‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) GMO & GENE THERAPY ‘IMTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER GMO Lesson Outline |. Whatis GMO? | Diference between genetically modified organisms and genetically engineered organisms. IIL GE Crop Traits I. GE Grops that have been commercialized in US \. GE Crops that have been approved but nat commercialized in US | WHATIS GMO? > Nan has been manipulating DNA in plants and animals for millennia > GMO From Dictionarycom genetically modified ‘organism: an organism or microorganism whose genetic material has been altered by mean of genetic engineering > Genetic enaineering, also called genetic modification is ‘the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology Three Types Transgenic - a gene is moved from one non-cosely related ‘species to another Cisgeniclintragenic - a gene is moved within the same species or a closely elated species ‘Subgenic - a gene is edited to amply delete, inser, silence orreprese the gene ll, GE CROP TRAITS. ve ve Herbicide tolerance - crop can withstand herbicide applications Insect tolerance - plant produces toxin to kil pest Improved nutrition ~ plant produces a substance of rutrtive value or is changed to not produce an antinutrent isease resistant - crop is resistant to certain disease ‘Stress Tolerance - crop is tolerant of stress, low rutrent levels or excess nuvients Increased ‘Storage - crop can be stored longer to avoid spoilage losses Medicinal uses - crops that produce medicines or Industrial uses - crops to make mote efficient Where are they grown? RNAi -is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression |. WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS AND GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS ‘1MTO1 | ALARCON, BALACUIT, BALAOY, DE CASTRO‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) GMO & GENE THERAPY ‘IMTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER Sa a EU Cheese IS MADE Tih Kea era we > Rennetis a complex of enzymes produced in stomachs cof ruminant mammals which is used in the production of 6 oneocenceose | most cheeses. Chymosin, its key component, is a IV. GE CROPS THAT HAVE BEEN COMMERCIALIZED IN protease enzyme that cules the casein in mik, helsing us young mammals digest their mothers milk. Ne = il If i. \V. GE CROPS THAT HAVE BEEN APPROVED BUT NOT ‘COMMERCIALIZED IN US > Innate Potato > Arctic apple Did you know? GENE THERAPY ‘1MTO1 | ALARCON, BALACUIT, BALAOY, DE CASTRO 2‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) GMO & GENE THERAPY ‘IMTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER Lesson Outline |. What are cells? | What are genes? Ill Whatis gene therapy? IV. What ate the two types of gene therapy? \. Possible Efects of Gene Therapy Vi. Applications of Computer in Science and Research Categories of Somatic Gene Therapy ‘tis tremendously rewarding to see how our work, starting with the test tube, can positively impact the society, by creating the groundwork for new medical treatments. Christine Karim |. WHATARE CELLS? ‘the basic building blocks of alivng things. ‘the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism ve a. ex vivo - hich means exterior (where cells are ‘mauified outside the body and then transplanted back in again). n some gene therapy clinical trials, cells from the patient's blood or bone marrow are removed and arovn in the laboratory. The cells are exposed to the Virus that is carving the desired gene. The vius enters ‘the cells and inserts the desired gene into the cell’ DNA. The cells grow in the laboratory and are then retured tothe patient by injection into a vein. This type of gene therapy is called ex vivo because the cells are ‘treated outside the body. bin vivo - which means interior (where genes are changed in cells sill in the body). This form of gene ‘therapy is called in vivo, because the gene is transfered ‘cells inside the patients body. Ex vivo and in vivo WL WHAT ARE GENES? ‘the basic physical and functional units of heredity made up of DNA Some genes act as instructions to ‘make molecules called proteins. > Genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to mare than 2 milion bases > provide the information for the production of specific proteins and enzymes that make muscles, bones, and blood, which in tum support most of our bodys functions, such as digestion, making energy, and growing ve ML WHATIS GENE THERAPY? > imolves the manipulation of genes to fight or prevent diseases. > it introduces a “good” gene into a person who has a disease caused by a ‘bad! gene 1. WHATARE THE TWO TYPES OF GENE THERAPY? 