVKDSS\"3V\FKRORJLFDO6FLHQFH
1DVE\:<DQGR56HOHFWLYHHQFRGLQJDQGUHWULHYDORIDIIHFWLYHO\YDODQFHGLQIRUPDWLRQ -RXUQDORI

3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\
1H]X $0 1H]X &0 %OLVVHW 6( 6HQVH RI KXPRU DV D PRGHUDWRU RI WKH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ

VWUHVVIXOOHYHQWVDQGSV\FKRORJLFDOGLVWUHVV$SURVSHFWLYHDQDO\VLV -RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO
3V\FKRORJ\
1LHWR0XQXHUD-$EDG$(VWHEDQ07HMHUtQD0 3VLFRORJtDSDUD&LHQFLDVGHOD6DOXG 0DGULG

0F*UDZ+LOO,QWHUDPHULFDQDGH(VSDxD
2/HDU\$6WUHVVHPRWLRQDQGKXPDQLPPXQHIXQFWLRQ3V\FKRORJLFDO%XOOHWLQ
2DWOH\.-HQNLQV-08QGHUVWDQGLQJHPRWLRQV&DPEULGJH0$%ODFNZHOO
2YHUKROVHU -& 6HQVH RI KXPRU ZKHQ FRSLQJ ZLWK OLIH VWUHVV 3HUVRQDOLW\ DQG ,QGLYLGXDO
'LIIHUHQFHV
3DVTXDOL($+XPRU$QDQWLGRWHIRUWHUURULVP -RXUQDO+ROLVWLF1XUVLQJ
3HQQEHEDNHU -: 0D\QH 7- )UDQFLV 0( /LQJXLVWLF SUHGLFWRUV RI DGDSWLYH EHUHDYHPHQW
3HQQHEDNHU-:,QKLELWLRQDVWKHOLQFKSLQRIKHDOWK,Q+6)ULHGPDQ(G +RVWLOLW\FRSLQJDQG

KHDOWKSS:DVKLQJWRQ'&$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLFDO$VVRFLDWLRQ
3HQQHEDNHU -: %DUJHU 6' 7LHERXW - 'LVFORVXUH RI WUDXPDV DQG KHDOWK DPRQJ KRORFDXVW
VXUYLYRUV3V\FKRVRPDWLF0HGLFLQH
3HQQHEDNHU -: %HDOO 6 &RQIURQWLQJ D WUDXPDWLF HYHQW WRZDUG DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI LQKLELWLRQ
DQGGLVHDVH-RXUQDORI$EQRUPDO3V\FKRORJ\
3HQQHEDNHU-:)UDQFLV0(&RJQLWLYHHPRWLRQDODQGODQJXDJHSURFHVVLQGLVFORVXUH &RJQLWLRQ

DQG(PRWLRQ
3HQQHEDNHU-:.LHFROW*ODVVHU-*ODVVHU5'LVFORVXUHLQWUDXPDVDQGLPPXQHIXQFWLRQ+HDOWK

LPSOLFDWLRQVIRUSV\FKRWKHUDS\-RXUQDORI&RQVXOWLQJDQG&OLQLFDO3V\FKRORJ\
3HQQHEDNHU -: 7UDXH +& ,QKLELWLRQ DQG SV\FKRVRPDWLF SURFHVV ,Q +& 7UDXH -:
3HQQHEDNHU(GV(PRWLRQLQKLELWLRQDQGKHDOWKSS6HDWWOH:$+RJUHIH +XEHU
3HUOLQL 1HQRQHQ /LQG (IIHFWV RI KXPRU RQ WHVW DQ[LHW\ DQG SHUIRUPDQFH 3V\FKRORJLFDO
5HSRUWV
3HWHUVRQ & 6HOLJPDQ 0(3 &KDUDFWHU VWUHQJWKV EHIRUH DQG DIWHU 6HSWHPEHU 3V\FKRORJLFDO
6FLHQFH

Referencias
3HWHUVRQ&9DLOODQW*(6HOLJPDQ0(33HVVLPLVWLFH[SODQDWRU\VW\OHLVDULVNIDFWRUIRUSK\VLFDO

LOOQHVV$\HDUORQJLWXGLQDOVWXG\-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\
3HWULH .- %RRWK 5- 3HQQHEDNHU -: 'DYLVRQ .3 7KRPDV 0* 'LVFORVXUH RI WUDXPD DQG
LPPXQH UHVSRQVH WR D KHSDWLWLV % YDFFLQDWLRQ SURJUDP -RXUQDO RI &RQVXOWLQJ DQG &OLQLFDO
3V\FKRORJ\
3LHUORW':DUHORZ3-:KDWVIXQQ\DERXWQXUVLQJ"&RQWHPSRUDU\1XUVH
3XFKH 5 /R]DQR + (O VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU HQ HO QLxR 8Q HVWXGLR HPStULFR %RJRWi (GLFLRQHV
8QLYHUVLGDGGHO9DOOH
5DELQ%66WUHVVLPPXQHIXQFWLRQDQGKHDOWK7KHFRQQHFWLRQ1HZ<RU.:LOH\/LVV 6RQV
5DGFOLIIH0,W¶VDIXQQ\ROGMRE 1XUVLQJ7LPHV
5DGFOLIIH01XUVLQJFRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDQ2O\PSLFVSRUW1XUVLQJ7LPHV
5HHG 0% $VSLQZDOO /* 6HOIDIILUPDWLRQ UHGXFHG ELDVHG SURFHVVLQJ RI KHDOWKULVN LQIRUPDWLRQ
0RWLYDWLRQDQG(PRWLRQ
5LW] 6 6XUYLYRU KXPRU DQG GLVDVWHU QXUVLQJ (Q . %X[PDQ \ $ /H0RLQH (GV 1XUVLQJ
SHUVSHFWLYHVRQKXPRUSDJHV1HZ<SUN3RZHU3XEOLFDWLRQV
5RELQVRQ 90 +XPRU DQG KHDOWK (Q 3 ( 0F*KHH \ -+ *ROGVWHLQ (GV +DQGERRN RI KXPRU
UHVHDUFK9RO,,DSSOLHGVWXGLHVSDJV1HZ<RUN6SULQJHU9HUODJ
5RELQVRQ90+XPRUDQGKHDOWKSURIHVVLRQV7KHWKHUDSHXWLFXVHRIKXPRULQKHDOWKFDUH1-86$

7KRURIDUH
5RHFNHOHLQ-(7KH3V\FKRORJ\RI+XPRU/RQGRQ*UHHQZRRG3UHVV
5RVHQNUDQ] 0$ -DFNVRQ '& 'DOWRQ . 0 'ROVNL , 5\II &' 6LQJHU %+ 0XOOHU ' .DOLQ 1+
'DYLGVRQ 5- $IIHFWLYH VW\OH DQG LQ YLYR LPPXQH UHVSRQVH 1HXUREHKDYLRUDO PHFKDQLVPV
3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH1DWLRQDO$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHV
5RWKEDUW0/DXJKHULQ\RXQJFKLOGUHQ3V\FKRORJLFDO%XOOHWLQ
5RWKPDQ$- 6DORYH\3 6KDSLQJSHUFHSWLRQVWRPRWLYDWHKHDOWK\EHKDYLRU7KHUROH RIPHVVDJH

IUDPLQJ3V\FKRORJLFDO%XOOHWLQ
5XFK : $VVHVVPHQW RI DSSUHFLDWLRQ RI KXPRU VWXGLHV ZLWK :' +XPRU WHVW $GYDQFHV LQ

3HUVRQDOLW\$VVHVVPHQW
5XFK:([KLODUDWLRQDQGKXPRU,Q0/HZLV -0+DYLODQG(GV +DQGERRNRIHPRWLRQV1HZ

<RUN*XLOIRUG3UHVV
5XFK : 7KH 6HQVH RI +XPRU ([SORUDWLRQV RI 3HUVRQDOLW\ &KDUDFWHULVWLF 1HZ <RUN 0RXWRQ GH
*UX\WHU
5XFK:+HKO)-+XPRUDSSUHFLDWLRQ,Q:5XFK(G 7KH6HQVHRI+XPRU([SORUDWLRQVRID

SHUVRQDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFV%HUOLQ0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU
5XFK:.|KOHU*$WHPSHUDPHQWDSSURDFKWRKXPRU,Q:5XFK(G 7KH 6HQVHRI+XPRU

([SORUDWLRQVRIDSHUVRQDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFV%HUOLQ0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU
5XVVHOO 5 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ ODXJKWHU LQ WHUPV RI EDVLV SHUFHSWXDO DQG UHVSRQVH SDWWHUQV +XPRU
5XVVHOO5+XPRUVFORVHUHODWLYHV+XPRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI+XPRU5HVHDUFK
6DORYH\ 3 0D\HU -' *ROGPDQ 6/ 7XUYH\ & 3DOIDL 73 (PRWLRQDO DWWHQWLRQ FODULW\ DQG
UHSDLU([SORULQJHPRWLRQDOLQWHOOLJHQFHXVLQJWKH7UDLW0HWD0RRG6FDOH,Q-:3HQQHEDNHU(G
(PRWLRQGLVFORVXUHDQGKHDOWKSS:DVKLQJWRQ'&$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLFDO$VVRFLDWLRQ
6DORYH\ 3 5RWKPDQ $- 'HWZHLOHU -% 6WHZDUG :7 (PRWLRQDO VWDWHV DQG SK\VLFDO KHDOWK
$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLVW
6FKHLHU0)&DUYHU&6(IIHFWVRIRSWLPLVPRQSV\FKRORJLFDODQGSK\VLFDOZHOOEHLQJ7KHRUHWLFDO

