UNIT-1 ‘Ai Pollution — Definitions. Scope, Signficance and Epitodes, Ae pollutants — Cassifcatons - Natural and Artfcial- Primary and Secondary, Point and Nor-peint, Le ang Areal Sources of air poBution - statonary and mobile sources: UNIT-IL Effects of Air pollutants on man, Material and vegetation: Giobal elects of air pollution ~ Green House effect, Heat Islands, Acid Rains, Ozone Holes etc. UNIT-I ‘Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Ai-potlution — Applications in the removal of gases like Sox, Nox, CO, HG ote. air-fuel ratio. Computation and Control of products. of combustion Motorology and plume Dispersion, Properties of atmosphere, Heat, Pressure, Wind foroas, Mositure and relative Humidity, infuence of meteorological phenomena on Air Quality-wind rose diagrams, UNIT-IV Lapse Rates, Pressure Systems, Winds and moisture plume behaviour and plume Rise Modols, Gaussian Model for Plume Dispersion, ‘Control of particulates — Control at Sources, Process Changes, Equipment madiications. Design and operation of contra! Equipment’s ~ Setting Chambers, Centrifugal separators, fers, Dry and Wet scrubbers, Electrostatic preciptators, UNIT-V ‘General Methods if Contral of No, and So, emissions — in-plant Control Measures, Process changes. dry and wt methods of removal and recycling, ‘Air Quality Management ~ Monitoring of SPM, SO, NO. and CO emission Standards‘Code No: 127AG Jowaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad B.Tech. IV Year | Semester Examinations: November December - 2018 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL ‘(Common te CE. CEE) ‘Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75, ‘Note: This question paper contains two parts A and Bi. Part A.is compulsory which carrics.25 marks. Ancwer all questions in Part A. Part Bonsists of $ Units, Answer any onc fall question from cach unit. Fach question carries 10 marks and may have a,b, as sub questions, PART-A. [25 Marks| 1. fa) What are primary air pollutants? Give two examples. [2 Refer Unitt, Q10 {b) Differentiate point sources und area sources of air pollutants. 3) Refer Unitd. Q24 {6} Explain the cauesof inversion of sonst (2) Refer Unie, Q16 and QT {the trnpezatre ofthe atmosphere is 16°C at 40 m, what typeof plume woul you expect ‘if the stuck was 20m tall and 35 m tall? (3) fe) What are the min principles of pollution sbuteesent? 12] Refer Unit-lV. QUI (f) What are the advantages of using collectors in sericx? [3] Answer t Advantages of Using Collector bm Series |. If two collectors are connocted in series, the Joad om secondary collector is reduced, as all the lange particles are collected by the primary collector, leaving fine paracles to secondary collector, Incase of malfunctioning of upstream collector (primary collector, the ether collectors (secondary collector) act as areservs, 3. Wn atder to operate two of more secondary collectors in parallel, primary collector helps by acting as a pleaum chamber, 4+ Incite of ignition particles (like incandescent panicles) and readily combtible materials (like linen, cotton), the primary collectors as a protective device. That 1x, all the combastible particles are collected by primary collectors and thus, no such particle enters secondary collectors. {g} What are the sources of odour? [2] ‘Answer Enlisting all the sources of odour is ifcull, a they arc many’ in tumber, Thas, few industries that act as» source of ‘dour ate given below 1. Feria industry 2. Pharmacoutical industey SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SA GROUP (i>QP.2 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL |JNTU-HYDERABAD) Tape 4. Food industry $.— Detergent industry Also, few general operations like burning rubber. inemerator smoke leads to odour Aneone't Engines release NO, emission dus 10 their high in-cylinder tempcratares. Sometimes, the fel used in engines will be ‘ree from mtrogen concn, But, still NO, emissions through cagincs is found. This ws dac to the mitrogcn comtent in atmoypheric air. The air contains almost 78% nitrogen and it reacts with the hydrocarbons in nitrogen free facls (like dhessl furl, exter-based baodiceel) ‘Also, a8 biodiesel consasts of highet amaunts of oxygen, the temperature in combustioa chamber increases asd NO, ‘missions take place. But, diesel fue results in last NO, emissions duc wo dhe abscace of oxygen. ‘Thus, NOx emissions do occur even ifthe fuel dors not contain nitrogen. (i) What is w sample train? [2] Answer ‘Sample Train ‘Asysiem, whete several componcats are assembled 0 as to collect an ais sample and pecsent the same for anayis, with aunemum or wasigaificant changes in sample propertics. 1s called sample traam Input \ = = oe Figure: Sampling Tein G) Write short mote on dry gas meters [3] Answer: ‘Dry Gas Meters Dry gas meter is one ofthe wo testmetcrs, used tomcasurc the volume and flow ratexof gas samples. This device consists ‘of u siding valve with two bellows. The volume ofthese bellows is known and they ar filled altmaively. That is, one bellow in fille, other is cmpticd and vie versa; and the tial volume is indicated by respective motion, ‘The total gas flaw o casily caleulated using dry gax meter through direct measurements. Thus device ws very much adcal to wse on fel, as the results obtained vary only by + E% (errr is ery smal) PART-B (50 Marks) 2a) Define ie pollution and ditferentiate between natural and anthropogesic sit pollution. [5] Refer Uniet, QI. Topic: Air pollution and Q1S (b} What are the effects of acid rain on soil micronutrients and aquatic coosystems? [5] Refer Unittl, Q22. Topic: Points, 3. 4. 5. 6.7. and # oR Look for the S14 GROUP LOGO gfh.on the TITLE COVER belore you buy‘Question Papers with Solutions: QP.3 SX _Discuns the photo chemirty of arane ia Whe upper atmosphere use the pertnca chemical reactions. Discuss the hypothesized effect of chloraflgorocarbons on these reastions. [1] Answer ‘Photochemistry of Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere Using the Pertinent Chemical Reactions No ving ing om a saris. mld wave wihot come layer pce. The penne of his prin yer ‘in the upper atmosphere help in hindering the direct sun radiations, Thats, a human sin exposcd to small amount of UV rays leads summer tn while, greater intensity could lead toa shan cancer ‘The basic photochemistry equation is given as, gh Photochemistry of enone, ©, + hy + 0+ 0,(slow reaction} 07 0,¢M 0% Oth 0,60 ‘This mechanism was proposed by Sydney chapman. Hypethesized Effect of Charatuorocarbons om above Reactions The chlorofluorocarbons released from refrigerants react with azone. That is, under few specific conditions, chlorine reacts in catalytic cycle and destroy azons molecules, Most of the ozone is converted to oxygen. This have adverse sffects. Becamxc, a ‘Sicdocrease in ozone keuds to 10% increase in skin “Thus, in lower atmosphere, CFCs are lens active while im upper atmosphere tix one of the maj comoctms as therein very chance af azane layer depletion, 4. What ure the vanous instruments used for meteorological parameter? haere the working principles with atch. 110] Answer : ‘Vanous anstruments used for meteorological parameters areas follows 1. Meteorological Factor - Wind Direction and Speed Wind Direction Recorder ‘The wind direction is measured by a ic instrument developed by National Enviroameatal Engincering Research Institute ‘which employs the conventional wind vane for scoaing the drcction. The eperabon of ths iastruncat is done mechanically swithout any supply of powcr. The recording is caried ou on stacked chart of wind drcction with time (fast reactions) Figure: Wind Direction Recorder [SPECTRUM ALLIN ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA GROUP (>QP4a AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL |JNTU-HYDERABAD) Wid Speed Recordar This instrument has. a four cup rotee employed for sensing the wind. The wansfcr of mation of cup is canned out afer sminimizing its speed by a gear system tothe pen by which rise and fll impecssion can be otived oa char paper A 24-hour coed wil be given by this instrument in oe setting. The average "win speed and wind speed at a particule ‘time can be koown from this record, z ‘A prycbramcter is a device which is used to measure the dry ball and wet bulb tcmaperatares simulkancously ‘Sling Psychrometer Sling psychrometer consists of two thermometers one is. wet bulb thermometer and other is dry bulb thermometer. ‘Thermometer with 4 “sock is wet bulb thermomctee These two thetmometers are mounted oa a plate sock that. wet bald theemorictr is laated below dry bulb therinormeter. So that. the sock can be made Wet by deppang a wate without wcthng dey ‘bulb thermometer. It also consists of a handle which is used to rotatc the scl-up to increase the aur velocity, Thus, the WBT and DBT can be obtained from readings of thermometer. Ifthe aris dry, thea WET is low and if aris wet then it resus in high WHT Thus, by knowing WBT and DBT, other properties of aici. lative hamidity, specitic humidity, cathalpy ete can be nite _ ye ‘oer wee hath a Figure: Sling Peychrometer Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO {[fh.on the TITLE COVER belore you buy‘Question Papers with Solutions: actor fare Thermometcr is the common instrument. used to measure the temperature, used on the priciplc thmesters are of many kinds 1. Mercury Themmometer (works on the principle of thermal expansion) 2. Bimetullic thermometer. (The tompcratare which is rece iets Proportional to he applied temperature ry Hsia eistne ernie (The opering principle of renistance thermometer re that, the resistance of conductor changes with the change in temperature, 4. Thermocouple (In thermocouple, two cette Gite be annie and the clcetne current flows), 4. Meteorological Factor -otar Radiation An instrument used for measuring solar radiation data received on the carth’s rurface 18 called as solanimeter. provides i ‘nstanlancons meas ft Ae ne of Dole read ean received on a horizontal surface the Sera cenes ‘area per unit tine produces | langleys of radiution on the surface. ‘OR $.—isproposed to establiha 780 MW power plant using 488 coal and 32464 kik heat convent. The plant tits SO, at 64860 pd frm aa festive stack height ‘of 280 m, Estimats the ground level soncenration of ‘ofa downward distance of 4m, ifthe wind specd at 10 m height is 3.$ mis on a cloudy summer doy. Take m, as 339 m and n, ax 216m at 4 km distance from the stack. [10] Answer! ‘Given that ‘80, emission fiom power plant per day ~ 64860 ke. Weather condition : Cloudy summer day (Therefore, class ©) Heights, Stack beight, ‘Wind speed at 10m, w, = 3.5 mis 9, ~358nund o,=216mat4km distance from stack, Qrs ‘Sa, eranssion from power plant pet second. 