2 Germline Gene Therapy - which involves motifying the genes in egg or sperm cells, which will then pass any genetic changes to future generations. 1. Somatic Gene Therapy - involves introducing a "good" gene into targeted cells to treat the patient = more conservative, safer approach because it affects only the targeted cells in the patient, and is not passed ‘onto future generations. used to corectthe disease causing genetic sequence ‘IMTO1 | ALARCON, BALACUIT, BALAOY, DE CASTRO‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) GMO & GENE THERAPY ‘1MTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER or —=>* \V. POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF GENE THERAPY > The viruses and other agents used to deliver the "good genes can affect more than the cells for which theyre intended. f a gene is added to DNA, it could be put in ‘the wrong place, which could potentially cause cancer or other damage: > Genes also can be “overexpressed,” meaning they can drive the production of so much of a protein that they ‘can be harmful > 2 vius introduced into one person could be transmitted ‘to others orinto the environment. ‘1MTO1 | ALARCON, BALACUIT, BALAOY, DE CASTROSCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) ‘iMrot Lesson 01 Definition, History, and Timeline IL Tools and Techniques |. Approaches and Materials used IV. Applications V. Possiblities and Pitfalls of nanotechnology. A Nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre(10-3). + Technology isthe making, usage, and knowledge of tools, ‘machines and techniques, in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function + Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic scale + Nanotechnology refers to the constructing and engineering ofthe functional systems at very micro level or wwe can say at atomic level. + A Nanometer is one billonth of a meter, roughly the width of three or four atoms. The average human hair is about 25,000 nanometers wide. + The first ever concept was presented in 1959 by the famous professor of physics Dr. Richard P.Feynman. + Invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerene(G60) in 1985 lead to the emergence of nanatechnology. + The term “Nano-echnology" had been coined by Norio Tar 1974 + The early 2000s also saw the beginnings of commercial applications of nanotechnology, although these were lirited ‘0 bulk application of nanomaterials + iver nano platform for using slver- nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent, nanoparticle-based transparent sunscreens, and carbon nanotubes for stain-esistant textiles ‘MTO1 | ALARCON, BALACUTT, BALAOY, DE CASTRO ‘There are several important madern developments, «The atomic force microscope (AFM). +The Scanning Tunneling Morascope (STM) are ‘scanning probes that launched nanotechnology. + Various techniques of nanolithography such as: + optical lithography. = Xeay lithography, «Dip pen nanolthography© Bectron beam lithography(inkjet printer) were also developed Lithography in MEMS context is typically the transfer of pattern into a photosensitive material by selective exposure ‘0 a radiation source such as light Carbon Nanotube + Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. + They have length-to-diameter ratio of usta 132,000,000:1 + Nanotubes are merrbers of the fullerene structural family Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls {formed by one-atom- thick sheets of carbon, called graphene + Properties « Highest strength to weight ratio, helps in creating light weight spacecratts. «Easily penetrate membranes such as cell walls. Helps in cancer treatment © Bectrical resistance changes significantly when other molecules attach themselves to the carbon atoms. Helps in developing sensors that can detect chemical vapours. + Application = Easton-Bell Sports, Inc. using CNT in making bioycle ‘component = Zyvex Technologies using CNT for manufacturing of light weight boets. = Replacing transistors from the slican chips as they are small and errits less heat + Inelectric cables and wires + In solar ces, + ln fabrics Nanorods(quantum dots) + Nanorods are one morphology of nanoscale objects + Dimensions range from 1~100 nm. + They may be synthesized from metals or semiconducting materials + A combination of ligands act as shape contral agents and bond to different facets of the nanorod with different strengths. This allows diferent faces of the nanorod to grow at different rates, producing an elongated object. ‘MTO1 | ALARCON, BALACUTT, BALAOY, DE CASTRO USES: + In display technologies, because the reflectivity of the rods can be changed by changing their orientation with ‘an applied electric field. + ln ricroelectromechanical systems (MEMS). + In