RYHUYLHZDQGHPSLULFDOXSGDWH&RJQLWLYH7KHUDS\DQG5HVHDUFK
6FKLPHO -/ 7KH UROH RI KXPRU DV DQ LQWHJUDWLQJ IDFWRU LQ DGROHVFHQW GHYHORSPHQW $GROHVFHQW
3V\FKLDWU\
6FKPLGW65(IIHFWVRIKXPRURQVHQWHQFHPHPRU\ -RXUQDORIH[SHULPHQWDO3V\FKRORJ\/HDUQLQJ

0HPRU\DQG&RJQLWLRQ
6FKZDU]1)HHOLQJVDVLQIRUPDWLRQ,QIRUPDWLRQDODQGPRWLYDWLRQDOIXQFWLRQVRIDIIHFWLYHVWDWHV(Q

7 +LJJLQV \ 50 6RUUHQWLQR HGV +DQGERRN RI PRWLYDWLRQ DQG FRJQLWLRQ )RXQGDWLRQV RI VRFLDO
EHKDYLRUYRO1HZ<RUN*XLOIRUG
6FKZDU]1%OHVV+%RKQHU*0RRGDQGSHUVXDVLRQ$IIHFWLYHVWDWHVLQIOXHQFHWKHSURFHVVLQJRI

SHUVXDVLYHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV,Q0=DQQD(G $GYDQFHVLQH[SHULPHQWDOVRFLDOSV\FKRORJ\9RO

Referencias
SS6DQ'LHJR&$$FDGHPLF3UHVV
6HJHUVWURP6&6RORPRQ*).HPHQ\0()DKH\-/5HODWLRQVKLSRIZRUU\WRLPPXQHVHTXHO

RIWKH1RUWKULGJHHDUWKTXDNH-RXUQDORI%HKDYLRUDO0HGLFLQH
6HJHUVWURP6&7D\ORU6(.HPHQ\0()DKH\-/2SWLPLVPLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKPRRGFRSLQJ

DQG LPPXQH FKDQJH LQ UHVSRQVH WR VWUHVV -RXUQDO RI 3HUVRQDOLW\ DQG 6RFLDO 3V\FKRORJ\

6HOLJPDQ0($SUHQGDRSWLPLVPR%DUFHORQD*ULMDOER0RQGDGRUL
6HOLJPDQ0(2SWLPLVPSHVVLPLVPDQGPRUWDOLW\ 0D\R&OLQLF3URFHHGLQJV(GLWRULDO
6HOLJPDQ0(/DDXWpQWLFDIHOLFLGDG%DUFHORQD9HUJDUD*UXSR=HWD
6HOLJPDQ 0( &VLNV]HQWPLKDO\L 0 3RVLWLYH 3V\FKRORJ\ $Q ,QWURGXFWLRQ $PHULFDQ
3V\FKRORJLVW
6HOLJPDQ0(6WHHQ7$3DUN13HWHUVRQ&3RVLWLYH3V\FKRORJ\SURJUHVVHPSLULFDOYDOLGDWLRQ

RILQWHUYHQWLRQV$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJ\
6KDPPL 3 6WXVV '7 7KH HIIHFWV RI QRUPDO DJLQJ RQ KXPRU DSSUHFLDWLRQ -RXUQDO ,QWHUQDO
1HXURSV\FKRORJ\6RFLDO
6KHUPDQ / $Q HFRORJLFDO VWXG\ RI JOHH LQ VPDOO JURXSV RI SUHVFKRRO FKLOGUHQ &KLOG
'HYHORSPHQW
6PLWK5($VFRXJK-&(WWLQJHU5)1HOVRQ5$+XPRU$Q[LHW\DQG7DVN3HUIRUPDQFH

6PLWK 7: +RVWLOLW\ DQG KHDOWK &XUUHQW VWDWXV RI D SV\FKRVRPDWLF K\SRWKHVLV +HDOWK
3V\FKRORJ\
6Q\GHU&57KHSV\FKRORJ\RIKRSH<RXFDQJHWWKHUHIURPKHUH1HZ<RUN)UHH3UHVV
6Q\GHU&5,UYLQJ/0$QGHUVRQ-5+RSHDQGKHDOWK,Q&56Q\GHUDQG'5)RUV\WK(GV

+DQGERRNRI6RFLDODQG&OLQLFDO3V\FKRORJ\7KHKHDOWKSHUVSHFWLYH(OPVIRUG1<3HUJDPRQ
6RORPRQ *) 3V\FKRQHXURLPPXQRORJ\ LQWHUDFWLRQV EHWZHHQ FHQWUDO QHUYRXV V\VWHP LPPXQH
V\VWHP-RXUQDO1HXURVFLHQFH5HVHDUFK
6WRQH $$ &R[ '6 9DOGLPDUVGRWWLU + -DQGRUI / 1HDOH -0 (YLGHQFH WKDW VHFUHWRU\ ,J$

DQWLERG\LVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKGDLO\PRRG-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\
6WRQH$$1HDOH-0&R['61DSROL$9DOGLPDUVGRWWLU+.HQQHG\0RRUH('DLO\HYHQWV

DUH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK VHFUHWRU\ LPPXQH UHVSRQVH WR DQ RUDO DQWLJHQ LQ PHQ +HDOWK
3V\FKRORJ\
6WRQH $$ 0DUFR &$ &UXLVH &( &R[ '6 1HDOH -0 $UH VWUHVVLQGXFHG LPPXQRORJLFDO
FKDQJHV PHGLDWHG E\ PRRG" $ FORVHU ORRN DW KRZ ERWK GHVLUDEOH DQG XQGHVLUDEOH GDLO\ HYHQWV
LQIOXHQFHV,J$DQWLERG\,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI%HKDYLRUDO0HGLFLQH
6WRQH$$5HHG%51HDOH-0&KDQJHVLQGDLO\HYHQWIUHTXHQF\SUHFHGHHSLVRGHVRISK\VLFDO

V\PSWRPDWRORJ\-RXUQDORI+XPDQ6WUHVV
6XOV- &RJQLWLYHSURFHVVHVLQKXPRUDSSUHFLDWLRQ(Q3(0F*KHH\-+*ROGVWHLQHGV+DQGERRN

RIKXPRUUHVHDUFKYROXPH,%DVLF,VVXHVSS1HZ<RUN6SULQJHU9HUODJ
6XOO\-(VVD\RQODXJKWHU1HZ<RUN/RQJPDQV*UHHQ
6YHEDN 6 D 5HYLVHG TXHVWLRQQDLUH RQ WKH VHQVH RI KXPRU 6FDQGLQDYLDQ -RXUQDO RI
3V\FKRORJ\
6YHEDN 6 E 7KUHH DWWLWXGH GLPHQVLRQV RI VHQVH RI KXPRU DV SUHGLFWRUV RI ODXJKWHU 6FDQGLQDYLDQ
-RXUQDORI3V\FKRORJ\
6YHEDN6F$WKHRU\RIVHQVHRIKXPRU 6FDQGLQDYLDQ-RXUQDORI3V\FKRORJ\
6YHEDN 6 7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI VHQVH RI KXPRU TXHVWLRQQDLUH IURP 6+4 WR 6+** +XPRU
7DOERW /$ /XPGHQ % 2Q WKH DVVRFLDWLRQ EHWZHHQ KXPRU DQG EXUQRXW +XPRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
-RXUQDORI+XPRU5HVHDUFK
7D\ORU6(+HDOWKSV\FKRORJ\WKHG%RVWRQ0F*UDZ+LOO
7D\ORU 6( %URZQ -' 3RVLWLYH LOOXVLRQV DQG ZHOOEHLQJ UHYLVHG 6HSDUDWLQJ IDFW IURP ILFWLRQ
7D\ORU 6( .HPHQ\ 0( 5HHG *0 %RZHU -( *UXHQHZDOG 7/ 3V\FKRORJLFDO UHVRXUFHV
SRVLWLYHLOOXVLRQVDQGKHDOWK$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLVW
7HDVGDOH -' )RJDUW\ 6- 'LIIHUHQWLDO HIIHFWV RI LQGXFHG PRRG RQ UHWULHYDO RI SOHDVDQW DQG
XQSOHDVDQWHYHQWVIURPHSLVRGLFPHPRU\-RXUQDORI$EQRUPDO3V\FKRORJ\