2 Hf eco (oT kg = 10" micro grams) T3110 apis From Gaussian plume model, - 338) ‘Concentration, 6.66 mis _g j-wae| Where» isthe wind velocity at stack height, 7 Sun are apd ee) ~462AE «051 236.07 api ‘The ground level coacentration of SO, at « downward distance of + km ~ 256.07 up’ 6 What ase the methods available i control air pollution by ‘equipemont medificatce Mhastrate with etamples [10] Answer: Modification (or) replacement of the process equipment ‘casures control of emissions into the atmosphere ‘A classic example of equipment modification is that of automobiles, wherein, the carkonation and ignition systera ‘undergocs modification to reduce the levels of carbommenoxie in the exhaust pases. The open hearth fiumaces used in steel industries are substinated with basic oxygen funaces across the globe, as these are less polbuting. The storage tanks of oil refineries are with Bloating roof covers to prevent the loss of by ‘evaporation proccss. The orl sefinencs should be prom dod with pressurized storage tanks to radoce the husof drach vapour The cool-based thermal mabe provided with stoma ine pipe for sing | (CO) s tha the supbunioide ms Shela te combustion procem can be climinaicd a cakinrn sulplitc ‘calcram sulphate, usicad of rclcasn; aocaraeiee The diferent types of eqtiprcots used in the indosral pcrations mst be properly maintained of pollutants. The dct. pipes, valves and pumps mast be check for 10 minimize cmustiO® OR SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA GROUP JQP.6 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD] 7. _Gnumerae the factors depend upon the collechon | Process Change afficiency of a cyclone separator? How docs the ‘efficiency change from conventional te hugh cfbcscncy cyclones? [10] Answer: ‘The Factors that Effect the Collection Effeciency of a ‘Cyelane Separator are 1. Re-entrainment 2. Bounce 3. Particle-gas interactions 4 Partcle-particle interactions 4. Also, the inlet gas velocity indirectly effect the final efficiency of eyslone separator Efficiency Change from Conventional to High EMficlency ‘Cyclone Based on fficeney, cyclones are divided as conventional yclone and high efficiency cyclone For remaining answer refer Unit, Q47. 3. What are he diferent cclnigues employed to change the INOr emissions without using aay additonal chemical reactants? [10] Refer Unit¥, Q24 Topic: (Expect points with reactions} OR 9. ‘What is meant by * in plant contol of pollutants”? Explain withthe bey of examples. (10) Answer An-plant Control of Pollutants ‘Theprocess of comrolling the production (or dscharge cof pllaant within th plant, by, following measur, ikon: as Ir-plant control of pollutants ic. Pollutants are cotrlled by 1, By control equipment 2. By process change (raw materials, process equipment and operations). 3. By diluting the effluent through tll stacks 4. By dispensing the souree keaton. ‘Control Equipmeat For answer refer Now /Dee.-18, Q8. Foe answer refer Unit-1¥, 4. (By bringing radial changes in petroleum refining industries, air pollutants cam by minimized, In rotatory kilns, paramcters such ax kiln operanons, decreasing the velocities of gases. implementation of {ght wcught dese curtasn chaue at daschangc port heclps an reduction of pollution. To reduce sul elements in paper industry, hhydrometallurgical separations of ores can be smplemctted sad sho avond wage of sebphides a paper manufacturing wo (ail) Dispersion For answer refer Unit-1V, 03 10, What are the devices ascd for sampling gascs and vapours? Describe any onc in detail. (10) Refer Unie, Q20 OR 11, Explain the folowing: (a) Gravimetric method of analysis. ES] (6) Volumetric method of analysis. 1S} Answer ! (a) Gravimetric Method of Analysts ‘Geavimetric snethod is one of the simplest analytical ‘echmgues sv atlable Tha method clades wei git mea surcencnts, That inthe weight ofthe required ee coacers pullutant ember divctlymcasared oc measord ters ‘of one te ‘sompoacats. This method can be -comvenicatly usd for determusang the following. 1. Ga-Sensitiviey approx 1 mg ‘Gecraly, ane size samp ar exp fri cae. 2. Dusts and Soot-Senstivity Approx 1 mg ‘nthisease the sedimentation ar collect the dasts and soot with Jang sampling periods, approt equal to | month. 3. Particulate Matter pate Sree or se clestatas peecmpaatorsars ws theropared mane collce on leper: Ts ipivcens reguites large sfc samples. Volumetric Method of Amatests Unlike gravimetric method of analysis, volumetric method dacs aot saclade aay weight mcannrcrscets Hat the sommponeat are measured thungh reagents of slecady bec conccattations ‘Volumetnc method inclades following methods. Look for the S14 GROUP LOGO gffhon the TITLE COVER belore you buy‘Question Papers with Solutions QP.7 ‘Oxtiatiow Invthis method, the ammount of axygen released and consumed is based on the underwent oxidation (or) reduction process. ‘This mcthed includes a standardised substance aad the respective reaction leads to a change in colour, hased oa ‘eich the amount of oxygen measured. The whale process may ar may not inchade an indicator 2. Acidimetric and Atkalimetric Method This method is one of the very sensitive methods, with a sensitivity of 01 ppm. As the name suggests. this method is used ta determine acids and bases. Based on the requirement, a base (or}an acid solution is used along with an indicatoe Thus, the change in colour duc tothe reaction is observed and acids and bases are determined, 3. Precipitation Method ‘This method as well suited for halogens and isnot very soneitive, In this method. a halogen procipetated as xl ce halide, Thus, for this reaction, a silver nitrate solution with known strength is used, Code No: 117AG Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad B.Tech IV Year Semester Regular Examinations November / December - 2017 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL (Civil Engineering ) ‘Time: 3 Hours ‘Max. Marks: 75 ‘Nate: This question paper contains two parts A and 8 Part A is compulsory which cures 28 marks Answer all questions in Part A Part B consists of Sits, Answer any one full question from cach it Each question carics 10 maths and may have a bas ab questions PART-A (25 Marks) 1. (a) Define particulate mats. [2] Refer Unie. Qa (tb) Explain stationary sources of wir pollution. [3] Refer Units, Q17 te} Define dispersion, (2) Refer Unit, QS {d) What are differern air quality parameters? [3] Refer Unie, QUE te) Define process modifications. 12] Refer Unit WV. 4 16) Whatdo you mean by wet scrubber? [3] Refer UnittV, Q26 te} Define incineration. (2) Refer Unit: Q22 th) Differentiate recycle and reuse. 18] Refer Unit. QS fi) Define wind rose. {2} Refer Unies, Q19 4H) Define wir monitoring. 13) Refer Unit¥. 8 PART-B (50 Marks) 2 (a) Explain global effocs of sir pollution? Wofer Uniett, O18 tb) What are ocid rains? Ilustrate with examples. ($+5] Refer Unit-ll, Q23 oR SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS iA GROUP i>Mustrate the heat wlands. Explain shout the stalinnary and mobile soarccs with cxassples [S48 tb) 4 (a) Explain with cxamples about meteorology behavior off atmosphere. {thy Explain the Gaussian model of plume behavice. [5+] OR 4. {a} What is Lapse Rate? Discuns its significance. {hi Define the tem Wind Rose. Explain with examples. +8] 4 (a) With neat diagram, explain the fonctioning of settling chambers and Cyclones i Dascuss the AurPollution disperion modeling for prodacang anabrcnt aut pollutant concentrations, [$8] OR 7. (a) White about general methods for control of NO. etissioes {bi Describe with a neat sketch the principle and working ofa contrfugal separator. [S*S] (a) Describe thse types of combustion units used in-a-source control of air pollution. Answer Incineration © Incineration, also known a combustion, is mostly wsed to control the cmission of organic ‘compounds from process industcs. This como! technique refers tothe rapid oxidation of a substance through the conibination of oxygen with a combustible matcnal in the presence of beat. AIR POLLUTIGN AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD] Refer Unit-lV. Q34 Refer Unit-Ill. Q45 Refer Unit-lV. O61 Refer Unit-lV, Q37 Refer Unit: O27 Refer Unit-lV. Q49 When combustion is complete, the gascous steam is converted to carbon dioxide and water vapours, —Eauipment used te contsl waste gases by corsbustion can be divided int thee categories, (i) Dinest combustion or faring (ii) ‘Thermal incineration and é bi Caulytic incineration, Explain in detail about the Control of gaseous eminsoons ($+) OR 9. (a) Explainsthe dey methods of removal and recycling of puticulate matt at {th} What re the various fo-plant Conteol Measures” Explain with one example. [545] Discuss the Aur Pollubon dispenioa modeling for predicting, ambreat aur poll wtant concentrations, iby ‘Discuss the cmixsion standards for air quality management. ($4S] OR IE. (a) Explain the Monitoring of SOx with examples tb) Discuss the Air-Pollution dispersion modeling for predicting amibuera aut pollutant concentrations, [$8] Refer Unit, Q23 Refer Unit. Q28 Refer UnitW: O31 Refer Unie-lV. Q37 Refer Unit. Q41 Refer Unit. O39 Refer Unit-1V. Q37 Look for the S14 GROUP LOGO gfh.on the TITLE COVER belore you buyQuestion Papers with Solutions. ‘Code No: 117AG Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad B.Tech IV Year| Semester Regular Examinations Nevember / December - 2016 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL (Civil Engineering } “Time: 3 Howe ‘Mac Marks: 7 This question paper contains two parts A and B Part A is compulsory which cures 28 marks. Answer all questions ia Part A Part B consists of $ units, Answer any ene full question from cach unit. Each question carics 10 marks and may have a bean db questions ™ PART-A (4) What are secondary ai pollutsts? Give two examples. [2] Refer Unitd. QUE {h) Distinguish between stationary and mobile sources of air pollutants. 3] Refer Unit-t, Q14 6) Define wind rase? What isthe importance of i? [2] Refer Unit-Ml, Q19 (cd) Explain why valleys ae moee susceptible to inversion than in fla tera, [3] Refer Unitatt. Qt te) What is the principle of imental separator [2] Refer Unit lV. O21 {0 How do you caleulute the efficiency of a seporating device? [3] Refer UnitlV. Q24 (g) What are the sources of senoke’ [2] Refer Unit, QS th) Mast of'the NO, removal iechnologies are hased oa scrublsers. Why? 13] Refer Unit. Q1 43) What are the various purposes for which air sampling as required? [2] Answer i The various purposes for which air sampling is required are, i) ‘The min purpose fo implemeatation of ir sampling isto identify the source of ae home ‘conturranants and their concentration in atmosphere so that sutable control measures cas ‘be adopted in order to-reduce them. (expecially in workplaces) (iid tn general, 10 check the quality ofthe atmosphere in aay locality. 