Philippine Information Technology Journal, Vol. 5, No.

1, February 2012 3

Information Technology Resources in the Higher

Education Institutions in the Philippines
Dave E. Marcial
College of Computer Studies, Silliman University
Hibbard Avenue, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
demarcial@su.edu.ph

ABSTRACT structures that we use to order our society, including education

This paper presents descriptive results on the profile of the
information technology (IT) resources in the higher education
institutions (HEIs) in the Philippines in terms of expenditures,
internet bandwidth, information systems (IS) development and
connectivity.
The study reveals that 22.7% HEIs have an annual IT expenditure
of Php 500,000.00 to Php 1M. The fastest Internet connectivity
among the HEIs is 16-20 mbps and the least bandwidth connected
to the HEIs is 1 mbps. The most developed IS in the HEIs is the
enrollment and grading system. A library system is considered as
the most outsourced IS and the most unavailable IS in the HEIs is
a hostel or dorm services system. Accounting Related System is
ranked first when it comes to LAN connectivity while e-learning,
alumni management system, and information and publication
system are the most available Internet-connected systems in the
HEIs.
The increasing role and demands of IT in the development of an
organization calls for an active reaction to the challenges of the
information society. IT plays a significant impact in the HEIs in
the Philippines; however, they are technologically challenged of
keeping abreast to the latest trend and development in IT.
Categories and Subject Descriptors
K.6.3 [Management of Computing and Information Systems]:
Software Management – software development, software
selection.
General Terms
Management
Keywords
IT Expenditures, IT Infrastructure, Internet and Connectivity,
Information Systems
1. INTRODUCTION
Information Technology (IT) is the term that describes the
organization’s  computing  and  communication  infrastructure,  processing systems (TPS). Administrative and academic reports
including computer systems, telecommunication networks,
multimedia, hardware and software, and information systems [1].
It describes the  organization’s  collection  of  people,  data,  Information Systems (MIS) help improve the collection,
processes, hardware and software, interacting with each other to
collect, process, store, and provide a common objective for the
organization.
Information Technology (IT) is a combination of computer and
communication technology. Technology is defined as “the  management and school administrators in both academic and
material embodiment of effective methods". Kline (2003)
described it as system that includes the hardware, processes, and
cited by [9].
As technology advances very rapidly, educational institutions are
also trying to embrace the new trends in the teaching-learning
process. From blackboards to Digital Light Processing projectors,
chalk to e-markers, classroom to virtual rooms, groupings to
social networking sites and many more are among the innovations
that most of higher education is struggling to keep abreast within
IT. Schools including the Management of Information Systems
(MIS) heads, are facing technological challenges in this digital
economy. Security, governance, infrastructure, and funds, among
others, are the common issues that these schools are facing now.
Additional challenges for school institutions arise from the
institution’s sociology and culture [1].
2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE
HIGHER EDUCATION
The information technology impacts across the administrative and
academic processes in any education institutions. The education
sector garnered 20% of the Asia’s top IT-using institution [11]. In
2006 Frost and Sullivan study, reported by [10], states that fast-
changing technology trends re-defined the way educational
institutions operate. According to the deputy director of National
University  of  Singapore’s  Computer  Center,  cited by [10], “IT’s 
role in education is at the point of no return. It can only
accelerate.”
According to Attipa Julpisit, cited by [10], IT has been used in
education as a main infrastructure to support both the university’s 
process and teaching. E-learning is among the common
technology in the teaching-learning process in colleges and
universities. Among the successful university that implemented e-
learning is Silliman University with its Silliman Online University
Learning (SOUL) system [4]. Communication Support Systems
(CSS) like chats, forums, e-mails, etc. can be adapted by them.
