HB 155—2002

Guide to the use of recycled

concrete and masonry materials
This is a free 7 page sample. Access the full version online.
 First Edition
Published December 2002
ISBN 0 7337 4273 4

Author
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)

Printing and Binding

Standards Australia
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Copyright
 2002 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
All rights reserved. Except where the Copyright Act allows otherwise, no part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO).
 HB 155—2002

Guide to the use of recycled

This is a free 7 page sample. Access the full version online.

concrete and masonry materials

 HB 155—2002

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The compilation of this document has been made possible by the support and contributions of
numerous participants in several recycled concrete projects initiated by CSIRO and other agencies. In
particular, the contribution of the contents of Chapter 3 by the former Inner Sydney Waste Board is
gratefully acknowledged as well as the involvement of several local councils, especially Randwick City
Council, NSW. The editorial assistance of Ms Cathy Bowditch and the technical support of the
concrete recycling research group, both of CSIRO Building, Construction and Engineering, are also
gratefully acknowledged.

The support of the following agencies is also gratefully acknowledged:

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 HB 155—2002

CONTENTS
PREFACE .............................................................................................................................................iii
DISCLAIMER ..........................................................................................................................................iv

CHAPTER 1: RECYCLED CONCRETE AND MASONRY MATERIALS

1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................1
1.2 The Guide ......................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Objective of the guide ..................................................................................................................2
1.4 Terminology ..................................................................................................................................3
1.5 Concrete recycling .......................................................................................................................3
1.5.1 Feedstock materials ..........................................................................................................4
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1.5.2 Material recycling operations.............................................................................................6

1.5.3 Foreign material content....................................................................................................9
1.5.4 Recycled products ...........................................................................................................10
1.6 Recycled aggregates for pavement applications....................................................................11
1.7 Quality system requirements ....................................................................................................11
1.8 Masonry recycling ......................................................................................................................12
1.9 Characterisation of recycled aggregates .................................................................................13

CHAPTER 2: PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE

(RCA) (CLASSIFICATION 1).................................................................................................................19
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................19
2.2 RCA – general background .......................................................................................................20
2.3 Aggregate supply (Class 1 RCA) ..............................................................................................20
2.4 Material properties......................................................................................................................21
2.5 RCA handling ..............................................................................................................................21
2.6 Recycled aggregate concrete (Class 1 RCA) specification....................................................22
2.6.1 Scope………….. .................................................................................................................22
2.6.2 Definitions……….. ..............................................................................................................22
2.6.3 RCA properties…................................................................................................................23
2.7 Recycled concrete (RC) .............................................................................................................27
2.7.1 Concrete production............................................................................................................27
2.7.2 Concrete production and placement...................................................................................28
2.7.3 Fresh concrete properties ...................................................................................................29
2.7.4 Hardened concrete properties ............................................................................................33

CHAPTER 3: PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE (CLASSIFICATION 2)….39

3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................39
3.1.1 Granular base applications..............................................................................................39
3.1.2 Embankment or fill applications.......................................................................................40
3.2 Material processing requirements ............................................................................................41
3.3 Technical specification for RCA use in pavements and other civil works ...........................41
3.3.1 Scope...............................................................................................................................41
3.3.2 Definitions ........................................................................................................................42
3.3.3 Standards ........................................................................................................................43
3.3.4 Sources of recycled material ...........................................................................................43
3.3.5 Material quality.................................................................................................................45
3.3.6 Contaminants...................................................................................................................45
3.3.7 Transport .........................................................................................................................45
3.3.8 Supply from certified stockpiles .......................................................................................45
3.3.9 Sampling and testing (quality assurance) .......................................................................46
3.3.10 Conformance with the specification.................................................................................46
CHAPTER 4: RECYCLED AGGREGATES: CASE STUDIES .............................................................47

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 HB 155—2002

4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................47
4.1.1 General recycled concrete serviceability.........................................................................48
4.2 Project 1 – path, Williamstown, Victoria...................................................................................48
4.2.1 Concrete properties .........................................................................................................49
4.2.2 Compressive strength......................................................................................................49
4.2.3 Dimensional stability........................................................................................................50
4.2.4 Fresh concrete properties................................................................................................50
4.2.5 Comment .........................................................................................................................51
4.3 Project 2 – path, Werribee South, Victoria ...............................................................................51
4.3.1 Concrete properties .........................................................................................................51
4.3.2 Compressive strength......................................................................................................51
4.3.3 Dimensional stability........................................................................................................52
4.3.4 Comment .........................................................................................................................53
4.4 Project 3 – parking bay, driveway and footpath, Kensington, NSW .....................................53
4.5 Project 4 – footpath, Werribee South, Victoria ........................................................................54
4.5.1 Compressive strength......................................................................................................55
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4.5.2 Comment .........................................................................................................................56