1) White show note-on wet gas meters [3] Refer UnibtV. Q20 PART-B 2 entity various sources of the Following pollutants and their effects an the environment ta) Hydrocarbons {b) Oxides of nitrogen te) Hydimpen fluoride, (10) Refer Unit, 27 oR 3. (a) What is photochemical smog and how i it formed” Refer Unie, Q22 (th) What greeahouse effect? What are the sources of greenhouse gascs? ($+) Refer Unit. Q17 4. Explin plume behavior in various atmospheric conditions with figures. [16] Refer Unielll, Q42 oR SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SA GROUP QiQP.10 ‘A coal fred power plant releases ‘matter atthe rate of 3.7 sat 140 °C, The stack height is 6S m and the wind velocity at the stack height and «diameter ane 2 3.nv's and 3m respectively while the stack velocity is $ mvs the atmospheric proesure is 1.003 bar ‘The wind speed at 10 m height from the ground is 2.03 ‘v's, estimate the ground level concentraton at | ken downwanl distance. Take 9, a8 34 m and e, as 14 m at 1 kan distance. (10) Refer Unit, O39 6 —_Discunsthe characteristics of various fabric ltr What are the typial opecting probes of ers? [44] Refer Unit-W, 54 OR 7. What are the methods available 40 control air pollution bby procens changes? Illustrate with cxamples. [16] Refer Unit W. O43 3. —_Desetibe the industrial applications of sdsoeption foe ‘odour control from any two industries. [10] Answer ‘Adsorption can be defined ax a type of separation process, wherein the dissolved substance clings to the iter smuteril (for instance, activated carbon), duc to the force of atracton a the interface of two phases and thax can be scletively removed or captured At the molecular level, adsorption cocurs die to the sure afin erent ae ie suns eng adsorbed and the adsorb (the adsorbing matcral ieee erate the activaied carbon, sla gcl. activated alumina, activated charcoal, coites, lay, peatmoss, chitown, ee ‘Types of Adsorption “Themcchasismaf adsorption an be broadly categorized into two types, (a) Physical adsorption/Physisorption Vander Waal's Advorpeion “The molecales ot particles (adscebate ia the at stream tassand th bbe nto ve oe of traction sich as Vander Waals forces. The adsorbate oa cr by reducing the pressure, Physical adsorption ix a yee ote: aera den wi solcot or ‘Chemisorption/Chemical Adsorption Inthis method. chemical bond is formed by the reaction ‘between the adsorbate and the adsoebert. wath the release ‘of large amount of heat, The reacho rsarreverssble, and requiteslagge amount of energy or efforts for desorption. eo) AIR POLLUTIGN AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD] em The adsorbents used in the gascous pollaaets control ate of the following types: (a) Ouygen Containing Compounds Eg Silica gel, acoline Silica gel is prepared by reacting sodium silicate with ng fs acid ol with fon Se al ‘cn also collet highly polar and water-soluble compounds The adsorbent is regenerated for reuse by evaporation ‘of the adsorbed matter Zeolite ac mvcroporous, crystalline sold of hydrated ‘sou abuso ticle nuncrals wth oolccult foetal SR MO sean, heres 2 elena 6. complex compounds ate also referred a8 “loa ‘exchange rons’, The porceand cavines are arranged im wath — tor Ses sk ‘surface arva tocnable easmaearaal Eg. Graphite activated carbon materials Actevated catboa ws a widely used adsorbent for waste gas (and waste watcr) treatment. It ix made from ‘cathon-rich raw material (eg. wood. cal, shells. atic, boocs sal nt sans} Gy comtaled ‘combustion adcr controlled atmosphcre and heat 12 develop adsorptive characteristics ‘The muin features of activated carboa arc, ) Lange Sertace Area The activated carbon has a lange surface arca ax it ‘has qumcrogs pores within the carbor parastex Gi) High Surface Reactivity The activated carbon bas high surface reactivity as it has numerous active sites on the surface of the pores. (lit) High Adsorption Capacity: The high adsorption capacity of activated carbon inde tits lange surface area, Forms of Activated Carbon The two forms of sctivated carbon generally wied in waste gas (and wastewater) teatmice are 1) Granular Activated Corben (GAC) ln GAC, the sre of the activated carbon particle ‘smote thas 0.8 mm, with Large internal surface acca, and smallcr internal pores. Pondered Activated Carbon (FAC) The size ofthe particle isles than 0.8 mee, with senll ternal varfaceaeca ana large pores ay Look for the S14 GROUP LOGO gfh.on the TITLE COVER belore you buy‘Question Papers with Solutions. io vmer ‘The polymer based compounds sed as isan se porte ag oe parentelmr rep iden oe ances, Examples Chromosarbs, Polysorbs, Porapak, Tenax, Amberlites. OR 9. Wii the help of'neat skerches, explain spray towers a seyelone suber for contain pascoas polls. (10) Refer Unie, Q29 10, What is meant by stack sampling” Explain with the Ile ef neat sketch of sampling trait? How do you selec the sampling location to achieve isokinetic conditions? 10} Answer! ‘The term stack sampling refers to the collection of air samplos from the stack (chimney) o analyzc the eonccntration sf pollutants contaminants, ‘The purpose of stack sampling is as ziven below: (a) Tobave an accurate data ofthe quality and quantity of different pollutants discharged from the chimneys. Xb) Todevise-varnous methods for pollution control, 4c) Toanulyze the efficiency of control measures. (4) To cvaluate the efficiency of warious pollution control devices. fe) Tocheek the compliance of the emissions with the help of emission standards, (1) Preparation of emission inventories. ‘Theanalysss of pollutants in ambient airis notrestricted ‘te any particular place irrespective of the source of origin. But stack sanapling has to be camied out atthe source of pollutant dfschange. However the methods involved in the analyxis of ambient air and stock monitoring is the xame, ax they are all based on the same physiochemical properties, ‘Sampling Polat im the Stack The air in a ductstack sboald be far a doa bese aires relsvely cle The sampling location shouldbe fur away from a Bend. anexpansion, ‘contraction, valve, elbow or any other obstruction. Funber, 'an opening bus to be provided inthe stack to insert probes for sample analysis, These openings should be covered wah ahd? lange when not in use ‘Traverse Points in the Stack stack sampling is cartied out ot various points along. the stack, which are called as traverse points. These traverse points are cated a differnt points because the vekcity and ‘temperature along with pollutant concentration in the exhaust sis vans considerably The auraber of traverse pois bose, arora chang wi ition in sonra are of sti QP.L The number of traverse points in circular stacks areas below, pe svt ‘inch eco hr k Figare Traverse Points in Rectangular Stacks The areais divided ino 12 0 25 equal areas und traverse points are determined. Isokiinetic Conditions The fluc gas and prticalats given oat foes the stacks ‘chumncys have high temperature and high velocity. So, inorder to obtama ruc representative mmmple, the velocity ofthe gas stream must be equal othe velocity of gas a the nozzle ofthe (probe, This conditioa is eferred as the bokinctic condinon The isokinetic conditions of the gas sample can be achieved when the velocity of the gas im the stack is equal to the velocity of gas atthe nozzle of the probe. Such a sample is said to be more representative for mcasuring the particulates. When the velocity of the sample is very high, « convergent stream forms, resulting in the entry of lighter ‘particles into the nozzle and dcBect the beaver particles oxtside Ths the weight of the particles will be low: On the other hand. when the velocity of the sarple is low, a divergea stream forms wherein the heavier pasticles cate the nezle and the lighter particles are deflected wutside Thus. the weigh ofthe particles willbe oa the higher sdk: SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA GROUP JQP.12 AIR POLLUTIGN AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD] rs 1, Velociy of sample 17, Veloiy of sample a the nazz of probe © Heavy:particles ° Lighter particles ‘Determination of Nass Emission fate ‘The mass miasion rat of polhatants can be determined by the following equation. Barer Where, 8, ~ Average pollutant mas cision ate Average pollutant concentration, Average volumes gas flow rate ‘Determination of Average Volumetric Gas Flow Rate (¥_) ¥, ~ Average velocity of gas (V;) Crosesectional area of stack. » RCE ¥, =Nelocity of gas sample (o's) AP ~ Velocity head in ram of water 7 — Temperature of stack gases in Kelvin 1, Absolute stack gas pressure (mm of Hg Mf ~ Molecular weight of gas. ~ Dimension constant Cy ~ Pitot cocthicient ‘Determination of Velocity Head of Gas Flaw Pitot tube is used ta determine the velocity head of gas flow: The reverc-type pitot tubs has ro openings at the ip ene lacing wpscur eel tc cc cing tower o hepa Tc oct Ube tec ce sack ne od, le the ther at coaneed ean nln manne The defen athe masa is lt eerie te vey of the gas erie Theather devices that can be used for measunng ant vcloceues imc lade bot ware ancmometers for low anf velacieics, rotating iol Paieaieg ens eiomemvace mc verabicara eu eck Look for the S14 GROUP LOGO gfh.on the TITLE COVER belore you buy‘Question Papers with Solutions: QP.13 ‘Determination of Molecular Weight of Stack Gases (Orsat apparatus isthe device used for the analysis of different concentration of fluc gascs such as carbondionide, oxygen, ‘carbon menosade, etc. ‘The different parts ofthe apparatus sre, 1. Three Absorption Bulbs ‘Thrce absorption bulbs are placed in serics and filled with differena solutions for absorption of gases such as\CO,..O, aed (CO, The diffsrent solutions inte absorption bulbs ars as mentioned bchrw: 1 Atisarption Bulls 11s filled with KOH solution 250 gz KOH in $00 a distilled water, “The earbondioxidc gas presente Fue gas absorbed by the KOH solution to form potassium casbonats. The seation is 2 KOH +€O, = K.CO,+H,0 11 Atwarption But “The second ubseption bul contains llalin pyrogalle acid (25 gan of pyrogallic sci + 200,g KOH in Sol ditiled water) Thealkaline pytnglli acid abies oxygen bythe reaction. 