Students can access the on-line libraries and distance learning is
also possible. School accountants, office secretaries and other
staff improve their performance using any transactional
are made paperless easily and quickly by using any Office
Automation Systems (OAS). Most importantly, Management
manipulation, interpretation and processing of data. School
records are even more accurate, complete, and accessible and
secure if IT has been effectively implemented. Decision Support
Systems (DSS) and Executive Information Systems (EIS) help top
administrative life in the university in the decision-making
process. New technologies are being developed for hearing and
 4 Marcial: Information Technology Resources in the Higher Education Institutions in the Philippines
visually impaired people that aid them in their passion for learning the person who answered the survey questionnaire. A total of 14
new things and discovering new information. HEIs formally signified not to participate in the survey and two
sets of questionnaires were returned via the post office due to
In the Philippines, both basic and higher education institutions address not found.
(HEIs) initiated actions to provide quality and IT-enabled
education. The formulation of the policies and standards by the Table 1 presents the distribution of the HEIs per region qualified
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) for IT Education in in the survey. Of the 95 HEIs, 15 are public colleges and
the Philippines increased the prioritization and implementation of universities and 80 are private colleges and universities.
IT in the teaching-learning process in most schools.
Total HEI-
Region Public Private
Educational institutions in the Philippines are now rolling out respondents
wireless networks all over campus. Grid computing, sidelined in 1 (locos Region) 1 3 4
enterprises, has caught on in universities as a solution for cash- 2 (Cagayan Valley) 0 5 5
strapped but resource-hungry academics. Video-conferencing is 3 (Central Luzon) 1 4 5
the most frequently cited by universities in Asia. Combined with 4 (Calabarzon) 1 3 4
e-learning, video conferencing has helped bring together scattered 5 (Bicol Region) 3 3 6
campuses and allowed for further international collaboration. [10] 6 (Western Visayas) 1 11 12
Reported in JETRO [2], the Philippines National ICT Strategy and 7 (Central Visayas) 1 17 18
the e-Government Fund in 2005-2010 aimed to develop an e- 8 (Eastern Visayas) 2 4 6
enabled society with the following as its five major strategic 9 (Zamboanga Peninsula) 0 5 5
items: provide affordable Internet access to all communities, build 10 (Northern Mindanao) 1 1 2
ICT awareness and capability in society, provide a healthy and 11 (Davao Region) 2 6 8
competitive business environment, generate high-value jobs in the 12 (Soccsksargen) 0 4 4
community through world-class ICT services, and provide 13 (National Capital Region) 0 9 9
government services to citizens directly. Under the Arroyo 14 (Cordillera Administrative
0 2 2
administration, the Philippines aimed to become an e-service hub, Region)
and the IT service sector has been growing rapidly. Likewise, the 15 (Autonomous Region of
0 1 1
Philippine  government’s  initiative  towards  the  improvement  of  Muslim Mindanao)
the quality of IT enabled education for the elementary and 16 (Caraga) 0 2 2
secondary schools which began in 2000. The government aimed 17 (MIMAROPA) 2 0 2
to provide PC and Internet connection to all public high schools in TOTAL 15 80 95
the country by 2010. Table 1. Respondents’ Regional Distribution
However, report shows that the Philippines is ranked last among
Asian countries in terms of IT usage in general [11]. Effective and The instrument used in data gathering to accomplish the specific
efficient  management  of  the  firm’s  IT  resources  has  become  objectives of the study was a researcher-made survey
essential and crucial in the business [6]. questionnaire. A test-retest of 21 qualified respondents was
conducted to measure the reliability of the instrument. These
3. METHODOLOGY respondents were composed of different IT stakeholders who are
This paper is derived from the study on the landscape of IT in the not necessarily MIS Heads in an HEI. These included IT
HEIs in the Philippines [5]. The study was a descriptive- Academic Heads, IT consultants and other IT practitioners who
correlative and utilized a survey method. The respondents of the have supervisory or administrative experience and other IT
study are all higher education institutions in the Philippines. Only enthusiasts who are active in promoting quality education. Using
one respondent per HEI is allowed to participate in the survey. MS Excel and other statistical software, the test-retest answers
He/She must be the MIS Head or the person in-charge of the were processed. Items that were not significant either at 0.01 or
management information systems or IT-related services in the 0.05 levels were removed. The electronic questionnaire was also
HEIs. evaluated by a Multimedia and Web Development faculty
During the administration of the study, a sample size of the member to check the face and look of the questionnaire. Revisions
respondents was determined where the total number of population and modifications were made based on the comments and
was based on the list of HEIs published in the official website of suggestions done by the selected test-retest respondents.
