CBSE Term Il 2022 Mathematics Class IX ®&% Complete Theory in Sync with Syllabus Case Based Questions @ Short/Long Answer Questions @& 3 Practice Papers with Explanations Author Vishal Kumar Mehta darihant ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (School Division Series)sk arihant ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (School Division Series) © Publisher ‘No part ofthis publication may be re-produced, stored in a retrieval system or by any ‘means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, veb or otherwise without the written permission of the publisher. Arihant has obtained all the information in this book from the sources believed to be reliable and true. However, Arihant or its editors or authors or illustrators don't take any responsibilty for the absolute accuracy of any information published and the damage or loss suffered thereupon. ‘All disputes subject to Meerut (UP) jurisdiction only. ‘8 Administrative & Production Offices Regd. Office ‘Ramchhaya' 4577/15, Agarwal Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi -110002 Tele:011- 47630600, 43518550 % HeadOffice Kalindi,TP Nagar, Meerut (UP) - 250002, Tel: 0121-7156203, 7156204 46 Sales & Support Offices Agra, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Barely, Chenna, Delhi / henna Delhi, Hyderabad Jip hans Kolata Lidkrom, Nagpur Shoe 4% ISBN: 978-93-25796-50-8 ‘PRICE: 200.00 PO No, TXT-59-TO46115-11-24 Published by Arhant Publications india} Lt Tercune: information about the books published by Arian ks ashy 1 nooks Published by Arihant, log onto nf rotowuson @ ES finiContents CHAPTER 01 Polynomials 1-20 CHAPTER 02 . Quadrilaterals 21-49 CHAPTER 03 Circles 50-81 CHAPTER 04 Constructions 82-101 CHAPTER 05 Surface Areas and Volumes 102-132 CHAPTER 06 Probability 133-152 Practice Papers (1-3) 153-165 Watch Free Learning Videos Subscribe arihant You) Channel % Video Solutions of CBSE Sample Papers Chapterwise Important MCQs @ CBSE UpdatesSyllabus CBSE Term II Class IX Marks No. ‘Unit Name a 1 Algebra (cont) = 1 Geometry cont) m Mensuration (cont.) — = Statistics & Probability (cont.) _ 0 . OS Total 40 ~ internal Assessment: Term I _10 Grand Total 50 i Defmition of a polynomial in one variable, with examples and counter examples. Coefficients of ‘a polynomial terms of a polynomial and zero polynomial. Degree of a polynomial. Constant, linear quadratic and cubic polynomials. Monomials, binomials, trinomials. Factors and muttiples. Zeros of a polynomial. Factorization ‘of ax?-+ bx +c, a#0 where a, band care real ‘numbers, and of cubic polynomials using the Factor Theorem. Recall of algebraic expressions and identities. Verification of identities ety taPaxtty? + zi + Ixy + 2yzt 22x (tym xP ty? Bxy ty) ety = (ty) Fy ty and their use in factorization of polynomials. kgs GEOMETRY 2. Quadrilaterals : : Prov iT sioconl divides a parallelogram into two congruent triangles. 2 Motate fy parallelogram opposite sides are equal, and conversely. @ parallelogram opposite angles are equal, and conversely.3 6. (Motivate) A qua: pha eon A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of its opposite sides Is parallel 5. (Motive . rea Ina parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other and conversely. Motivate) In a trlangle, the line segment joining the mid-point of any two sides fs parallel ird side and in half of it and (motivate) its converse. CIRCLES mR enn arrive at definition of citcle and related concepts-radius, circumference, Glameter chord arc, secant, sector, segment subtended ange. + Prove) Equal chords ofa circle subtend equal angles atthe centre and (motivate) ts 2. (Motivate) The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord and conversely, the line drawn through the centre of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to the chord. 3. (Motivate) Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the centre (or their respective centres) and conversely. (Motivate) The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle. 5. (Motivate) Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal. (Motivate) The sum of either of the pair of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180° and its converse. CONSTRUCTIONS 1. Construction of bisectors of line segments and angles of measure 60°, 90°, 45° etc., equilateral triangles. Construction of a triangle given its base, base angle. sum/difference of the other two sides and one MENSURATION SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES Surface areas and volumes of cubes, cuboids, spheres (including hemispheres) and right circular cylinders/cones. STATISTICS & PROBABILITY PROBABILITY History, Repeated experiments and observed frequency approach to probability. Focus is on empirical probebility. (A large amount of time to be devoted to group and to individual or tics to motivate the concept; the experiments to be drawn from real- Iie situations, and from examples used in the chapter on statistics).acta arate frat ae efaTeret, earet ATT) ARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION rsnieson under hema ofevention, Ov. CENTRAL BO (an Autonomous Date: July 05, 2024 Ccase/DIR (ACAD) 2024 Circular No: Acad-51/2021 an the Heads of Schools affillated to CBSE for Boi . special Scheme of Assessment SPenill for the Session 2021-22 used almost all CBSE schools to function in virtual mode for most part of the academic session ‘of 2020-21. Due to the extreme risk vated wit fing the second wave in April associated with the conduct of Board examinations during econ 2021, CBSE had to can XII Board examinations of the year 2021 and results are tO ‘of a credible, reliable, flexible and valid altemative assessment policy. This, in turn, also necessitated deliberations over alternative ways to look at the learning objectives as well as the conduct of the Board Examinations for the academic session 2021-22 in case the situation remains unfeasible. ard Examination Classes X OVID 19 pandemic cat CBSE has also held stake holder consultations with Government schools as well as private independent schools from across the country especially schools from the covets tural areas and a majority of them have requested for the rationalization of the sylabus, similar to last year in view of reduced time permitted for organizing online ciasses. The\Board has also considered the concems regarding differential dvalebilly of electronic gadgets, connectivity and effectiveness of online teaching ‘and other socio-economic issues specially with respect to students from economically weaker section and those residing in far flung areas of the country. in 2 survey conducted by CBSE, it was revealed that the rationalized syllabus notified for the session 2020-21 was effective for schools in covering the syllabus and helped leamers in actiieving learning objectives in a less stressful manner. at Pe. Ae REP I in line with the Board's continued focus on assessing paris penta by making the examinations competencies and core ae en ours ntric, . transparent, technology-driven, and having Tae is tas ie matives for different future scenarios, the following luced for the Academic Session for Class X and Class XIl 2021-22.7 (cacy er renter, fire ste Rar stare, sre arr at at wen ear itt) == CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (An Autonomous Organon under the Miitry of Eduction, vt of nda) ‘Special Scheme for 2021.22 Academic session to be divided into 2 Terms with approximately 50% syllabus in each term: The syllabus for the Academic session 2021-22 will be divided into 2 terms by following a systematic approach by looking into the interconnectivty of Concepts and topics by the Subject Experts and the Board will conduct examinations at the end of each term on the basis of the bifurcated syllabus. This is done to increase the probability of having a Board canducted classes X and Xil examinations at the end of the academic session. B. The syllabus for the Board examination 2021-22 will |be rationalized Similar to that of the last academic session to be notified H July 2021. For academic transactions, however, schools will follow the) curriculum and syllabus released by the Board vide Circular nol F.1001/CBSE- Acad/Curriculum/2021 dated 31 March 2021. Schools will I$0 use alternative academic calendar and inputs from the NCERT on) transacting the curriculum, ©. Efforts will be made to make Internal Assessment/ hretea Project work more credible and valid as per the guidelines and|Moderation Policy to be announced by the Board to ensure fair distribution oan Details of Curriculum Transaction f } * Schools will continue teaching in distance mode till the/uthorities permit in- Person mode of teaching in schools. if * Classes IX-X: Internal Assessment (throughout the. year-irespective of Term | and Il) would include the 3 periodic tests, studs onieboec, portfolio and practical work/ speaking listening activities/ project | * Classes XI-XII: Internal Assessment (throughout the year-irrespective of Term | and II) would include end of topic or unit tests/ exploratory activities! practicals/ projects. * Schools would create a student profile for all asse¢sment undertaken over the year and retain the evidences in digital format. * CBSE will facilitate schools to upload marks of Intgrnal Assessment on the CBSE IT platform. | * Guidelines for Internal Assessment for all subjects Will also be released along with the rationalized term wise divided syllabus for the session 2021-22. The Board would also provide additional resources tke sample assessments, question banks, teacher training etc. for more yiflable and valid internal assessments. |To cover this situation, we have given both MCQsand Subjective Questions in each Chapter. en | arate arate frat ate (fire tere, rer arene a rete en Ferree eT) CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION {An Autonomous Organiaaion under the Minit of Education, Govt. tia) ‘Term Examinations: * At the end of the first term, the Board will organize Term | Examination in a flexible schedule to be conducted between November-December 2021 with a window period of 4-8 weeks for schools situated In different parts of country and abroad. Dates for conduct of examinatior Ns will be notified subsequently, * The Question Paper will have Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) including issertion-reasoning type. Duration of test will be 90 minutes and it will cover only the rationalized syllabus of Term | only (e. approx. 