2C,H,(OH) + 2KOH +0, = 20. H,0CO0K + 41,0 HI* Absorption Bull The third absorption bulb contains ammonium cuprows chloride (100 gm of cupeoas chloride + 125 mal of armonia liquor + 315 ml of water, The carbonmonoxide in the gas sample is absorbed by ammosiacal cuprous chloride by the reaction, 2OuCl © 2CO —> (NI) —> [CuCKCOH], 2. Graduated Gags Burotte ‘The bureti is enclosed in ‘containing compartment. The cnd of the baretic is coerced toa ke Tedcadise sist Tht ado pvc Elica cpm anos ay lp pcos The sampling cock 1 opened to allow the gas sample to flow m, Wath the help of leveling boetle, the gas seat to different swoon ppet er analy ofthe peo ps ‘Plug sane Wart [SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA GROUP (>QP.a AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD] TT Describe mass spectrometne method and Wermal conductivly method for analyeing te sample m cal 1) Answer (a) Mass Spectrometric Method tn this method, the sumple which may be solid, semi-solid. liquid (or) gascous is iid citer by anzans of electric discharge (or) by bombarding the rample with clcstroas which resus in breaking of sanplc moleculcs into positive foes. “These positive ions which are mowing sttally sv straight line pets dflcted ate ar separated based oa thei massa harps sa and ae Farrage we an mapas and crs Bld 9” ech ect Do te above apices, ths fons get disinbuted and some amount of deflection i. ons having tame mass-to-charge ratio wil undergo same amount of deflection, The result obtained a "ass spectra “The insrumct which jxwsed to record the mass spectrum ona photographic plate is known as “Mase Spectrograph! tn thisapprstus the moving dection of the om cat be changodby aca the loci of oa a) rugac() ccs fic tees By doing so the quantity and nature of vanoustypes of ions canbe determined Application “i ‘Mostly used far identification of harafl gases. tn particular. this apparatus is used wo detect hydrocarbons and the vorapounds (b) Thermal Conductivity Method ‘This method is completely dependent upon the evaluation of thermal conductivity of vapours and gases. This method is mainly uscd for determing the concentration ofthe samples. “The combustion appatatis used to determing the cancctitation of gaa toe} vapiowt by wang thermal coshctnity method is cxplosinsicr. ‘The explosimcter gives the conesntratins ofthe samples with, he manuman expoaon brut Peper ae pease pel pier ppeecrlr ae ey ey er Mensa weesac tenss iteosl esa store elie oes ocd vem a tenea "Al oer which is evolved during oxidation i mcasared by mcans of thermociple. Application 11) Mostly used for determine the carhoa monotide compound, Look for the S14 GROUP LOGO gfh.on the TITLE COVER belore you buyUNIT \ AIR POLLUTION PART-A SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS Q1, Define air pollution and importance af study of air pollution, Answer: oees Papert ata Air Paliution ‘Ait pollution isthe contamination of wit around us with pollaunts such as smokz and soot formed bythe burning of fel tw pawce motor vehicles, Chlorodluoo carbon (CFCs) used ia st conditisaers and refigeraton, smoke and heavy metals (like cada mrcary)dchargly baming of mb he reas ues nite ar ecb ett, power plas inh 9m ee Inportinee of Study of Ate Pollution The study of ut pollution isan ienpertat factor foe cach and cvery humsa being De Wo increase ts growth at of pollution, she tute of demand of goods and consunption of ful ts increased. So the new factories afe bat whac ate the ray source of air polation The ur pollution cootrol iv must for factors to prevert the pallution sotse of the prissary polltants produced by bursa activitcs are sulphur ot ide, carbonmonoxide. ash, dust sah particles eve. this pollutants are very harmful tothe buraaa health thee polluians sboukl be controlled by taking sore measaremen Assessment of air quality will provide, The identification of areas whete particular scions ate required tobe taken A way jo measure the impact of measures arcady implomcnivd ‘G2. What are the different methods to identify air pollution? ‘Answer : “The different methods uscd to identify the air polltion are 1. Sensory recognition 2. Physical measurement of pollution 2,__Effscu.on animals, plants and buildings List the various gases in air 5 Answer: The various gases in ai pollutants are, (a) Sulphur dioxide tb) Carbon mononide {e) Hydrogen Auaride a) Hycrogen sulphide fe} Chlorine 19) Oxides of nitrogen {e) Ozone th} Aldehydes (i) Organic vapours Gi) Radioactive gases SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING sTUDENTs SIA GROUP i>12 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD} ‘Gi Define particulate matter, Answer: ensbec.17, 1m, ava ‘Particilates The term ‘particulates refers to particles (solid or Liquid that are saspended in the ait. These are one of the most obviows forms of pollution, The sources of particulates in the atmosphere are the ssa salts, wind blown dust, dir, pollen froea plants, smoke und sot particles elenod fram bach Gres, combustion proce instal persons, meter vehicle Fels, bring of agriculural products ‘5. What are the sources of smoke? Answer: ereoee-1k RI Oat Following are the most significant sources of smoke: i) Automobiles ) Industrial power plants Railway engines Aiv} Heating plants (domestic) (0) Shipsand Avi) Rett incineraors G6. What are the different causes of air pollution? Answer : ‘Camves of Air Pollution The differeat/various causes of air pollution arc as follows. They are, 1. High rate of population gzowh 2. Rapid industrialization 3. Transponation facilities 4. Radioactive substances Natural causes Q7. State different types of air pollutants. Answer: ea tei es ees eect nickel, mercury and molybdenum), azone depicts (such as chloroflaorocarbons, halons, chlorine, bromine) and greenhouse ‘Bites (water vapour, earbondioide, methane, azone. itrous aide) ‘QB. Classify air pollutants into different categories, indicating their sources. Answer: seen Paper att ‘Air pollutants are classified into different categoris as fol 1, Based om Origin “Accarding to their origi (a) Primary pollutants th) Sccondary pollutants 2 Based on State of Matter Based 0 the state of mater, ir pollutants are sub-divided as, (a) Gaseous Pollutants (i) Organic gases (ii) Inorgunic gases. st pollatants are classified as Look for the SHA GROUP Loco {fon the TITLE COVER belore you buyUNIT-1 Air Pollution th) Particulate Pollutants (i) Solid particulates (iit Liquid particulates 3. Based om Chemical Composition ‘Air pollutants are classified bused on thew chemical composition as, {a} Organic poluants th) Inorganic polhnants Distinguish between natural and artificial air pollutants Answer : osu rieers O10) Natural and Artificial Mir Pollutants ‘The aie pollutants which pollute ait duc to any nstural activity are termed natural at polltaats. Poll grains ate the ‘mos! common nuttfil pollutants which are teleased shlo atmosphere by granscs. trees and secede Artiiceal ant pollutants ate the pollutants which arc goncrated duc o various actvitic by haman beings or by man-made machincrics Natural Pollutants: Le Pollen grains 2 ‘Yeasts or manalds a Animal hair 4 Fur or feathers Artiietal Pollutants: he Nerovols: Eg: Smoke, dust, fumes, fog etc. ‘2 Gases Released from Industrial Activities, Automobiles and Power Plants Fe S0.,.NO, CO, HS, CL HClete, G10, What are primary air pollutants? Answer # Primary Air Pollutants The air pollutants which are directly emincd from particular sources ave known as prienary pollutants. Primary Air Pollutants fi) Compounds of sulphar (ii) Otides of nitrogen (ii) Compounds of halogen Aix) Oepaic compounds (v) Radioactive compounds (vil Carbon monoxide: (vil Finer particles (<0 m in diameter) (viii) Courser particles (>100.m in diameter) SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING sTUDENTs SIA GROUP i14 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD} ‘G11. What are secondary air pollutants? Give two examples. Answer: eesOee 18 (RO HA ‘Secoudary Ate Pollutants Scoondary air pollutants are formed duc ta the interaction between different primary pollutants. Secondary ait pollutants seis Fra by schon rosea pty pli sl snl aap sao - (i) Ozone i) Smog iit) Formallchyde div) Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate (PAN) fehl (G12. Write short notes on, Tapio wd nd eile ah or ks, at tit in rs maser m Accs. Wi sete os cool sync which st dapersen tear sad the persed pase sod er pld unig tine of fupenaon i the a, heer “nreaT i wed. This crm doesnt ext whe hs clone cae by oglomcain, by vie of ks weit or by tac onli od ue Acro at wide varity in crn tice deny, particle irc and sheirimporance ax pants. Des, fo. its, smoke and fumes are the vanous aerosols. i) Smog ‘The combintionot fog an mes kane a 0g, These are vo types of nog ia ase, On i omnes where colin rae fic The eer ins phlochonical nny, Gencally tc nag cove te weatia ighter when he ground tery re ix mot more than 10°C in cold days, In first type of smog. the main constituents are smoke, flyash and sulphur ‘cuprands, Wren fh contest a seen type am petevaie cabon moneda, wogen ais and case, pc on lee can Answer Natural Comtaminants: Pollen plays an important role in satura! contaminants for its properics to irritate people. Pollen grains are male _sametoph vies of angiosperms and gymnosperms. trees, grasses and weeds into the atmosphere. Thousands Sips tuts ee ienucl beac of ad polnuisn Wl ic mage ofr tmpacl polls pase bare 10 ma Som tie, bt sar found be lange as 10 end small 90min art: ete allel expenses pool stern poles anlage amber Many pope slr wich moar type hayfever in wach a Oe end of pln seson te ayighmedisope: Sor of how deeloybroechal mtn, demote tel bronchi. 