cancer therapeutics Nanobots + Clase tothe scale of 10-8 + Largely in R8d phase + Nanobots of 1.5 nanometers across, capable of counting ‘pectic molecules in a chemical sample. + Since nanorabots would be rriorascopic in size, it would probably be necessary for very large numbers of them to work together to perform rricroscopic and macroscopic tasks. + Capable of replication using environmental resources + Application: * Detection of toxic cormponents in environment = In drug delivery. + Biomedical instrumention, 1. Bottom up: In the bottom up approach different materials and devices ‘are constructed from molecular components of theit own They chemically assemble themselves by recognizing the ‘molecules oftheir own breed + Examples of molecular self assembly are Watson criok base pairing , nano-ithoghraphy 2. Top down: In top down approach nano objects and materials are created by larger entities without bouncing its atomic reactions usually top down approach is practiced less ‘as compared tothe bottom up approach + Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices known as nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which ate related to microelctromechanical systerns or MENS. + MEMS became practical once they could be fabricated Using modified semiconductor device fabrication technologies, normally used to make electronics, Materials used + Zinc oxide:« Ditt repellent, hydrophobic , cosmetics & stain resistant + iver ion: + Healing property + Aluminum silicate » Soratch resistance + Gold ion * Chip fabrication, drug delivery. Application Of Nanotechnology = ee VT 7S Nanotechnology in Drugs(Cancer) + Provide new options for drug delivery and drug therapies: + Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right location in the body and release drug dases on a predeterrrined schedule for optimal treatment + Attach the drug oa nanosized carrier. + They become localized at the disease site, ie cancer ‘tumour. «Then they release medicine that kills the tumour. + Current treatment is through radiotherapy or chemotherapy. + Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries Nanotechnology in Fabries + The properties of familar materials are being changed by ‘manufacturers who are adding nano-sized components to conventional materials to improve performance. * For example, some clothing manufacturers are making water and stain repellent clothing using nano- sized whiskers in the fabric that cause water to bead up on the surface. + In manufacturing bullet proof jackets, = Making spill &dt resistant, antimicrobial, antibacterial fabrics. Nanotechnology in Mobile + Morph, a nanotechnology concept device developed by Nokia Research Center (NRG) and the University of Cambridge (UK). +The Morph will be super hydrophobic making itextremely dit repellent + it will be able to charge itsef from available light sources sinG photovoltaic nanowire grass covering its surface + Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching. Nokia envisage that a nanoscale mesh of fibers will allow our ‘mobile devices to be bent, stretched and folded into any number of conceivable shapes. Nanotechnology in Electronies + Electrodes made fram nanowires enable flat panel displays to be flexible as well as thinner than current flat panel displays «= Nanolthography is used for fabrication of chips © The transistors are made of nanowires, that are assembled on glass or thin fims of flexible plastic, © Enpaper, displays on sunglasses and map on car windshields. Nanotechnology in computers + The silicon transistors in your computer may be replaced by transistors based on carbon nanotubes. + A carbon nanotube is a molecule in form of @ hollow cylinder with a ciameter of around a nanometer which consists of pure carbon. + Nanorods is @ upcorring technology in the cisplays techniques due to less consumption of electricity and less heat emission. + Size of the rrioroprocessors are reduced to greater extend + Researchers at North Carolina State University says that growing arrays of magnetic nanoparticles, called nanodots. + Hewett Packard is developing a memory device that uses nanowires coated with titanium dioxide. + One group of these nanowires is deposited parallel to ‘another group + When a perpendicular nanowire is laid over a group of parallel wires, at each intersection a device called a rmerrristor is formed. ‘MTO1 | ALARCON, BALACUTT, BALAOY, DE CASTRO+ A memistor can be used as a single-comrponent memory cell in an integrated circuit + By reducing the diameter of the nanowires, researchers believe menristor memory chips can achieve higher ‘memory density than flash memory chips + Magnetic nanowires made