CHED. In this case, the total HEIs based on the list is 1,496, 112
of which are public colleges and universities and 1,384 are private 4. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
colleges and universities. The sample size was rounded off to 316 The total population of the respondents used in this study is
limited to the list published by CHED on their website as of
HEIs. Computation of the sample size is � = , where n is
    December, 2010. The survey administration and collection
the sample size, N is the total population and e is the margin of method is limited only to emailing, administering in group, post
error. A 5% margin of error is used in the study. Using the mailing and personal administration and collection.
�
stratified sampling procedure (% = ), a total of 316 HEIs in the
� Specifically, the survey administration process is limited to four
Philippines was included in the survey. Respondents per region administrations: 1) sending the questionnaire through the email
were identified randomly using a computerized random number addresses of each HEI as published by CHED in its website; 2)
generator [8]. personal administration to some identified respondents who
attended the 2011 National Convention of the Philippine Society
A total of 97 HEIs participated during the administration of the
of IT Educators; 3) sending a printed copy of questionnaires
survey, two of which were disqualified due to the qualification of
addressed to the School Heads; and 4) sending the electronic
 Philippine Information Technology Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1, February 2012
questionnaire through email directly to some of the identified
respondents (MIS Heads or related position).
Only those HEIs who sent back the filled-up questionnaire from
February 4, 2011 to April 30, 2011 were included in the study.
5. IT PROFILE IN THE HEIs
5.1 Annual IT Expenditures by the HEIs
Seventeen (22.7%) respondents indicated that their school has an
annual IT expenditure of Php 500,000.00 to Php 1M and 16
(21.2%) respondents said that they have Php 1,000,001- Php 2M
annual IT expenditures. There are 14 (18.7%) respondents
signified that they have an annual IT expenditures of less than Php
500,000.00; 12 (16%) respondents have Php 4,000,001-Php 7M; 9
(12%) respondents have Php 2,000,001-Php 4M; and 5 (6.7%)
respondents have Php 7,000,001-Php 11M annual IT
expenditures. Only 2 (2.7%) respondents revealed that they have
an annual IT expenditure of more than Php 11M. However, 20
respondents did not answer and opted not to reveal their annual IT
expenditures due to confidentiality. Others also said they do not
know the amount or they are not sure of with the amount. Figure
1 shows percentage distribution of the amount of annual IT
expenditures in the past 3 years of operation of the HEIs.
The average annual IT expenditures in the HEIs vary in each
institution. The HEIs in the Philippines have allocated an amount
from Php 500,000.00 to Php 1M for IT. This amount is assumed
to be spent for the different components in IT such as security,
infrastructure, identity/access management, disaster
recovery/business community, governance, organization and
leadership, teaching and learning with technology, staffing/HR
management/training, agility, adaptability and responsiveness,
strategic planning, administrative/ERP/information systems
components, and funding IT. Likewise, the amount of their IT
expenditures can also be assumed that HEIs also have spend for
outsourced information systems such as library system, payroll
system, accounting related systems, and enrollment system,
among others (see Table 2). Further, it is assumed that the HEIs in
the Philippines also spend for a 1-5 mbps of Internet bandwidth
(see Table 3).