014, Explain stationary and mobile sources of with examples. gee e172, | Mowat Papers, QR OR jatingulsh between stationary and mobile sources of air pollution Answer: Mewoee-16 mn. ana Stationary and Mobile Sources Stutionaty sources ur the sources which ae fixed at thei positon while module sources of i polbon eft tothe soe ‘which emu air pollutants whike moving. The slatbonary sourccs arc furthcr sub-divided as ‘pots sources and 'noe-pount'sourccs -whike the mobile sources are classified into two typex ax ‘lin sources and ‘area sourvcs Look for the SUA GROUP Loco {fon the TITLE COVER belore you buyUNIT-1 Air Pollution 1s ‘FXamples of Stationary Seurves ‘i «iid «ii iw ry) vid Industries “Thermal snd clear power plants Fuel combustion: Incinerators ‘Open burmng fummers Evaporative losses ‘Examples of Mobile Sources ti) aii) ii) diy wo «vip 15, Motor vehicles Highway vehicles Railroad and railyard locomotives Alneraft Port weasels. Chirine! vessel Write down the sources of sulphur dioxide, Answer ‘Sulphur Dioxide ai) ii) ii) ‘ih wo vip are, Sulphur dioxide ix # major gas pollutant sm atmosphere, The sources of sulphur doxide are, Combustion of fuel Refining process Fuel gases Iw rctallurgicsl operations Sulphuric acids and plans intended for paper manufacrure From municipal incencraters and duc to the apca burning of refuse Write a shortnote on following air contaminents. (a) Hydrogen sulphide {b) Carbon monoxide, Answer a Hydrogen Sulphide Hydrogen sulphide ixa gas with avery foul smell and ixa means fr irtation wo human beings. The sources of formatioa of hydrogen sulptade ate, {i} Process of anacrobic biological deca {ii} Voleanocs und natural water springs (iii) Kea pulp industry for paper manufacture {iv} Refineries, coke-oven plants and vicosc rayon plants, SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA GROUP i>1.6 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD) rban monoxide i.an odourless, colourless and a highty poisonous gas. The sougces that release this gas in atmosphere are described as fallows, {i) Its liberated due to incomplete combustion of carbonaceous material, geacrally dc to sutorsobile exhaust i is also released from blast furnace, refinang of petrol, coal mancs and glass manufactunng provess. ‘G17, Explain stationary sources of air pollution. Answer: Now bee 17, Eh, GH) For answer refer Unit, Q14, Topic: Stationary and Mobile Souroce. Look for the SLA GROUP Loco {fon the TITLE COVER belore you buyUNIT. ‘Ai Podlution PART-B ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS 1.1_ AIR POLLUTION - DEFINITIONS, SCOPE, SIGNIFICANCE AND EPISODES, AIR POLLUTANTS - CLASSIFICATIONS - NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL - PRIMARY AND SECONDARY, POINT AND NON-POINT, LINE AND AREAL SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION - ‘STATIONARY AND MOBILE SOURCES 18. Write the sources of air pollution. ‘Answer adel Pacer ‘Sources of Air Paltution The souees of aie pollution are, 1. Natural sources of air pollution 2, Man-made sources of air pollution, 1, Natural Sources of Atr Pollution The natural sources of air pollution are as follows, (0) Products from atmospheric actions (chemical reactiogs like oxidation, combination, polymerization, photochemical Feactioms cc.) (i) Aerosols Particulates Acrosals are finely divided into solid or Iquid particles of atmoapicte. They are wisi reduction, sealing of surfaces jcrorcopic size held suxpceded and dispersed in rorrosion cfc. ‘The various typesof Acrosols ar, (2) Dust (b) Smoke (s) Mists (d) Fog (ec) Haze (0) Fumes (Hi) Micra-orgamisms Infect plante and eramals thy) Pollens: Prollens ute the small grains from the anthers of fawers which may cause sllerpe eacoas tv} Radionctive Minerals ‘The radioactive minerals such as Uesniue, Theoenium, Radin et (01) Voleanie Ash and Gases ‘Volcanic ash and gases such as hydrogen fluoride and kydrogen sulphide. (rll) Gases and odout from swamp and marshy lands, 2 Man-made Sources of Air Pollution ‘Various man-made sources of sie pollutins are as follows 18) Combustion of Fucks Combustion of fuels such as CO, (Carbon dioxide), $0, (Sulphur dionide} NO, (Nitrogen dioxide), ete, are accumulate in the atmosphere (ti) Indostriex ‘These cnuit undesirable gascs such as Sulphur dioxide (S0.), CO, (Carbo dioxide}, NO, (Nitrogen dioxide), NH, (ammonia), CO (Carbon monoxide), et. SPECTRUM A(LLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING sTUDENTs SIA GROUP i‘O19. AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD) (Hi) Thermal Power Plants ‘Mainly thermal power plants emit sulphur dioxide because of these acid rains occurs. {iv} Automobiles, Its exhaust contains Carbon Monoxide (CO), Methanct CH, Un-bumt carbon gases, Carbon monoxide (CO is the main source of anr pollution in congested citice tv) Agricultural Activities ‘Repel seve co ning el ling Tee al ape enn te tn tue the organic phouphatcs, CBlorinutd hydrocarbons, Arenic (vi) Nuctear Power Plats Nuclear power plants emits various radioactive substances and gases such as (Ceasium CS — 137, C-14 (Carbon, ‘Ssrotinium (Sr) - 90) Explain in detail various causes of air pollution. Answer: Mose: Papert. ‘Comes of Air Pollution 1 Z High Rate of Population Growth As the papalton pow eis aceing dey yd he of conmumion of ence. Dc these cose sir pollution, Rapid Industrialteation Rapid indusrialzation is one of the major cause to the atmosphere. & The smoke produced from various factories, cagines seam furces. ovens and cokes. © Fumes produced from power plats ete © Chernical fumes produced from various refineries and plants such as, (i) Oi refineries (iit Chemical industries (iit) Zine refineries (iv) Stee plants tv) fron plants (vi) Metallurgical plas (41) lncineration plants te. are the main sources which ar exposed te the atmnospes polltion © Duc to exposure 10 atmosphere it undergors a reaction in the prescace or absence of sunlight. Soap indusrialization is most complex sources of air pollution ‘Transportation Facilities ‘Transportation facilities ix another important factor that has takca ito consideration im the ar pollution © As thetraneportution facilites such ax automobiles, Rail-trans, Acruplancs etc . increasing rapudly all over the world tecechuae nes poduoa! Gon various trapataton fries pllcs he anaspher may tc wrt wee cities, Transporation facilities causes to air pollution is commonly describe as the ~Discase of Wealth” Radinactive Substances ‘These occurs from the, Explosion of atomic horns -Accidcatial discharges from maclear reactors Evolution of radioactive gases Evolution of suspended radioactive dusty from cxplossons of stoenns bombs. ‘These constitute to dangerous sources of the sr pollution eooee Look for the SLA GROUP Loco {fon the TITLE COVER belore you buy'UNIT-1 Air Postion 19 Natural Cousor ‘Thennutural causes ofthe air pollution arc the pollution which are not controled by the maa (ic, beyond the eoatrot first), © Thevarioas sources which estscs the sir pollution areas follows, i) Evolution of hydrogen sulphide (ii), Organic compounds (ii) Vegetation {iv} Dust produced from ground jv) Salt sprays from oocans ct ‘20. Explain major disaster episodes due to air pollution. Answer: Fince [Date Causes Eitects Symprome Loudon [5*i0 Fog gencraion ,]Caneed 4000 deaths. | Cough, asthma, nasal Increase in the levels of —|2.] Old poople with previous | discharge. eye ita sore $0, and paniculate matter] | diseases like ahaa, | throat, bronchi and sadkden daz we excessive wseof | | heartor lang, bronchitis | vomitings coal, ., were montly effected 3.| Concestratioa of SO, becomes 6 times compared tits actual seoncentration, Donora | October 1948 | 1.] Anti-cyclonic weather — ]1.] Nearly $0% of he total | Irritation of eye, iitation USA conditions. population became ill | 10 throat and nose. cough, 2.| Very small aie movement. |2,] 20 persons died ‘vominngs and headache. 4.) Fog generation. 4] OM people were mostly affected 4.) Temperature inversion Loa 1.] Subsidence inversion, due | | Only few people were | Pye, nose and threat Angeles to high pressure area affected tmoatly children}| iritation 2.) Generation of dangerous sascs from sulomobiles, Belgium] December 1930] 1.| Fog gencrtion ‘A large sumber of people | Throat ivitation, cough, sho- ‘became il, rncss of breath, vomitings, 2.) Temperature inversion. ]2.] Caused to deaths nausea 3] Mixture of sulphur dionide] 3] All poople of every ags gas und sulphur trioxide ] | and both sexes were aerosol is the major cause | | aflocted, for illacss and deaths, Mexico | November | 1.| Accidently spillage of ]1.] 220 poopie became ill, | Loss of smelling sense, 24,1980 hhyelrogen sulphide from |2.]22 people were dead. | headache, nausea and 8 gas plant, People ofall ages and | cough both sexes were affected Tokyo | dune 18, 1970 | 1] Formation of thick fog, Nearly 6000 people were | Initation to eyes, sore throat, 2.) SO, reaches to aboxa affected. ‘iffy in breathing.1.10 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD] ‘G21, Write detail explanation about aerosols, Answer ! Moon Paper a Aerosols, “The dispersion of solid and liquid particles such as smoke, dust or mist in gascous moda ix known as Across. Iti scirred as collsal syacr in which fas ls ln dioperion macdiam ead the daperct plane solid oe ged. During tac ne of suspension inthe ai, the term ‘acrosol” is used. This term docs not exis after its settlement either by agglorcration, by virtue ‘of is weight or by impact on liquid or solid surface Acrosols has wide variety in terms of particle density. particle size and their importance as pollutants. Dest, forg. riists, sii tal tents tsuetaa sae ie ar me ‘Types of Aerosols: ‘The various types of aerosols are, (i) Daw (ii) Smoke (tii) Mists tiv) Fumes ts) Fog. 4) Dust Dust is formed when number of solid particles are combined with each other and the size ofthese pactcies being greater ‘than that of colloids. In general, dust 1s formed duc to the crusding of grinding of erther organs or morganss master, The ‘Properties of dust arc us follows, {a} can be suspended in at or any other gas, {b) remains stable under any force except the electrostatic force fe} It gew settled under gravitational force. (d) The dust particles are generally 20 j1 un diameter. The sine may vary un some cases. til) Smoke Smoke is formed duc to the incomplete combustion of coal or oil. It gencrally consists off finely divided carbon partic kes Saving ie ksh The se prices eli fe ca ae the ize range of 0.2 1901 whe tat fromm the il ranges from Ij. 00.03 Ai) Mae Liguid particles of considerable size when dispersed ia low concentration prce mists. The of very snail ‘wale drops emcophere alas known nba The st of el perc wicks toe he apeaon (of watcr in atmosphere is lange (100 j to 40 j.) compared to oder mists. (vy Fumes eee ro ce deere aa al form of solid particles and can be flocoulated and | wv) Fog Fotis famed du he rose of onda wih gu ipso mdm peal fog pred da the diperin of water in stones, The proces aes place nar th rac fh eat andthe whit dd to neatly | ia Teepe Se ctaues fog varies fro 40 e105. 