Referencias
7KRUVRQ -$ %UGDU , 3RZHOO )& )DFWRUDQDO\WLF VWXG\ RI VHQVH RI KXPRU LQ &URDWLD DQG WKH
86$3V\FKRORJLFDO5HSRUWV
7KRUVRQ-$3RZHOO)&0HDVXUHPHQWRIVHQVHRIKXPRU3V\FKRORJLFDO5HSRUWV
7KRUVRQ -$ 3RZHOO )& D 6HQVH RI KXPRU DQG GLPHQVLRQV RI SHUVRQDOLW\ -RXUQDO RI &OLQLFDO
3V\FKRORJ\
7KRUVRQ -$ 3RZHOO )& E 'HYHORSPHQW DQG YDOLGDWLRQ RI WKH PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO VHQVH RI KXPRU
VFDOH-RXUQDORI&OLQLFDO3V\FKRORJ\
7KRUVRQ -$ 3RZHOO )& F 5HODWLRQVKLSV RI GHDWK DQ[LHW\ DQG VHQVH RI KXPRU 3V\FKRORJLFDO
5HSRUWV
7KRUVRQ-$3RZHOO)&'HSUHVVLRQDQGVHQVHRIKXPRU3V\FKRORJLFDO5HSRUWV
7KRUVRQ -$ 3RZHOO )& :RPHQ DJLQJ DQG VHQVH RI KXPRU +XPRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI
+XPRU5HVHDUFK
7KRUVRQ -$ 3RZHOO )& 6DUPD\6FKXOOHU , +DPSHV :3 3V\FKRORJLFDO +HDOWK DQG VHQVH RI
KXPRU-RXUQDORI&OLQLFDO3V\FKRORJ\
7UHDGZHOO<+XPRUDQGFUHDWLYLW\3V\FKRORJLFDO5HSRUWV
7URSH<3RPHUDQW](05HVROYLQJFRQIOLFWVDPRQJVHOIHYDOXDWLYHPRWLYHV3RVLWLYHH[SHULHQFHV

DVDUHVRXUFHVIRURYHUFRPLQJGHIHQVLYHQHVV0RWLYDWLRQDQG(PRWLRQ
9LWXOOL :) +XPRU DQG JHQGHU UROHV GRHV DJH PDNH D GLIIHUHQFH" 3V\FKRORJ\FDO 5HSRUWV

:HJHQHU '7 3HWW\ 5( 0RRGPDQDJHPHQW DFURVV DIIHFWLYH VWDWHV 7KH KHGRQLF FRQWLQJHQF\
K\SRWKHVLV-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\
:HJHQHU'73HWW\5(6PLWK603RVLWLYHPRRGFDQLQFUHDVHRUGHFUHDVHPHVVDJHVFUXWLQ\

7KH KHGRQLF FRQWLQJHQF\ YLHZ RI PRRG DQG PHVVDJH SURFHVVLQJ -RXUQDO RI 3HUVRQDOLW\ DQG 6RFLDO
3V\FKRORJ\
:HLQVWHLQ 1' .OHLQ :0 5HVLVWDQFH RI SHUVRQDO ULVN SHUFHSWLRQV WR GHELDVLQJ LQWHUYHQWLRQV
+HDOWK3V\FKRORJ\
:KLWH 6 :LQ]HOEHUJ $ /DXJKWHU DQG VWUHVV +XPRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI +XPRU
5HVHDUFK

:LHU]ELFNL0<RXQJ5'7KHUHODWLRQRILQWHOOLJHQFHDQGWDVNGLIILFXOW\WRDSSUHFLDWLRQRIKXPRU

7KH-RXUQDORI*HQHUDO3V\FKRORJ\
:LOOLDPV5%+DQH\/7/HH./.RQJ<%OXPHQWKDO-:KDOHQ57LSH$EHKDYLRUKRVWLOLW\

DQGFRURQDU\DWKHURVFOHURVLV3V\FKRVRPDWLF0HGLFLQH
:RORVLQ 5 &RJQLWLYH VLPLODULW\ DQG JURXS ODXJKWHU -RXUQDO RI 3HUVRQDOLW\ DQG 6RFLDO
3V\FKRORJ\
:RRWHQ3+XPRU$QDQWLGRWHIRUVWUHVV+ROLVWLF1XUVLQJ3UDFWLFH
:RRWHQ 3 <RX¶YH JRW WR EH NLGGLQJ +XPRU VNLOOV IRU VXUYLYLQJ PDQDJHG FDUH 'HUPDWRORJ\
1XUVLQJ
:\HU56&ROOLQV-($WKHRU\RIKXPRUHOLFLWDWLRQ3V\FKRORJLFDO5HYLHZ
<RGHU 0$ +DXGH 5+ 6HQVH RI KXPRU DQG ORQJHYLW\ ROGHU DGXOWV VHOIUDWLQJV FRPSDUHG ZLWK
UDWLQJVIRUGHFHDVHGVLEOLQJV3V\FKRORJLFDO5HSRUWV
=LY$)DFLOLWDWLQJHIIHFWVRIKXPRURQFUHDWLYLW\-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJ\
=LY$/CKXPRXUHQHGXFDWLRQ3DULV)UDQFH(GLWLRQV
=LY $ 7KH LQIOXHQFH RI KXPRURXV DWPRVSKHUH RQ GLYHUJHQW WKLQNLQJ &RQWHPSRUDU\ (GXFDWLRQ
3V\FKRORJ\
=LY$3HUVRQDOLW\DQGVHQVHRIKXPRU1HZ<RUN6SULQJHU
=LY$'LHP-0(OVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU%LOEDR'HXVWR
=LY$*DGLVK2+XPRUDQG*LIWHGQHVV-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDORIWKH*LIWHG

Índice de figuras

)LJXUD*UiILFRGHGLVSHUVLyQGHSXQWXDFLRQHVHQ06+6YDULDEOHHGDG
)LJXUD*UiILFRGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQSXQWXDFLRQHVHQ06+6YDULDEOHHGDG

Índice de tablas

7DEOD(O5RWR'LiULR³(O3DtV´
7DEOD)RUJHV'LiULR³(O3DtV´
7DEOD'LDJUDPDGHFRPELQDFLRQHVGHODWHRUtDGHORVFXDWURKXPRUHV

7DEOD)DFWRUHVHQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHXQFKLVWH
7DEOD'LPHQVLRQHVHQODFUHDFLyQ\DSUHFLDFLyQGHOKXPRU

7DEOD'LVWULEXFLyQGHODPXHVWUDHQIXQFLyQGHOSHUILO
7DEOD'LVWULEXFLyQGHODPXHVWUDHQIXQFLyQGHOJpQHUR
7DEOD'LVWULEXFLyQGHODPXHVWUDHQIXQFLyQGHODHGDG
7DEOD'LVWULEXFLyQSRUHVWDPHQWRVHQSURIHVLRQDOHVGHODVDOXG
7DEOD&RPSRVLFLyQGHODVVXEHVFDODVGHO0%,

7DEOD(VWDGtVWLFRVGHVFULSWLYRVGHORVHOHPHQWRVGHODHVFDOD06+6
7DEOD(VWDGtVWLFRVGHVFULSWLYRVHtQGLFHGHILDELOLGDGSDUDOD06+6
7DEOD$QiOLVLVIDFWRULDO([WUDFFLyQDFXDWURIDFWRUHV5RWDFLyQYDULPD[
7DEOD&RPSDUDFLyQGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRV6DWXUDFLRQHVVXSD
7DEOD0DWUL]GHFRPSRQHQWHVURWDGRV&RPSRQHQWHVSULQFLSDOHV
7DEOD9DULDQ]DWRWDOH[SOLFDGD0pWRGR&RPSRQHQWHVSULQFLSDOHV

7DEOD(VWDGtVWLFRVGHVFULSWLYRV
7DEOD&RUUHODFLRQHV
7DEOD'LVWULEXFLyQGHFDVRVSRUJpQHUR\UDQJRVSURPHGLR
7DEOD(VWDGtVWLFRVGHFRQWUDVWHSDUDODYDULDEOHJHQHUR

7DEOD3XQWXDFLRQHVPHGLDVHQODHVFDOD06+6VHJ~QYDULDEOHHGDG
7DEOD6LPHWUtD\FXUWRVLV

7DEOD(VWDGtVWLFR.UXVNDO:DOOLVGLIHUHQFLDGHPHGLDVYDULDEOHHGDG
7DEOD$QiOLVLVGHYDULDQ]DSDUDPVKVAVHJ~QHGDG

Tabla de contenidos

ËQGLFH
,QWURGXFFLyQ
&DStWXOR $SUR[LPDFLyQKLVWyULFDDOFRQVWUXFWRµKXPRU¶

/RVRUtJHQHV\SULPHURVPRGHORV
3UHFXUVRUHVHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\WHRUtDVGHOKXPRU
7HRUtDGHODLQFRQJUXHQFLD
7HRUtDGHODVXSHULRULGDG
7HRUtDGHODOLEHUDFLyQGHODWHQVLyQ
(YROXFLyQ\FRQVROLGDFLyQGHORVHVWXGLRV
(WDSDSUHFXUVRUD
/DDSHUWXUDGHORVDxRV
(OSDQRUDPDGHORVDxRV
(QODDFWXDOLGDG
&RQFOXVLRQHV
&DStWXOR (OKXPRUHQHOPDUFRGHODVHPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDV

3ODQWHDPLHQWRVDFWXDOHV6HOLJPDQ
7HRUtDGHOLEUHDFWLYDFLyQMXHJRDOHJUtD\KXPRU
(OVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUFRPRHPRFLyQSRVLWLYD
&RQFOXVLRQHV
&DStWXOR 2WUDVOtQHDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQFRQWHPSRUiQHDV

,QYHVWLJDFLRQHVVREUHDVSHFWRVILVLROyJLFRV
2WURVHVWXGLRVUHODFLRQDGRV
(OKXPRUFRPRPRGHUDGRUGHOHVWUpV\GHSUHVLyQ
(VWXGLRVUHODFLRQHVFRJQLWLYRFRQGXFWXDO\KXPRU
(VWXGLRVVREUHODIXQFLyQVRFLDOGHOKXPRU
&RQFOXVLRQHV

&DStWXOR &RQFHSWR\PHGLGDGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU

&RQFHSWR\GHILQLFLyQGHKXPRU
'LPHQVLRQHVGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
0pWRGRVGHHYDOXDFLyQ
/DHVFDODPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
&RQFOXVLRQHV
&DStWXOR 2EMHWLYRVHKLSyWHVLV

2EMHWLYRJHQHUDO
2EMHWLYRVHVSHFtILFRV
+LSyWHVLV
&DStWXOR 0pWRGR

0XHVWUD
6HOHFFLyQ\GLVWULEXFLyQGHODPXHVWUD
,QVWUXPHQWRV\YDULDEOHV
(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU
(VFDOD0DVODFK%XUQRXW,QYHQWRU\
3URFHGLPLHQWR
3URFHVRGHWUDGXFFLyQGHOFXHVWLRQDULR
3UXHEDSLORWR
(QWUHYLVWDGRUHV
,QVWUXFFLRQHVFXPSOLPHQWDFLyQGHOFXHVWLRQDULR
(VWXGLRSDUDODYDOLGH]GHOLQVWUXPHQWR
$QiOLVLVHVWDGtVWLFR
&DStWXOR 5HVXOWDGRV

$QiOLVLVLQLFLDOGHODHVFDOD
$QiOLVLVGHVFULSWLYR
6ROXFLyQIDFWRULDOGHOPRGHOR
$QiOLVLVFRPSDUDWLYRHVFDODVHQDPEDVPXHVWUDV
$QiOLVLVGHGLPHQVLRQDOLGDGGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
(VWXGLRGHYDOLGH](VFDODGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU

Tabla de contenidos
6HQWLGRGHOKXPRUJpQHUR\HGDG
&DStWXOR 'LVFXVLyQ\FRQFOXVLRQHV

6REUHODWUDGXFFLyQ\DGDSWDFLyQGH06+6
6REUHHODQiOLVLVFRPSDUDWLYRGHODVHVFDODV
6REUHODGLPHQVLRQDOLGDGGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU
6REUHODYDOLGH]GH06+6
6REUHUHODFLyQVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUJpQHUR\HGDG
&21&/86,21(6
)XWXUDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
5HIHUHQFLDV
ËQGLFHGHILJXUDV
ËQGLFHGHWDEODV
7DEODGHFRQWHQLGRV
$QH[R*ORVDULR
$QH[R(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGH6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+6
$QH[R(VFDOD0DVODFK%XUQRXW,QYHQWRU\0%,

Anexo 1:
Glosario

1
*/26$5,2
$
$OHJUH4XHWLHQHDOHJUtDTXHWLHQHXQFDUiFWHUGDGRDODDQLPDFLyQ\DODULVD4XHSURGXFHRIDYRUHFHOD
DOHJUtD
$OHJUtD(PRFLyQEiVLFDTXHVXVFLWDXQiQLPRSODFHQWHURFRQWHQGHQFLDDODDQLPDFLyQ\ODULVD
$QLPDGR4XHPXHVWUDYLYH]DDFWLYLGDG\DOHJUtD
%
%URPD&RVDTXHKDFHRGLFHDOJXLHQSDUDUHtUVHJHQHUDOPHQWHVLQLQWHQFLyQGHPROHVWDU
&
&KLVWH&XHQWRPX\EUHYHFRPHQWDULRRGLEXMRGHVWLQDGRDKDFHUUHtURGLYHUWLU*UDFLDRPRWLYRGHULVD
&yPLFR4XHKDFHUHtUJHQHUDOPHQWHXQHVSHFWiFXORTXHLQFOX\HDQLPDFLyQ\FRPLFLGDG
'
'LYHUWLGR$OJRLQHVSHUDGRTXHUHVXOWDJUDFLRVR\DQLPDGR
'LYHUVLyQ&RVDTXHGLVWUDHODDWHQFLyQ\TXHUHVXOWDGLYHUWLGR
*
*UDFLRVR4XHWLHQHJUDFLDTXHKDFHUHtU
+
+LODUDQWH4XHSURYRFDULVD
+XPRU(VWDGRGHiQLPRRGLVSRVLFLyQ%XHQKXPRUHVWDGRGHDOHJUtD\RSWLPLVPR
+XPRULVPR$FWLWXGRWHQGHQFLDTXHFRQVLVWHHQYHUHOODGRULVXHxRRLUyQLFRGHODVFRVDV([SUHVDUVHFRQ
KXPRU

1
)XHQWH 6HFR 0 2OLPSLD $ 5DPRV * 'LFFLRQDULR GHO HVSDxRO DFWXDO 0DGULG *UXSR 6DQWLOODQD GH (GLFLRQHV
6$\UHHODERUDFLyQDSDUWLUGHIXHQWHVWHyULFDV\GHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDWpFQLFD\OLQJtVWLFD

Glosario
,
,QJHQLR)DFXOWDGGHLQYHQWDUFRQIDFLOLGDGVROXFLRQHVQXHYDV\GLYHUWLGDV
,QJHQLRVR4XHWLHQHLQJHQLR\DJXGH]D
,URQtD'DUDHQWHQGHUORFRQWUDULRGHORTXHVHGLFHFRQLQWHQFLyQGHEXUODUVH7RQRGHEXUODDOGHFLUDOJR
-
-RFRVR4XHGLYLHUWHRSUHWHQGHGLYHUWLU%URPDRSDVDWLHPSR3HUVRQDDOHJUH\GLYHUWLGD
-~ELOR$OHJUtDLQWHQVD\H[SDQVLYD
2
2SWLPLVWD3HUVRQDTXHWLHQGHDYHUODVFRVDVHQVXDVSHFWRPiVIDYRUDEOH
3
3DUDGRMD )LJXUD UHWyULFD TXH FRQVLVWH HQ XQD H[SUHVLyQ TXH HQFLHUUD FRQWUDGLFFLyQ 0XHVWUD LQJHQLR \
DJXGH]D
5
5LVD$FFLyQGHUHtU\GHPDQLIHVWDUDOHJUtDFRQGHWHUPLQDGRVVRQLGRV\PRYLPLHQWRVGHOURVWUR\FXHUSR
6
6DUFDVPR%XUODRLURQtDFUXHO
6DUGyQLFR,UyQLFRRVDUFiVWLFRPDQLIHVWDQGRVXSHULRULGDG
6DWtULFR3DURGLDFULWLFDRFHQVXUDGHFDUiFWHULUyQLFRULGLFXODUL]DGRUREXUOHVFR
6HQWLGR GHO KXPRU &DSDFLGDG GH VHQWLU \ HQWHQGHU HO KXPRU \ H[SUHVDUOR WRPDQGR FRQFLHQFLD GHO
PLVPR
6LPSDWtD,QFOLQDFLyQDIHFWLYDIDYRUDEOH\HVSRQWiQHD
6LPSiWLFR4XHLQVSLUDVLPSDWtDTXHRFDVLRQDOPHQWHFXHQWDFKLVWHV

Anexo 2:
Escala Multidimensional del Sentido del Humor MSHS

,QVWUXFFLyQ
(VWDPRV UHDOL]DQGR XQ FXHVWLRQDULR SDUD YDORUDU DFWLWXGHV \ QHFHVLWDPRV VX FRODERUDFLyQ (O
FXHVWLRQDULRHVVHQFLOORDQyQLPR\VHWDUGDHQUHOOHQDUDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFXDWURPLQXWRV¢SXHGHFRODERUDU
FRQQRVRWURV"
3RU IDYRU GHEH FRQWHVWDU D FDGD DILUPDFLyQ TXH VH KDFH HQ HO FXHVWLRQDULR GH PDQHUD UiSLGD \
PDUFDQGR VL HVWi 08< '( $&8(5'2 FRQ OD PLVPD '( $&8(5'2 OH HV ,1',)(5(17( HVWi (1
'(6$&8(5'2R08<(1 '(6$&8(5'2FRQFDGDXQDGHODVDILUPDFLRQHVGHOFXHVWLRQDULR3RQJDXQDVSD
HQFDGDUHVSXHVWD$GHPiVKDGHLQGLFDUSRUHVFULWRHQODSULPHUDKRMDVXHGDGVH[R\RFXSDFLyQ0XFKDV
JUDFLDVSRUVXFRODERUDFLyQ
(GDGBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
*HQHURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
2FXSDFLyQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+6

0HJXVWDXQEXHQFKLVWH
1RPHVLHQWRELHQFXDQGRWRGRHOPXQGRHVWiRQWDQGRFKLVWHV


Anexo 3:
Escala Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)