50% of the entire syllabus). * Question Papers will be sent b y the CBSE to schools along with marking ‘scheme. The exams will be conducted under the supervision of the External Center Superintendents and Observers appointed by CBSE. The responses of students will be captured on OMR sheets which, after Scannig may be directly uploaded at CBSE portal or alternatively may be evaluated and marks obtained will be uploaded by the school on the very same day. The final direction in this regard will be conveyed to schools by the Examination Unit of the Board. * Marks of the Term | Examination will contribute to the final overall score of students.| ination! Year-end Examination: ‘+ At the end|\of the second term, the Board would organize Term II or Year- end Examination based on the rationalized syllabus of Term II only (ie. approximately 50% of the entire syllabus). * This pe ie would be held around March-April 2022 at the examination centres fixet| by the Board, «The paper. will be of 2 hours duration and have questions of different formats: (cais¢-based/ situation based, open ended- short answer! long answer type),\\ Incase the situation is not conducive for normal descriptive examination a 90 minute MCQ based exam will be conducted at the end of the Term Il also. Term Ui Ex: * Marks of the lem II Examination would contribute to the final overall score. FSR REN HI a SaFar sree, rer eee ter em FATT TI) CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (dn Autonomous Organastion under the Minty of Edvetion, Gov of ina) Assessment /E: ion. situation A. In case the situation of the pandemic Improves and students are able to come to schools or centres for taking the exams. Board would conduct Term | and Term II examinations at schools/centres and the theory marks will be distributed equally between the two exams. B. In case the situation of the pandemic forces complete closure of schools during November-December 2021, but Term Il exams are held at schools or centres. Term | MCQ based examination would be done by students online/offline from home - in this case, the weightage of this exam for the final score would be reduced, and weightage of Term II exams will be increased for declaration of final result. C. In case the situation of the pandemic forces complete closure of schools during March-April 2022, but Term | exams are held at schools or centres. Results would be based on the performance of students on Term | MCQ based examination and internal assessments. The weightage of marks of Term | examination conducted by the Board will be increased to provide year end results of candidates. D. In case the situation of the pandemic forces complete closure of schools and Board conducted Term | and Il exams are taken by the candidates from home in the session 2021-22. Results would be computed on the basis of the Internal Assessment/Practical/Project Work and Theory marks of Term-I and Il exams taken by the candidate from home in Class X / XII subject to the moderation or other measures to ensure validity and reliability of the assessment. In all the above cases, data analysis of marks of students will be undertaken to ensure the integrity of internal assessments and home based exams. Dr. JosephEmmanuel Director (Academics)bead eed Polynomials In this Chapter... Acombination of constants and variables, connected by the four fundamental arithmetical operations +, -, x and +, is called an algebraic expression. eg 6r?—5y? + 2ry is an algebraic expression, where x and are variables and 6, ~5, 2are constants. An algebraic expression in which the variables involved, only ‘on-negative integral power, is called a polynomial. Polynomial in One Variable polynomial in one variable x of degree nis an algebraic expression of the form ple) = agx" +0542") + 0,9" + tagr® + ax + dq where, a9, @1, dg,-..»@, are constants anda, #0. eg. p(x)=3x° + 2c” — Tx +5 is a polynomial in the variable x(one variable). Term and Coefficient of a Polynomial The part of a polynomial separated by ‘+’ or ~' sign is called aterm of the polynomial, Each term of a polynomial has a coefficient, which is the constant associated with that term. eg. In polynomial x - 4x +7, the expressions x, 4x and 7 are called terms of the polynomial and here coefficient of x* is 1, coefficient of x is - 4. Degree of a Polynomial Highest power of the variable in a polynor degree of that polynomial. Degree of a Polynomial in One Variable Fora polynomial in one variable, the highest power of the variable is called the degree of a polynomial eg. 2x! —6x° + 4x-+1 is a polynomial in x of degree 4. [since, the highest power of x is 4] Degree of a Polynomial in Two or More Variables Tnapolynomial in more than one variable, the sum of the powers of the variables in each term is taken up and the highest sum so obtained is called the degree of a polynomial. eg. Tx® —5x?y? + Say + 6y + 8is a polynomial in x and y of ynial is known as the degree 4. [since, the highest sum of powers of x and y is 2 +2, ie. 4] Classifications of Polynomials On the Basis of Number of Terms On the basis of number of terms, the polynomials can be classified as: (i) Monomial A polynomial containing one non-zero term, is called a monomial ‘mono’ means ‘one’) eg. 52, 7, 3x°, 7x? and ué are all monomials.(ii) Binomial A polynomial containing two non-zero terms, is called a binomial (‘bi' means ‘two’) 8-24 are binomials, taining thre (tri? means ‘three). e.g. (8+ 3x+x°),(7+52y + Gay?) and (V2+¥—x") are trinomials. On the Basis of Degree of Variables On the basis of degree of variables, the polynomials can be classified as: (i) Constant Polynomial A polynomial of degree zero, is called constant polynomial. ¢g.3.—Tand 7/4 are constant polynomials, Gi) Linear Polynomial A polynomial of degree 1, is called a linear polynomial €g. 2 +5 is a linear polynomial in x. So, standard form of a linear polynomial in x will be ax+b, where a,b are constants and a #0. (ii) Quadratic Polynomial A polynomial of degree 2, is called a quadratic polynomial. e.g 3x? + 7x + 9is a quadratic polynomial in x. So, a quadratic polynomial in x is of the form ax* +be+0, where a, b, care constants and a #0. (iv) Cubie Polynomial A polynomial of degree 3, is called a cubic polynomial. e.g. 7x° —5x* + 3x — is a cubic polynomial in x. So, a cubic polynomial in x is of the form ax*+bx* +cx+d, where a, b,c, d are constants and a#0. (v) Biquadratic Polynomial A polynomial of degree 4, is called a biquadratic polynomial. e.g. 52° ~ 7° + Br? — 12x — 10 is a biquadratic polynomial in x. A biquadratic polynomial in x is of the form ax‘ +bx° +x” +dx+e, where a, b, c,d, e are constants anda #0. (vi) n Degree Polynomial A polynomial of degree n in x is an expression of the form Plt) = a,x" +4, 42" $a, 9x”? tert agx® tax tay where, dy, @n15 +1495, 9 are constants anda, #0, Tyo, sony Ogk*, ay, dg are known as the terms of the polynomial p(x) and ys y-15 yp ly, @y, Mg are known as their coefficients. Here, a,x", a,_)% _ CBSE Term Il | Mathemat, cBseT ial [fay =a, =a) =...=a, =0 (vii) Zero Polynomial all constants are zero), then we get the zero neat ipo ‘which is denoted by 0. were ; “Thus; ' Zeroes of a Polynomial aed Value of a Polynomial By us The value of a polynomial obtained on putting a particula, Write oaebfo rs ealled the value of a polynomial, in th polveot ea ok) atx = @ (say) is denoted by pf, x) = 5x? - 2x? +3x—2 valuc of a eg Let wh Atel, pl) =5(1)°- 20)? +3) -2 oe -243-2=8-4=4 ie! So, 4is the value of given polynomial p(x) at x= 1 we Zero of a Polynomial _ ; h that play = MS ial p(x) is a number a, suc! )=0, ream i alo called the root of pol/nomial equation p(x) = 0. +7 7). Z)st--1+7=0 » 3) i ( 5 Hence, x=— i is a zero (or root) of p(x). Method to Check Whether the Given Value is a Zero of a Polynomial or Not Ifa polynomial in one variable (say 2) is given to us anda value of variable x= (say) is also given, then to check that given value of xis a zero of given polynomial or not, we use the following steps Step I Firstly, consider the given polynomial say p(x) Step I Putx = cin given polynomial p(x) and find the value of pic). Step WII If p(c) = 0, then x = cwill be a zero of given polynomial and'if p(c) + 0, then x = ewill not bea zer0 of given polynomial, Factorisation of a Polynomial By Splitting the Middle Term Let factors of the quadratic polyno; > + bet cbe (pr + q) and (rx +s) mala’ tbs Then, ax? + br + ¢ Quadratic Pr +9) (rx +5) = pre? Pre’ + (Ps +ar)x + qs 8 the coeffic, from both sides, we petticients ofx*, rand constant terns econ bs PPPs + grand ex gseer tig The Ggse Term | Mathematics Ix ce beth so oft ers and gr hove pret Be eerie = Pesce ax? + Dx + e-srite as the sn of 80 cs 10 py Using Factor Theorem write the given polynomial px) = av? 4 bv4e the form - a,b lee “) a nsrma( where, ETE? obs + ie. firstly make the coefficient of x? equal to one if it is not rind al the possible factors of constant term (r a ) tat trial method, find the factors at which g(x) = Osay, {nd x=. Further, write g(x) as the product of factors, fen ix) =(8—0)ex—B )and put this value of g(x) in Eq. (i) to get required factors of p(x). Factorisation of a Cubic Polynomial To factorise a cubic polynomial, we use the following steps: ‘Step I Write the given cubic polynomial pix)=ax® +bx® + cr+din the form plx)=afx° abe sherd) cata Ai) c,d oe where, g(x)=x* bats. aa ie. first make the coefficient of x* equal to one if it is not one and then find the constant term, Step HL Find all the possible factors of constant term (4) of a atx). Step UICheck at which factor of constant term, p(x) is zero by using trial method and get one factor of p(x), (ie.x-a), a x pox) asthe product of this factor anda ratic polynomial. alas? thx ter) je pha le i erm method or factor Step V_ Apply splitting the middle term m , Pe heorem in quadleatic polynomial to Bet another tw he three factors of given factors. Thus, we get all t cuthic polynomial. Algebraic Identities [Am identity is an equality, which is true for all values of its iversal trutl ivahles in the eqtiality, ie. an identity is 2 uni Senn hseful algebraic identities are given below: (ety =x Hout (x-y)2 =x? 2g ty? (ii) x? -y? =(x-x ty) (iv) (xa) (e+ b)= 2? +(at bla + ab (w) (x+y +2)" ax? ty? 42? + Dey + Dyz + Dex Ex? + Dry (vi) (xy) aa9 ty? +3aylz ty) xP by? +3x2y + Sry? —y® -3xy(x-y) 9 y8 any + Say? (iti) x° — y? =(e-? tay ty? )=Ee y)(e-yP? +3ry] Sry] (vi) (ey)? (in) x9 + y? =(x + yx? —xy ty*)=(x tw) (x) 8 ty +25 -Sxyz a(etyta)(x? ty? +2? —xy- 2 = xy + ys + ax) x) a(xty ta) [(x+y += if (x+y +z) =Othen x? +y° +2° =3xyz (xi) x? ty? 42° —ay—ys- 1 [e-y)? #(y-2)? +2-9)7] 2expressions are “Which of the following om jable(s)? State als in one or more Vari Example (iat + 2y 4 iv) Wy 02 +3 82 4 Oy +1 Here, expression is in two variables and all powers of diniables are not non-negative integers Hence. itis not a polynomial: (ii) Given, expression is x + 24 +1 Here, expression is in two variables and variables are non-negative intexers Hence, it isa two variable polynomial steete Sol, (i) Given, expres all powers of (ii) Given, expression is ‘Which can be written asx° + 3° +1 Here, expression isin one variable and variable are non-negative integers. Hence, itis a one variable polynomial. (iv) Given, expression is Vy? + 9? +3 Here, expression isin one variable and all powers of variable are not non-negative integers Hence, itis not a polynomial Example 2. Identify the types of following polynomials on the basis of terms. (i) 20y° +3y+8 (i) 4 (iii) x +5 (i) We have, 20y° + 3y + 8 Here, number of terms in given polynomial is 3. Hence, it isa trinomial. (ii) We have, 4 Here, number of terms in given polynomial is 1 Hence, it is amonomial. (iii) We have, x* + 5x , Here, number of terms in given polynomial is 2, Hence, it is a binomial. 