'Q22, What is photochemical smog and how is it formed? ‘Answer NewiRec-16, EID, Ga) The term amogi dived eno word: mak fg is typeof plain Sg i tof pollu ct ‘omtamiants including parti alicbydes, Peroxyettanoyl Nite (PAN). unteactod bydo-sarhors nae e daoee eee eer accor ae ‘The summary of reactions involved inthe formation of photochemical mg are an under, N,+0, ——*> INO ay Nitrogen reacts with ony penn air to form nitric oxide, 2N0 +0, ———> 2N0, Q Look for the SLA GROUP Loco {fon the TITLE COVER belore you buyUNIT-1 Air Pollution. dio ‘Niric oxide can react with oxygen i form natropendonide (NO,) 1 no+o 3 _Nitorendotide decomposes fae NO and in th esc of alight. is photon of ery aah by nitogen i 0-0, — > o, @ The atomic oxygen fred in reaction 3 react with oxy pea molecu to form ope No+0, ——> No, +0, 6) Nitric oxide reacts with ozane ta form mtrgendiowade and oxygen Peroxyacety nitrate produced by the following reaction, Sunlight NO, + 0,¢ Unbucn hydrocarbons ————»CH,COOONO, Peroxyacctyl ‘nitrate (PAN) Effect of Photochemical Smog wo ai) Preventive Measures a Photochemical smog is very harmfl tothe cavironment. Some ofthe effects are, On Human Health ‘The effects of photochemical smog an human health arc reduced visibility, breathing like asthma, bronchitis, coughing. wheezing, chestpain, increased suxcepubelity to resparatory unfechons, eye aes and throat witamens. and bung diseases. On Vegetation Lest ctop yields, stunted plant growth, reduced reprodactioa, leat danaage to sensitive plants like tobacco, spinach, toate beans. ‘The solution to the prubiem of photochemical smog is wo reduce the harmful emissions into the atmosphere: . Explain classification of air pollutants due to gases and vapours. ‘Answer aw (oy Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur dioxide isu major gas pollutant in atmosphere. The sources of sulphur dioxide ate, (i) Combustion of fuel (ii) Refining process (iii) Fuel gases {iv In mcullurgical operations where a large number of ores ane sulphides (04 Sulphuric acids and plants tended for paper manufacture {vi} From municipal incinerators and due wo the open burning of refuse Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoid is an edourlss, colourless and a highly poisonous gan. The sources that release this gas in atmosphere are described as follows, 1) Wis bhersted dc to incomplete combustion of carhonaccous matcnal, geactally duc to sutomsoble exhaust {ii)_ Ws also released from blas furnaces, refining of ptr, coal mines and gas manufactoring process. SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING sTUDENTs 51 GROUP Ji1.12 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD} (er) Hydrogen Fluoride Hydrogen fluonde is generally prescat in atmosphere in low concentrations. but is considered as a very important air ‘pollutant 1 is lens harmful io human beings but causes considerable injury to vegetation and animals. The sources of ‘emission of hydrogen fluonds arc, (i) Manofactoring of phosphate fertilizers. (ii) Brick plants aluminiues industrics, potcry and fero-caamel works (ii From metallurgical operations lks zinc foundris and opea-heathstel furnaces (iv) Coal burning operation. (4) Hydrogen Sulphide Hydrogen sulphide isa gas with avery foul smell and is cans for irritation to human beings. The sources of formation cof yon sulphide ate, {i} Process ofan acobic biological delay ii) Volcanoes and natural water springs {ity Kal pulp indwsry for paper manufacture iv) Refineries, coke-oven plants and vicose rayon plans, fe) Chlorine CChlocines penerally found in atmonphcte ata gas and sonnctimes iis alto avaiable as pariculate mater: 1 canbe foued as hydrogen chloride of as organic compounds canaining cori. The sources of production of chlorine in atoosphere are, (i) Manufacturing of chlorine itsclf or its use for production of other chcmmcals. (ii) Leakage from water puriiction plant sewage plants and swimming pook may also cause a source for release of chlorine i attnosphere {ii From industrial chemist processes, (9) Oxides of Nitrogen Nitrogen oxides are considered to be the second most abundant gascous pollutant aftcr sulphur dioude The vanows sources from which itis emitted are as follows, {ij From industries where the chemical reactions involve nitic acid as reactant. {ii) From automobile exhausts (ii flrs from power plants iv) Efflsnts from lant furnaces and low heat burns. Orone (Ozone is cansdcrod asa poisooous gas with a bod smc Mix gracrally found und natural conditions in the upper part cof the atmosphere, Ozone is considered to bs produced duc tothe process of cormbustoa and sunlighs ts actual origin sill not available. (th) Aldchy des Inatrsoaphte lower aldehydes ae pesca in high concentations of about sulphur dhoade. I cass imation to eyes ‘The sources of aldchyde formation are discussed below, Look for the SLA GROUP Loco {fon the TITLE COVER belore you buyUNIT-1. Air Potlution 1.13 (Wis gencrally produced duc we the combustion of varvous clements och as diesel, fuel gasoline and natural gas (ii) Ifthe motor fuel and lubricating ils are not completely oxidised. they may release aldehydes in atmosphere {iii) Photochemical reactions muy also lead tothe formatica of aldchy des 1) Organic Viapowrs: “The organic vapours may be available in the form of paratfins,oktins, hydrocarbons ct. They are genctally produced due to combustion in automobiles. Some petroleum processes and household incincrators also form the basis of ther formation, ) Radioactive Gases {i) Nuclear powcr reactor is the major rource of fermation of radioactive gases. {ii) They are sto formed due to experimental accelerators and testing of mucleat boeibs (iii) Radioactive iswopes used in agricultural, medical and industrial processes also leads othe formation of radiouctive eases {iv Nuclear fue reprocessing plant is also an important source of such gases 024, Discuss about the following terms with respect to air pollution, (a) Point and non-point sources: {b) Area and line sources, Answer! Nace! Paper (a) Point und Non-point Sources Point sources refer to the large stationary sources of sir pollutants while non-point sources are small stationary sources soleasing less amount of tonic gases. ‘Point Sources Mi) Indusrios ii) Power plants Ail) Combustion of fuck ivi Incinerators 4) Open burning ‘Nam-point Sources 4i) Heating of coul, gas or ol in residential buildings. Ai) Heating of coal or oil in commercial and institutional buildings. Ail) On site incineration. iv) Polliants generated due to evuporation (b) Area and Line Sources Area sources arc the small uatomary sources and the mobile sources having an indcfinats routs: Ling sourecs of pollution tefers tothe mobile sources having definite routes, SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA GROUP Jiaa AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD} aaples Area Sources Ai) Hsating process in residential institational and commercial buildings. (ii) On-site incineration (iii) Losses due to evaporation div) Motor vehicles of all rypes (light, medium and heavy duty) (0) Railway bogioe (vi) Aiport, Line Sources: () Highway vices (ii) Channel vessels (iit) Railroad locomotives, Look for the SLA GROUP Loco {fon the TITLE COVER belore you buyUNIT ‘ EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION PART-A SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS Q1. Explain the effect of air pollution on human beings with respect to cigarette smoking. Answer: Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer in humaa beings, ts effect i more significant than air polhation effect. Cigaretie suoking praduces high and sbtermittem dose of polhatsats, whereas ur pluioe develops const exposes. Cigarette stoking dose produves 440 mpi’ ef carbon manoxide for five minutes among which 11-13 mg/m’ of cacbon monauide for 48 hows represents air pollution exposure, The smoke of cigarcts contains 100 ppm af nitrogen axides The average exposure to heavy air pollution should not bs greater chan 2-8 mg/im’ per hour. The effect of air pollution and cigarstte smoke togsther prose shonie pulmonary disease in human being — ‘2. Explain the effect of air pollution on human beings with respect to domestic pollutions. Answer: Meant Papert Over Effect of Domestic Pollution on Homan Being Domestic pollution ix caused by using cooking and hom beating appliances. These appliances produce air pollutants like ‘surbon- monoxide, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, soot and wily acrosols, Blood which carrics to the wboke body reacts with ssrbon monoride and develops a carboxyhacmoglobin which decreases the oxygca content in blond 04h + CO COMP + 0, Thedusrbution of domes pollution a impaired durang will watbcr and low winds gondnons. The pollutions produced in buildings are concentrated as outdoor pollution whcreas carbon monoxi and nitrogen oxides act as both inioor and outdoor pollutants These polluaats are more when cooking fort smoking occurs i uadeor ofthe buildings ‘G3. Explain the effect of air pollution on rubber. Answer: Effect of Air Pollution on Rubber ‘Casmurated natural and syrahctic rubbers like butadicns. styrene or butadsene-acryfomite are affect by ozone at double bondi carbon to eathos chain Orage mainly effects oa the side walls of tye and vatsoas forms of electrical usulation Stais also produces cracks in rubber, The cracks obtain a maxiraura clongaton of $-20 percent (high degrce of strain produces large shullow cracks whereas low strain develops small bat deeper erochs}. The affect of onane on rubber is prevented by prov aking aniozone compounds on rubber matsrals (Q4, Discuss the effect of air pollution on textiles, Answer ! Effect of Air Pathution om Textiles ‘Natural and synthetic textiles ae affected with sulphur oxides which conse deterioration of fltestextike. Cellulosic fibers like paper, lini, hemand rayon age efccted by sulphur divside. Curtains arc badly effected by polluted areas Bocausc they are thang at open windows and act as filters for cht, soot, and acid Groples, The cect of air pollution om textiles is pecvented by ‘wing animal fabric of woo, fur and hair which comtaunsmitrogcnous.and sulphur compounds to rest acid acrovols. Ait pollaton Jails oxides of nitrogen, rons and causes fading of textile SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING sTUDENTs SIA GROUP Ji22 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL |JNTU-HYDERABAD) ‘G5. Explain the effect of air pollution on the following materials. {a} Leather {b) Paper, Answer: (a) Effect of Air Pollution on Leather Leather absorbs sulphur dioxide and small ansount of iron aad acts a catalyst capable of oxidizing sulphur dioxide to acid form, Leather, ultimately disiotegrates and looses its strength due tothe presence of salphar dioxide (b) Elect of Air Pollution on Paper Paper ix manufactured by chemical methods therfore itis not seriously damaged by sulphur dioxide, In presence of soir. at accelerates the converson of metallic impuritic and shore wpbur divide or sulphunc ackd Duc w the prcvence of this sulphurss acid upto |". makes the paper cxtzemely bottle ‘G6, What are the different forms of damages to leaves? Answer ! ‘Various Forms of Damages to Leaves (a) Damages due t»-Chierosts (Chioeosis isan effect in which leaves looses its green plant pigment duc tothe deficiency ia putrients The leves tures into pale green (or) pale yellow duc ¥ this cffest (b) Damages die to Abscission: Nbscinsion isan fect i which leaves falls (or) drops fon the plans (co) Damages due t Epinasty Epitnsty is an effect in whic the leaf takes the downward curvature duc to increase it growth rate on the upper surface (a) Damages due 10 Necrosis Duc tothe effect of Necrosis, the tissue of leaves gets collapsed ‘G7. Discuss on global