Mobile Craning Today The illustrations in this text are not intended to portray models of cranes actually being produced, Similarities are coincidental and intended only to make the artwork as realistic as possible. We caution users of this text against applying any of the load chart material to purposes other than instructional. The load charts are incomplete and any attempt to use them in actual field situations: is highly dangerous. We also caution users of this text that the material contains recom- mendations, guidelines and procedures that are generally ap- plicable to most mobile cranes, but not all. All makes: and models: of cranes are distinctly different and each has individual characteristics absolutely essential to safe operation. To learn of these, the manufacturers’ literature must be studied. In the past, members of the public have used printed information that was outdated by subsequent improvements in knowledge and technology. We therefore make the following statement for their future protection. The information presented here was, to the best of our knowledge, current at time of printing and is intended for general application. This publication is not a definitive quide to government reguiations or to practices and procedures wholly applicable under every cir- cumstance, The appropriate regulations and statutes should be consulted. Although the Operating Engineers Training Institute of Ontario.cannot guarantee the accuracy of nor assume liability for the information presented here, we are pleased to answer in- dividual requests for counselling and advice. @OPERATING ENGINEERS TRAINING INSTITUTE OF ONTARIO 1987. All rights reserved. This book or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher. Design and production, Evans Advertising Agency Inc. Printed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fits! Edition: January 1988 Second Edition: June 1989 Third Edition: July 1992NOTES NOoandianonrooanonoanaza hsSECTION . Cranes and components . Definitions of terms . Technical data . Quadrants of operation . Weight of the lift . Conditions affecting capacities , Multiple crane lifts . Calculations crane capacities . Preparing for a lift . Conditions during the Lift . Leaving cranes unattended . Responsibilities . AppendixNOTESCranes and components INDEX Types of cranes — Mobiles, rubber tired Hydraulic booms Lattice booms — Crawler cranes — Heavy lift cranes — Derricks Names of components - Mobile truck crane Lattice boom Hydraulic boom - Rough terrain Hydraulic boom — Boom truck Telescoping type Articulating typeNOTES OownAadanonawAaAananoaAaAa aA O}’ OEIO Types of cranes MOBILES — RUBBER TIRED HYDRAULIC BOOMS BOOM TRUCK , Telescoping type Articulating type (knuckle boom) (Boom stowed) (Boom partially stowed) INDUSTRIAL aes 9-0 Industrial — Pick and carry Industrial Front carry Industrial - Side carryT| Types of cranes HYDRAULIC BOOMS (continued) MOBILE TRUCK CRANE WHEEL MOUNTED ROUGH TERRAIN - WHEEL MOUNTED (R.T’s) Operator Operator fixed revolves (Cab down) (Cab up)LATTICE BOOMS - ROPE SUSPENDED MOBILE TRUCK CRANE WHEEL MOUNTED Conventional Boom Ken with Tower attachment = XESS ESCRAWLER CRANES HYDRAULIC BOOM LATTICE BOOM RR Conventional joom:15 HEAVY LIFT CRANES LATTICE BOOMS High gantry or mast — added counterweight y High gantry, or mast on stools {ringer type) DERRICKS Stiff leg derrick Guy derrick16 Names of components MOBILE TRUCK CRANE LATTICE BOOM Overhaul or headache ball Main Hoist Line Main Block Head or Top’ Section Boom Inserts or sections Heel, Base, Boom stops Crane Upperworks. Carrier Frame Carrier Jib or Whip Centre