3, find the degree of the polynomial all powers of a Sol. Example 3. Ifp g(x)=(p-)° +14. Sol, Given, g(x) =(p-x)° +14 On putting p = 3, we get g(x) =(3-2)P +4 ror, the highest ower OFF 183, soits degree is, ed, Werify whether te following are z dd against ther Ea ealynomial inaicated i) pe i) p=" ox? +x+12atx= > ast +z-6 L Oi Given polynomial fs plz) “8 ‘= 3in Eq. (i, we get On putting = _ Ongar a (-8)~ 6=8-9~8= 9-820 6 fo, 2 = —3is zero of the given polynomial ayy Gham polmomial is p(s) = 98 F212 ee 3 in Eq. (i), we onputtings = Sin Bq. (we get sot 2 | 3 -(2) -(3) +342 3) 7a) ~Aa) “2 e +8 So,x +3 is not a zero of the given polynomial. Example 5. Find the zero of the following polynomik. ; ? 5 Ex (® pla)= 4-3 (i) p(t) = 24-2 is ‘Sol. (i) Given polynomial is p(x) = 4 - 3x c On putting p(x) = 0, we get 4-34=0 > eed > 4 Hence, x == i lence, x = isthe zero of the given polynomial (ji) Given polynomial is p(t) = at —© 2 On putting p(t) = 0, we get = * Hence, # = 5 7 the zero of the given polynomial.CBSE Term Il'| Mathematics IX ple 6. If x? + px — 30 =(x —5)(x +6), for all x, find = 0) =0-0-3=-3. Bratt value of eee 1) 210 (1) = )® -3 ‘ot. Since (x 5) and(x + 6) are factors of polynomial =10-4- ame H=2) = 10x(~2) - 4-2)" -3 29-16 -9=-39 and - 2) =- 39 ba) Gare zeroes of the polynomial : = Gand k- 6) =0 Hence, 0) == 3.41 a St 5)-90-0 Example 10. 1f(x +4)is a factor of the polynomial t > x) —x? — 14x +24, find its other factors. = Sol, Given x" ~ sx" —Mde +24 : Sinco (x + 4) sa factor of x? ~ <2 ~ Lae + 24 pe Therefore by dividing x° — x? ~ 14x + QW by (x + 4), we get x? 5x +6 @ By splitting middle term =x? — Sx ~ 2x + 6 -Ax-3) the coeffici (x = 3) (x - 2) ies pa ‘Therefore other factors of? —x* ~ L4x + 24are(x—9) and ; Example 7. Find the zeroes of the polynomial (x-2) J phx) =(x — 2)" — (2 +2)? : tae . Example 11. Factorise x* — 3x" +2. Sol. Given, polynomial is hx) =(x ~ 2)? ~(x + 2)? eee Cm nat aes “Pata? = then th xxpression becomes = (x= 2)? -(x + 2)? =0 Puts’ m wien 1e given expres: => (x-24x42)(x-2-x-2)=0 oa) sy? —3y 42 [using identify a? - b? =(a + b)(a—b)) => pr)=y? dy yt = 2x(~4)=0 dy 2) -My=2) =(y- 2) (y=) = =a =0 Put y =2%, we get > ae pla) =(a? ~ 2) (2 = 1)=[62)* — (12)? - 1)" Hence, zero of given polynomial is 0. (a -fBXe + x18 1) [+ (a? b*) =(a—b\(a+b)] Example 8. If f(t) =4¢? — 3: +6 find (i 12} (i) f(-8) ; = 2-30 +2. Sol. Given, f(t) =4t? - 3¢ +6 Example 12. Factorise x? + 2 0 s2)=+(8) -ax26 Sol? +4 -2-ar+2 3. 3, 3 a a ntxd-246 -(2+3-4}-5(-) “Be J DME) 9 x x WUx meee [+ (a-b)? =a? +b? -2ab] ar) ; 2 2 ees Eaanple 13. Factorise ae y)? + 63x +y)-8. ee Z at 3e <* » " ie = en exressin becomes i ~ 8=5p* +10p~4p— F Fit -$ foll Example 9. Find p{0), p(1) and p(-2) for the following [by splitting the middle term] polynomials. =5pp+ 2)—Ap+ 2) pix) =10x—4x -3 =(p+ 2)(5p- 4) On putting p = 3x + y in above expression we get, Sol. Given, phx) = 10x - 4x? = 3 So, 0) =10x0-4x(0? -3 = (Se + y +2) (15x + 5y— 4)a PD g CBSE Term tt | athena, Squaring both sides, we get Example 14. If Vu + Ve - Vw =0, find the value of (ut+o-w). - Sol. Given, Vas eve 5 Ves ove - Squaring both sides, ee it «(lat Again, squaring both sides, we get 2 ee eae (#+4) = (83)? = utes acne Example 15. Find y? + andy! + y > yt Sol. Given, y-bag y* a Chapter Practice Objective Questions Multiple Choice Questions 1 ‘Which one of the following is a Polynomial? 2 @F-z Wve 2+ Ee eS 2, Degree of the zero polynomial is @o 1 (any natural number —_(d) not defined 3, V2isa polynomial of degree (a2 wo 1 @t 4. Degree of the polynomial 4x4 + 0x° + 0x5 +5x+7 is INCERT Exemplar] (a4 5 3 @7 5. Zero of the zero polynomial is @o 1 (©) any real number (@) not defined 6. Ifp(x)=x+3, then p(x) +p(~x)is equal to @3 ae (o (6 1. Zero of the polynomial p (x)= 2x +5 is INCERT Exemplar] 2 5 2 5 w-§ w-F 5 @; 8 The value of the polynomial 5x — 4x* +3, when x=-lis @)-6 )6 (2 (@-2 9. Ifp(x) =x? — 22x +1, then p(2V2)is equal to (a0 a 1 (42 (d) 8v2 +1 10. One of the zeroes of the oe 2x? + Tx - Ais INCERT Exemplar] (a2 wy (d)-2 1 @-5 11. (x +1)is a factor of the polynomial @ e+e x41 Wo+etxel atte tee xt 430432 +241 12, Ifx +1is a factor of the polynomial 2x” +kx, then the value of kis (@)-3 4 2 @-2 13, The factorisation of 4x? +8x+3is INCERT Exemplar] (b)(2e+ 1) (2x4 3) (a)(x+1) (x4 3) (d)(2x-1)(2x-3) (c)(2x+ 2)(2e+5) 14. The value of 249” — 2487 is (@i? 47 (9487 (@as7 15. One of the factors of (25x7 —1) +(1+5z)* is (@)5+x (b)5-x (0)5x-1 (d) 10x. 16. The coefficient of x in the expansion of (x +3)° is @1 09 18 (a 17, If 49x? -b= (r= + ) (x - 3) then the value of b is [NCERT Exemplar] @o OF 1 1 ot @} 18. Which of the following is a factor of (ety)? -(x° +9)? (a) + y* + day Wet y¥-xy ay (@) 3ey 19. weet =~1(wherex, y #0), then the value of (NCERT Exemplar] 1 @ i x -yis (@. )-1 020. One of the dimensions of the cuboid whose fs BGKx2y — 21Kxy? + SKY. is feaeey All ofthese (a) ak ay av—w © Case Based MCQs 21. An object which is thrown sd into the air, Subject to only the acceleration of gravity is called a projectile, and its path is called its trajectory: This Curved path was shown by Galileo to be @ parabola. Parabola is represented by a polynomial. If the polynomial to represent the distance covered is Aix) =~ 3x? +240 +12 (@) What is the degree of the polynomial? wo OT @2z @s (Gi) Find the height of the projectile 5 seconds after its launch, erm 92m 8m (€) 68 m (iii) The polynomial is classified as ......... on the basis ‘of number of terms. (a) Linear polynomial (b) Monomial (© Binomial (@ Trinomial (je) The name of polynomial on the basis of degree is (@) Cubic polynomial (b) Constant polynomial (©) Quadratic polynomial (€) Bi-quadratie polynomial («) Hfequation of parabola is given by pix) = 3x" — 2x— 4, then value of p(2) is @s 4 ow 6 22. D.AV School of Delhi decided different types of tours for the students to educated them. So in class 1%, hth times the square ofthe total number of students planned to visit historical monuments ah times the member of students planned to visit old age homes while 15 students decided to teach poor children. (i) Using above information, express the total numbers of students as a polynomial in term of x, eT 2.7 2+ Deeds we + taro mod #7 owed 242 E+ E10 @e+tes (di) Write the coefficient of xin polynomial. 9 7 u 1B ) 2 (4 7 18 "2 Op Op (ili) Write the coefficient of x* in polynomial. 1 1 1 (a) tb) — {= (d) 5 (ais CASE Term Matheney, My (iv) Value of pat x= 2 case Termin wy pit Fa] 2 wit wg (o) Value of pha) at x= =1 > eA DB od fi oe eee en 2 oubiec 23. Pulkit along with his four friends visited. 1, of Sumit, who was a common friend. There yt @ Short An! meet his father, who was having. interest fn tify tathematies, Sumit’ father wanted totes thy eet practical knowledge of all his friends, so he ae (i) 3x? + many abject like a cuboid shaped geometn Tevtangular photo frame, acirealarcardberere= =) At Square shaped files and a cube. He started following question on by one. ng 7 3. Which your ai (a (Cuboid Geomety Box) (Rectangular Photo Frame) ai) Ve 2. Find th a” (Ctroular Cardboard) (i) Ifthe area of circular cardboard is 49nx? + 70nx + 251, what is the radius of this object? G@)(7x+5) @)x(tx+5) @ Fi ()-5/7 @us < (ii) If the volume of geometry box is x° — 2x? -x+2, 9. If what are the possible dimensions of this box? e (@)(x+ 1), (+ 1), (2+ 2) O)(E+ 1D), (= 1), (+2) fate ((z—D), (8+ 1), (2-2) (XV), (@-Vs (2-2) (iii) If the area of a file is 4x” + 4x +1 what is the perimeter of this file? (art) Wart 43. (o) A2e+1) (a) (8x+ 2) 4. (iv) If the area of rectangular photo frame is 12x? — 7x-+ 1, what are the possible dimen: photo frame? (a)(3x- 1) (4x~-1) (@(3e=1) (4 +1) (v) Ifthe volume of cube is 84° ~ b® what is the side of cube? (a)(2a+ b) (b)(2a-b) (©)(2a+ 3b) (€)(3a~2) WE 12.1 sionsof «18. (b)(3e+ 1), (4x +1) 16. (@)(3x+ 1), (4e-1) 120% + 6b” 7EE BSE Term I Mathematics Ix ' ? Subjective Questions . ran « Short Answer Type Questions 4, Identify the following types of polynomials, on the ry basis of degree. ho ay (i) 3 45 bog uy at 2. Find the coefficient of x? in (ax +29) (« + 2} 3. Which of the following are polynomials? Justify your answer. () x9 +37 +2 (i) VE 44x42 at txt 43x (ai) —~—+2 (ii) 2° +4241 4, Find the zero of a polynomial 2x +4. 5, Ifx =Sand x = Oare zeroes of the polynomial 2x4 —8x° +ax +b, then find the values ofa and b. 6. Verify that whether -2and 3 are zeroes of the polynomial x* — x - 6. 7, x- Lisa factor of the polynomial. Yes or No? 8. Find mand n, if (x +2) and (x +1) are the factors of x9 43x? -2mx +n. 9. Ifp{x)=x° — 4x” +2 +6, then show that p(3)=0 and hence factorise pfx). 10. Factorise x° + 2x? -5x -6. 11. Factorise x? —5x + 6 by using factor theorem. 12. Using factor theorem, factorise x° - 6x? + 3x +10. 13, Factorise the following x° — x? +ax+x-a-1. 14, Factorise x° — 2x2y + 3xy? - 6y°. 15. Factorising 2x” + 7x +3 by splitting the middle term. 1 16. Factorise (i) 2x? — 2 (ii) 7V2 x? 10x - 4v2. 17. Factorise (x? + 4) - 2a-a® -5. ry 3 18, 1fa2 +2 =91, what isthe positive value of a=" $2-2e— cel iactorise x? +5 x 19. F Hs jae 20. simplify \2a? + 206 ab + 3b? 24, Find the product (« -t)(a lw + LY(« + suitable identity. 22. Fuctorise a!?y* a" y'?. 