of an alloy of ron and nickel are being used to create dense memory devices. + Chins produced by Intel before 7” series processors were between 65nm ~45nm. + Later with the help of nanotechnolgy 22nm chips were made which itself is a milestone. + Advantages of using carbon nanotubes: + Faster and smaller- carbon nanotubes can be used to produce smaller and faster components. © This will also result in computers that consume less energy. « High speed and high capacity mernory. = Allows circuits to be more accurate on the atorric level Other uses + Cutting tools made of nanocrystalline materials, such as tungsten carbide, tantalum carbide and titanium carbide, are more wear and erosion-resistant, and last longer than theit ‘conventional counterparts. + Sliver nanocrystals have been embedded in bandages to kil bacteria and prevent infection + Nanopatticulate-based synthetic bone + Formed by manipulating calcium and phosphate at the molecular level + Aerogels lightest known solid due to good insulating properties is used in space suits and are proposed to use in space craft Nanotechnology in India + IIT Mumbai is the premier organization in the field of nanotechnology. + Research inthe field of health, environment, medicines are siillon + Starting in 2001 the Government of India launched the Nano Science ‘and Technology itiative (NST) + Then in 2007 the Nanoscience and Technology Mssion 2007 was initiated with an allocation of Rupees 1000 crores for aperiod of five years. ‘MTO1 | ALARCON, BALACUTT, BALAOY, DE CASTRO + The main objectives ofthe Nano Mssion are: basic research promotion, - infrastructure development for carrying out front-ranking research, - development of nano technologies and their applications, human resource development and - international collaborations. Possibilities for the future + Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture lighter, stronger, and programmable materials that = require less energy to produce than conventional material = and that promise greater fuel efficiency in land ‘transportation, ships, airraft, and space vehicles. + The future of nanotechnology could very well include the use of nanorobotios, + These manorobots have the potential to take on human tasks as well as tasks that humans could never complete ‘The rebuilding of the depleted ozone layer could potentially be able to be performed + There would be an entre nano surgical field to help cure everything from natural aging to diabetes to bone spurs. + There would be almost nothing that couldn’ be repaired (eventually) with the introduction of nano surgery. Pitfalls of nanotechnology = Nano-particles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and digestive system, thus creating free radicals that ‘can cause cell damage. = Once nano-partcles are in the bloodstream, they will be able to cross the blood-brain barrier = The most dangerous Nano-applcation use for miltary purposes is the Nano-bom that contain engineered self rmuttplying deadly viruses that can continue to wine out a ‘cornmunity, country or even a civilization. = Nanobots because oftheir replicating behavior can be big threat for GRAY GOO.‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) CLIMATE CHANGE ‘IMTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER Lesson Outline CLIMATE CHANGE AND YOU ‘SIX THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW |. Thete is weather and then there is climate. | Human activtyis changing our climate Ill We have already seen changes in our mate IV. Qhanges wil continue into the fture \.Glimate change is affecting our lives Vi. We must change how live © HUMAN ACTIVITY ‘© Ozone from car exhausts © CFCstrom aerosols IML We have already seen changes in our climate 1 There is weather and then there is climate. WEATHER > Shortterm changes in atmospheric variables such as ‘temperature and rainfall. > Can change rapidly > SO.. Weathers what is happening outside right now CLIMATE > Longterm state of atmospheric variables ike rainfall and ‘temperature > 8O.. Climate occurs over seasons or longer IL Human activity is changing our climate ‘Things that can cause the climate to change are... ‘© Netural Variations ‘© \blcanic Eruptions © Human Aatvty ‘The atmosphere acts like the glass of a greenhouse ‘© Sur's rays hitthe atmosphere and some are reflected ‘© Some pass through and reach the earth and the earth ‘© Greenhouse Gases trap heat from the earth. ‘© The Greenhouse Effect makes the earth warm enough to live on! ‘THE EARTH HAS WARMED > The earth's average temperature has increased by0.74*C. over the past century RAINFALL PATTERNS HAVE CHANGED > The world has seen changes in amount, intensity, frequency