warming and its effects, Answer : ominaee sate ‘Global Warming Global warming is considered to be the outcarne ofthe air pollution caused by the man-made sources. The global warm- ‘ng may Iced to buring of crops and may also cause fort ies. In these sca level rises because al he polar ie caps cits way hic to global warming Effects of Global Warming (i) Heavy rainfall can be seen in some arcas, More droughts in other arcs. ii) tr efosts mutes cycling, aching and descrifiation in differen areas (iii) There is change in forest types density and location increasing frequency of fire, oss to wild life ivy The availability and quality of water gots decreased (0) _teffocts the agriculture i differnt areas therefore slteting the coonay of variows counts QB. Explain different air pollutants affecting plants, different kinds of injury to plants and effects of air pol- lutants on plants. Answer Following ar the ar ethan aflecting vegctatna, Sulpar donde drogen onde Orene Chlorine ydrogenohkrie vides of iteogen Ammocni Look for the SUA GROUP Loco {fon the TITLE COVER belore you buyUNIT-2 Effects of Air Pollution 2.3 1 ykogen pide 9. Mercury 10, Hydrogen cyanide 11, Biiyene 12 Perony Acetyl Nitrate (PANT Vi. Mechs HH. Seog ‘Different Kinds of Injury’s to Plants 1. Acute tnjury Acute injury may occur duc to short time exposure or under fumigation conditions. It results in vanous markings on the leaves di to the collapse of ells 2 Chrenic injury Chronic injury o¢curs duc to long-term low level exposure which roralts in chlorosas, 3. Vield Retardation ‘Yee! retardanon results im growth of plants with out any symptoms such ax invisible markings oa the Heaves. G9. Explain the green house threat from trace gases? Answer: ‘Green House Threat from Trace Gases ‘Apart fram earban dioxide, green houxe cffect arc alse caased duc to trace gases. These trace gases are industrial by products like methane. nitrous oxide and membery of chlorofaorocarboa faraly. Trace gascs.arc found wo be effective at rapping ‘heat and radiated ito space. Trace gases increases the warming effect of carbon dioxide, i is recorded that one molecule of 2.6 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD) Y__ Eifeets of Sulphur Dioxide on Human Health Ai) Sulphur dioxide when inhaled effects the mucous membranes of buman body. Sometimes suipher dioxide getxoxsdired to sulphur trioxide which is amuch moee artant than the former. Ail} However, both these gasex when combined with wate produce sulphurous acid and sulphur aca whach ate very hare substanecs. (iii) Sulphur tniexide, even in low concentration causes severe broacho spasms. div) Swelling and secretion of mucus arc caused when 2.5 ppm of sulphur dioxide arc absorbed by nasal eystem. be cffocts the Iecachioles pees in lings. (0) Hipher concentration af sulphur dictide induces desquamuation, pecling ofthe surtace epithclrum inthe macosa and ind pipe ltcoue eye ima, couh. empysema, ang cancer, churecton in eating. snecring ata and llepeic Acute effect of high level of SO, im atmosphere is hung cancer. Inhalation of SO, (sulphur dioxide) causes the sympionss of bronchitis, cmpliysema and hing discases. (il) Acids of sulphur like H,S0,, H,SO, ad sulphates damage the moisure and fog content in the atmosphere ix) Oxides of sulphur cause diseases like cancer, hear discascs and diabetes ricllnus in baaran body Cli protects the respuratery system gets efleted dur w high conscratation of sulphur daowide A. ifects of Sulphur Dioxide om Atmospheric Materials 41) Sulphur dioxide a iayurious and harmful to the matcnals like marble, limextons, roofing. slate, clectrical comtacts, paper, textiles and buildings, Ai) Paper becomes brittle and fragile wc it ix exposed to sulphur dioxide which is oxidized to sulphuric acid (H.SO,) (iii) Building materials like marble, mortar and deteriorstion of taties get erosion duc tothe absorbtion of sulplur dsoxide (iv) Sulphur diskide SO, mined thom industries, petmoloum sefineria, craft paper wills and arachers affects the historic ‘monuments ww) ee en ee eee ee Se Se Sl eee sail (si) Metal ike toa, steel, zinc and copper get corroded when the sulphur dioxide is increased in ait (ii) The drying, hardening and durability of pints an affected. hn its exposed to high evel of sulphur dhonide fo leg. tine, Marble affected with sulphuric acid (H,S0.) is known as stone leprosy. CaCO, + 1.80,» C250, + C0, 'Q14, Explain how air pollution affects the building materials, paints, glass, ceramics material and human Answer: ‘Effect of Air Pollution on Building Materials Building muicrials ar largely effected with sulphur and carbon compounds like sulphur dioxide, sulphur tricnide and carbon diotide etc, The sulphur dioxide and sulphur tnovide react with lime stone in prescace of mowsture to develop calcium sulphate and gypsum, which are soluble in water and damage the at work of building. Carbon dionide produces carbon: acid ‘in peesence of moisture which converts Kime stone into weter soluble bicarbonate. The bicarbonate Later drain away. ‘smoke and acrosols fixed to stone, brick and other building materia produce unattractive coating of building Building imuterials are comoded and disfigured by air pollution in weathering processes. ‘Effects Air Potlution om Paints Paints contain both pigments and vehicle, Pigments like white kead, titanium dhords aad rine oxnkc provids colour ans durability. Whereas vehicles consist of binder and additive, bold the pigment to the surface and impeove the attractiveness ofthe surface. Vehicle contols the underlying matcnal from corrosion {oe} weathering. Ait pollutions like sulphur dioxide, ozone. hydrogen and acrosols, damage the protective Be ele eelpe sapeyin It limats the fanction of both pigment and vehicle. Generally. Bleeker the paint containing white lead. 1 eauscx darkening of surface covered with paint Look for the SUA GROUP Loco dfi.on the TITLE COVER belore you buyUNIT-2 Effects of Air Pollution 27 ‘Effect of Air Pollution on Glass and Ceramics Air pollution like fluorides (hysrogea fluoride) reacts with silicon compounds and anack wide range of glass and ceramic ‘thutetulls, This mhutceuds ate highly tesastanl to chemvcal actos of ast polluban but wea these matcruals are cX pera bo mousture and acidic atmoyphers polltion for more than thece years then the surface will Become unattractive and gets degradation. The ‘ffect of fluoride onthe surface of matcrial is msignificantly economical Effects af Air Pollution of Human Health ‘Ait pollution effects husan health when the bed. san and exposed mscmibrancs of huniaa ate 1 contact with pollsarts ‘Exposed membrane surface of human esetains high absoeptrve . Therefore, this surface gets more effected duc to air pa Seanherangrener opr , Seon eae ‘Ait pollution has the follewing effects oo human eat, ‘Air bore gasex, vapors, fumes, mist and dust causes irritation of eyes, nose, throat and respiratory system. Respiratory discase like silicosis, asbestosis etc.are cased duc wo dust particles resuhing from specific dusts Lungs poisoning is caused duc to heavy metals lik lead entering the human body. Hydrogen fluaeide eauses diseases of hone and mottag of teeth Asthma, brosehis ate chroaic pulmonary discascs caused duc to high concentration of sulphur, nirogce tudes aed photochemical soy ‘The prime factors affecting human health are, Nature of pollutants Duration of exposure of body to air pollution Health condition of receptor Age group of receptor, and Amount of pollutants concentrated. ‘O15. List out the air pollutants affecting vegetation. Explain the effect of sulphur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride ‘and ozone on plants. Answer: Following arc the air pollutants affecting vegctation, Sulphur donide ydegen faaride Opoa Chlorine Hydrogen chloride Oxides of sitrogea Ammonia Hydrogen sulphide 9% Mercury 10. Hydrogen cyanide i, Ethylene 12. Peroxy Accty! Nitrate (PAN) 13. Herbicides 14. Smog. 1. Slphur Dioxide Sulphur dioxide produces two types of effect on vepctations based on thei concentration and period of exposure. They arg acute and chronic effects of sulphur dioxide on vegetation. Acute effect are caused by killing (or interven areas Stan ober again) crt cle cas prec by claro leg reine alco can of pay amaurt of gas les than the required wo cause acute eflect Sulphur dioxide is phyrotoxic above 0.1 - 0.2 ppm and below 0.4 ppen it oxidizes im the cells and gets observed. Above 10.4 ppm acute effect ewcurs and below 0.4 pcs cheowc effects are observed SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING sTUDENTs 51 GROUP i>2.8 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD) Y_Air Pollutants Effect of Hydrogen Fluoride on Vegetation “The effect of hydrogen Aide is similar to that of sulphur dbovide Wi causes lesdons and interfering with phoeonyrtbexis ‘The effect of fluoride ik much slower than suiphur diowide, Thisis because sulphur dioxide inthe leaves are oxidized to non-toxic sulphate whereas Buorides are removed by slower process of volatization. In plants, if huoring absorption is mors than $6 ppm, thea forage produced in the leaves which os unsafe for animal feeding. 3. Effect of Ozone on Vegetation “The effec of ozone on vegetation isin mild and severe dose i.e, collpue of leaf, necrosis, bleaching, Becks on upper surface, preenatare suppeesied growth, Afice 02 ppm. ozane becomcs piytotonic in exposure. The effect of exon & ‘Siac ara leche mae sean es re patel ccd a topes ae of von ‘G10, Explain the effect of various fumigants on vegetations. Answer ! Following are the various effects of fumigants on vegetations, Chlorine Hydrogen chloride Nitric oxides Ammocia Hydregen cyanide Ethylene, and Herbicides, 1. Chlorine (Chlorine gas rarcly damages vegetation, It is more toc to vegetatica than sulphur dioxide. The effect of lesions oa ‘ogetation are marginal aad inicvcinal, Chlorine gas gencrallyeflocts vegetation during sterilizing process in which the chlorine gas ix excessively mse. 2. Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen chloride causes chlorotic margins in plant and becomes necrotic, Hydropen chlorides arc les toxic to vegetation ‘when compared with sulphur dioxides, They produce lesions a higher concentrations. 3 Effects of Nitric sides an Vegetations Factories pressing linge amount of acid develop mirc acid vapours, which effects irgury) the plants at aconsentration of 25 ppm, The effect of nitric acd on vegetation includes brown margins and brownish-black: spots on th leaves. 