23. Simplify 27° - (3x - y)°. Jasin eS 24, Factorise “— — 64 — 3x? + 24x by using suitable identity. Evaluate (104)° by using suitable identity. . Factorise a%(b—c)® +b°(c—a)? +c%(a—b)” 1. Factorise 25x" + 4y? +927 — 20xy — 12yz + 30zx by using suitable identity. 28. Ifxty+z=l,sytyztex= the value of x° +y° +2°. SBR Land xyz =~ 1, find 29. Factorise the following. (i) Ox? + 4y? +1652 + 12ey —16y2—24x= (ii) 16x? + 4y? +9z° -16xy —12yz + 24xz 30. Simplify the following expressions. (i) (ety tz)? +(e+y-2)? (2e—p+e)? 31. Factorise the following expressions. (i) 25x? + Oy? + 92? — 30xy — 18yz + 300 (ii) 9x? + 16y® + 42” — 24xy + L6yz — 12 32. Ifa+b +c=9and ab +be + ca= 40, then the value ofa? +b? 40%, (i) Qe +p-e)?— © Long Answer Type Questions 33. Identify the types of following polynomials on the basis of their degree. (5 (ii) 2x-3 (iii) 28° 30? 454-4 (iv) By? ay +5 (v) Qa4 -5x9 44x? -3r4294. Find the cel jent ol polynomials pant payt aoe art) the following wer wien (ui) (2 = 5B" (in) (AE? 35. Evaluate the fing : 21-9 find fix) FI of eg at ashen tT (ii) gid = a3e? 43041. find 1 aeosacsisa(s} 138, Find the zeroes of the polynomial in each o following 7 f the <4 6x 2-7 1s) fix)=4-8r 7. Factorise x? +5x — 66 by using factor theorem. ‘38. Factorise 3u° ~ 4u? -12u +16. 38. Factorise 2x5 -5x? - 19x +42. 1 a. Iboth x-2and x—— are factors of px? +5x +r, then show that p 41. Factorise 3x? + 7x - 6 by splitting the middle term. @ ifr =(2+¥5)!? +(2- V5)!” and y=(2+V5)" ~(2— 5)", evaluate x® + y?, 43. Simplify (a? ~b?)? +16? ~c2)9 4(c2 a2) (a-b)* +(b- ce) +(c—a) torise the following, 2asah? co (i) 3a" + 625 (ii) x on rybisath (ii) @ 2 ty x(x) +3 yd 1 Ju sitet +o = vfind x Wad ying 46. One-fourth of herd of camels was seen in the * forest. Twice the square ot of the he mountains and the remaining 15 meds were Seen aa pank of a river. Find the total numberof Is, Case Based Questions hway, the path trace by 47. Acar moves on & hig! is shown below ‘The pattern curve path traced in the shape of parabolic. In mathematician form, the given pat), followed the polynomial expression, px)=a,x" +a,x"—! For a polynomial p(x) of degree > 1, pha) =0, when is a real number, then (x — a) is a factor of the polynomial p(x). () Tplx) =x? - 3x? + 4x - 12 then what is the: valu of p(3) and p(— 3)? (ii) i ist valie ofk, the polynomial x + kx? + 3x + 6 exactly divisible by (x+1) (iii) Find the : As ae falue of kif + Lisa factor ofSOLUTIONS objective Questions 40 ge because exponent of is -2 whichis nota whole umber (4) Now, VBR—1 = VB" —1, 1 snot «polynomial vecnre epomtot—wht e number. axt (© Nowa + Sat east Part yet ath au itis a polynomial, because exponent of xis a whole number: zl el function. 2. (d) The degree of zero polynomial is not defined, because in zero polynomial, the coefficient of any variable is zero i.e. Os or 03°, ete Hence, we cannot exactly determine the degree of variable in zero polynomial. 3. &) V2 = 2x". Hence, V2 is a polynomial of degree 0, becaucse exponent of xis 0. 4. (a) Degree of 4x“ + Ox? + 02° +524 7 is equal to the highest power of variable x. Here, the highest power of xis 4 Hence, the degree of this polynomial is 4. 5. (Zero of the zero polynomial is any real number. eg. Let us consider zero polynomial be (x), where k is a real number For determining the zero, put x-k =0=> x=k Hence, zero of the zero polynomial be any real number. 6. (d) Given p(aj = x+3, put x=—xin the given equation, we get pla) =—243 Now, p(x) +p(-x)=243+(-x)+3=6 7. (0) Given, pla) = 245 For zero of the polynomial, put p(x) = 0 it is not a polynomial because it isa rational @ 24520 = Hence, zero of the polynomial pia) is = 8. (a) Let p(x) =5x— 4x" +3 |, we get On putting x=—1 in Eq. p(-1)=5(-1)-4(- 1)? +3 4+3 6 9. (b) Given, pix) = 22 - Wdr+1 i) On putting x= 2V2 in Eq, (i), we get (23) =(2V3)* - (28 22) +1 =8-8+1=1 10. (b) Let p(x) = 22 + Tx 4 222 8-2-4 [by splitting middle term} a axe s-i(xt =(2x- (e+ 4) For zeraes of pCa), put 20 (2x-1) (x44) =0 ax-1=0 and S xe4=0 = xolande=—4 2 Hence, one of the zeroes of the polynomial pl is =. 14. (b) We know that, (x — a) is afactor of px) if fa) = Let da)ee tat - x41, gis)ax et eet], Ha)ext ea? +t 41 and s(x) =34 + 9x? +30? +241 Then, p(—1) =(-1)° + (- 1)? -(-1) +1 L+1+1+1=2 His + (“IP +I +1 1+1-1+1=0 =1)h (<1) + (1) +1 -141+1=2 1) + (-1)8 + K-17 +(-D +1 =1-343-141-1 Since, g(— 1) = 0, therefore (x + 1) isa factor of Peter 12. (c) Let pla) = 2x + kx Since, (x + 1) is a factor of p(x), then p(-1) 2-1) +k-1 => 2-k=0> k=2 Hence, the value of k is 2. 13. (b) Now, 4x° + 8x4 3= 4x0 + 6x+ 2x43 [by splitting middle term] = 2x(2e+ 3) +1 (2x4 3) =(2x+ 3)(2x+ 1) 14, (d) Now, 249° ~ 248° = (249 + 248) (249 ~ 248) {using identity, a? =497x 97 18. (d) Now, (25x* —1) + (1 +52)" = 25a -1 +1 + 25x74 10x [using identity, (a+b)? =a +b? + 2ab] = 50x" + 10x= 10x (5x+ 1) Hence, one of the factor of given polynomial is 10x, a—b)(at by)16.) Now.cx4 2)" =¥ Invsine Klemtity. (4B)? =" 4 BY ah (or BI) aT 4s ae(es a) Sa aa anaes a) = [498 Wh) using identity (a+ bya —B) =a? =] = 490° ch)" = ane -(1) ye =) f aa me oft = Vb)? =(1)" tomuttiptying both sides by I (Xb) = (2) toutiplying both sides by bal 4 18. (€) Now, (x4 y)? —(2 + y?) =(x4 y)? (a+ P= ay ty") using identity, a? +b? =(a+ ba? ~ab +") H(t yllat yt (8 yt a(t yt yt Dey + ayy?) [using identity, (a+b) =(x+ y)(3ey) Hence, one of the factor of given polynomial is xy. 19. (©) Given, =+¥=—1 +b* + 2ab)) y = Ftv, 4 ‘ = Bhan = try syn0 wll) Now, x —y=(x~y) (x? + xy + y*) using identity, a? ~b? =(a—b) (a? + ab + b*)] =(2-y) x0=0 (from Eq. @)) 20. (d) Volume = 36Kxy ~21 Key? + 3Ky? = BK 120" ~ Tay + y*] = BKyf 122? — Ay — Sry + y*] = BKif 4x4 Be -y)— 3x —y)] SKY 4x — y (3x -y) Hence, according to the given options, possible expression for the length/breadth/height is 3Ky or 4x ~ yor 3x —y 21. (i) (c) The degree of polynomial in one variable is the highest power in the algebraic expression. he degree of the equation is 2 _ CBSE Term 1 | Pix) =~ 30? + 24e + 12 cose | Mas PS) MS) + 24x54 12 eee (© Yolo {d) Since, the total number of term,” Ww) (@) The degree of the polynomial is 7 wy (er We (9) (b) Given, phx) = 3x? = 2x — 4 2) = 2)? ~ 42)—4 be 22, (i) (a) Let the total number of students be x hp, wy Hence the polynomial wl be + 7 Gi) 0) Fis coefficient of x subject ai) (©) eee 1 Gis) (@) 2) it Bais 42)- FP 4 PP v5 42-5 +7415 ) K-21) ay + xB +15 1 23. (i) (a) Given, Area of circular cardboard = 49m? + 70m + 25% We know that, Area of circle =r? = (40x? + 70x + 25) = (49x? + 35x + 35x + 25) = nl Tx(Te +5) +5(7x +5)] =n{(7%~+5)") K(Tx +5) (7x +5) Hence the radius of the circle is (7x + 5)-\ (BSE Term It | Mathematics 1x ¢ D~ar-1) vy 9)(¢-1) F(x = Ds? 28 4 9) ‘ PReeae ty ) (c) We have, Area ofa flo= ay? 4 44 4 4 We know that area = (Side)' (ar? 4 Av4 1) (ae 4 1)? LCase by aa? ny ab) iv) (a) Area of rectangle = 1x5 12x? ae $1 4 = 12x? — ae — Br 4d = 4x(3u ~1) ~ (2x —1) dv — 1) (3x —1) 0) (b) Volume of cube = 84° — 5 — 120% + Gab? Volume of cube = (2a)* ~ ()° — Gab(2a — b) (2a —b) [4a* + 2ab + b*)—Gabl 2a-b] 2a ~b) (4a ~ dab +b?) =(2a—b)(2a~by* =(2a—b)* [volume of cube =(side)"] Hence, the side of cube is (2a ~b). Subjective Questions 1. (i) Wehave, 3x7 +5, Here, degree of polynomial 3x” +5 is 2. Hence, it is a quadratic polynomial. (ii) We have, 29+ 42 +1 Here, degree of polynomial 2° + 4z +1 is 3. Hence, itis a cubic polynomial. (ii) We have, 4¢ Here, degree of polynomial 4¢ is 1. Hence, itis a linear polynomial. 2. We have, (3x + x3) ( + 4 z 1 adexrt dex testxrts?xt z z =O 4+ 34 xh ta? axt + dx? +3 So, the coefficient of x? is 4. 3. (i) Given expression is x? + 3x* + 2 Here, we see that a variable has all positive integer powers. Hence, it is a polynomial. (ii) Given expression is Vx° + 4x + 2or a°/? + 4x +2 Here, we see that a variable x has no all integer powers, i.e, x°/” is not an integer power. Hence, it is not a polynomial. xf tx’ + 3x x Here, we see that a variable has all positive integer powers. Hence, it is a polynomial. +2orx* +2" +5. (ili) Given expression is 4. Given polynomial is x) 8. . Let given polynomial be ,Xx) = x* eed “ On pitting A) = 0, we got 2c + 420 Hence, x =~ 218 the zero of the palynomial 2x +4 Lot pox) = 2x) 80? Fae th Since, x = 3180 2040 of the polynomial k3)=0 > %3)'-83) +axd+h=0 = 2x27-8x9+d0+h = 54-724 50+b= = = 18+ 50+ b= = Bath =I8 “ Also, x = 0is a zero of the polynomial ” 10) => XO - KO +ax0+b=0 = 0-0+0+b=0 = bo % On putting b = Oin Eq. i), we get 3a+0=18 = Hence, a = 6and b =0. 2in Eq. (i), we get 2)? -(-2)-6 = 442-6=0 Again, on putting x = 3in Eq (i), we get 13) =(3)* -(3)-6=9-3-6=0 Here, p{-2) = Oand (3) = 0 So, x =—2and x = 3are zeroes of the given polynomial Yes, let assume (x ~ 1) is a factor of 2° — x” — x41. So, is zero of x — x" - +1 Hence, our assumption is true. Let f(x) = 19+ 8x” - Ime +n Since, (x +2) and (x +1) are the factors of f(x). Ey J(-2) = and f(-1) =0 => (-2)°+ 2) -2m(-2)+n = 0 and (-1)*+X=1)? -2m(-1)+n=0 > 8+ 12+4m+n=0 and -1+342n+n=0 > 4m+n=-4 oll and Im+n=-2On multiptsing Eq. iD by 2 and then subtracting Ba (0 from Eq. m+ 9n—(4m +n) = 4-1-4) (On putting n = Oin Eq. (i). we Hence. m 9. Given. hx) Put v= in Fi i. we get fo mal @ W.we get 63) =(3) — 4a)" +34 6= 27-964 9-0 Since, p{3) = @ therefore x ~ Bisa factor of 741). 3). we get Therefore by dividing x? —4n¥ #44 6by (r= sara? on pxde(x- 3K 1-2) beat a(x -Silx(x 2) + Ux 2) (x= 3) + 1x -2) 10. Let fix) =x° + 2° -5x 6 = fi2)=(2)° + 49)" -5 x2— Using synthetic division, we have x° + 4+ 3is the other factor = (x—2) (x? 4 de 4 a(x -2) (x9 +e H+ 3) =2) [x(x +3) +(e +9) =(x-2)(x+ (+3) 11. Let given polynomial be f(x) =? ~5x + & Here, coefficient of x* is 1, so we do not need to write it in. the form a g(x). Now, constant term is G and all factors of 6 are 21+223and+6 Atr=2 f()=2 -5x2+6 =4-10+ 6=10-10=0 Atr=3, f(3)=3°-5x3+6 =9-15 + 6=15-15=0 Lerma ee —3)are the factors of given quadratic 12. Let px) = 2° - 6x” + 3x +10 Here, constant term = 10 and coefficient of x° is one. All possible factors of 10 are +1, +2, £5 and +10, At =-1, pI) =(-1)*- @-1)? + 4-1) +10 1-6-3+10=0 So, (x + 1) isa factor of p(x). On dividing p(x) by (x + 1), we get Quotient = x* - 7x +10 So, p(x) =(x +1)(x* -Tx +10) By splitting the middle term, we get px) =(x + 1x? ~(5 + 2)(x) + 10} 8+8-10- (- 245 =7and 2x5 =10) =(x41) (x? 5x24 +10} = (x4 Ife(x 5) - x -5)} =(x+ U(x -2\(x-5) CBSE Term 111 Mathematc, cBSET tat eartecaniedine taccds rol Px I ae Hey 7 a(e- G7 Hat) " 14, Given, ¢! = 2e8y + 3a ~ 6y Take x common from first two terms and 347 From last yy. : terms = 2 (x — 2y) + M(x - 2) 19. Now, take (x ~ 29) common from the terms = (x= ay) (x? + 37) 18. Given polynomial is 2? + 7x + 3. ‘On comparing with ax? + br +c, we Ket 2,b=Tandc 23 ac =2x3 of factors of 6 are 1 and 6, 2 and 3 a Now. So, all possible pairs Clearly, pair 1 and 6 gives 1 + 6 ont + Te4 Ga 20? + (14 6+ 3 aot txt tS exe $1) 4+ H2e + (Qe + Dies 5, 25, 1 24x? -10r + 1 (8 Fess ~ = Ela (6+ a) e+ 1) 16. = 2 [oar? - 6 — = glee 6x — 4 +1) any =1)-M4r- = yp lead 1) — 14-2) L = yg (de D6) (ii) 73x? — 10x - 42 = W2x? — Lax + 4 — V2 [by splitting the middle tern = TWBe(x — V2) + 4(x — V2) = (x - V2) (Wx + 4) 17. (x? + 4)-2a-a? -5 sat 2-0 — (1+ 20442) ext (+a)? Ie (a+b)? Hle-(ealle+( 4a) E(B) =(a—byasd =(x-1-a)(x+1 +a) 18. Given, a + 2 =31 @ w. . 