and type of precipitation. > Rainfall stronaly characterized hy vaibilty -year to year variations. GLOBAL SEA LEVELS HAVE RISEN > During 20th century average increase was 4.8 to 88 inches per century (1 2-2.2 mmhear) © DUE TO: ‘© the expansion of ocean water ‘© meting of mountain glaciers and small ice caps MORE EXTREME WEATHER, > Tropical storm and hurricane frequencies vary considerably from year to year. However, evidence suggests substantial increases in intensity and duration since the 1870s. +k JAMAICA HAS SEEN CHANGES Too! (© Jamaican temperatures for 1992-2008 have increased ata rate of ~0.1 degreeMlecade © Rainfall has become more variable in recent years- more droughts and floods WV. Changes will continue int the future GREENHOUSE GASES ARE INCREASING > 60jt0 atmosphere © HUMAN ACTIVITY "© Combustion: Buring of coal and fossifuels © Deforestation > Methane to atmosphere © HUMAN ACTIVITY © Landfils ‘© Agriculture ce) © Livestock > Other gases to atmosphere ‘1MTO1 | ALARCON, BALACUIT, BALAOY, DE CASTRO > Caribbean temperatures will continue to increase to 2098 © Computer models suagestthe Caribbean will wwarm by 1 to 5*Chy the end ofthe century ‘© Mean changes inthe annual mean surface temperature for 2071-2098 with respectto 1961-1989, as simulated by models > The Caribhean and Jamaica will be drier by 2099, © Drying willbe between 25%and 302%in the mean forthe Caribbean © Drying willbe most severe between May and November. ‘© Mean changes inthe annual rainfall for 2071-2089 with respect to. 1861-1989, as simulated by models 1‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) CLIMATE CHANGE ‘IMTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER > Sealevel ise ‘© Caribbean sea evel rise may be higher than in other regions because ofits closeness to the equator > Hurricanes © Storms wil likely be more intense, wth higher rainfall ates and increased maximum winds ‘© Projected land loss from sea level rise at Hope Bay, Portland (SLIDE 13) CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ‘> TEMPERATURE @ HEALTH IMPACTS © Heatrelated deaths , Infectious iseases, Ar qualty, Respiratory ilhesses @ AGRICULTURE ‘© Qrop yields, Irigation demand, Pest ‘management ‘> PRECIPITATION @ FORESTIMPACTS ‘© Health, composition & productvty @ WATER RESOURCES ‘© Changes in precipitation, water quality, ‘and water supply ‘> SEA LEVEL RISE @ COASTAL AREAS ‘© Erosion and inundation of coastal lands, Cost of protecting winerable lands © WILDLIFE © Loss of diversity, Species range shits CLIMATE CHANGE IS AFFECTING OUR LIVES > Reported cases of dengue are related to both temperature ‘and rainfall, with the warming of early months of the year bringing the earlier onset of reported dengue cases and epidemics eg. Jamaica 1998 > Farmers in St. Bizabeth have noticed a shortening ofthe carly stoning season and increasing prevalence of droughts during those months > Adevastatng coral bleaching event in 2005 was caused byhigher than normal sea surtace in the Caribbean ‘1MTO1 | ALARCON, BALACUIT, BALAOY, DE CASTRO. > MImGaTION © There is @ need to adopt mitigation measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at their source or enhance their removal from the atmosphere. These should include using renewable energy and planting more trees. > ADAPTATION @ We must adjust to the changing climate to reduce the negative effects of climate change or exploit the positive ones. Adaptation measures may include technological, behavioral, managerial, or policy. GLENGOFFE (A good example) ‘© COMMUNITY RISKS: ‘© Landslides and flooding from heavy precipitation ‘© Extreme droughts on crop production © COMMUNITY RESPONSE: © Contour farming‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) CLIMATE CHANGE ‘1MTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER Reforestation Fruit trees production Dry farming techniques Drip irigation CLIMATE HAS CHANGED CLIMATE WILL CONTINUE TO CHANGE CLIMATE DEMANDS CHANGE ACTNOW! ‘1MTO1 | ALARCON, BALACUIT, BALAOY, DE CASTRO. 3‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) LESSON 1: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY ‘IMTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER Lesson Outline DAY 1 WEBINAR | Whatis HIV and AIDS? | How can HIV be transmitted? IIL Howto get HIV? IV. Howto take care of yourself better? V. Additional Informations about HIV. and AIDS VL Gurrent Status of HIV & Future Directions VIL Kahoot Questions HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Human - transmission is human to human Immunodeficiency - weakening ofthe immune system Virus - a type of ricroorganism HIV -is a virus that can be transmitted only to humans, You can get it from someone who has it. Once you have itjt weakens your ability to fight off other diseasesinfedtions AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficieney Syndrome) ‘Acquired - result of an exposure to an infected person Immune Deficieney - weakening ofthe immune system ‘Syndrome -callection/constellation of signs and symptoms that ate non-spectic, AIDS ~ Considered asthe last stage of HIV infection - Set of symptornsiliness that develops when someone else has extremely weakidamaged immune syste = All those who have AIDS have HIV, but not everyone living with HIV has AIDS. Status of HIV in PH. ‘© 97,792 Filipinos diagnosed with HIV (as of Mer 2022) HIVis NOT EQUAL to AIDS Average number of Filipinos diagnosed with HIV per day 6 people per day in 2041 25 people per day in 2016 22 people per day in 2020 39 people per day in 2022 resco mala Bee eon The HIV Life Cycle‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) LESSON 1: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY ‘IMTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER Check G-drive folder for better quality RT Ce eo -) Rey eee ‘There are only three ways to get it ‘© Blood and blood products that are contaminated with HIV) ‘© Mother to child transmission from infected mather, during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding) ¢ Unprotected, penetrative sexual intercourse (oral sex, vaginal sex, anal sex) ‘There are only four body fluids that may contain HIV: Blood Semen Vaginal fluid Breastrilk You CANNOT get HIV from these: © Talking, hugging and kissing © Mosouito bites ‘© Sharing utensils, toilet seats, swimrring pool How to know i I gat HIV? ° Bit © Suficiency © Survival © Enty First:if you havent, take an HIV test > We all have HIV status. Sometimes, we just dont know what itis, > You can better take care of yourself if you know your HIV status. > Hf you dont have any risk, stil take the test! Then, share the experience to ‘someone who may need it Second: Take care of yourself based on your HIV status: > If you are HIV negative, there are many options for you to stay negative > Hf you are HIV positive, is not the end of the world! There ate many options for you to prevent transmitting HIV to others.‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) LESSON 1: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY ‘IMTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER Howto prevent HIV? Follow the Triangle of Self Care aaa Boars ae ot ts a ‘What are the options? = The options available for HIV combination prevention are: Condom and lubricants, PrEP, PEP, and ARVs Condoms and Lubricants = Nat only good in protecting against HIV, but also from other sexually transmitted infections. PrEP: Pre-exposure prophylaxis, - Apill taken before possible HIV exposure There are many ways to take it. But i taken everyday, it provides maximum protection, by up to 99%, PEP: Post exposure prophylaxis = Apill taken after possible HIV exposure ‘These events can be unexpected. But is only effective within 72 hours (3 days) of possible HIV exposure ARVs: Antiretroviral drugs - you already have HIV, is not the end of ‘the world! Just take your medication and be adherent to it. This can make your HIV viral load undetectable, thus, making you healthy. Undetectable=Untransmittable ‘What ean | doto help? ‘There are three things you can do to help, 41. Get correct knowiedge 2. Bea safe space 3. Openly talk about it How does HIV affect the immune system? > HIV attacks the Thelper cells, or also known as CD4 cells. > It kills the immune system cells that help the body fight infections and diseases. ‘Are HIV and AIDS the same thing? > HIV is the virus while the AlDs is the ‘complication of having HIV infection, Can HIV survive outside conditions? > HIV does not survive well outside the body! What are the most common misconceptions you have encountered regarding HIV and AIDS? > Allbody fluids are involved > There is a select group of people who can get infected > Rubbing or frottage can cause infection‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) LESSON 1: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY ‘IMTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER Is oral sex just as risky when it comes to HIV transmission? > Oral sex is low risk compared to anal and vaginal sex because pH in the mouth is highly acidic Do Mosquitoes spread HIV? > Mosouitoes cannot sustain HIV because there isno CD4 present in mosquitoes. Ha person has HIV, does it mean they can't have kids? > A diagnosis of HIV does not mean you cant have children. However, there are chances where HIV cam be transmitted to the child during