Annual IT Expenditures by the HEIs
Percentage (%) Distribution
Php 500,000.00 – Php 1M
6.7 2.7
Php 1,000,001.00 – Php 2M
less than Php 500,000.00
12 22.7
Php 4,000,001 – Php 7M
16 21.2 Php 2,000,001 – Php 4M
18.7 Php 7,000,001.00 – Php 11M
more than Php 11M
Figure 1. Annual IT Expenditures by the HEIs
5.2 Total Internet Bandwidth of the HEIs
The fastest Internet connectivity among the HEIs that participated
in the study is 16-20 mbps and the least bandwidth connected to
the HEIs is 1 mbps. There are 40 respondents (65.6 %) who said
that their school has installed within 1 to 5 mbps of Internet
bandwidth, 13 respondents (21.2 %) said that their school has
within 6-10 mbps of bandwidth, four (6.6%) said that their school
has acquired 11-15 mbps and another 4 (6.6%) said has acquired
16-20 mbps of Internet connectivity, while 34 respondents opted
5
not to answer this item. Reasons for not answering this item were
as follows: not sure, they are not allowed to reveal it, and they do
not have Internet connection in their school. Figure 2 shows the
percentage distribution of the total Internet bandwidth of the HEIs
who indicated during conduct of the study.
Total Internet Bandwidth of the HEIs
Percentage (%)
6.6
6.6 mbps
16 – 20
11 – 15
21.2 6 – 10
1–5
65.6
Figure 2. Total Internet Bandwidth of the HEIs
Most of the HEIs in the Philippines connect with an Internet
bandwidth ranging from 1 – 5 mbps followed by bandwidths
ranging from 6-10 mbps. Only a few HEIs in the Philippines have
connected to the Internet with more than 11 mbps bandwidth.
5.3 Type of IS Development Done in the HEIs
Table 2 lists the information systems that are developed and/or
outsourced in the HEIs in the Philippines. It shows that 65 HEIs
(68.42 %) developed or customized their own enrollment and
grading systems. The results also show that a library system is
ranked 1 as the most outsourced IS in the HEI while Hostel or
Dorm Services System is the most unavailable IS in the HEIs.
5.3.1 IS that are Developed/Customized In-house
Majority of the HEIs in the Philippines developed or customized
their own information systems. The top 5 information systems
developed or customized in-house by the HEIs (see Table 2) are:
1) enrollment system and grading system, 2) employee records
and profile system, and  student’s  accounts,  cashiering  and 
inventory system, 3) payroll system, 4) graduate tracer or alumni
management system, and 5) library system and appraisal and
evaluation system.
5.3.2 Outsourced IS in the HEIs
Outsourcing has become a global phenomenon brought about by
the evolution of the world’s economy. To date, there are a number
of speculations and oppositions about outsourcing. However,
success stories have taken precedence [7]. The Harvard Business
Review has identified outsourcing as one of the most important
management ideas and practices of the past 75 years [3].
However, only a few HEIs in the Philippines are into this so-
called phenomenon. As presented in Table 2, the top 5
information systems that are most outsourced by a few HEIs are:
1) library system, 2) payroll system, 3) Accounting related
systems, 4) enrollment system, and 5) grading system. There is no
doubt why library system ranked number 1 among the most
outsourced information systems in the HEIs in the Philippines. It
was explained that a library could have several reasons to
outsource its work. Whatever be the reason, the staff must be
informed in when the library is considering outsourcing some
work. There is often a temptation to outsource work in order to
cut costs, but that should not be the sole reason for outsourcing.