2,9 Pees know (a a 5-6 Wby(aby =a ab? Putting value ofa? +2 = 31 a a = ( -§) =31-6 aoy, “1 ay case Term!| Mothematics Ix 293, 2709 (ae — b=)? =e =) 21 =e = nh #80 =? ‘y Now taking square root 2 "1, ° ane + Be x (3a = oil mts, Since. we have to take positive value therefore a - 3 =5. [ah (aby? +b? + abil 1 es yn? + et yl — ficy + Ge? — Be) tase tay ty +g Say | al eaqeanent 2(x+2) 24, We have 1 4-0? + ate oie expt cnt eaah We can ete the gve expreston 24 (5) -9 -9-9) -(2) -a)-3«2 ae i [ed —b? 30h (a-b) =(a-b)1 1 eo) (GIG) we, 2a" + 2V6ab + Sb 5. Given number without power is 104, Since,, it is greater pane Fe eee a canbe writon a 0 a ict * (104)? =(100 + 4) [Above expression can be written as 7 oth r+ ps we det (laa)? + 2% Ba x Bb + (/3B)* (ncompaing(100+ 4 with(x + wee As we know, and (+a)? =p" +4" + 2g By using the algebraic identity, Here, p= VBa and q = it (ot ya at y+ Sey (x + wwe get (20+ V5b)* (104)? = (100+ 4)" =(100)° + (4)° + 9(100)(-4)(100+ 4) 50, ya" + W6ab + SB* = Via Jab)? = 1000000 + 64 + 1200(104) = 2a + V3b 5 Petras eae ee 1. Using (a? —b?: a+b), we get 26. a(b—c) + b\c-a) + c(a~ any Ay i ot : 1 =[a(b —o)}? + [be-all +{e(a- b> as +a)le iF Onin (b=) =3, ble—a)=y and o(a~b) =z, we g -(e-4 -3) (¢+a)]( ate 3) @(b—c)* + b(c-a) +e%(a—b)® t 1 ] Spy c= Beye [ext yes =O] ee-t fate b-cN{b(o-a)]oa—b | =|(a*)? eI? ta [a(b -e) [ @rllt “a! = Babo(a—b) (b -c) (c-a) -(#-4 (+3) 27. We have, 25x + 4y? + 92? — 20xy — 12ys + B0zx a a We can rewrite the given expression as (Sx)* + (2y)® + (32)? — 2x5x x 2y 4, 4 Ma8 — 49) = 2x 2y x 3s + x 35 Xx 22, dy! —a' vi wire -y') m0) + (2a)? + (80) + 45-24) =aty((at)? -(y*)?] +a 24) +8385) =a'y'((at + y4) (at -9')) = (6x -2y + 322 | [. (a? -b?) =(a+ ba~b)] [ea? +b? 4c + 2ab + dhe + 2ca=(a+ b +0)'} 22 ! =aiy! a! +o a? WY ye 28, Given, z+y+2=1 0) saly(at eye +9) (@ - 9) one Ven sy=-l =aty{((at + y')(a + y°) (at y)(a-y)]Now uty v Pe aly tne = intertaya? ead) using Bags.) and (il ave 23 Ww) Again. y+ = eine yt aylst eyt te? cyte a) ete ylest -ax(-Dsth1d-CD) using Eqs i, (8) and 9} Pel aevayarte 20.) w+ ay? gavage We? + 12 — Nye - 2 + (Qu)? +( te)? + 230)(29) + 9(2y)( Hz) + AEB) (Bx + 242) Gr + 2y-42) [oat b+ey =a +b? +c° + Sab + dhe + 2ea] (i) 16a? + 42 + 92% —16ry — Lye + 242 = (de)? + (Oy)? + (Bs)? + 1 40)(—20) + 2(~ 2y)(32) + 94x}(32) = (4r—2y+ Se) (4a - 2y + 3) ay? te! + any + Bye + 2ex) (at yt ta? + Bay 2ye en) act + Oy + 22 + ey (2x —p+c} = (4x? + p? + 0° + dxp—2pe - Axe) (dat a pt 4c? ep —2pe + Ac) = fap ~ Bre = &x(p ~c) oy? + 92 — 30ry - 18yz + 30x =(5x)? + (—By)® + (32)? + 25x x (By) + 2x(—By) x3 + 2x Bz x5 31. () 2x7 =(r-3y+ 32) (i) Ge? + 16y? + 42? — Day + 6yz - 122 (ae)? +(4y)? + ()*+ 2 Bx) x (dy) + 2x (4) (22) + 2x (22) x(- 3x) 22(- 3x + 4y + 22)” 32. Given that, a+b +e=9 On squaring both sides, we get(a+b +c)? =(9)? a +b +c? + 2ab + dbe+ 2ca = 81 +b? 40% + Xab + be +eq) =81 On putting ab + be + 0a = 40, we get wth +84 2x40=81 oe +e i) We have, 5 or 52° = 1 -80=1 33. Here, degree of polynomial 5 is 0, Hence, it is a constant polynomial. (ii) We have, 2x ~3 Here, degree of polynomial 2¢ Hence, it isa linear polynomial, in 1. CBSE Term It | Matematics 5, cose Term! iy We have. 21" 30 504 ub Here dee of polynomial 2° S02 56-83 6 Hene cubic polynomial (iv) We have, = 445 ; Here, degree of poly ial Sy” — Wt Sis 2. Hence, it fs aquadeatic polymornia (yy We have, 2" ph det =e + — Hore, degree of polynomial 20" 2527 * 42 — Ore is. \ Hence, itis x hiquadratic polynorsa re) 34, ti) We have,(x~4)( xxx xd duet 4 ext —4r—4e + 16 ax! -8r +16 oo So, the coefficient of x” is 1 (Gi) We have, 1-3? = 2° + a7 Here, coefficient of x” is -1- (ii) We have, (2x ~5)(2e? - 3x +1) oe x Ox! = Qe KBE + Wx XIX? +5 KI -5 7] 8 _ gr? + 2x — 10x? + 15x -5 2 4e — 16x? + Vie -5 So, the coefficient of 2 is ~16. {iv) We have (x -1)(42" 5x -7) exxde®—2xBa crx 7-1 x4? + 1x51 47 2 4e9 5x? Te ae $e +7 =4e°- Ox? - 2247 So, the coefficient of x” is — 9. 35, (i) Wehave, f(x) =x-9 On putting x =—x in f(x), we get f(-x) = Now, fx) - f(-2) =x-9-(-x -9) =x-94x4+9=2r (i) We have, pix) = 40° -3x* -5x7 +2? -8 On putting x vl) — Lin p(x), we get 1 --1)' -5(- 1)? + (-17 -8 4-34541-8 15+6 9 (iii) We have, q(x) =x° + 3x? + 3441 On putting x =~ 2in q(x), we get 2) =(— 2° + X- 2? + X-2) 41 =-8+12-641 On putting x =~ 3in q(x), we get 4-3) =(- 3) + 3-3)? + 4-3) 41 =-274+ 27-941 -8cpsé Term | Mathematics 1x 1 On patting = Finals), we got AEG) 4g 96. (i) Given, polynomial is wx)=x-4 For zero of polynomial, put p(x) = 2-450 = x4 Hence, 270 of polynomial is 4 (i) Given, polynomial is a(x) =3-6x For zero of polynomial, put g(x) ‘ 3-6r=0 = 6: 3 6 Hence, zero of polynomial a (ii) Given, polynomial is q(x) = 2-7 For zero of polynomial, put q(x) = : ox = e=7 = xa! 2 Hence, zero of polynomial is - (iv) Given polynomial is h(y) =2 y For zero of polynomial, put h(y) = 5 Yy=0 = y=0 Hence, the zero. Monon is so (0) Given, polynomial is f(x) = For2zero of polynomial, put f(: fe 024-8 8 =4 > r= Hence, the zero of polynomial is ; 37. Let given polynomial be f(x) =x" + 5x - 66. Here, coefficient of x* is 1, so we do not used to write it in the form of a g(x). Now, constant term is ~66 and all factors of - 66are t142£34446411,414266 Atr=6 f(6)=6" +5 x 6-66 '=36 + 30-66 = 66-66=0 Ate =H fH) =(- I)? -5 x1 = 66 121 55 - 66 = 121 - 121 =0 Hence, (6) and (x + 11) are the factors of given quadratic polynomial. 98, Let hu) Here, we see that coefficient of x Is not one, s0 firstly we make the coefficient of x” is one. WA? ~ 130+ 16, ali) be. hu =3e(u) where, glu) = 1 Here, constant erm is and its factors are £1,424448416 stu=2,¢(2)=(9" a} -4a)+ 2 So,(u-2)isa factor of gu. (On dividing g(x) by (u~2), we get. Quotient =| Gi + ie 4) ale su-a{et +204) From Ea. (i), aeae-a(e'+4e-t) =(u-2)(Su? + 2u-8) ~2)(3u* + 6u—4u— 8) =(u-2)[3u(u+ 2) - Au + 2)] —2)(u+2) (Su 4) 39, Let pfx) = 2° —5x" - 19r + 42 Here, we see that coefficient of x° is not one, so firstly we make the coefficient of x° is one. 19 te abna(eP SB 2) oe) Oo) 5219. where, g(x) =29-22?- Oz 401 a(x) =x" a Here, constant term is 21 and its all factors are £1, £87, $21 atx=1.e(t)=()°-S at a 5 19, 2 2° So,(x—1)is nota factor of g(x. Atr=-Qe(-8)=(-99-Z-9¢ Beg). 27-2 x94 Zor are ~54-45+57+42 _-99+99 2 2 So, (x43) is a factor of g(x)on dividing votient =("" cyt ir er et sousel4 omra nnn ear3| iH cea anaet 1s 1) = ST gyant arte Fee panera) 2-9 ret aye-2K8-? gaia fiyere ter erorot fist then F021" since. #- 218 @ a +sier =O agprlorr=0 Ai) - 1 Goce + isa fctorat fohem AJe* ae Lars (3) aaGg)ere? = peeste0 = peloede=0 li) 1 gre factors of fe) =D +524 since, x-2and 25 as.) and i) 49+ 1047 =P ~ por a. Given polynomial is 3x? + Tx ~ 6 On comparing with ax* + br —6, we Bet arab=Tandc=-6 18 factors of - 18are Land ~16 -6-Sand 6 From Es 410+ dr = 9p =3r 42, We have, 2 (24-s5)2 + (2-V5)" Ai) y=(2+ V5) -(2- 5)" lil) Multiplying Eg. (i) by Ea. (i, +b) + 2- sb y24 5 — 2-95 2+ 8 -(2-5)1] (iii) rt y=nae ( div) cBsE tem tn ra 0 poth es saver ee yt aos) ese term WW May ert ey ann Bey ave 8 hes a eres? Wen, 3 Here Oe aya (cr- ey" 2 Cat OD BOVE a Fa wnat PUD ME oe be bo poet (e- a= . go. Let the tot similarly (OS . sine we iyo +(e) hen num =e)(c~a) ier wom, OE Number 0 otal au By hypot 44, 0) 3° = ay? 625 x)? _(98)%= (2? - 25) (x* + 25) x) —(8)°) (27 + 25) ate +5) (3) (2 +29) Now, (i) a+b? +(atb) : = (a+b) (a? —ab +b) + (a+b) Hen a(a+ bya ab +b + D) Gy ate —p P+ 302-9) mle wlate- we + S00 cela + y+ Se) exte-y)(t ty +0) 2 450° (:+4) etekes * x 1 > («+4) =1442=16 = rts x Case 1 When x +* x ( 4y u E tf nee boaler}) = (Parsi raxd 1 # 3 24 Gx 64-12-52case Termlt | Mathematics 1x 47, (1) Given, cate When +2 Meyer 3? de 12 13) = (3)! 13)? + M9) 12 . 93) = 97-27 12-12 9 k3) 0 and p= 3) =(-3)° ~ = 3)? + M3) ~ 12 = k-3)=-97- 27-12-12 46, Let the total number of Camels he x. 5 a Hence the value of 43) = Oand pf - 3) i) Lot phx) = 2x4 + Se) + kx? + Se + 6 Number of Camels gone to mountain = 24 SO aed e and (x +1) is divisible of (x) Number of Camels on the bank of river = 15 j T+ ‘Then number of Camels seen in the forest = * 4 ‘Total number of Camels 4 + Oe 415 By hypothesis, we have -ayt 4s 9eUy# 2k(-1)? +3146 2 Gta 15 =x => 0=24(-3) + 2k +(-3) +6 = 3-8VE-60=0 = 0-2-3 4+ k-346 = af - by - 60=0 [Lets =y?] = 3y' ~ 18y + 10y-60=0 (ii) Let la) (3y + 10) (y-6) =0 and (x + 1) is a factor of px) a6 7l0 ‘ x+1=0 y=6- : 0)" _ 100 = -1) =) =p (Not possible) See Sener y=6=>x =(6)" =36 0=-44+3+4+k k=-3 Hence, the number of Camels = 36Chapter Test Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which one of the following algebraic expressions ie 8 polynomial mnvariabie x? isense wuss ered (4) None of these 2 If 2and x ~Oare zeroes of the polynomial 2x8 Sx + ox +b turn the values of and b. ins 2s 3s Bes 3 thx Sis a factor of 2x? x? + 3x —1.then the value of iis oes ave woe (4) None of these 4 Using factor theorem, If pte) value of zeroes, jr =) (2 3s 5S. Evaluate 105%106 without multiplying directly, then the value is 4 then the (a) 15340 (b) 16368, (mse {d) None of these Case Study Answers LQ 20) 3.@) 4.0) 5.0 7 © Onevartable polynomial) two varlabe porns Bxte Lyte let iy De, Be SP MOH ME-DE-5) Oxo 5x46 iS) 6 Wa) i (@) Cid &) Gv) (9. (a) Which of the following are not pbiyng. oe (2)? =e Je YM MI9 wn Tt (a) None of these wre UW) Fing tne zero of the polynordal ctu) «a, fre oe Be iat | i) Find the zeroes of the poly:forniat . Bx? + 7x42 (v) (x + ¥? —&« — y)? is equal to ferxty (ashe Short Answer Type Questions 7. Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one or mdre varlablete)? State reasons for your answer () Be? Se Gi) 5y? + x es xpand( x-1y +1. “The clos. 8 expand (x-3y + 32) inan ord Long Answer Type Questions A closed vertices 9. Using factor theorem, factorise x 6x4 434-10, Find the square root of (4 ax + aK? + Ox + 9). 