1.

Chirwa M, Davies O, Castelino S, Mpenge M, Nyatsanza F, Sethi C, Shabbir M,

Rayment M. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV : United Kingdom
BASSH national guideline for management of epididymo-orchitis. 2019.
2. Street EJ, Justice ED, Kopa Z, Portman MD, Ross JD, Skerlev M, Wilson JD, Patel R. The
2016 European guideline on the management of epididymo-orchitis. International journal of
STD & AIDS. 2017 Jul;28(8):744-9.
3. Naber KG, Bergman B, Bishop MC, Johansen TEB, Botto H, Lobel B (ed). European
Association of Urology : Guidelines on Urinary and Male Genital Tract Infections.
2020.
4. Seputra KP, Tarmono, Noegroho BS, Mochtar AC, Wahyudi I, Renaldo J, Hamid AR,
Yudiana IW, Ghinorawa T, Warli SM. Ikatan Ahli Urologi Indonesia (IAUI) :
Panduan Tatalaksana Infeksi Saluran Kemih dan Genitalia Pria. 2020
5. Gkentzis A, Lee L. The aetiology and current management of prepubertal epididymitis. The
Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2014 Apr;96(3):181-3.
6. Bonkat G, Bartoletti R, Bruyère F, Cai T, Geerlings S, Koves B, Schubert S, Wagenlehner F.
EAU guidelines on urological infections. Eur Assoc Urol. 2020.
7. Vasdev N, Chadwick D, Thomas D. The acute pediatric scrotum: presentation, differential
diagnosis and management. Current urology. 2012;6(2):57-61.

8. Wolf JS, et al. American Urology Association : Best Practice Policy Statement on
Urologic Surgery Antimicrobia Prophylaxis. 2015
9. Reynard J., Brewster S., Biers S. (2013). Epididymitis and Orchitis, in Oxford
Handbook of Urology 3rd Edition. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
10. McConaghy JR, Panchal B. Epididymitis: an overview. American family physician. 2016 Nov
1;94(9):723-6.
11. Barazani Y. Epididymo-orchitis Empiric Therapy. 14 September 2019, diakses pada
09 Februari 2022 (https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2018356-overview)
12. Ching C. Epididymitis Clinical Presentation. 05 Agustus 2020, diakses pada 09
Februari 2022 (https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436154-clinical)
13. Banyra O, Shulyak A. Acute epididymo-orchitis: staging and treatment. Cent
European J Urol. 2012;65(3):139-43. doi: 10.5173/ceju.2012.03.art8. Epub 2012 Sep
4. PMID: 24578950; PMCID: PMC3921787.
14. Street, Emma J.; Wilson, Janet D. (2014). Acute epididymo-orchitis. Medicine, 42(6),
338–340.doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.03.012
15. Bjerklund Johansen TE, et al. Prevalence of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections in
urology departments. Eur Urol, 2007. 51(4): p. 1100-11; discussion 1112.
16. 3. Cek M, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in urology departments, 2005-2010. Eur Urol,
2013. 63(2): p. 386-94.
17. Richard L Drake, Wayne Vogl, Adam WMMitchell. 2014. Gray’s Anatomy: Anatomy
of the Human Body. Elsevier.
18. Liguori G., Ollandini G., Napoli R., Mazzon G., Petrovic M., Trombetta C. (2011)
Anatomy of the Scrotum. In: Bertolotto M., Trombetta C. (eds) Scrotal Pathology.
Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2011_170
19. Purnomo BB. 2012. Dasar-dasar Urologi Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: CV Agung Seto, hal.
233-236.
 20. Sharp VJ, Kieran K, Arlen AM. Testicular Torsion: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and
Management. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(12):835-840
21. Radmayr C, Bogaert G, Dogan HS, et al. 2018. EAU Guidelines on Paediatric
Urology.
22. Parsons J.K., Eifler J., Han M. (2014). Testicular Torsion: Presentation, in Handbook
of Urology 1st Edition. UK: Wiley & Blackwell.
23. Davis JE. 2005. Scrotal Pain. Mahadevan SV, Garmel GM (eds.). An Introduction to
Clinical Emergency Medicine, Guide for Practitioners in Emergency Department.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Uni Press. 461-71.

SUmber:
Gkentzis A, Lee L. The aetiology and current management of prepubertal epididymitis. The Annals of
The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2014 Apr;96(3):181-3.

11–13
It is well demonstrated that most cases of epididymitis in sexually active patients are due to sexually transmitted organisms. In infancy,
9,14–17
AE can be a systemic disease manifestation or it can be associated with an underlying genitourinary abnormality. However, the cause
of AE in prepubertal boys remains controversial.