Resumen
(VFDOD0DVODFK%XUQRXW,QYHQWRU\0%,
0HVLHQWRHPRFLRQDOPHQWHGHIUDXGDGRSRUPLWUDEDMR¢FRQTXH
IUHFXHQFLDPHRFXUUHHVWR"
&XDQGRWHUPLQRPLMRUQDGDGHWUDEDMRPHVLHQWRDJRWDGR¢FRQTXH
&XDQGRPHOHYDQWRSRUODPDxDQD\PHHQIUHQWRDRWUDMRUQDGDGH
WUDEDMRPHVLHQWRIDWLJDGR¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDPHRFXUUHHVWR"
6LHQWRTXHSXHGRHQWHQGHUIiFLOPHQWHDODVSHUVRQDVTXHWHQJRTXH
DWHQGHU¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDPHRFXUUHHVWR"
6LHQWRTXHHVWR\WUDWDQGRDDOJXQRVSDFLHQWHVFRPRVLIXHVHQ
REMHWRVLPSHUVRQDOHV¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDPHRFXUUHHVWR"
6LHQWRTXHWUDEDMDUWRGRHOGtDFRQODJHQWHPHFDQVD
¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDPHRFXUUHHVWR"
6LHQWRTXHWUDWRFRQPXFKDHIHFWLYLGDGORVSUREOHPDVGHODV
SHUVRQDVTXHWHQJRTXHDWHQGHU¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDRFXUUHHVWR"
6LHQWRTXHPLWUDEDMRPHHVWiGHVJDVWDQGR¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDPH
RFXUUHHVWR"
6LHQWRTXHHVWR\LQIOX\HQGRSRVLWLYDPHQWHHQODVYLGDVGHRWUDV
SHUVRQDVDWUDYpVGHPLWUDEDMR¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDRFXUUHHVWR"
6LHQWRTXHPHKHKHFKRPiVGXURFRQODJHQWH¢FRQTXH
0HSUHRFXSDTXHHVWHWUDEDMRPHHVWpHQGXUHFLHQGR
HPRFLRQDOPHQWH¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDPHRFXUUHHVWR"
0HVLHQWRFRQPXFKRHQHUJtDHQPLWUDEDMR¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLD
PHRFXUUHHVWR"
0HVLHQWRIUXVWUDGRSRUPLWUDEDMR¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDPH
RFXUUHHVWR"
6LHQWRTXHHVWR\GHPDVLDGRWLHPSRHQPLWUDEDMR¢FRQTXH
6LHQWRTXHUHDOPHQWHQRPHLPSRUWDTXHOHVRFXUUDDODVSHUVRQDV
DODVTXHWHQJRTXHDWHQGHUSURIHVLRQDOPHQWH¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLD
PHRFXUUHHVWR"
6LHQWRTXHWUDEDMDUHQFRQWDFWRGLUHFWRFRQODJHQWHPHFDQVD
¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDPHRFXUUHHVWR"
6LHQWRTXHSXHGRFUHDUFRQIDFLOLGDGXQFOLPDDJUDGDEOHHQPL
WUDEDMR¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDPHRFXUUHHVWR"
0HVLHQWRHVWLPXODGRGHVSXpVGHKDEHUWUDEDMDGRtQWLPDPHQWH
FRQTXLHQHVWHQJRTXHDWHQGHU¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDPHRFXUUHHVWR"
&UHRTXHFRQVLJRPXFKDVFRVDVYDOLRVDVHQHVWHWUDEDMR¢FRQTXH
0HVLHQWRFRPRVLHVWXYLHUDDOOtPLWHGHPLVSRVLELOLGDGHV¢FRQ
TXHIUHFXHQFLDPHRFXUUHHVWR"
6LHQWRTXHHQPLWUDEDMRORVSUREOHPDVHPRFLRQDOHVVRQWUDWDGRV
GHIRUPDDGHFXDGD¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDPHRFXUUHHVWR"
0HSDUHFHTXHORVEHQHILFLDULRVGHPLWUDEDMRPHFXOSDQGH
DOJXQRVGHVXVSUREOHPDV¢FRQTXHIUHFXHQFLDPHRFXUUHHVWR"

100
90
80
70
60
mshs total escala
50
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Cansancio emocional

*UiILFRGHGLVSHUVLyQGHODYDULDEOH06+6\ODGLPHQVLyQFDQVDQFLRHPRFLRQDO
100
90
80
70
60
mshs total escala
50
40
-10 0 10 20 30
despersonalización

*UiILFRGHGLVSHUVLyQGHODYDULDEOH06+6\ODGLPHQVLyQGHVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ

Resumen
100
90
80
70
60
mshs total escala
50
40
0 10 20 30 40 50
realización personal

*UiILFRGHGLVSHUVLyQGHODYDULDEOH06+6\ODGLPHQVLyQUHDOL]DFLyQSHUVRQDO

RESUMEN
Estudio del sentido del humor. Validación de un instrumento para medir el sentido del humor,
análisis del cuestionario y su relación con el estrés.
,QWURGXFFLyQ
(O HVWXGLR GHO KXPRU JXDUGD XQD JUDQ ULTXH]D \ DPSOLDV SRVLELOLGDGHV SRU VX HVFDVD H[SORUDFLyQ
FLHQWtILFD /DV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV DFWXDOHV VXVFLWDQ DPSOLRV FDPLQRV GH DQiOLVLV DSOLFDFLRQHV \ XVRV
WHUDSpXWLFRVHGXFDFLRQDOHV\VRFLDOHV(OIXWXURLQPHGLDWRHQ ORVHVWXGLRVVREUHHOKXPRUVHHQIRFDKDFLD
PRGHORVH[SHULPHQWDOHV\DSOLFDFLRQDOHV5XVVHOOTXHSHUPLWDQXQDFRUUHFWDHYDOXDFLyQGHORV
HIHFWRV VREUH OD VDOXG \ HO ELHQHVWDU 5RHFNHOHLQ 5HLVV 0REEV *UHLFLXV (LPDQ \ 0HQRQ
WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH OD SVLFRORJtD SRVLWLYD 3HWHUVRQ \ 6HOLJPDQ )UHGULFNVRQ 6HOLJPDQ
6WHHQ3DUN\3HWHUVRQGHDPSOLDUHVRQDQFLDHQHOLQWHUpVSRUODVDOXGSVLFROyJLFDGHODVSHUVRQDV
KDWHQLGRSUHVHQWHHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUFRPRXQDGHODVIRUWDOH]DVKXPDQDV3RURWURODGRODQHFHVLGDGGH
FRQWDUFRQPpWRGRVGHHYDOXDFLyQKDFHGHOGHVDUUROORGHFXHVWLRQDULRVRWUDGHODVIXHQWHVGHLQWHUpVHQOD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQGHHVWHFRQVWUXFWR7KRUVRQ\3RZHOO7KRUVRQ3RZHOO6DUPD\6KXOOHU\+DPSHV

0DWHULDO\PpWRGR
GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO HV XQ LQVWUXPHQWR YiOLGR \ ILDEOH SDUD PHGLU HO
VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU %XVFDPRV DSRUWDU HQ XQ FRQWH[WR GH KDEOD FDVWHOODQD XQ LQVWUXPHQWR GH PHGLGD TXH
SHUPLWDHYDOXDUHOUDVJRRHOHVWDGRGHKXPRU'HVGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDHQKDOOD]JRVSRVWHULRUHVFRQWULEXLUDO
GLVHxRGHHYDOXDFLyQGHOKXPRUSDUDYHULILFDUODHILFDFLDGHSURJUDPDVGHLQWHUYHQFLyQVREUHHO6HQWLGRGHO
+XPRU HQ OD &RPXQLGDG GH 0DGULG IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH HQ FRQWH[WRV VDQLWDULRV \ HGXFDWLYRV 3DUD HOOR VH
KDQGHVDUUROODGRORVVLJXLHQWHVREMHWLYRVHVSHFtILFRV
7UDGXFLU\DGDSWDUXQLQVWUXPHQWREDVHOD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+6
7KRUVRQ\3RZHOOTXHVLUYDGHUHIHUHQFLDSDUDPHGLUHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
(VWXGLDU ODV VHPHMDQ]DV \ GLIHUHQFLDV TXH VH REWLHQHQ WUDV OD DSOLFDFLyQ GHO FXHVWLRQDULR HQ OD
SREODFLyQREMHWRGHpVWDPXHVWUD\ODSREODFLyQRULJLQDO
$QDOL]DU OD GLPHQVLRQDOLGDG GHO LQVWUXPHQWR GH PHGLGD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GH
+XPRU7KRUVRQ\3RZHOODWUDYpVGHORVIDFWRUHVREWHQLGRVDSDUWLUGHODPXHVWUDREMHWR
GHHVWXGLR
9HULILFDUODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHODVYDULDEOHV6HQWLGRGHO+XPRUXWLOL]DQGROD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO
GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO \ HO (VWUpV 3URIHVLRQDO R 6tQGURPH GH
%XUQRXWFRQOD(VFDOD0%,0DVODFK\-DFNVRQSDUDGHWHUPLQDUVXYDOLGH]