pregnancy, labor, deliver or breastfeeding With all of the modern treatments in the medical HIV no big deal? > Our country is delayed in modern medical treatments but HIV is not a big deal because we have access to effective medication Can you get HIV by using the same toilet as ‘someone HIV positive? > No, because bodily fluids that are usually found within a toilet (urine and feces) are not considered to be bodily fuids where ‘specific amounts of viral loads of HIV can be found Why do you t very ashamed of? > People infected with HIV may think that their ves are over and may feel ashamed because of the stigma about the topic and discrimination. HIV is something people feel What makes HIV difficult to fight? > Stigma among people makes the issue on HIV hard to combat. Most have closed minds in regards withthe issue! What lessons do you get from your HIV patients? > One thing rriss bubbles leatned from her patient is to move on with Ii. “Those HIV patients became my source of strength, because if they overcome being HIV postive, what more my problems are smaller than being HIV postive” TAKEAWAYS OF THE LESSON © you are sewally active, test yourself every 2-6 months. ‘© Always practice safe sex. What is HIV testing? = tis done to see if you have the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV Rapid Test - isthe fastest way to performto know i a person has an HIVIAIDS. There are 4test kits: fst, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Third Generation Test = The country uses 3rd gen test, which detects early detection of 6 weeks. in addition, it only detects antibodies. - The eatliest detection is 1 and a half months or six weeks. Window period - ater three months of exposure, you remain negative, then you are negative Fourth Generation Test = Window perid is shorter than the 3rd gen test, which detects antigens and antibodies.‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) LESSON 1: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY ‘IMTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER What are the HIV rapid test ean show results in afew hours? Inmunochromato graphic test PCR (polymerase chain reaction) ELISA (enzyme-inked immunosorbent assay) HIV sereening and confirmatory test ‘© A soreening test isthe inital test done on the patient. ff reactive, we do the confirmatory test. f non reactive, no need {or a confirmatory test. ‘© Confirmatory test, western blood made by ‘San Lazaro do the confirmatory test. In the recent years, we have the Rapid HIV diagnostic algorithm - A program by the government. Before, only San Lazaro did confirmatory tests. Then, they produced centers in various regions ofthe -—~Philippines (decentralization) that will conduct confirmatory tests. Benefits local communities and regions for easier access. ‘THE PROCESS OF HIV TESTING © Counseling: during the HIV testing, ‘counseling is done to know ithe patient is inthe window period and such © Laboratory testing: 2 microlters of blood and drop it in the test kt ‘© Wit around for 15 minutes for the result ofthe test MOST RELIABLE TESTING METHODS ‘© Confirmatory tests are the most reliable ¢ Mutiple tests with different brands and methods. f you are postive for all, it means, you are positive ‘© Screening tests ate sensttve, however, confirmatory tests are spectic, though, it is the most reliable test, does not mean we should not do the screening tests VL CURRENT STATUS OF HIV & FUTURE DIRECTIONS Rapid HIV Diagnostic Algorithm © Policy for a better turnover of resuits through centralizing laboratories ‘* Causes less and result came out quickly than the Western Blat Test Marginalized people access the health care ‘© PhilHeatth offers Php 30 000 coverage for HIV treatments for positive patients. * The packages do not include any laboratory confirmation ‘¢ Mandatory testing is unlawful ‘Current status of HIV cases in the Philippines ‘© 875 confirmed HIV-positive reported to the HIVIAIDS & ART Registry and accounted for the total of 85,212 reported cases since January 1984 ‘© Median age was 27 years old. Improving the current situation © Testing is the only conclusive way in detecting HIV * Campaign as a disease and not as a scandal ‘© Through public education Effects of HIV to a Person * Increase chances of experiencing stress, ‘anxiety, and depression ‘¢ Faces issues like discrirination, lake of social status and role Educating the Youth ‘© Reducing stigma and discrimination against people affected by and living with HIV‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) LESSON 1: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY IMTOT | SECOND SEMESTER The Phi Mode cases Educating children and