Outsourcing should be used as a strategic tool to become flexible
and competitive as a company. [3]
 6 Marcial: Information Technology Resources in the Higher Education Institutions in the Philippines

Responses
I (IS is being
NA (IS is not
Information Systems developed/ O (IS is being No Response
available in
customized outsourced)
school)
in-house)
Enrollment System 65 (68.42 %) 24 (25.26 %) 6 (6.32 %) 0
E-Learning (Curriculum
36 (37.89 %) 11 (11.57 %) 44 (46.31 %) 4 (4.23 %)
Delivery)
Grading System 65 (68.42 %) 16 (16.84 %) 13 (13.68 %) 1 (1.06 %)
Graduate Tracer / Alumni
44 (46.32 %) 5 (5.26 %) 43 (45.26 %) 3 (3.16 %)
Management System
Library System 40 (42.11 %) 33 (34.74 %) 19 (20.00 %) 3 (3.15 %)
Cafeteria / Food Services
14 (14.74 %) 3 (3.16 %) 74 (77.89 %) 4 (4.21 %)
System
Hostel / Dorm Services
13 (13.68 %) 1 (1.05 %) 75 (78.95 %) 6 (6.32 %)
System
Information and
38 (40.00 %) 5 (5.26 %) 47 (49.47 %) 5 (5.27)
Publication System
Employee Records and
55 (57.89 %) 15 (15.79 %) 24 (25.26 %) 1 (1.06 %)
Profile System
Payroll System 51 (53.68 %) 26 (27.37 %) 15 (15.79 %) 3 (3.16 %)
Appraisal and Evaluation
40 (42.11 %) 6 (6.32 %) 47 (49.47 %) 2 (2.10 %)
System
Accounting Related
System (Charges, Student
55 (57.89 %) 25 (26.32 %) 12 (12.63 %) 3 (3.16 %)
Accounts, Cashiering,
Inventory, etc)
Decision Support with
Data Analytics /
26 (27.37 %) 9 (9.47 %) 56 (58.95 %) 4 (4.21 %)
Management Reporting
System
Table 2. Type of IS Development Done in the HEIs

5.3.3 IS that are not available in the HEIs
Further, information systems that are not common in the HEIs in
the Philippines are: 1) Hostel or Dorm Services system, 2)
cafeteria or food services systems, 3) decision support with data
analytics or management reporting system, 4) budget preparation
– monitoring system, appraisal and evaluation system, and
information and publication system, and 5) e-learning system.
5.4 Type of IS Connectivity Available in the
HEIs
In terms of type of connectivity of the IS, shown in table 3, 52 of
the respondents (57.89%) said that their Accounting Related
System is connected only within their network while E-learning,
Alumni Management System, Information and Publication
System are the most common systems connected to the Internet.
Further, Enrollment System is ranked first in terms of both Local
Area Network and Internet connectivity.
5.4.1 IS that are LAN Connected
Accounting related system (57.89%) is the most LAN-connected
information system while the least LAN-connected information
system is Hostel or Dorm Services System (6.32%). The ranking
is as follows: enrollment, grading, payroll, employee records and
profile, library, appraisal and evaluation, decision support,
graduate tracer, information and publication, cafeteria, and e-
learning systems.
5.4.2 IS that are Internet- Connected
The most Internet-connected information systems in the HEIs are
e-learning, graduate tracer, and information and publication
system (10.53 %). Library, cafeteria and hostel systems show a
zero percent in terms of internet-connectivity only.
5.4.3 IS that are connected in the intranet and at the
same time connected to the Internet
Enrollment System is the most intra and internet connected
system (30.53%) while Cafeteria System is last in the ranking for
both connections. The ranking is as follows: enrollment, e-
learning, library, grading, graduate tracer, information and
publication, employee records and profile system, accounting
related, payroll, appraisal and evaluation, decision support, budget
preparation and monitoring, hostel, and cafeteria system.
6. FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATION
The following findings and conclusions are revealed based on the
analysis and interpretation of results:
The annual IT expenditures in the HEIs vary. There were 17
respondents (22.7%) who indicated that their school has an annual
IT expenditure of Php 500,000.00 to Php 1M and 16 respondents
(21.2%) indicated that they have Php 1M to Php 2M annual IT
expenditures. On the other hand, only 2 of the respondents (2.7%)
have a more than Php 11M annual IT expenditures in the HEIs.