Resumen
([SORUDUODUHODFLyQHQWUHOD YDULDEOH6HQWLGRGHO+XPRUPHGLGDFRQODHVFDOD06+67KRUVRQ\

3RZHOO\RWUDVYDULDEOHVVRFLRGHPRJUiILFDVFRPRODHGDG\HOJHQHURHQODPXHVWUD
(QUHODFLyQDORVREMHWLYRVH[SXHVWRVVHSODQWHDQODVVLJXLHQWHVKLSyWHVLV
1RVHHVSHUDQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVHQWUHODSREODFLyQREMHWRGHHVWHHVWXGLR\ODSREODFLyQ
DPHULFDQD HQ HO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU PHGLGR FRQ OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO
+XPRU06+67KRUVRQ\3RZHOO
/DHVWUXFWXUDIDFWRULDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRUHQODSREODFLyQREMHWRGHHVWXGLRVHHVWUXFWXUDUiHQ
WRUQRDFXDWURGLPHQVLRQHVFRPRHQOD(VFDODRULJLQDO
(O 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU PHGLGR FRQ OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6
7KRUVRQ \ 3RZHOO FRUUHODFLRQDUi QHJDWLYD \ VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH FRQ OD YDULDEOH (VWUpV
3URIHVLRQDO R 6tQGURPH GH %XUQRXW PHGLGR FRQ OD HVFDOD 0DVODFK %XUQRXW ,QYHQWRU\ 0%,
0DVODFK\-DFNVRQ
1R VH HVSHUDQ GLIHUHQFLDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV HQ HVWD PXHVWUD HQ OD YDULDEOH 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU HQ
FXDQWRDYDULDEOHVVRFLRGHPRJUiILFDVFRPRHGDG\JpQHUR
Muestra
(QIXQFLyQGHOREMHWLYRGHWUDGXFFLyQ\DGDSWDFLyQGHOFXHVWLRQDULRVHSUHVHQWDXQDPXHVWUDGH
SHUVRQDVHQWRWDOSDUDODDGDSWDFLyQGHOFXHVWLRQDULRSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDORViPELWRVHGXFDWLYR\VDQLWDULR(Q
FXDQWRDOREMHWLYRGHYDOLGDUHOFXHVWLRQDULRVHH[WUDHQVXMHWRVGHODPXHVWUDWRWDOSURIHVLRQDOHVGHOD
VDOXG ORV PiV H[SXHVWRV DO HVWUpV SURIHVLRQDO TXH GHVDUUROODQ VX DFWLYLGDG HQ XQ +RVSLWDO JHQHUDO GH OD
&RPXQLGDGGH0DGULG
Instrumentos y variables
(Q pVWH HVWXGLR VH KDQ HPSOHDGR SULQFLSDOPHQWH GRV LQVWUXPHQWRV /D (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO
6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+67KRUVRQ\3RZHOOHO,QYHQWDULRSDUDPHGLUHO%XUQRXWR(VWUpV3URIHVLRQDO
GH0DVODFK0%,0DVODFK\-DFNVRQ$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHGHVFULEHQORVGRVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHPHGLGDGHO
6HQWLGRGHO+XPRU06+6\GHPHGLGDGHO(VWUpV3URIHVLRQDOR6tQGURPHGH%XUQRXW0%,XWLOL]DGRVSDUD
PHGLUODVYDULDEOHVREMHWRGHHVWXGLR
(QWUHYLVWDGRUHV
/DDSOLFDFLyQGHOFXHVWLRQDULRIXHUHDOL]DGDSRUGRVFRODERUDGRUHVHQWUHQDGRVSDUDODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQ
GHODVSUXHEDV\HOLQYHVWLJDGRUSULQFLSDO$ORVFRODERUDGRUHVVHOHVIRUPyHQODDSOLFDFLyQGHOFXHVWLRQDULR
UHPDUFDQGR OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH TXH VLJXLHUDQ ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV /RV HQWUHYLVWDGRUHV UHDOL]DURQ XQD SUXHED
SUHYLDFRQVHLVFXHVWLRQDULRVDQWHVGHSDVDUHOLQVWUXPHQWRDORVVXMHWRVGHODPXHVWUD

Análisis estadístico
6HKDQUHDOL]DGRDQiOLVLVGHVFULSWLYRVWpFQLFDVJUiILFDVFRQWUDVWHGHKLSyWHVLVVHJ~QORVQLYHOHVGH
PHGLGDGHODVYDULDEOHVDQiOLVLVFRUUHODFLRQDOHVSUXHEDVQRSDUDPpWULFDV$ORODUJRGHODH[SRVLFLyQGHORV
UHVXOWDGRV VH GHVFULELUiQ ORV SDUiPHWURV HVWDGtVWLFRV REWHQLGRV HQ FDGD FDVR 7RGRV ORV DQiOLVLV KDQ VLGR
UHDOL]DGRVFRQHOSDTXHWHHVWDGtVWLFR6366SDUD:LQGRZVYHUVLyQ7DPELpQVHKDXWLOL]DGRHOSURJUDPD
6WDWJUDSKLFV
Resultados
/RV UHVXOWDGRV QR FRQILUPDQ OD KLSyWHVLV SODQWHDGD LQLFLDOPHQWH GH TXH HO FXHVWLRQDULR VH
HVWUXFWXUDUDHQWRUQRDODVFXDWURGLPHQVLRQHVRULJLQDOHVGHOFXHVWLRQDULR\VHGHEHXWLOL]DURWURPpWRGRGH
H[WUDFFLyQTXHSXHGDDMXVWDUVHFRQPiVSUHFLVLyQDOFULWHULRGHKXPRUHQQXHVWUDFXOWXUD\FRQFXHUGHFRQ
ODVGHVFULSFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDVHQORVDSDUWDGRVWHyULFRV
/D (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 WUDGXFLGD \ DGDSWDGD PXHVWUDQ XQD
SXQWXDFLyQPHGLDGHFRQXQDGHVYLDFLyQWtSLFDGH /RVUHVXOWDGRVGHDOIDVHHQFXHQWUDQHQWUH
\HVWDQGDUL]DGR
3RU RWUR ODGR ORV UHVXOWDGRV VL DSR\DQ OD KLSyWHVLV SODQWHDGD UHVSHFWR D TXH HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU
PHGLGR FRQ OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU 06+6 FRUUHODFLRQD QHJDWLYD \
VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH FRQOD YDULDEOHVHVWUpV3URIHVLRQDO R6tQGURPHGH%XUQRXWPHGLGRFRQOD(VFDOD0%,GH
0DVODFK
< ILQDOPHQWH ORV UHVXOWDGRV SHUPLWHQ DSR\DU SDUFLDOPHQWH OD KLSyWHVLV SODQWHDGD HQ UHODFLyQ D ODV
YDULDEOHVJpQHUR\HGDG3RUXQODGRQRVHHQFXHQWUDQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVHQUHODFLyQDOJpQHUR\SRU
RWURH[LVWHQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVHQWUHORVJUXSRVGHHGDGDQDOL]DGRV
&RQFOXVLRQHV
6HJ~QORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVOD(VFDOD0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHO6HQWLGRGHO+XPRUDGDSWDGDHVXQ
LQVWUXPHQWR ILDEOH \ YiOLGR TXH SHUPLWH PHGLU HO VHQWLGR GHO KXPRU FRPR UDVJR HQ QXHVWUD
SREODFLyQ
/DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO FROHFWLYR HVWXGLDGR SXHGHQ H[SOLFDU TXH OD HVWUXFWXUD GLPHQVLRQDO VH
DMXVWD HQ WUHV GLPHQVLRQHV TXH VH GHVFULEHQ FRPR FRPSHWHQFLD R KDELOLGDG SDUD XWLOL]DU HO
KXPRU HO KXPRU FRPR PHFDQLVPR GH FRQWURO GH OD VLWXDFLyQ OD YDORUDFLyQ VRFLDO \
DFWLWXGHVKDFLDHOKXPRU
(O KXPRU VHJ~Q OD (VFDOD 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GHO 6HQWLGR GHO +XPRU \ HQ HVWD PXHVWUD VH
UHODFLRQDQHJDWLYDPHQWHFRQHO&DQVDQFLR(PRFLRQDO\FRQOD'HVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQGHOLQYHQWDULR
GH0DVODVFK0DVODFK%XUQRXW,QYHQWRU\ORTXHDSR\DODYDOLGH]GLYHUJHQWHGHOLQVWUXPHQWR\
VHUHODFLRQDSRVLWLYDPHQWHFRQOD5HDOL]DFLyQ3HUVRQDOORTXH DSR\DODYDOLGH]FRQYHUJHQWHGHO
LQVWUXPHQWR