4.6 Project 5 – kerb and channel, Altona, Victoria ........................................................................56
4.6.1 Compressive strength and drying shrinkage ...................................................................56
4.7 Project 6 – footpath, Randwick, NSW.......................................................................................56
4.8 Project 7 – footpath, Maroubra Beach, Randwick, NSW ........................................................57
4.9 Project 8 – footpath, Randwick, NSW.......................................................................................57
4.10 Conditional survey results ........................................................................................................58
4.10.1 Concrete finishability .......................................................................................................59
4.10.2 Weathering ......................................................................................................................60
4.10.3 Pop-outs ..........................................................................................................................61
4.10.4 Discoloration ....................................................................................................................61
4.10.5 Cracks..............................................................................................................................62
4.10.6 Subsidence ......................................................................................................................65
4.10.7 Joints ...............................................................................................................................65

CHAPTER 5: SECONDARY RECYCLED MATERIALS.......................................................................67

5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................67
5.2 General background – glass cullet ...........................................................................................67
5.2.1 Glass cullet as a construction materials ..........................................................................68
5.2.2 Cullet applications in construction ...................................................................................68
5.2.3 Overview of glass cullet utilisation...................................................................................69
5.3 Recycled glass as construction aggregate .............................................................................70
5.3.1 Glass cullet classification: crushed cullet sand (CCS) ....................................................70
5.3.2 Material requirements ......................................................................................................71
5.3.3 Crushed cullet aggregate ................................................................................................72
5.3.4 Material storage and handling .........................................................................................72
5.3.5 Cullet crushing .................................................................................................................72
5.3.6 Cullet feedstock ...............................................................................................................73
5.3.7 Typical contaminants in recycled glass ...........................................................................73
5.3.8 Safety...............................................................................................................................73
5.3.9 Glass aggregate dust ......................................................................................................74
5.4 Secondary materials...................................................................................................................74
5.4.1 Slags ................................................................................................................................75
5.4.2 Mining and quarrying wastes...........................................................................................75
5.4.3 By-products from power plants........................................................................................76
5.4.4 Reclaimed asphalt material .............................................................................................76

RELEVANT AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS AND ROAD AUTHORITY STANDARDS………………....77

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 HB 155—2002

PREFACE
The use of recycled materials in the building and construction sector has been occurring over the past
few years, with varying degrees of success. This development has generated a strong industry
awareness and public interest in the use of recycled materials and recycling as it relates to
construction. Increasingly, government, regulatory bodies and various industry sectors are beginning
to account for and find ways to increase their use of recycled materials. As a result, we have seen an
embryonic recycling industry move towards becoming a viable value-adding component of the building
industry.

The objective of key stakeholders within the building sector is to reduce waste and to incorporate
waste and recycled materials into construction operations and activities. To achieve this goal, it is
essential to demonstrate safety, economic benefits and the technical performance of recycled
materials, and their fitness for purpose compared to virgin alternatives.
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The primary purpose of this Guide is to assist those who have an interest in using recycled materials
to increase their understanding of the types of waste and by-product materials in construction
applications. It is intended to provide the potential user general guidance on engineering evaluation
requirements, environmental issues and economic considerations for determining the suitability and
current uses of recycled concrete and masonry materials. Success in the marketplace for products
derived from recycled materials has been underpinned by the technical work carried out by research
institutions such as CSIRO, and the willingness of users of such materials to trial such products.

This Guide comprises a total of five chapters.

• Chapter 1 presents an overview of material and processing requirements of recycled concrete
and masonry products.
• Chapters 2 and 3 provide general guidelines for the specification and use, respectively, of
Classes 1 and 2 recycled concrete aggregate products.
• Chapter 4 reviews case studies of construction works involving recycled aggregates.
• Chapter 5 deals with emerging and conventional secondary materials.

A list of the documents referred to in this Guide can be found in Appendix A.

This Guide to the Use of Recycled Concrete and Masonry Material attempts to consolidate available
information needed for the technical consideration of recycled concrete and masonry materials in
construction applications. Hence, it is hoped that the document will provide engineers with
fundamental product specification information and the tools required for conventional design with
graded recycled construction and demolition waste material.

Kwesi Sagoe–Crentsil
CSIRO Sustainable Materials Engineering

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