 Philippine Information Technology Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1, February 2012 7

Information Systems Responses No Response

L E LE NA
Enrollment System 52 (54.74 %) 1 (1.05 %) 29 (30.53 %) 11 (11.58 %) 2 (2.10 %)
E-Learning 10 (10.53 %) 10 (10.53 %) 24 (25.26 %) 41 (43.16 %) 10 (10.52 %)
Grading System 47 (49.47 %) 3 (3.16 %) 21 (22.11 %) 21 (22.11 %) 3 (3.15 %)
Graduate Tracer / Alumni
14 (14.74 %) 10 (10.53 %) 18 (18.95 %) 45 (47.37 %) 8 (8.41 %)
Management System
Library System 40 (42.11 %) 0 0.00 22 (23.16 %) 26 (27.37 %) 7 (7.36 %)
Cafeteria / Food Services
11 (11.58 %) 0 0.00 5 (5.26 %) 67 (70.53 %) 12 (12.63 %)
System
Hostel / Dorm Services
6 (6.32 %) 0 0.00 6 (6.32 %) 67 (70.53 %) 16 (16.83 %)
System
Information and Publication
14 (14.74 %) 10 (10.53 %) 17 (17.89 %) 42 (44.21 %) 12 (12.63 %)
System
Employee Records and Profile
45 (47.37 %) 4 (4.21 %) 11 (11.58 %) 29 (30.53 %) 6 (6.31 %)
System
Payroll System 46 (48.42 %) 3 (3.16 %) 10 (10.53 %) 28 (29.47 %) 8 (8.41 %)
Appraisal and Evaluation
29 (30.53 %) 3 (3.16 %) 7 (7.37 %) 47 (49.47 %) 9 (9.47 %)
System
Accounting Related System 55 (57.89 %) 4 (4.21 %) 11 (11.58 %) 20 (21.05 %) 5 (5.27 %)
Decision Support with Data
Analytics /Management 23 (24.21 %) 2 (2.11 %) 7 (7.37 %) 51 (53.68 %) 12 (12.63 %)
Reporting System
Budget Preparation and
26 (27.37 %) 3 (3.16 %) 7 (7.37 %) 47 (49.47 %) 12 (12.63 %)
Monitoring System
Legend: L = IS is Intranet-based only; E = IS is Internet-based only; LE = IS is Intranet-based & at the same time connected to the Internet;
NA = not applicable
Table 3. Type of IS Connectivity Available in the HEIs

The fastest Internet connectivity among the HEIs which
participated in the study is 16-20 mbps and the least bandwidth
connected to the HEIs is 1 mbps. However, 40 (65.6%)
respondents said that their school has installed within 1 to 5 mbps
of internet connectivity.
The number one in rank of the most developed or customized IS
in the HEIs is the enrollment and grading system. There were
34.74 % of the respondents that indicated that a library system is
the most outsourced IS in the HEIs while 78.95 % of the
respondents revealed that Hostel or Dorm Services System is the
most unavailable IS in the HEIs in the Philippines. Accounting-
related system is ranked first when it comes to Local Area
Network connectivity while E-learning, Alumni Management
System, Information and Publication System are the most
available Internet-connected systems used in the HEIs.
The increasing role and demands of IT in the development of an
organization calls for an active reaction to the challenges of the
information society. IT plays a significant impact in the HEIs in
the Philippines. However, the HEIs in the Philippines are
technologically challenged of keeping abreast to the latest trend
and development in IT.
There is nothing wrong with IT. IT is not a dominant player;
instead it facilitates learning in the higher education institutions in
the Philippines. It provides opportunities for knowledge
formation, acquisition and distribution among the resources within
the organization. An IT resource is a responsibility for all
stakeholders. MIS heads, administrators, faculty, staff, students
and other stakeholders should work together to overcome the
challenges of the constraining effect of technology on the learning
process. The way to overcome this constraining effect is through
the strength component of general education component of the
curriculum.
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to extend my acknowledgement and appreciation to
the following: 1) HEIs through their School Heads, MIS Heads
and Directors, for responding the request to answer the survey
questionnaire; 2) Philippine Society of IT Educators, Computing
Society of the Philippines, Philippine e-Learning Society, Cebu
Educational Foundation for Information Technology, and the ICT
Association in Dumaguete and Negros Oriental, for sharing their
database of members; 3) Silliman University through the Faculty
Development Committee, for the financial assistance during the
conduct of the study on the analysis towards the IT landscape; 4)
Dr. Betsy Joy B. Tan and Dr. Reynaldo Y. Rivera, for their never-
ending support as advisers.
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