Resumen
6HJ~QODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODPXHVWUDQRH[LVWHQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVHQODYDULDEOHJpQHUR
HQVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
/DVSHUVRQDVPD\RUHVGHDxRVHQHVWDPXHVWUDSXQW~DQHQODHVFDODGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU
VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWHPiVEDMRTXHRWURVJUXSRVGHHGDG
/DGLPHQVLRQDOLGDGGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUTXHPXHVWUDQORVWUHVIDFWRUHVGHODHVFDODDGDSWDGD
HQHVWHHVWXGLRSHUPLWHQHOGLVHxRGHDFWLYLGDGHVGHLQWHUYHQFLyQSDUDRSWLPL]DUHOVHQWLGRGHO
KXPRU
6H GHEHQ HVWDEOHFHU OtQHDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH SHUPLWDQ PHMRU FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO VHQWLGR GHO
KXPRU\GHVXVGLPHQVLRQHV\SURIXQGL]DUHQORVFRPSRQHQWHVGHOKXPRU
)XWXUDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
(QODH[SHULHQFLDDSRUWDGDSRUHVWHWUDEDMRGH7HVLVVHDGYLHUWHTXHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQSXHGHWRPDU
WUHVGLUHFFLRQHVSULQFLSDOHV
'HVDUUROORGHODHVFDODFRQWULEX\HQGRDH[SOLFDUODPHGLGDGHHVWDGR\GHOUDVJRHLQFRUSRUDQGR
PHGLGDVSDUDOHODVTXHSHUPLWDQPHGLUHOHVWDGR\HOUDVJR
5HODFLRQDUODYDULDEOHKXPRUFRQRWUDVYDULDEOHVSDUDGHWHUPLQDUTXHDVSHFWRVSHUVRQDOHVH
LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV IDFLOLWDQ X REVWDFXOL]DQ OD JHQHUDFLyQ GH KXPRU HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ DPELHQWHV \ FRQWH[WRV
VDQLWDULRV\HGXFDWLYRV
/OHYDU D FDER SUR\HFWRV GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ GLVHxDQGR LQWHUYHQFLRQHV HQ EDVH D ODV WUHV
GLPHQVLRQHVGHOLQVWUXPHQWRTXHSHUPLWDQSURIXQGL]DUHQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVDSOLFDFLRQHV

Buy your books fast and straightforward online - at one of world’s
fastest growing online book stores! Environmentally sound due to
Print-on-Demand technologies.
Buy your books online at

www.get-morebooks.com
¡Compre sus libros rápido y directo en internet, en una de las
librerías en línea con mayor crecimiento en el mundo! Producción
que protege el medio ambiente a través de las tecnologías de
impresión bajo demanda.
Compre sus libros online en

www.morebooks.es
VDM Verlagsservicegesellschaft mbH
Heinrich-Böcking-Str. 6-8 Telefon: +49 681 3720 174 info@vdm-vsg.de
D - 66121 Saarbrücken Telefax: +49 681 3720 1749 www.vdm-vsg.de

Tesis Carbelo - Estudio Del Sentido Del Humor

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tesis Carbelo - Estudio Del Sentido Del Humor

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

 

       

     

         

     

3   $$$   

*   &

@ " A  " .%=BB:

31    C=B<="4"  )*83 +)

&DStWXOR $SUR[LPDFLyQKLVWyULFDDOFRQVWUXFWRµKXPRU¶ 

&DStWXOR 2WUDVOtQHDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQFRQWHPSRUiQHDV 

&DStWXOR &RQFHSWR\PHGLGDGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU 

&DStWXOR 2EMHWLYRVHKLSyWHVLV 

&DStWXOR 0pWRGR 

5HIHUHQFLDV  

ËQGLFHGHILJXUDV  

ËQGLFHGHWDEODV  

7DEODGHFRQWHQLGRV  

$QH[R*ORVDULR  

$QH[R(VFDOD0DVODFK%XUQRXW,QYHQWRU\ 0%,  

5(680(1  

Capítulo 1. Aproximación histórica al constructo ‘humor’

1.1 Los orígenes y primeros modelos

1.2 Precursores en la investigación y teorías acerca del humor

9LJDUD7DXVWH  LOXVWUDFRQRWURVHMHPSORVVHPHMDQWHVUHVSXHVWDVFKRFDQWHV

+REEHV  ILOyVRIRHPSLULVWDLQJOpVGHVFULEHHOIHQyPHQRGHODULVDFRPRXQHVWDGRGH

%HUJVRQ  VHxDOyODULVDFRPRXQIHQyPHQRH[WUDxRDLVODGR\VLQUHODFLyQFRQHOUHVWRGHOD

Teoría de la liberación de la tensión

)UHXG  HQORUHODWLYRDHVWDWHRUtDGHVDUUROOyDOJXQRVSXQWRVHVHQFLDOHVSDUDSURIXQGL]DUHQ

1.3 Evolución y consolidación de los estudios

(QHVWHSHULRGRVHSXHGHQGHVWDFDUORVWUDEDMRVGH+D\ZRUWK  /DQGLV\5RVV  (\VHQFN

La apertura de los años 70

UHOHYDQFLDHV3DXO0F*KHH  TXHWUDEDMyFRQQLxRVVREUHODKLSyWHVLVGHOSHQVDPLHQWRRSHUDWRULRHQ

El panorama de los años 90

(OSULPHUWUDEDMRDVHxDODUHVHOGH:\HU\&ROOLQV  TXHEXVFDURQHVSHFLILFDUODVFRQGLFLRQHV

Capítulo 2. El humor en el marco de las emociones positivas

2.1 Planteamientos actuales en el estudio de las emociones: Seligman y la nueva corriente en

3DUD6HOLJPDQHOFRQFHSWRGH 3VLFRORJtD3RVLWLYDQR HVWDQQXHYRHQODGLVFLSOLQD$UJXPHQWDTXH

2.2 Teoría de la libre activación: El juego, la alegría y el humor

 &XDQGRHOHVWDGRGHiQLPRHVEXHQRHOMXLFLRWLHQGHDVHUEHQpYROR FRQXQR PLVPR\ FRQORV

7D\ORU  SUHVHQWyPX\GLGiFWLFDPHQWHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVIDYRUDEOHVGHODVHPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDV

)ULMGD  HVWDEOHFLyODEDVHSDUDLQWHUSUHWDUODWHQGHQFLDDODDFFLyQDVRFLDGDDOGHVHQFDGHQDQWH

(OHVWXGLRGHODVHPRFLRQHVD\XGDDFRPSUHQGHUVX RUJDQL]DFLyQ QRVRORHQOR TXHVHUHILHUHDOD

Capítulo 3. Otras líneas de investigación contemporáneas

3.1 Investigaciones sobre aspectos fisiológicos

Otros estudios relacionados

/RVHVWXGLRVVREUHODLQIOXHQFLDGHO KXPRU \ YDULDEOHVLQPXQROyJLFDV\HQGRFULQROyJLFDVDQDOL]DGDV

(QHOSULPHUHVWXGLR%HUNHWDO D LQYHVWLJDURQDLQGLYLGXRVVDQRVVXMHWRVYLVXDOL]DURQ

%HUN)HOWHQ 7DQ%LWWPDQ\:HVWHQJDUG  KDQ GHWHUPLQDGR ODHILFDFLDGHODULVD\ODDOHJUtD

3.2 El humor como moderador del estrés y depresión

$EHO  HVWXGLyODLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHKXPRUJpQHUR\VXUHODFLyQFRQHOHVWUpV/RVSDUWLFLSDQWHV

&DQQ+ROW\&DOKRXQ  FRQXQDPXHVWUDGHHVWXGLDQWHV PXMHUHV\YDURQHV REVHUYDURQ

3HUOLQL1HQRQHQ\/LQG  HVWXGLDURQORVHIHFWRVGHOKXPRUHQXQWHVWGHDQVLHGDG\HMHFXFLyQ

3.3 Estudios de relaciones cognitivo-conductuales y humor

3.4 Estudios sobre la función social del humor

$OOHQ  LQGDJyRWURDVSHFWRVRFLDOGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHORVSDFLHQWHV\ODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHO

+HDO\\0F.D\  OOHYDURQDFDERXQHVWXGLRGHODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHHOWUDEDMRGHODVHQIHUPHUDV

Capítulo 4. Concepto y medida del sentido del humor

4.1 Concepto y definición de humor

&KDSPDQ  UHFRJHHQVXOLEURODVWHRUtDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV\DSOLFDFLRQHVGHOKXPRU\GHODULVD

/DWWD  GLVWLQJXHHQWUHHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU\HOVHQWLGRGHORFyPLFR&RQVLGHUDTXHHOKXPRU

(Q(VSDxD&RGHUFK  ORLGHQWLILFyFRQHODIHFWRHQFXDQWRHVWDGRHPRFLRQDO$IHFWRRKXPRU

(QFHUUDUHOKXPRUHQXQDVSRFDVSDODEUDVSDUDGHILQLUORHVXQHUURU ,GtJRUDV 6XQDWXUDOH]D

3 $$$

* &

@ " A " .%=BB:

31 C=B<="4" )*83 +)

&DStWXOR $SUR[LPDFLyQKLVWyULFDDOFRQVWUXFWRµKXPRU¶

&DStWXOR 2WUDVOtQHDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQFRQWHPSRUiQHDV

&DStWXOR &RQFHSWR\PHGLGDGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU

&DStWXOR 2EMHWLYRVHKLSyWHVLV

&DStWXOR 0pWRGR

5HIHUHQFLDV

ËQGLFHGHILJXUDV

ËQGLFHGHWDEODV

7DEODGHFRQWHQLGRV

$QH[R*ORVDULR

$QH[R(VFDOD0DVODFK%XUQRXW,QYHQWRU\0%,

5(680(1

9LJDUD7DXVWHLOXVWUDFRQRWURVHMHPSORVVHPHMDQWHVUHVSXHVWDVFKRFDQWHV

+REEHVILOyVRIRHPSLULVWDLQJOpVGHVFULEHHOIHQyPHQRGHODULVDFRPRXQHVWDGRGH

%HUJVRQVHxDOyODULVDFRPRXQIHQyPHQRH[WUDxRDLVODGR\VLQUHODFLyQFRQHOUHVWRGHOD

)UHXGHQORUHODWLYRDHVWDWHRUtDGHVDUUROOyDOJXQRVSXQWRVHVHQFLDOHVSDUDSURIXQGL]DUHQ

(QHVWHSHULRGRVHSXHGHQGHVWDFDUORVWUDEDMRVGH+D\ZRUWK/DQGLV\5RVV(\VHQFN

UHOHYDQFLDHV3DXO0F*KHHTXHWUDEDMyFRQQLxRVVREUHODKLSyWHVLVGHOSHQVDPLHQWRRSHUDWRULRHQ

(OSULPHUWUDEDMRDVHxDODUHVHOGH:\HU\&ROOLQVTXHEXVFDURQHVSHFLILFDUODVFRQGLFLRQHV

3DUD6HOLJPDQHOFRQFHSWRGH 3VLFRORJtD3RVLWLYDQR HVWDQQXHYRHQODGLVFLSOLQD$UJXPHQWDTXH

&XDQGRHOHVWDGRGHiQLPRHVEXHQRHOMXLFLRWLHQGHDVHUEHQpYROR FRQXQR PLVPR\ FRQORV

7D\ORUSUHVHQWyPX\GLGiFWLFDPHQWHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVIDYRUDEOHVGHODVHPRFLRQHVSRVLWLYDV

)ULMGDHVWDEOHFLyODEDVHSDUDLQWHUSUHWDUODWHQGHQFLDDODDFFLyQDVRFLDGDDOGHVHQFDGHQDQWH

(QHOSULPHUHVWXGLR%HUNHWDODLQYHVWLJDURQDLQGLYLGXRVVDQRVVXMHWRVYLVXDOL]DURQ

%HUN)HOWHQ 7DQ%LWWPDQ\:HVWHQJDUGKDQ GHWHUPLQDGR ODHILFDFLDGHODULVD\ODDOHJUtD

$EHOHVWXGLyODLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHKXPRUJpQHUR\VXUHODFLyQFRQHOHVWUpV/RVSDUWLFLSDQWHV

&DQQ+ROW\&DOKRXQFRQXQDPXHVWUDGHHVWXGLDQWHVPXMHUHV\YDURQHVREVHUYDURQ

3HUOLQL1HQRQHQ\/LQGHVWXGLDURQORVHIHFWRVGHOKXPRUHQXQWHVWGHDQVLHGDG\HMHFXFLyQ

$OOHQLQGDJyRWURDVSHFWRVRFLDOGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHORVSDFLHQWHV\ODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHO

+HDO\\0F.D\OOHYDURQDFDERXQHVWXGLRGHODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHHOWUDEDMRGHODVHQIHUPHUDV

&KDSPDQUHFRJHHQVXOLEURODVWHRUtDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV\DSOLFDFLRQHVGHOKXPRU\GHODULVD

/DWWDGLVWLQJXHHQWUHHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU\HOVHQWLGRGHORFyPLFR&RQVLGHUDTXHHOKXPRU

(Q(VSDxD&RGHUFKORLGHQWLILFyFRQHODIHFWRHQFXDQWRHVWDGRHPRFLRQDO$IHFWRRKXPRU

(QFHUUDUHOKXPRUHQXQDVSRFDVSDODEUDVSDUDGHILQLUORHVXQHUURU,GtJRUDV6XQDWXUDOH]D

3DUDWHUPLQDUHVWHDSDUWDGRGHOFDSLWXORHVQHFHVDULRFLWDUD(\VHQFNDXWRUTXHIXHSLRQHUR

7DEOD)DFWRUHVHQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHXQFKLVWH)XHQWH(\VHQFN+-7KHDSSUHFLDWLRQRIKXPRXUDQ

(QUHVXPHQHO KXPRUHV XQD IRUPDGHUHODFLyQHQWUHHOVXMHWR \OD YLGDTXHVHYHGHVGHVXODGR

(OOLVIXQGDGRUGHOD7HUDSLD5DFLRQDO(PRWLYDOOHYRDFDERXQDGHVFULSFLyQSUHFXUVRUDGHOD

7DEOD'LPHQVLRQHVHQODFUHDFLyQ\DSUHFLDFLyQGHOKXPRU)XHQWH=LY$/CKXPRXUHQHGXFDWLRQ3DULV

&XDQGRHVWR\FRQPLVDPLJRVDVHQFODVHHQHOWUDEDMRHWF¢PHJXVWDKDFHUOHVUHtU"

6YHEDNDEFHQXQDVHULHGHHVWXGLRVSUHVHQWy XQDWHRUtDGHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRU

LQLFLDOPHQWHORGHQRPLQy³6HQVHRI+XPRU4XHVWLRQQDLUH´6+4XQDYH]GHVDUUROODGRTXHGyILQDOPHQWH

/DHVFDODGHDGDSWDFLyQDOKXPRUGH0DUWtQ\/HIFRXUWDEVHSURSRQHFRPRXQDPHGLGD

7KRUVRQ\3RZHOODDSOLFDURQODHVFDODHQXQDSULPHUDIDVHGHOHVWXGLRDSDUWLFLSDQWHVFRQ

3RVWHULRUPHQWH7KRUVRQ\3RZHOOEUHFRJLHURQUHVSXHVWDVDOD06+6HQXQDPXHVWUDGH

(OWpUPLQRLQJOpV %XUQRXWHVWDUTXHPDGRDOXGHDODGLVIXQFLyQGHORVSURIHVLRQDOHVGHLQVWLWXFLRQHV

/DVXEHVFDODGHFDQVDQFLRHPRFLRQDO&(FRQVWDGHQXHYHtWHPVTXHPLGHQHOFDQVDQFLRHPRFLRQDO

/DVXEHVFDODGHGHVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ'3HVWiIRUPDGDSRUFLQFRtWHPV\PLGHHO

/DVXEHVFDODGHUHDOL]DFLyQSHUVRQDO53VHFRPSRQHGHRFKRtWHPV

(QXQJUXSRSXHGRFRQWURODUODVLWXDFLyQFRQWDQGRXQFKLVWH

PHGLD 'HVYWtSLFD ) S DOSKD

+RWHOOLQJ ) S /RVUHVXOWDGRVGHDOIDVHHQFXHQWUDQHQWUH\

$SUHFLRDODJHQWHFRQ

&DEHGHVWDFDUTXHODGLPHQVLyQ'HVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ'3VHHQFXHQWUDHQHOOtPLWHVXSHULRUORTXH

&( ' 53 PVKVWRW

6HREVHUYDXQDPXHVWUDPiVH[WHQVDHQHOJpQHURIHPHQLQRFRQHOSHUVRQDV\HO

&DVRV 0HGLD06+6 'HVY7tSLFD

(GDG &XDUWLO &XDUWLO 5DQJR 6LPHWUtD &XUWRVLV &RHI 6XPD

)XHQWH 6XPDVGH *O &XDGUDGR &RFLHQWH) 39DORU

(OWHUFHUIDFWRUGH YDORUDFLyQ VRFLDO\DFWLWXGHVKDFLDHOKXPRUPXHVWUDHOVHQWLGRGHOKXPRUFRPR

$EHO0,QWHUDFWLRQRIKXPRUDQGJHQGHULQPRGHUDWLQJUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQVWUHVVDQGRXWFRPHV

$EUD-6KRXOGSV\FKRORJ\EHDVFLHQFH"3URVDQGFRQV:HVWSRUW&73UDHJHU

$GHU/3V\FKRQHXURLPPXQRORJ\1HZ<RUN$FDGHPLF3UHVV

$OXMD)$%XUQRXWSURIHVLRQDOHQPDHVWURV\VXUHODFLyQFRQLQGLFDGRUHVGHVDOXGItVLFD %ROHWtQGH

$OOHQ6:+XPRUDVHULRXVVROXWLRQIRUVWUHVVIXOWLPH&RORUDGR1XUVH

$OOSRUW*:/DSHUVRQDOLGDG%DUFHORQD+HUGHU

$UJ\OH0,VKDSSLQHVVDFDXVHRIKHDOWK" 3V\FKRORJ\DQG+HDOWK

$ULHWWL6&UHDWLYLW\7KHPDJLFV\QWKHVLV1HZ<RUN%DVLF%RRNV

$UULEDV,/DOLWHUDWXUDGHKXPRUHQOD(VSDxDGHPRFUiWLFD0DGULG(GLWRULDO3OLHJRV

$VWHG.XUNL3/HKWL.7DUNND073DDYLODLQHQH('HWHUPLQDQWVRISHUFHLYHGKHDOWKLQIDPLOLHV

$YLD0'9i]TXH]&2SWLPLVPR,QWHOLJHQWH0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO

%DOGZLQ-0'LFWLRQDU\RISKLORVRSK\DQGSV\FKRORJ\YROV1HZ<RUN0F0LOODQ

%DUQHWW/.OHLEHU'&RQFRPLWDQWVRISOD\IXOQHVVLQHDUO\FKLOGKRRG&RJQLWLYHDELOLWLHVDQGJHQGHU

%HFN$75XVK$-6KDZ%)(PHU\* 7HUDSLDFRJQLWLYDGHODGHSUHVLyQ%LOEDR'HVFOHpGH