10. Vertic« For Detailed Solutions Scan the code Te aeStang S Quadrilaterals In this Chapter... ‘© Quadrilateral and its Types # Important Theorem Related to Parallelogram ‘The closed figure formed by joining four non-collinear points In quadrilateral ABCD; 2A, ZC and 2B, 4D are two pairs of nan order is called a quadrilateral. a ae oe opposite angles. A closed gure having ot fier Seen + Consecutive or Adjacent Angles Two angles of a vertices, is called a quadrilateral. ¥ ; ; i quadrilateral are said to be consecutive or adjacent angles, if Ina quadrilateral ABCD, given along side AB, BC, CD and they have ooo arm Dita the four sides; A, B, Cand D are the four vertices and Yn quadrilateral ABCD; 24, ZB: ZB, ZC; ZC, 2D and ‘ZA ZB, ZC and ZDare the four angles formed at the A nee aces LZD, ZAare four pairs of consecutive angles. o, + Diagonals Ina quadrilateral, the line segment joining the C opposite vertices is called a diagonal of the quadrilateral In quadrilateral ABCD; AC and BD are two diagonals. Angle Sum Property of a Quadrilateral a 8 “The sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is 360°. 7 o c Terms Related to Quadrilateral + Opposite Sides Two sides of a quadrilateral which have no common end point (vertex) i. do not intersect each other are A 1B called opposite sides. In quadrilateral ABCD; AB, CD and BC, AD are two pairs of opposite sides. Verification Let ABCD be a quadrilateral and AC be a diagonal. + Consecutive or Adjacent Sides Two sides of a quadrilateral which have a common end point, i.e. intersect each other, are ‘We know that, in AADC, ZDAC + ZACD + ZADC = 180° called consecative sides. In quadrilateral ABCD; AB, BC; BC, CD; CD, DA and DA, AB are four pairs of consecutive sides. Similarly, in AABC, ZCAB + ZACB + ZABC = 180° * Opposite Angles Two angles of a quadrilateral are said to be {since, sum of angles of a triangle is 180°.) opposite angles, if they do not have a common arm. nfl) {since, sum of angles of a triangle is 180°] i)CBSE Term It | Mathomay In the above figure, ABCD is a rhombus in which ‘AB = BC =CD= DA ‘AB|| DC and BC || AD of ts angled is right ang) vdlateral in wh sh ‘one angle ich angle is oq On adding Eqs. () and (0), we get BC. Construction Through vertex C, draw CD|| BAand let it meets extended EF at D. Proof Now, in AAEF and ACDF, ZAFE= ZCED [vertically opposite angles] AF = FC [-:since, F is mid-point of AC] ad ZEAF = ZFCD (-calternate angles between parallel lines BAandCD) eee [by ASA congruence rule] {by CPCTI...(i) Gi) 2 MAE! Then, AE =CDand Ei Also, AE = BE FD [--since, £ is the mid-point of AB] From Eqs. (i) and (i), we get AE = BE =CD D Alii) {by construction] and So, BCDE is a parallelogram. one pair of opposite side t is parallel and equal] ED|| BC or EF|| BC IC ‘Then, and ED= Now, BC = ED = EF + FD=2EF {from £4. (i), EF = FD) = EF=1BC 2 Hence, the line segment joining the mid-points of two sides third side and equal to half of it ofa triangle is parallel to the Hence proved. Theorem 10 (Converse of Mid-Point Theorem) ‘The line drawn through the mid-point of one side of a triangle, parallel to another side bisect the third side. Given Ina AABC, Eis the mid-point of ABand EF || BC. To prove Fis the mid-point of AC. Construction Draw CM || BA and extend EF such that it intersects CM at D. Proof In AAEF and ACDF, ZFAE = ZFCD [ AB||CM and AC is a transversal, so alternate angles are eq. ZAEF = ZFDC [ AB||CM and EDis a transversal, so alternate angles are equal] [+ BCDE is a parallelogram, so CD=AE CD = BE = AE} AAEF = ACDF [by ASA congruence rule] Then, © AP=CF [by CPCT] Hence, Fis a mid-point of AC.Solved Examples Example 5. In the xdvilateral are ree an OO" ‘and 80°, Find its Example 1 Three anes of respectively € fourth angle. Sot Lt fone ansle es ors neve [ev ange sm prop. = r= 360° - 250° = 10" aess e + ple 2, Ifangles of a quadrilateral are x, x +3. = re “+ 9, then find the value of x. Also, find all the angles. jere. +r SHEESH T+ I= 360" sets i: sum of angles of quadrilateral = 360°] rrty of quadrilateral] 360-20 = 4420-360 = = PEN a 85 Angles of quadrilateral are 85°, 88°, 99° and 94° Example 3. Ifangles A, B,C andD of the quadrilateral ‘ABCD, taken in order are in the ratio 3: 7:6: 4, then show that ABCD is a trapezium. Sol. Let 3, 7x, Grand 4x be the angles A, B, Cand Dof quadrilateral ABCD. Set e+ 6+ 4x = 360° [angle sum property of quadrilateral] Since, ine AB intersect AD and BC at points Aand B such that 2A+ ZB =180° [- consecutive interior angles] 2 AD|| BC Hence, ABCDis a trapezium. Example 4. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram, what is the sum of the angles x, y and z? 8 c a A Sol. In AADC, x + y+ ZADC =180° {angle sum property ofa triangle] = ZADC = 180° - (x + y) Ai) ZABC = ZADC {+ opposite angles of a parallelogram] == 180° ~(x+y) {using Eq. (i)] = ett y=180° case Term | Ma so: PORSIA Da ci From Eqs. 6) given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. Eand Fare pois on opposi Si, [AD and BC, respectively, suc that ED = 1 4p ow, In ASC Br =1BC. If ZADF = 60°, then find 2BFD, 5 " 6 ; so. mple 8. | of Examy C= 60 Sol. ABCDis a parallelogram. P Find. . AD\| BC = ADI BF and DF isa transversal ‘ZADE + ZBFD = 180" fifa transversal intersects two parallel Hines, they. — (ifa uaner tof interior angles on the samesidersy SO 5 transversal supplement 1 = ZBED = 180°-60° = 120° =) Example 6. In the given figure, it is given that BDF and FDCE are parallelograms. If BD =8 cm, they = determine CD. A y = a Examp Sol. Using opposite sides of parallelograms are parallel and th equal In parallelogram BDEF BD|| PE and BD = FE In parallelogram FDCE, DC|| FEand DC = FE From Eqs. (i) and (fi), we get Sol. BD=DC =FE=8cm s cD=8em Example 7. In the adjoining figure, PORSis a parallelogram in which PQ is produced toT, such that QT = PQ. Prove that ST bisects RQ. S| R oOrr case Term I!| Mathematics Ix sol FORSIS «parallelogram. 3 Po. 0 Given. PQ=OT ii) Oi, rom Eqs. () and (ti, vey PO=SR=0r A 2 4y% Now, In ASOR and AQOT, ty ZOSR = ZOTO [+ alternate interior anges Fy. SR=0OT iret Eq. a (ORS = ZOQT [+ alternate interior angles] 7 ASOR = AQOT [by ASA congruence rule] then, 00=0R (by CPCT] xample 8. Ina quadrilateral ABCD, ZB =190°, "ZC = 60° and angle bisectors of ZA and ZD meet at P Find ZAPD. i ‘Sok Since, sum of all angles of quadrilateral = 360° mit LA+ ZB+ ZC+ ZD = 360° SL Lae Lapst zest zp=Lxav0 2 2 2 2 2 Dip [dividing both sides by 2] = — ZPAD+ 65°+30°4-ZPDA = 180° [+ ZB =130°, ZC = 60° and angle bisectors of ZA and ZD meet at P (given)] = ZPAD+ ZPDA = 85° > 180°-ZAPD = ZAPD = 95° Example 9. In the given figure, ABCD is a rhombus, then find the value of x. Ap qe D Ic Sol. Given, ABCDis a rhombus in which ZBAD = 130° and DBC =x ZABC = 2ZDBC = 2x [-" since, diagonals bisect the angles in thombus] Now, ZDAB + ZABC =180° [- co-interior angles) > 130° + 2x = 180° > 2x = 180°-130°= 50° > 12 25° [divide both sides by 2 Example 10. Given, a trapezinm ABCD, in which ‘AB||CD and AD = BC. 1f 2D =70°, then find the measure of ZC. ‘Sol Given, a trapezium ABCD, in which ABI] CDand AD = BC, » 2D= 10? Now, we produce side AB to E and join EC such that AD = EC and then AECD is a parallelogram. 2D=ZE=10° [b- since, opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal) Also, AD=BC {given] and AD=EC {by construction} = — BC=EC=>ZE=ZCBE=10° [/ angles opposite to equal sides are equal] Now, ZABC = 180°—-ZCBE = 180°-70" = 110° (linear pair axioms] Also, we have, ZABC + ZBCD = 180° [b+ interior angles on the same side of transversal BC] = 10° + ZBCD = 180° => ZBCD= 70° Example 11. In ABC, D, E and F are the mid-points of the sides AB, BC and AG, respectively. Then, prove that quadrilateral DECF is a parallelogram. Sol. In AABC, Dand F are the mid-points of the sides AB and AG, respectively. A D F B <—*o .. By mid-point theorem, DF || BC Ai) > DF\\ EC and = DF =EC (ii) .: since, E is mid-point of BC] From Eqs. (i) and (fi), we have DF\\EC and DF =EC Since, a pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral DEGF are equal and parallel. Hence, DECF is a parallelogram. Hence proved.28 Example 12. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is 0 aleegram in which Fiche depot of BC and 7 Qis a point on AC. such that CO =4 AC. Also, PO when produced meets BC at R, Prove that R is the mid-point of BC. Sol, In a parallclogram ABCD, AO = OC [rs diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other] AC = AO+ OC =2 AC=20C a =2 ac=1x(200) A OQ=t acm Ext ‘Thus, Qis the mid-point of OC. Now, in ACDO, P and Qare the mid-points of CD and CO, respectively. -PQ|| DO and, therefore QR] OB E+ PQll DO = POR || Don) Now, in ACOB, Qis the mid-point of CO and ORI 08. Iby converse of mid-point] “R is the mid-point of BC. Hence proved. Example 13. In AABC, AD is the median and DE|| AB, such that E is a point on AC. Prove that BE is another median. Sol. Given, ADis median of AABC and DE || BA. Now, ADis median, so Dis the mid-point of BC. Also, DE || AB So by converse of mid point theorem, E is mid point of AC Hence, BE is another median of AABC. Hence proved. CBSE Term tt | m, | Example 14. In the following fizure, ap, a produced mes SAC at F. Prove that apt Ae — sc Sol. Given, In ABC, ADIs a median 164 E is mig, ; rity Toprove | AP= HAC PARTI Construction Draw DP|| BF Objec A t © Multipt< . 4. If ABC Zaz. a 2c 2 D ” (by ZC Proof In ADP, Ethe mid-pointof ADand Erp ar, 2 Two =F is the mid-point of AP. ae Uby converse of mid-point he me: In AFBC, Dis the mid-point of BC and DP\| BF. @ be ADisamedaneiyy ©! +: Pis the mid-point of FC. 3. 1n [by converse of mid-point there A ‘Thos, a 7 fe ‘ AP = (Bac Vfrom Eqs. omit: 4, C Hencepre: 5.Flip tea at nef objective Questions Multiple Choice Questions | Chapter Practice 7. 