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a. Sender – the person who is sending the message or the communicator who initiates
the conversation and has conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it to
others.
b. Encoding- where sender begins with the encoding process wherein he/she uses certain
words or non-verbal methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures and etc. to be
c. Message – after the encoding is finished, the sender is able to pass the message that
he/she intends to convey. This message can be written, speech or non-verbal such as
symbols or signals.
d. Channel - the sender chosen medium through which he/she wants to convey his/her
message to the recipient. It must be selected carefully in order to make the message
effective and correctly interpreted by the recipient. The choice of medium depends on
the interpersonal relationships between the sender and the receiver and also on the
e. Receiver – the person receiving the message or for whom the message is intended.
Making sense of it or the one understanding and translating it into meaning. The
degree to which the receiver decodes the message depends on his knowledge of the
f. Decoding - the part where the receiver interprets the sender’s message and tries to
the sender.
g. Feedback – The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures the receiver has
received the message and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by the sender, it
the efficacy of his message. The response of the receiver can be verbal or non-verbal.
2. Communication Principles
should be worded in such a way that the receiver understands the same thing which
the sender wants to convey. There should be no ambiguity in the message. It should
be kept in mind that the words do not speak themselves but the speaker gives them
the meaning. A clear message will evoke the same response from the other party. It is
also essential that the receiver is conversant with the language, inherent assumptions,
be drawn towards message. People are different in behaviour, attention, emotions etc.
so they may respond differently to the message. Subordinates should act similarly as
per the contents of the message. The acts of a superior also draw the attention of
subordinates and they may follow what they observe. For example, if a superior is
very punctual in coming to the office then subordinates will also develop such habits.
effective. There should be a feedback information from the recipient to know whether
he has understood the message in the same sense in which the sender has meant it.
other information. Sometimes formal communication may not achieve the desired
should use informal communication for assessing the reaction of employees towards
various policies. Senior management may informally convey certain decisions to the
employees for getting their feedback. So this principle states that informal
with the policies, plans, programmes and objectives of the organization and not in
conflict with them. If the messages and communications are in conflict with the
policies and programmes then there will be confusion in the minds of subordinates
and they may not implement them properly. Such a situation will be detrimental to
f. Timeliness - This principle states that communication should be done at proper time
so that it helps in implementing plans. Any delay in communication may not serve
respects. Inadequate information may delay action and create confusion. Inadequate
process in general. Hence, communication should include everything that the receiver
b. Conciseness – conciseness does not mean keeping the message short, but making it
c. Consideration – the speaker should always consider relevant information about his/her
receiver such as mood, background, race, preference, education, status and needs among
others. By doing so, he/she can easily build rapport with the audience.
supported by facts, figures, real- life examples and situations. In this case, the receiver is
values, and beliefs of his/ her receivers. Being courteous at all times creates a positive
f. Clearness – clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific words to
express ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker focuses only on a single objective in
a. Sender - the person who conveys his thoughts or ideas to the receiver. The sender
communicated.
c. Encoding - the process of converting the message into communication symbols such as
d. Media - the path through which encoded message is transmitted to receiver. The channel
g. Feedback - includes all those actions of receiver indicating that he has received and
2. Types of Communications
unspoken words as in the case with sign language. It is important to understand how
and maximize interest while you speak. Make sure to use the right type of language,
speak clearly, know your audience, respond in the best way, and use an appropriate
tone, facial expressions, body language, hand movements, and eye contact. When you
make yourself aware of what the rest of you is doing as you speak, you can make
corrections and eventually use all the right nonverbal cues to convey your point.
spoken verbal communication that this form gets its own separate type. Written
communication can take the form of anything you write or type such as letters,
emails, notes, texts, billboards, even a message written in the sky! With written
communication, it is important you know your audience, your purpose, and maintain
graphical representations, or visual aids. Some commonly used examples are slide
presentations, diagrams, physical models, drawings, and illustrations. When you use
you create a very effective way for your message to be heard and understood.
1978). Lasswell’s model of communication is also known as action model or linear model
or one way model of communication and regarded as one of the most influential
communication models.
c. Channel - the medium is the means by which the information is transmitted from the