90 N° UNIT Sa Grammar: Reported Speech Direct speech is the exact words someone said or wrote Reporied speech is retelling exactly what someone said or wrote, without using their actual words There are three types of Direct Speech ‘A. statements which can be reported: B. questions C.commands/requests Direct Speech Reported Speech STATEMENT © THATCLAUSE “The plane will be late,” they said. > They said that) the plane would be late. ‘© QUESTION ¢ WHCLAUSE or IF-CLAUSE “Why are you late?” she asked. > She asked why I was late. “Are you feeling well?" he asked me. > He asked me if] was feeling well. + COMMAND/REGUEST © TOINFINITIVE “Don't touch it!” he said. . He told me not to touch it. “Turn on the light, please,"he said + He asked me to tun on the light. The most common reporting verbs are say, tell and ask * We use say with or without fo + personal object in direct speech but without to + personal object in reported speech, “1 don't know what fo do,” he said io Mary. He said (that) he didn’t know what to do. * We use fell n direct and reported speech with a personal object. “1 don’t know where the cofé is”, she fold me. ‘She told Mary to wait outside the Principal's office. Notes © We can use say + infinitive. The teacher said to study harder. + We cannot use say about. We can use tell sb/speak/talk about instead. He told us/spoke/talked about his experiences travelling in Canada, * We use ask in reported questions and commands He said to me, “Please don’t move!” He asked me not to move He said, “Do you like strawberries?” He asked me if | liked strawberries. There are some common expressions with say, tell and ask. These are: say say good morning ete, say a few words, say no more, say one's prayers, say sth, say s0, say for certain, le tell tell the truth, tell c lie, tell sb the time, tell sb one’s name, tell sb’s fortune, tell a story, tell a secret, tell sb so, tell sb the way, tell one from another, tell the difference, ete cask ask @ favour, ask the time, ask a question, ask the price, ete Fill in the blanks with say, tell, speak or ask in the right form. “1 don't think he will be on time,” he said. A Father used 10 orcecnssnnnrnns USO story befor Mark Fikes «..n- about his schooldays. we went to bed. She .- the price of the hairdryer that 5 SharoM «.s.esonesennennnnees Me To help her wid was in the sale. her homework. He goodbye fo his mother and lef 6 “Ian... her secret,” she tome, for school. 7 Wihink he will come but I can’t for ceria5a Grammar: Reported ee CHANGING FROM DIRECT INTO REPORTED SPEECH * Verb tenses change as follows: Direct Speech Simple Present “Iean’t stand that boy,” she said. + Present Continuous “Tm having a nice time,” she said. > resent Perfact Simple “the booked my summer holidey,” he said. . Fresent Perfect Continuous “Tre been waiting for you all morning,” he said. + Simple Post “Thaled my driving test," he said. > Simple Future “IH dy my room tomorrow,” she said. . Future Continuous ‘tH be working in Paris next yeor,” he soid. > Reported Speech Simple Past She said (that) she couldn't stand that boy Past Continuous She said (tha) she was having a nice Hime Past Perfect Simple He said (that) he had booked his summer holiday. Past Perfect Continuous He said (that) he had been waiting for me all morning Past Perfect He said (that) he had failed his driving tes. Conditional She said (that) she would tidy her room the next dey. ‘Conditional Continuous He said (that) he would be working in Paris the following year. Noe: Past Perfect Simple and Continuous do not change their forms in Reported Speech + The following words also change: Direct Speech His/these here come bang He soid fo me, “Come and look at this bird.” . Ste said to me, “Stand here and wait for me.” . Reported Speech that/those/the there go take He fold me to go and look at that bird. She fold me fo stand there and woit for her. + Pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the meaning of the sentence. Direct Speech He soid, “I can’t do it myself” ==> + Time expressions change os follows: Direct Speech ‘enight tow tow that iedoy yeserday tomorrow tomorrow morning lost night te doy before yesterday be doy ater tomorrow fis week/month year los week/month year/Mondoy ete next week/month/year/Monday etc ‘wo days/years etc, ago ‘He lef last week,” she said. > Reported Speech He said (that) he couldn't do it himself Reported Speech thot night then, at thot time, ot once/immediately since that doy the day before, the previous day the day after, the following day, the nex! doy the morning after, the following morning/the next morning the night before, the previous nigh! two days before in two days time/in two days that week/month/year the previous week/month/year/Monday etc the following week/month/year/Monday etc two days/years etc, before She said (hat) he hod left the previous week/ihe week before. 1‘eo Grammar: Reported Speech 92 THERE IS NO CHANGE IN THE VERB TENSES IN REPORTED SPEECH WHEN: the sentence expresses a general PMy mother said, “It gets dark earlier WP My mother said (that) it gets dark truth or permanent states and conditions. the introductory verb isin the Present, Future or Present Perfect fense. the verb of the sentence isin the Unreal Past (e.g. 2nd type conditionals, wishes, it's time, would rather, suppose, os if) the following verbs are used: had beter, could, would, used to, needn't have, should, might cond ought to. there is Past Simple or Past Continuous in a Clause of Time. the sentence expresses sth which is believed to be true. In this cose the verb tense can either change cor remain unchanged. However, ifthe sentence expresses sth which is not true, then the verb changes. itis uptodate reporting, in the winter.” She says/will say/has said, “ | can cook well.” He said, “I would rather go out for dinner." She saic “It's time we went home.” Her boyfriend said, * | really ought to go home.” She said, “Id better consult the doctor this evening.” She said, “When | was swimming, | {got cramp.” He said, “Ethiopia is a third-world country.” (rue) He said, “Ethiopia is a highly developed country.” (alse) Anne said, “I've got a headache.” Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech SE eorlier in the winter. She says/will say/has said (that) she can cook well He said (that) he would rather go out for dinner. She said {that} it was time they went home. Her boyhriend said hat) he really ‘cought to go home. She said (that) she'd better consult he doctor that evening. ‘She said (that) when she was swimming, she got cramp. He said (that) Ethiopia is/was a third world country. He said (that) Ethiopia was a highly developed country. Anne said (that) she’s got a headache. “Don't walk on the white carpet!” said the mother 5 to her son, The mother told her son not to walk on the white carpet. “Egypt has a very long recorded history, “she said “Do you think Terence will join us for dinner tonight?" Joanne asked me. Peter soid, “The waiter has made a mistake with the bill.” “Stop picking on your younger sister, will you?” he said to his daughter “Would it be possible to extend my club membership?” Adrienne asked the manager. “I have no intention of lending Nick my car,” said Diane. "What did the car dealer tell you?” Isabelle asked me. “When | entered the house, there were foolprias on the floor,” she said to me. “I'd rather not leave before Leo arrives,” Anna soi,