4. IfABCDis a trapezium, in which AB||DC and (ZA= 2B =55°. Then, ZC and 2D of a trapezium: a) ZC =195°and 2D = 135° p) 20 =125°and ZD= 145° :D = 125° D=135° 2. Two angles of a quadrilateral are 50° and 70° and other two angles are in the ratio 13: 11, then measures of the remaining two angles. ) 130° and 110° (b) 165° and 170° 125° and 115° (@) 175° and 189° 3, In quadrilateral PORS, if 2P = 60° and 20:2R: Z8=2:3:7, then the value of 2Sis (b) 175° a) 155° 9 16° (@)170° 4, One angle of a quadrilateral is of 108° and the remaining three angles are equal. Then, each of the three equal angles are [NCERT Exemplar] a) 5° wor (a) 83° c) 86° 6, In quadrilateral ABCD, 2A + ZD =180°. Then, the name can be given to this quadrilateral? «) Rhombus (b) Rectangle ‘c) Square (d) Trapezium 6, In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram with 2B =110°. Find the values of x and y. a) x = 60F and y = 70° co) = 30° and y= 70° (d) x = 40° and y =50° In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram If ZA=65°, then value of 2B + 2D. oD c 65 A ‘eB (a) 235° (b) 230° (0) 220° (d) 225° 8. If ABCD is a trapezium, in which AB||DC and ZA= ZB=45°. Then, ZC and ZD of a trapezium is [NCERT Exemplar] (a) 135° (b) 145° (155° @ 165° 9. In the given figure, ABCD is a rectangle whose diagonals AC and BD intersect at O. If ZAOB = 32° then find ZOCD is a D } 2 8 Ic (a) 74° (b) 73° ose (d) None of these arallelogram, then 10. In the given figure, ABCD is a pi the sum of the angles x, y and z is 8 c % x Alt D (a) 170° (b) 90° (c) 180° (d) 210°11. If ABCD is a parallelogram in which ZADC = 75° and side AB is produced to point Eas shown in the figure. Then, x + yis @ar wae — 10a) 220° 12. Diagonals of quadrilateral ABCD bisect each other. If ZA=35°, then the value of ZB.[NCERT Exemplar] @a (b) 165° (ls (d) 135° 18, In adjoining figure, ABCD and AEFG are two parallelograms. If ZC =55°, then ZF is [NCERT Exemplar] @35° os 14, The perimeter of a parallelogram is 32 em. If the longer side measures 9.5 cm, then what is the measure of the shorter side is ar wos (65cm = (b)75em = ~)7em_—() Geom 15. In the given figure, ABCD is rhombus, AO =4cm and DO =3cm. Then, the perimeter of the rhombus is — LN ()20cm = (b)25em_=—(@)15em_—(d) 17 em 16. In AABC, AB = 5cm, BC = 8cmandCA=7cm. IfD and E are respectively the mid-point of AB and BC, then the length of DE. {(NCERT Exemplar] (a) 5em ()35em (6) 65cm (25cm 17. Ina parallelogram ABCD, diagonals AC and BD intersect at O and AC =6.8 cm and BD =5.6cm. Then, the measures of OC and OD. (a) OC = 34cm and OD = 34cm (b) OC = 28cm and OD=28em (c) OC = 34cm and OD= 28cm (8) OC =3cm and OD=8cm > CBSE Term I! | Matera Hl © Case Based MCOs 18, Kajal is studying in X standard, her grand fah, purchase a plot, which isin a square shape (ch ” in igure). After visiting the land few question” came in her mind, Give answers her questing, looking at the figure. 5 A | / é eo (i) Measure of ZQPO (a) 50" (b) 45° (60° wr (ii) IfOP = 4.cm, then value of OO is (a)6cm (b)3em {c)4em (d)7em (iii) Measure of ZPOQ: (a) 60° (b) 180° (90 @s (iv) IfOP = 10cm, then value of PRis (a) 20cm. (b) 8 em (4em (d)5cm (¥) Which is the correct congruence rule applicable, prove APQO = APSO (a) sss (0) SSA (sas (@aas 19. In the middle of Ghaziabad city, there is a Ramlee ground WXYZ in the form of paralleogram, so tht WX =YZ, WX || YZ and WZ = XY and W2)| XY. municipality converted this ground into rectangulir form of AWPZ and AXYQ. Both the triangular shay: of land were covered by planting flower plants. (i) The value of ZPZW (a) 60° (97 (50° (a) 180° (ii) The value of ZYOX (a) 90° (b) 60° (ar (@) None of these (iii) AWPZ and AXQY are congruent by the criteria (@) SSA (b) RES (o)sas (@) None of these (iv) PZis equal to which side (wx ) 0x (wz a eee‘A case Termit | Mathematics 1x Ma, «) AWXY and AYZW are congment by which shot property on doses ay sas Ma (RBS €@) Both a) ana 0) go, the sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is 360" FICCI LIS (@ The angles of quadrilateral are in the ratio 8:1:5:6. Find the measure of cach angle. (0) 190%, 260°, 190° and 140" (0) 70", 18", 144 and 90° (6) M4. 18%, 90° and 108° (@) 108", 78", 18° and 90° (ii) Three angles of a quadrilateral are respectively equal to 110°, 50° and 40°. Find its fourth angle. (@) 160° (b) 120° () 80° (a) 140° (ii) The angles of a quadrilateral are 100°, 98° and 92° respectively. Find the fourth angle. @ 70" (b) 80° (40° (d) 90° (iv) Ina quadrilateral ABCD, the angles A, B,C and D are in the ratio 1: 2: 4: 5, then the measure of bh each angle of a quadrilateral is : (a) 36", 60°, 108° and 156° (b) 30°, 60°, 120° and 150° (c) 42°, 54°, 110° and 154° (@) 72°, 108°, 36° and 144° “24. Ina parallelogram ABCD, the sum of any two consecutive angles are 180° and opposite angles are equal. The important properties of angle of a parallelogram are 1. Opposite angles of parallelogram are equal. 2. Consecutive angles are supplementary angles to each other. (i) Ina parallelogram ABCD, 2D = 115°, determine the measure of ZA and ZB. (a) ZA = 85° and ZB = 115° (b) 2A = 65° and 2B = 65° (c) ZA = 65° and 2B =115° (d) ZA = 75° and ZB = 105° (ii) In the given figure, find ZA in the parallelogram ABCD. A D ba aici A, (a) 90° (b) 60" (c) 30° (@) 0° e value of ZO and ZP,iEZP = 10a and ZR=50" in a parallelogram PORS. (a) 20 =50° andl ZP = 130" ()) 29 = 130° and ZP =50° (©) ZO~ 100" and 2P = 120° (@) 2G =50” and ZP = 100" (ii) Find tl AT Subjective Questions © Short Answer Type Questions 1. The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio. 3:5 :9: 13. Find all the angles of the quadrilateral. 2. Justify your answer for the following statements. () Three angles of a quadrilateral ABCD are equal. 1s it a parallelogram? Why or why not? (ii) Diagonal AC and BD of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect each other at O such that OA:OC = Is ABCD a parallelogram? (ii) ABCD is a parallelogram. If its diagonals are equal, then find the value of ZABC. INCERT Exemplar] 3. In the following figure, ABCD is a rhombus. If ZABC = 68°, then determine ZACD 4. In the following figure, ABCD is a square, diagonal BD is extended through D to E. AD =DE and AE is drawn as shown in figure. What is the measure of ZDAE? 8 c E 5. Ina parallelogram, show that the angle bisectors of two adjacent angles intersect at right angles. 6. In the adjoining figure of rectangle ABCD,and. 4CFE = 144°, Find the measure of ZBEF. 8 Foo aAine Rauire, ACD isn setae meinen semont DY ents the side BC at X and the dias AC ALO, such that ZCOD = 105" Pind the vale of : ale 8. Ina AARC. median AD is produced to ¥ such that AD=DY. Prove that ABYC s« paraliclogram™ | 8. In the adjoining figure, PORS#s a rhombus, SO ant PRare the diagonals ofthe rhombus intersecting Point O. If OPQ = 35°, then find the value o| bx] P ‘a 10. If ABCD is a rectangle in which diagonal BD bisects 2B. Show that ABCD is a square. [NCERT Exemplar] 11. If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal, then show that it is a rectangle. 12. Diagonal AC of a parallelogram ABCD bisects ZA (see the figure). Show that 9 © A i) it bisects ZC also. (ii) ABCDis a rhombus. 13. If Pand Q are points on opposite sides AD and BC of a parallelogram ABCD, such that PQ passes through the point of intersection O of its diagonals AC and BD. Show that PQ is bisected at O. 14, Points X and Y lie on opposite sides AB and CD respectively of a parallelogram ABCD such that AX =CY. Show that AC and XY bisect each other. 15. If ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and CQ are perpendiculars from vertices AandC on diagonal BD (see the figure). Show that SS y gy aarnis Aco? (a) AP = CO 48. In AARC, AB perimeter of Find the Porte of the siles of the tla Sem, BC = 16. f the trian mand ag; cose Term It! Mathes «Long Answer eee THe entranle in which gy? een aes rm woselee ; peor 11, TEAC i a pints of 800% AM a Sie parallelog eatin. Find the perimeter of AARC: S Bem. re the midepoints oF SileS AB ang ay ‘ABC. If the periineter of Find the perimeter of App ABCD isa parallelograny 4. Me Bt point of side BC. DE and AB, whe," te it moet at F Prove that AF = 245, hen 18. respectively of nc =38 em 25. In the given 2 equilateral tri 90 ° © RC,P F A a 20. In the following figure, PS and RT are medians of APQR and SM || AT. Prove that QM =" FO, 28. 1f PQ an PR segment joined t L through segmer y other. Q a 21. Show | S equal 2. If Pis the mid-point of the side CD of a isa sc parallelogram ABCD. A line through C parallel ty 28 In th: PAintersects AB at Q and DA produced at R. such Prove that (i) DA= AR (ii) CQ=QR othe: INCERT Exempla! ACa 22. If ABCD is a trapezium in which AB||DC, BDisa sque diagonal and Eis the mid-point of AD. A line is drawn through E parallel to AB intersecting BC atf (see the figure). Show that F is the mid-point of BC o, © - 29.4 E \F tr a 8 ° s 23. I, mand n are three parallel lines intersected by t transversals p and q such that |, m and n cut-off equal intercepts AB and BC on p. Show that |, mal n cut-off equal intercepts DE and EF on qalso.Is op case Term! Mathematics IX « Long Answer Type Questions ¢ parallelogram ABCD of the figure, ZPAQ is an obtuse angle, Two enilateral triangles ABP and ADQ are drawn ontside fhe parallelogram. Prove that ACPQ is also an equilateral triangle. 25, Inthe given figure, ABCD is a square, if ZPOR = 90° and PB =QC = DR, then prove that B= RC, PQ =QR and ZOPR = 45°. APs a 0 #—c 26. If PO and RSare two equal and parallel line segments. Any point M not lying on PQ or RS is joined to Q and S lines through parallel to QM and through R parallel to SM meet at N. Prove that line segments MN and PQ are equal and parallel to each other. [NCERT Exemplar] 27. Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral are equal and bisect each other at right angles, then it is a square. 28. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral such that AC = BD and AC and BD bisect each other at right angle. O is the intersection point of AC and BD. Show that the quadrilateral ABCD is a square. D ic y YeN A B 29, A square is inscribed in an isosceles right-angled triangle, so that the square and the triangle have the vertex of the ‘one angle common. Show that tl square opposite the vortex of the common angle bisects the hypotenuse. 30. Two parallel lines J and m are intersected by a transversal t. Show thi the bisectors of interior angles is 4 rectangle. at the quadrilateral formed by is a square and EF || BD. f. Prove that AM bisects 31. In the given figure, ABC M is the mid-point of E! ZBAD. 42. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram and ZDAB = 60°. If the bisectors AP and BP of angles A ‘and B, respectively meets at P on CD. Prove that P is the mid-point of CD. 33. In the following figure, PORSis a square. M is the mid-point of PQ and RM .L AB. Prove that RA = RB. s a a B eM 34, If Eand F are respectively the mid-points of non-parallel sides AD and BC of a trapezium 1 ABCD. Prove that EF || AB and EF = 5 (AB +CD) [NCERT Exemplar] 35. ABCis a triangle. Dis a point on AB such that 1 AD= 7 ABand Eis a point on AC such that Ag=1 AC. Prove that DE= Lc. 4 A (NCERT Exemplar] 36. ABCD is a kite with AB= AD and CD =CB. Prove that the figure formed by joining the mid-points of the consecutive sides is a rectangle.yy BSE Term It Mather y « case Based Questions wnt joining the mid-points any, by In the adjoining faze, points Aan Baa gy ine segment otning the mL raints OF room the same side line AD imand REL a8, Tien tne ale ed ie tnd meet m at D and respectively C4 sal to half of its is cal rea eject mid-point of AB, then prove that CD = CE equ ae Hea right angle triangular Rela righy es a . Let ABC It rough the mid-point M of, arallel to BC intersect AC 4» at. onuse AB Pi hypotenuse own tn igure WN, | Solve the questions based on above paragraph (i) Show that Dis the mid-point of AC in above | a ° e 98 IFABCD is a trapezium in which ABI|CD and AD =BC (sce the figure). Show that (@) ca= 2B 4 @) zc¢=2zD (iii) ABC = ABAD > (iv) Diagonal AC = Diagonal BD. ‘38. If ABCD is a quadrilateral in which P,Q, Rand S are figure. Es mid-points of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA. AC is @ (ii) Prove that MDL AC a Alagonal. Show that . (ii) Prove that CM = MA=1 AB [7 x 45, In parallelogram ABCD, two points P and Q are 5 lo taken on diagonal BD such that DP = BQ (see the Al cae A pF <7 @ SRI] AC and sr=} ac. AL 2 LON i) PO =SR. io (iii) PORSis a parallelogram. Show that 40. If ABCD is a rhombus and P, Q, R and Sare the (i) AAPD = ACQB (ii) AP=CQ mid-points of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA, (iii) AAQB= ACPD (iv) AQ =CP. respectively. Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is a (v) APCQ is a parallelogram. —— | 46. In AABC and ADEF, AB =DE, AB\\DE, BC =EF 41. ABCDis a rectangle and P,Q, R and S are mid-points and BC || EF. Vertices A, B and C are joined to of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA, respectively. Show vertices D, E and F, respectively (see the figure) that the quadrilateral PORS is a rhombus. 42. Ina parallelogram ABCD, E and F are the mid-points of sides AB and CD, respectively (see the figure). Show that the line segments AF and EC trisect the diagonal BD. Ba LN, i) quadrilateral BEFC is a parallelogram, Al t * (iii) AD|| CF and AD = CF. 43. Show that the line segments joining the mid-point i i ; ee -points iv) di is of the opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect ech “ ae heel canes other.re A we objective Questions Ma yer Gen, ZA= ZB SSS at . A+ 284 £04 2D=onP a [es ofall the anes of pallor 0 3 BBP+55° + LO 4 2D = 360" 2 4 £04 2D= 360° 20+ 2D = 360° ~ 110° es “e420 As Ph, = : * £D=135° 2.{a) Let the other two angles be 18x and Is. ‘Then, 50° + 70° + 13r + Lx = 360° = Yr = 360%120°= 240° = 0° Bs Hence, the other two angles are the 13r = 13x10° = 130° and Ux =11 x10°=110° 3. (b) Let the other three angles be 2x, 3x and 72. > Ox + 3x + Tx + 60° = 360° [angle sum property of quadeilteral] ‘12x = 300° = =i 12 = 295° > L8= 7x 255 75° 4. a) Let one of the three equal angles be 2” CF > 8 4rte+2=360° {angle sum property of quadrilateral) ) > ‘Sx = 360° - 108° > ‘Sa = 252° > = 2 aye 5. (4) tis a trapezium because sum of co-interior angles is 180°, 6. 'c) In the given parallelogram ABCD, ZA = 40°+s, 2B = 110° and £C =y° Since, in a parallelogram ABCD, ZA+ LB = 180° [::cocinterior angles of a parallelogram] 40° +x+110°= 180° > x= 180° - 150° = 30° Now, also we know that in a parallelogram opposite angles ate equal angle sum property of a quadrilateral] de SOLUTIONS $0 Ana 5 rear =y 2 or satay Tusing F.C = yr 30° and y = 700 inva parallelogram opposite angles are two adjacent angles of a parallelogram is 7. {b) We know th qual and stim 180°, Given, ABCDis a parallelogram. ZB = LD and ZA+ 2B = 18" = 65° + 2B = 150" => £B= 180° - 65° =115° = 2B = LD=15° So, 2B + 2D = 115° + 115° = 230° 8.) Given, AB|| CDand BC isa transversal. D c [+ consecutive interior angles} => £C = 180° - ZB=180° - 45° = ZC =195° Similarly, ZA + ZD=180° [+ consecutive interior angles) = 2D = 180° — 45° 2D=135° 9. (a) Given, ABCDis a rectangle and ZAOB = 32° Let ZOCD =x Since, diagonal of a rectangle are equal and bisects each other. : OC =0OD > ZOCD = ZODC =x [angles opposite to equal sides are equall andalso ZAOB= ZCOD=32° [+ vertically opposite angle] Now, in AOCD, we get £COD + ZOCD + LODE = 180° [+ angle sum property of triangle] > B24 + x = 180° = 2r + 82° = 180° = 2x = 180° ~ 32° = r= 148° = 48° 2 = res Hence, ZOCD = 74° eeSst andes pale erie ven anc nya parallelogram, apposite anglesare caval ABC [liver pair sion crt = 108 Also. 22 = 180 = 75° = 108 = 190° as DAY] CBand DC isa transveral] 105° = 210° rlateral biscet each other, soit “a consecutive interior angles of a parallelogram) 2B = 190° = 24 = 180° - 35°= 145° 13. 4 Given, ABCD is parallelogram and ZC =55° A= LC 255° in a parallelogram, opposite angles are equal] Also. AEFGis a parallelogram, LA=£F 14, & Let the measure of shorter side = x em. Given, longer side measure aud perimeter = 2/Longerside~ Shorter side) = 32 [-> ina parallelogratn, opposite sides are equal ] = perinucter = sum offour sides = Btlonger side + shorter side) ’ 9542-2 2 = 4=16-95 > 2=65an 16. (a) We know that, diagonals of « rhombus bisect each other at right angle. In right-angled triangle AAD, AD* = AO* + OD* [hy Pythagoras theorem] =# +3? = 95 AD = 95 “+ Perimeter of rhombus = 4 x Side = 4x5 = 200m cm (CBSE Term It| Mathematica, \ . cose Termin! a jem, BE = Bem and revels ws A x Awe i 0 this sen ven so. be // : mn a an Ther J anpint theorem smu DEN AC 1 ceTaas and: DE=EAG= b= 5m Dk =35em a «We know that, the diagonals ofa parallelonratn ise oy T soel es = ii (a lace b xs =a4em oc=bac=} : and 18. , agonal of square bisects the angle of su i (i) (@.0P = 00 diagonal of square biseets each other a 4¢ (is) (€) 2P0Q = 90° » { diagonal of square bisects each other at # (iv) (@ PR =20em, PR is the diagonal of square and Os. intersection pointe. PR =20P at which diagonal bisect each other. (s) (6 APQO= aPso op=oP {common ize ZPOS= ZPOQ {diagonal eut each other at 8 $0=0Q [+ square diagonal bisect at cent 2.848 property of congnence is used. 19. (i) (¢) ZPZW =180° ~ Zwzy {straightlise 27° 180° — 130° =50° (i) (a) PWOY isa rectangle. PW=YQ [+ opposite sides of rectangie are equ ZWPZ XOY = 90° (v rectangle sides intersect at {aie {by CPCT Itis satisfy with RUS congrueney: So, ZYQX = 90" (ii) (b) It is satisfy with RHS congrueney as solved in part Gi (iv) (b) PZ = QX as solved in part (ii). [by cPcT () (@) WX =z, + opposite sides are eat) WY = Wy [commot! XY =Wz {give “Proved by SSS congrueney(case Term It| Mathematics 1x hy SAS congreney LO= LN a + opposite sides of parallel rx a sides of parallelogram] [+ opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal] 2A0RY = 207 = 190° (uy 1000 = 90" et in sas Unive] Jom = 180° = 50° Iris satisfy with SAS conprieney also. 1a = 130° $0. both option satisfy (a) and (b). 2213 go. ti (6) Let the angles of quadtilateral are x, 4, 5 and 6 ZP = 10a = 130° We know that, sum of quadkilateral angles is 360° Zo=50 hen. St+x 45x + Ge = 360° Z ven 360 Subjective Questions = 20x = 360° 1. Given, the ratio of the angles of quadrilateral are 3:59:13, Let the angles of the quadrilateral are 3x, 5x, 9x and 13x. ‘We know that, sum of angles of a quadrilateral is 360° 8x 18° = 144° x= 18° o Su + Bx + Ox + 132 = 360° 5x =5 x 18° = 90° => 30x = 360° 6x = 6 x 18° = 108° S (i) (a) Let fourth angle be x Then, 110° + 50° + 40° + x = 360° Angles of the quadrilateral are [+ sum of angles of quadrilateral is 360°] Se =3x12=36" 200° + x = 360° 5x =5 x12=60° > x= 160° (Gi) (@) Then, 100° + 98° + 92+ x = 360° and [sum of angles quadrilateral is 360°]_—-«2.-_() It need not be a parallelogram, because we may have x ° ZA= ZB = ZC =80° and ZD=120°. (iv) Let the angles of quadrilateral be x, 2x, 4x and 5x. Here, 2B + 2D. xt Or + 4x + 5x = 360° i) sum of angles of quadrilateral is 360°) parallelogram bisect each other Here, OA # OC. (ii) As diagonals of the parallelogram ABCDare equal, it is a rectangle. ‘Therefore, ZABC= 90° 3. Given, ABCDis a rhombus. 4x = 4x 30° =120° => ABCDis a parallelogram 5x =5 x 30° =150° > ZADC = ZABC = 68° 21. (i) (e):.£C = 180° ~ 115° [: opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal] [sum of consecutive angles is 180°] yop 7 —_ [v- diagonal DB of rhombus ABCD bisects its ‘ZABC and ZADC] = ZoDe= 3 x68" = O° Now, in AOCD ZOCD + ZODC + LCOD = 180° {tangle sum property of a triangle} 15° opposite angle’s are equal] > ZOCD + 34° + 90° = 180° 80° [+ ZCOD = 90°, diagonals of a rhombus bisect [L: sum of angles of triangle is 180°] each other at right angles] 180 = 180° = ZOCD + 124° = 180° 180° _ 9° = ZOCD = 180° - 124° OB = ZOCD =56° 9a = 90° or ZACDco. ARCD are cose Ls" [rs angles opposite to equal sides are Vow, ZAED + ZDAE + ZADE = 180° Noes [e:angle sum property of triangle] = £DAE+ ZDAE +135°= 180° [using E a DAE = 225° 15. Given, ABCDis a parallelogram such that angle bisectors of adjacent angles A and B intersect at point P. A & M4 We have to show that, ZAPB = 90° gs (i) and (0 Here, AAs 2218" [ADI] BC and ZA and ZB are consecutive interior angles] ~ taria-0 aAts [dividing by 2 on both sides]. But in APB, 3 24+ 2B + ZAPB=180° [E+ angle sum property of a triangle] = 90° + ZAPB = 180° (using Ea. (i] => ZAPB = 90° Hence proved 6. From the figure, ZABE + ZEBF = ZABF => (30°+ ZEBF = 90° [- each angles of rectangle is 90°] = voli) and [linear pair axioms] > BFE + 144° = 180° (+ CFE = 1449] = ZBFE = 180° - 144° = 36° fii) Now, in ABEF, ZEBF + ZBFE + ZBEF =180° [+ angle sum property of a triangle] > 60° + 36° + PQRSis a parallelogram Since, PQ||SR and PR is a transversal. ZORS = ZOPQ = 35° [-- alternate interior angles] Also, diagonals of rhombus bisect each other at right ange a ZSOR = 90° Hl Now, in ASOR, ZRSO+ ZSOR + ZORS = 180° -; angle sum property of triange > ZRSO = 180° - ZSOR - ZORS > RSO = 180° — 90° - 35° [using Eqs. (i) andl > ZRSO =55° = ZOQP =55° & [- alternate interior angles, since PQ||SR and 05? transve From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get ZABC = 90°= ZDCB Thus, ABCD is a parallelogram and one of its angle is 90°. Hence, ABCDis a rectangle. Hence proved. 12, (i) Given, diagonal AC of a parallelogram ABCD bisects Aa lo A ie. ZDAC = ZBAC =~ ZBAD oi) 2 Here, AB|| DC and AC is a transversal. «DCA = ZBAC [pair of alternate angles] (i Similarly, BCI] AD and AC tsa transversal ZBCA = ZDA [+ palr of alternate angles} From Fas. (), (1) and (i), we get ZDAC = ZBCA ® ZBAC = LDCA Now, ZBCD = ZBCA+ ZDCA = ZDAG + ZBAC = ZBAD Hence, diagonal AC also bisects ZC. (i) From Eq. (iv), ZDAG = ZDCA = CD=DA [+ sides opposite to equal angles are e

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