providing them with knowledge and skills that can influence good decisions. REPUBLIC ACT 8504 “The Philippines AID Prevention and Control Act of 1988" Section 2 “Declaration of Policies" (A) REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11166 Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act Article VI “Confidentiality” Section 44 (A) ippines winning the fight Having an innovative HIV prevention service, providing rapid HIV testing and counseling in a non-stigmatizing environment, building potential partnerships with external laboratories, ‘and do mare research Regions with the most number of newly reported cases National Capital Region (NCR) Calabarzon Central zon Wester visayas Davao region Central visayas ‘of Transmission (MOT) total reported £875 cases reported in January 2022, with 99 percent (863) of them being ‘transmitted through sexual contact <1% (8) of the reported cases involved sharing contaminated needles and ‘mother-to-child transmission, Mortality In January 2022, 33 HIV-postive people died from any cause. = 94% of them were male Top three regi = 12% were 15-24 years old = 55% were 25-35 years old = 27% were 35-49 years old - 6%were 50 years and older interms of recorded deaths Wester Visayas 36% cases Calabarzon 30% cases, Central Luzon and Zamboanga Peninsula with 9% cases each. Pregnant Women with HIV At the time of diagnosis, 11 HIV-positive pregnant women reported in January 2022. cases from NCR 3 cases from CARAGA 2.cases from Region 7 4 case each from Region 3 and Region 11 1 What family does HIV belong to? = Retrovirus What genetic material can be found inside HIV? - RNA What isthe target cell of HIV? = CD4eells Which refers to the negative treatment that individuals may experience which can hinder them from volunteering? = Stigma What is the gold standard test for HIV? - Western Blot HiVis synonymous with AIDS - False Which ofthe following does NOT transmit HIV? A unprotected sexual intercourse BB. sharing of food . Blood transfusion D sharing of needles‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) LESSON 1: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY ‘IMTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER 10 it 12 8 14, 8 = Sharing of food Which of the following is most affected by HIV? A respiratory System B Digestive System . Immune System D. Circulatory System = Immune System Which body fluid contains the highest concentration of HIV? - Blood Which is the stage of HIV infection that does not produce any syratorns? = Clinical latency HIV inserts its genome through which process? = Reverse transcription Which ofthe following is most likely to be ‘a possible mode of transmission for HIV? a. Oral sex b. Mosquito bite ©. Sharing of toilet d. All of the choices have equal chance of passing HIV = Oral sex AIDS ocour when the CD4 count is__ = <200 cellsim3 The transrrission of HIV from mather to a child is also known as: = Vertical transmission Which of the following is the most ‘cormmon rode of transmission of HIV in the Philippines (2022)? @. Male to mele sex b. Sharing of needles ©. Mele to female sex d. Mother to child transmission = Male to male sex 16 7 8 19 20 24 2 2 24, Fy % a Which ofthe following refers to the period where antibodies against HIV starts to develop? = Window period What aoronym is used to determine a pperson’s risk or HIV? - ESSE ‘A person at least __ years old does nat need a parental consent to get tested for HW. - 5 Which ofthe following is used by patients who is expecting @ possible exposure to HIV? - PEP What is the coverage of the PhilHeath OHAT program? = Php 30,000 Which HIV treatment drug prevents the binding ofthe virus tothe target cel? - CCRS Antagonist What is the currently recommended ‘approach for sharing awareness about HIV prevention? = Combination Prevention Approximately how long isthe asymptomatic phase of HIV? = 240 years HIV viral load testing is performed using what specimen? - Blood What is the principle of HIV rapid diagnostic tests? munochromatography What is being detected in HIV testing through Wester Blot? - HlV proteins What is the administration route of HIV FrEP currently being offered in the Philippines? = Oral‘SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY (GEC_106) LESSON 1: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY ‘IMTO1 | SECOND SEMESTER 28. What is the republic act number of the Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act? = RAMI 29. What type of lubricant is recommended to prevent HIV? = Waterbased 30. A person with undetectable copies of HIV? a. Mey appear healthy b. Does not have AIDS ©. Cannot transmit HIV to others d. Allare correct = Allare correct