4. Atnimanis Effect on Vegetation Ammonia isa toxic gas which has the same effect of hydrogen chlor on vegetation. It causes chlogotc mangins in beat S— Hydrogen Cyanide Hndogen eye canis the pst hy dating Sania een home ge and ce. The fanipion res Ales vvogstaion in args amount 6 Ethylene Effet ‘The leaves of sensitive plants are eflecied with Ethylene. This effect includes epinasty, curling of leaves, chlorosis, abscission of leaf and retaedation growth, 7. Effect of Herbicides on Vegetation ioe reed ml eda hii id ee er ts cies As Se ‘n exops like cation, tomatoes, roses, and tobacco ete tis observed that daring wind, weedy’ rinse srajed which move fet everal emir ia wlio ronceutraon to fet sc ops ‘G17, What is greenhouse effect? What are the sources of greenhouse gases? ‘Answer! ow0ee.¥4. 1m an) Green Howe Effect izcen house effect is defined as the conti warming of earth surface dc to increas in amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere”, Generally the gases which cause adverse effets of green house ars carbon dime (CO.), Methane (CH). ‘Nitrous Onide (N,0) and ehloroflooeocurbons (CFCs). Among the four gases, carbon dioxide plays a vital role in grees house sffcet. The othcr green house gases like methane and chlorofluerscarboas contribute about 18% and 14% respecBvely to the slobal warning Look for the SLA GROUP Loco {fon the TITLE COVER belore you buy AP AREUNIT-2 Effects of Air Pollution 29 ‘Sources af Greon House Gases Green house effets observes the solar radiations and docs not allow the temrestna! infrared radiations te escape. Many human activities cause the emission of greenhouse gascr and contribute to anthropogemc global wamung. Sores of them are discussed as under, ii) iii) tive “ wi win (til) Burning of fossil fuls (natural gas, coal, oll to produce cncrgy uso for tanspertaion, manufacturing, beating. coking, sletieny penerawon, ruse the atmenpheric soscteatne of a numberof preenbcnse cases Some agricultural practices and land-use changes wach as clearing the land for logging and ranching lead to rekease off ‘earbundioxide into the atmnsphere Factories emiting industrial gter nll othe grochour effec and ghebal warning. The chemicals and ore rebeated by lirddecio ooetale @ sung end ed ae Forests are the carth’s air puritices. The green plants take in carbondioxide during the process of photosynthesis and ‘out oxygen into the almesphere, Deforestahon causes fewer tees to perform the critical eadaeeneee dioxide and giving off oxygen. Increase in population means tore usage of fossil fucls for heat. taaspottabon and thus generating more greeahouse pases, ‘The ozone in the aborts the ‘harraful ultra-violet (UV) radiation ftors dhe sun. It is about 3mm (ail tad one doe ech isonet dean dele le pieneenten leteaiontorston eninial dears carbomrrschhns riety! chiokemised nacinpaate a sedan. sens fre cues. gi Tessa yb pe attr wh hos aor ect os aaa fronine camp with grea pete fr deteyng orn: Gal watauga cae dpa cat be ad beret shag inc by ha le CFs a ene ge CTC st te cet tion dh increae te carth'tapcratucs. This ross nthe recon intemperatus inthe seater whack utr. 10 eee Mathane gareleascby ricecuivaton, cat and shop ranching. coal mining. ring, Kakages m gs papi, breakkown Mesias eek eater oad eet oepees sail Vario idl activites and agricul pastes ne mrad th oem of tts one 8 emprat greenhouse gas, ie the Jobal temperature on an average i scadily increasing. Scictists have that during the oti 20* ccotury, Ee leans are tone es temealty atc heed erty an poe one ee semperanae wil isc by L 4" w 83° ie 28 1087) The sia aco he le opin tht a al i i temperate would cause clmuatc ax weather changes. coed conc pater. peceypeaton. wind puters. sera change in dation of seasons, rise ia sca levels, decrease i fresh water supply, inland low of salt water. extinctioe of sndangered species and incase inthe wnsidcnss of vestor-borne discases ‘The facts mentioncd above show us that mother nature ix imperiled by deliberate anthropogenic activities. Therefore, it imperative tht buman forte mt be aimed a protecting te carts coronene amd remedying evicementl spradation Explain global effects of air pollution? Answer Mewbec:17, REM ay ‘Effects of Air Pollution The different effects of air palluwoa are ax follows, 1, Eeféet on human health effet on trees and plants ‘Fffcet on aerials Effect on certain matoruals floc on physical features of the atenosphere, shee SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA GROUP Ji2.10 o 2 2 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL [JNTU-HYDERABAD) Effect on Human Wealth ‘The various harmful effects of air pollution on human beings are as follows, (2) Broochitis, asthma etc, are aggravated by high concentrations of Sulphue dioxide ($0), Nitrogen dioxide (NO,), Photo chemisal smog,” (iy) Poles cme athe, (iii) Lead poisoning is caused by the entry of lead into the lungs. {iv} Hydrogen fluoride causes bone Muorosis and voting of teth. 101 Carboa monoxide (CO) may exuse death to human beings by asphysiztins, (vi). Radioactive radiations may cause, (a) Cancer (} Shortening of life span and (6) Genetic defects. {iil Oxides of Nitrogen Oxudesofrtrogen causes eye and mas) itttaboa, tndrespimery dicen Resgatory llsesamong children Very cota due tothe oxides of nitrogen (viii) Polluted air contains agents like carcinogenic ‘which causcs cancer to haman health ix) Respiratory discases can causeleffect on human health duc to dust particles such as silicosis, sate present inthe ai. ‘Thess ars the vanous harmful effects of aar pollsmon ‘whach affects humm beak in diflrnt way, Effect om Trees and Ptants ‘The air pollutants «ffecting trees and plants are. {a) Sulphur dioxide ($0) {bi Hydrogen floande (HF) fe) Chlorine (Cl) Adi Ozone (0,) {c} Oxidss-of Nitrogen (NO, N.O, NO,, 0, etc) (6) Ammonia (NH) ig} Hydrogen cyanide (HEN) Athy PAN (Peroxy - Acetyl - Nitrate) (i) Ethylene (C,H) i) Smog iki Mercury (Fg) (1) Hydrogen chloride (HCl, {m) Herbicides are the variousair pollutants effecting trees and plants, Effect om Animals Fiuoeine, aescnic and lead may’ cause contamination of ‘ogsiation and affecting the animals when they cat ‘@ ‘Theseair pollutants can originate cither rom, 4) Industreca situated acarby arcas (ii) Dusting and (iit) Spraying. Effect om Certain Materials Effect of air pollutants om certain materials san be explained in the following five ways, (a) Abrasion (>) Deposipon and remowal fe) Diaect chemical attack (4) Indirect chemical atack and (6) Corrosion 4% Theseare the main five ways of si pletion cefiicet on certain materials. © Thevarioas cemain materials such a ‘matcrals, metals, textiles rubber. paints papers Effect an Physical Features of the Atmosphere Effect of air pollution on physical features of the ‘includes, (a). Eficet on visibility (b) Efoct on atmospheric constinacnts éc) Effect on urban atmosphere and weather ‘condatioas (dh Green house feet fe) Onomes layer depletion (9) Acid rain (2) Global warming. (2) Eiect om Visibitiry ‘Fog and photochemical smog redaves the vasibubty considerably (@) Effect oa Atmospheric Constituent ‘Carbon dioxide CO, ts considered as a main factor which is responsible for rise in ambient temperature. (c) Effect om Urban Atmoxphere and Weather ‘Conditions. ‘Smoke, Dust fog and oer acrosobs are responssble for arban ar pollution. & The urban air pollution also effects the -weather conditions, @ (Due to cloudy. i the the Ee shek mens cher drt ng (Green House Effect ‘Green house effcet is caused by the gases like ‘carbondiorade eee oe 10, )and chemicals lke chloroflorocarbons (CFC) aac responsible for grcen house cffest. Look for the SUA GROUP Loco gfi.on the TITLE COVER belore you buyUNIT-2 Effects of Air Pollution © Gabon deni (C0,) i he et eas responsible forthe Greenhouse effect. > Effect: 11 causes appreciable rise in temperature of canh's surface Remedy : Green house effect can be tackled a ‘the rate at whoch the fonsal fuels iv te) Ozone Layer Depiction ‘©zone layce depletion i caused by this ozone layer ‘acts as an umbrella against the harmful ultraviolet radiation reaching the cath. When chemical pollutants such as chlrefltcatbon (CFC) smiitted from refrigeration and ‘operations, aitrous oxide pode te tlre and some of the Ozone is broken down and it results in decrease of azone concentration in the simosphere. In consequence, more ultraviolet radiahon reaches the earth. Effects 1, Damage of inumune system 2. Disturbance in ecosystem 3. Effect on crop yield 4 5 Increase of skin cancer and eye ailments Shorter life of pains and plastics Remedy: For protecting the ozone lay Carel of cleanses oF) salto restricted (0) Acid Rain ‘Thesain water is slightly acidic. 4 The acidy Ine ines with $0, NO, * achat in te we ed ie formation of secondary pollutants such 2s acid (H,SQ.), Nitric Acid {HINO}, Hydrochloric acid (HCL) duc to the ‘eaction of water vapours with these panes. ‘© thas boon specified that when the po the sain water is Fess than or egal te, he rain ‘is termed as acid ran, 4} of acid rain is due to $0, whichis produced mainly by the buming of coal and oil in indies, ‘The SO, pollutants leads to H,S0, acidity. + Another primary pollata responsible for of acid rains is NO, . which is produced hainly by the svorobil emissions, % The NO, Pollutants leads to HINO, acidity “dic rains damage butkdings. * Sener (Expl Ty da * 211 @ aes feris warming as considcred to be the outcome of tate coy ina tes The lal warming may kad touring of cops and may abo cause forest fines ahs sn ee ss bec le pe se caps mets a19. Wale cies cies eee? Discuss the characteristics of heat islands. een Paper ot oR Mhustrate about the heat islands. Answer: onstes.17, tb, at Heat bland Heat island is a of amificial increase of feats betinsatens eztiear sn eed io bod aes and suburban arcas where “reverse oasis” are observed (ie, si and temperature ac otter thas in rua areas} Heat ards are formed duc to asthropogeras heat (hurnan | beat), aed eckanio, There are two rain reasons for increasing heat in the atmosphere, which are a follows, 1. Building materials are impemcable and water tight, therefore the morsture present inthe buakding materials ae lst and the building observes the sun's heat directly. Using f dak mil in conceding constrain of budge and pavemcns. Dat racrl decly Heat island inclades ths following charactcristics, 1, Hleatislands are cooler in rural areas rather than in erbom areas, 2. Thetemperature of air increases due to human produced heat (ie anthropogenic beat 3. Heat islands produce enore beat an the afcas wlhere bess \egetaton and greatest development are made 4, Heat island produces warmer air in the boundary layer ‘of upto 2000 mewes high. $, During calta and clear weather, the temperature tend to difcr im betwocn air and surface. Heat islands produce large plumes of cold air and temperature inversion. SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA GROUP J