of j Line Jib Mast Ratation ~ Jib Pendants or Boom Foot Section ‘Boom Pendants Outer bail, Bridie or Harness Inner bail, Bridle or Harness Pads, Floats, or PontoonsNames of components MOBILE TRUCK CRANE HYDRAULIC BOOM Auxiliary winch Boom hoist or Lift cyliners Carrier frame, ae: Outrigger ™ Beams Outrigger pad, Float, or Pontoon. HEAD SECTION SHOWN PINNED BUT ALL SECTIONS MAY BE POWEREDNames of components ROUGH TERRAIN HYDRAULIC BOOM Telescoping Sections Fly, Swing away, or Lattice extension (stowed) Boom Hoist CylinderNames of =m components 1 BOOM TRUCK Telescoping Type Boom Boom (1st stage) Ball Winch Kpen Boam hoist cylinder Commercial — ‘Swing bearing bok ups Turret _ Beam NOTE: Can have me manual extension a eae ) Pad JIB TYPES Pull out extension ‘ ae Jib e— Jib <———Boom “«—Boom 5 —— Boom LATTICE A-FRAME BOX SECTION TYPE TYPE TYPE1.10 secrion Names of components BOOM TRUCK Articulating Boom Type (Knuckle Boom) Telescoping section Hoist line Hydraulic cylinder { Hydraulic cylinder Bail { Hinge pin z —— Hook Telescoping section Boom partially stowed Stabilizers (outriggers)of terms INDEX Centre of gravity Radius Load Gross and net load Static load and dynamic load Effective weight Ultimate strength and rated strength Safety factor Stowed and stored Tipping axis Load moment Load moment indicator Jib angle to ground Definitions 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.8 2.9 2.10 B12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 217mnoavaavanaAuaAaaAaaaA a NOTES ow % 'CENTRE OF GRAVITY is the point relative to a body around which its weight is evenly distributed. se Location of centre of gravity does not change with repositioning of the object (load).2.2 "2 | Radius Centre of gravity of toad Centre of 1 I 1 | rotation 1+_RADIUS—! € The horizontal distance from the centre of rotation of the crane to the centre of gravity of the load with the load suspended. |24 LOAD ON BOOM LATTICE BOOM CRANES HOIST LINE (on some cranes) Hoist line to boom tip HOOK BLOCK not part of RIGGING load LIFT HOIST LINE (on some cranes) BALL HOOK HOIST LINE (on some cranes) HOOK BLOCKLOAD ON BOOM HYDRAULIC BOOM CRANES AUXILIARY TIP HOOK (if installed) BALLHOOK HOOK BLOCK RIGGING LIFT STOWED JIB AND/OR EXTENSION EXTENSION EXTENSION HOOK BLOCK RIGGING LIFTLOAD ON EXTENSION HYDRAULIC BOOM CRANES Je BALL HOOK BALL HOOK RIGGING LIFT BALL HOOK RIGGING LIFT HOOK BLOCK HOOK RIGGING LUFTLOAD ON THE JIB LATTICE AND HYDRAULIC BOOM CRANES see pg.2.6 for load on boom truck jib, 27 BALL HOOK RIGGING LIFT HOOK BLOCK Weight of the hoist ropes on some cranes28 SECTION 2 Gross and Net load GROSS LOAD is the sum of the weights of attachments, lift, rigging, ropes, etc., that are considered load as per pages 2.4-2.7 SES NET LOAD 7 is the weight ™ of the lift.Static load “om Dynamic load 2 STATIC LOAD is the weight of the GROSS load when the load is STATIONARY stationary DYNAMIC LOADING is caused by the sudden change in speed of the lift 2 | and attachments such as: aA ; * sudden A stopping ‘ * snatching the load * swingout lift stopped TOTAL LOAD ON THE CRANE IS EQUAL TO: STATIC LOAD + DYNAMIC LOADING2.10 "2 | iets a EFFECTIVE WEIGHT REPRESENTS THE FORCE AN ATTACHMENT EXERTS ON A CRANE. * used in the calculating of the net capacity of cranes * because of its position and leverage the effective weight of the attachment may be higher or lower than its actual wei its actual weight MORE EFFECT on load than its actual weight load LESS EFFECT NO EFFECT2.11 tdi crel Chm ALOT "2 | EFFECTIVE WEIGHT MAY BE HIGHER OR LOWER THAN ACTUAL WEIGHTS. CoG of jib, Effective weight of the jib on the boom tip & crane (because of its leverage) is higher than the actual weight of the jib. Effective weights of the lattice extension and jib (because of their leverage) are higher than actual weights. Effective weights of stowed extension & block are lower than actual weights stowed extension hook block2.12 Ultimate strength Rated strength ULTIMATE STRENGTH (OR BREAKING STRENGTH) ULTIMATE OR BREAKING LOAD RATED STRENGTH 4. SAFE WORKING LOAD (S.W.L.) as specified by the manufacturer or local authority2.13 THE AMOUNT BY WHICH THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH (OR LOAD) I$ DIVIDED TO GET THE RATED STRENGTH (OR SAFE WORKING LOAD) ULTIMATE (S.F. of 8 shown) Example: If a part or hoist line has an ultimate (or breaking) strength of 51,450 Ibs. SW.L. or rated strength for: 5to1S.F = 10,290 Ibs. SW.L. 3to1S.F = 17,150 Ibs. SW.L.2.14 "9 | Stowed and Stored HYDRAULIC CRANES STOWED When jibs or boom extensions not in use are pinned to the base section of the boom. STORED When jibs or boom extensions not in use are carried on the deck of the crane carrier or stored off the crane. Note: Definitions above are used in this text but may not be used by others.2.15 Tipping axis “Oo : t ne if TIPPING AXIS (or fulcrum) The point or line about which a crane tips Thru ¢ { Thru ¢ of drive of track or idler sprocket2.16 Load Moment OFT Zt | Leverage of load Tipping axis LOAD MOMENT THE FORCE WHICH CAUSES, OR TENDS TO CAUSE, A CRANE TO ROTATE AROUND ITS TIPPING AXIS.Load Moment Indicator Load Moment Indicator A device which visually, or audibly, provides the crane opera- tor with all relevant crane geometry and load data within the crane's safe operating parameters. Such devices will automatically warn the operator, stop or restrict crane motion or function when the safe working load is approached or has been exceeded.2.18 Jib angle to ground Jib cx A ci ib angle to ground eS , B JIB ANGLE TO GROUND (B) = boom angle (A) - jib offset (C) Note: Total of jib offset and jib angle to ground equals boom angle.3.0 * , OEIO Technical data INDEX PAGE Leverage Definitions 3.1 - System 1 3.2 — System 2 3.3 - System 3 3.4 Change in leverage 3.5 Rate of tipping 3.7 Forward stability 3.8 Backward stability 3.9 Crane failures 3.10 Gantries, live and high masts 3.11 Counterweights 3.13 Effect of boom angle 3.14 Effect of jib angle 3.15 Jib as a boom extension 3.18 Selecting a crane 3.19 Effect of load on booms 3.21 Production lifts 3.22 Rope safety factors3.1 CLASS 1 LEVER The fulcrum is located between the weight at either ends of the lever. ~— wo wD ——+! 1 AT POINT OF BALANCE Weight x Weight Distance = Weight x (Cof Gio FULCRUM) Weight Distance CLASS 2 LEVER (C ofG to FULCRUM) The fulcrum is located at one side of both the force being applied and the loads resistance. FORCE 1 1 RD ! ——.__—_—_ FD ——— RESISTANCE (LOAD) TO HOLD THE LOAD Force x Force Distance = Resistance joa; x (APPLIED) «FORCE FULCRUM = Rlagistance Distance CLASS 3 LEVER (Co Go FULCRUM) The fulcrum is located at one side with the force between the resistance and the fulcrum , Ft 4 —<———_—__ AD —__+ A ‘RORCE APPLIED) RESISTANCE (LOAD) TO HOLD THE LOAD Force x Force Distance = Resistance (can) x (APPLIED) (FORCE to FULCRUM) Resistance Distance {Cot G to FULCRUM)OHIO Leverage 3 CRANES USE 3 SYSTEMS OF LEVERAGE SYSTEM 1 - The Crane (CLASS 1 LEVER) Tipping Crane | 4 ‘Axis (outrigger) Weight At point of balance CRANE WEIGHT x A = LOAD x B OR LOAD = CRANE WEIGHT x A B Shorter feed if arger /j load |wy = SYSTEM 2 - The Hook Block (CLASS 2 LEVER) Sheave on boom tip ‘on boom tip peers n 1001 loci PULL ON HOIST LINE =_B x LOAD A 1/2 load